DOCSLIB.ORG

Russo-Japanese

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Russo-Japanese Yang 1 Allison Yang Pols 150 Prof. Pinnell May 6, 2015 Russo­Japanese War The Russo­Japanese War was a conflict between Russia and Japan. Fought from 1904­05 over the division and control of Korea and Manchuria, Japan had proposed a buffer zone, or neutral zone, to Russia. Japan’s diplomatic proposal was left unanswered and its patience grew thin. In a last­ditch effort for any diplomatic relation with Russia, the Japanese government issued a note verbale, or diplomatic note written in third person (Koda, 2005). Russia’s inability to answer to Japan led to the surprise naval attack on Port Arthur off the Inchon coast on Feb. 8. 1904 (Shimazu, 2008). Two days later, 1904, Japan declared war on Russia. The Russians finally responded on a declaration of war on Feb. 16, 1904 (The Russo­Japanese War Research Society). Port Arthur, the site of the first attack, was leased to Russia from China (Nish, 1985). The Russian military outnumbered the Japanese force greatly, but even with numbers on its side, the Russians were unable to defeat the Japanese in battle (Nish, 1985). The Russo­Japanese War was fought between the two countries as a result from other countries such as the United States and China declaring neutrality (The Russo­Japanese War Research Society). Although countries declared neutrality, it did not stop some from aiding Russia and Japan. France gave loans to Russia while Japan received funds from the Britain and the United States (Steinburg, 2008). Although Japan received funds from Britain, British war correspondents felt hindered by the influence of orientalism (Nordlund, 2015). America had decided to fund Japan in response to “Russia’s persecution of their Jews” (Steinburg, 2008). Yang 2 Some notable wars are: The Battle of Yalu River, Battle of Nanshan, Battle of Telissu, Battle of Motien Pass, Battle of Tashihchiao, Battle of the Yellow River, Battle of Ulsan, Battle of Liaoyang, Battle of Sha­ho, Battle of Sandepu, Battle of Mukden and the Battle of Tsushima (Kowner, 2009). At the Battle of Yalu River, which was a Japanese victory, it allowed passage into Manchuria. The Battle of Liaoyang, which took place from Aug. 26 ­ Sept. 3, 1904, was the first major land battle and another Japanese victory (The Russo­Japanese War Research Society). The Battle of Mukden, which took place from Feb. 22 ­ March 10, 1905, was yet another Japanese victory and the largest land battle. It forced Russia to abandon Mukden (The Russo­Japanese War Research Society). One of the last battles of the Russo­Japanese War was the Battle of Tsushima, which lasted from May 27­29, 1905. Thirty Russian ships were sunk and was a huge blow for the Russians (The Russo­Japanese War Research Society). After many Japanese land and naval battle victories, Japan established itself as a world power having beat an Eastern European country. On June 8, 1905, United States finally agree to host peace talks with Russia and Japan. President Theodore Roosevelt mediated the treaty between Russia and Japan (The Russo­Japanese War begins). Roosevelt later received a Nobel Prize for his involvement and peace talks with Russia and Japan (Steinburg, 2008). The last major battle, the Battle of Tsushima, happened and May and by the time the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, it was then signed on Sept. 5, 1905 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The Treaty of Portsmouth ultimately ended the Russo­Japanese War. It gave Japan the control over Korea, southern Manchuria and Sakhalin Island (Russo­Japanese War, 2014). In the article “American Angels of Mercy,” the Japanese were notorious for heavily punishing prisoners, but during the Russo­Japanese War, multiple sources said Japan took care Yang 3 of its prisoners (Clarke, 2014). Even in the early 1900s, Japanese hospitals were sterile and even had aseptic tools (Clarke, 2014). Since the Japanese valued sanitation, when it came to infection rates among Japanese troops, their totals were less than other wars. The total amount of casualties cannot be pinpointed since many sources report different numbers. There were ~47,000 Japanese deaths and an estimated ~28,000 Russian deaths (Dumas, 1923). Soldiers from the Russo­Japanese War were “disciplined” as opposed to the “barbaric” Japanese soldiers in World War II (Shimazu, 2008). Realism best describes the Russo­Japanese War. After a period of time, cooperation between Russia and Japan went out the window and Japan was unable to work with Russia over the division and control of Korea and Manchuria. It was in Japan’s best interest to protect itself from Russia, so the Korean Peninsula had to be kept from Russia’s control (Koda, 2005). The buffer zone proposal was sent to Russia on August 12, 1903. Russia’s response came a long two months later and the answer was far from fulfilling the Japanese, they proposed a ban on military use (Koda, 2005). Japan replied on Dec. 21, 1903, removing Russia’s ban and proposed its initial offer. Seeing Russia’s reply as a diplomatic rejection, Japan went straight to a surprise attack in hopes of gaining more land and power. Japan hoped for more power with the control of Korea and Manchuria, which borders Russia. Aside from Russia and Japan, there were no other actors who engaged in combat. Other countries sat on the sidelines and watched the war unfold over the year and saw Japan rise as a world power. It was said that after the Treaty of Portsmouth was signed, Japan fell into anarchy, which is exactly what realism entails (Shimaza, 2008). Some may argue, that since the war is based on competition between states that Marxism can best define the Russo­Japanese War. Even though Marxism is closely related to realism, it is Yang 4 based on competition between classes, states or organizations. Russia and Japan did not seek markets or furthering production, Japan assumed Russia did not want to engage in diplomatic relations (Koda, 2005). Some could also argue Marxism best defines because it is a conflict over land or resources across borders, but loan from outside countries other than Russia and Japan involve “alliances” with other powers. The Russo­Japanese War was far from a call conflict, but more of a country seeking the upper hand over another. For the smallest window of time, if Russia and Japan were to cooperate and work with one another, some would argue liberalism. But because no negotiations were made and agreed upon, Liberalism does not define this war. Although Japan did want to establish a diplomatic relationship with Russia that came with mutual gains, Russia did not answer the proposal. Instead, it “imposed a total ban on military use of the Korean Peninsula, establishing a neutral zone in the peninsula … and [banned] fortifications along its coast” (Koda, 2005). If Russia and Japan agreed on having diplomatic relations with one another and settled in Korea or Manchuria together and then went to war while both countries were there, maybe then liberalism could have defined the Russo­Japanese War. Japan attempted to develop ties with Russia, but the Russians did not answer Japan’s proposal. It instead imposed a ban on military use. No actor in this case cooperated until peace talks more than a year later. There was a lack of cooperation between the two actors. After many failed diplomatic attempts by Japan, the potential for cooperation was no longer attainable. There was a nationalistic fever that ran through Japan, but constructivism would still not define the cause of the Russo­Japanese War. Constructivism is lacking as the definition of the Russo­Japanese War because there were no ideas or ideologies involved. Russia and Japan are Yang 5 very unalike. While Russia did what they believed was right, Japan justified itself and did what it thought was right, which was the surprise attack before a formal declaration of war. The Japanese victory made Japan “united in its patriotism” (Shimazu, 2008). Many countries were surprised with the way the Japanese fought. Prince Karl von Hohenzollern of Germany even visited Japan himself to witness the strong country (Shimazu, 2008). Japan’s nationalism also went through the roof. After each Japanese battle victory, there were lantern parades. On Feb. 10, 1904, students from Keio University from Tokyo, Japan, led a victory parade (Shimazu, 2008). Although Japan had fought a great war to some, other researchers believe it is often “overlooked” (Steinburg, 2008). Another incident seen as a nationalistic action was the Hibiya Riot. The riot was a large anti­government movement against the Treaty of Portsmouth (Shimazu, 2008). The Russo­Japanese War has reinforced the view of countries going to war over disagreements. The war made Japan a formidable power in the Pacific and in the world’s eye. Though Russian troops outnumbered the Japanese, Japan still prevailed and was victorious in numerous battles. Realism best defines the Russo­Japanese War because cooperation between Russia and Japan was unattainable, power­seeking Japan attack Port Arthur in China, which is off the Inchon coast. Japan wanted a buffer zone, while Russia imposed a ban on military use. Therefore, liberalism does not define the Russo­Japanese War. The war was band on land control, and Russia and Japan did not seek markets for production. In the end, thanks to the Treaty of Portsmouth, Japan was able to gain Korea, southern Manchuria and Sakhalin Island (Russo­Japanese War, 2014). Yang 6 References Clarke Jr., Tim. 2014. ""American Angels of Mercy" and the Russo­Japanese War." Military ​ Medicine 179 (11) (11):1398­9. ​ Dumas, Samuel. 1923. “Losses of Life Caused By War.” Koda, Yoji. 2005. "The Russo­­Japanese War." Naval War College Review 58 (2) ​ ​ (Spring2005):10­44.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SFBAPCC Nov. 2003 Postcard Newsletter
    - 1 - San Francisco Bay Area Post Card Club See this newsletter and much more in full color on the Internet at www.postcard.org Meetings are held the fourth Saturday of every month except December. Visitors and dealers always welcome. November 2003 Volume XVIII, No. 10 Next Meeting: Saturday, November 22, 12 to 3 PM Fort Mason Center, Room C-370 Laguna Street at Marina Boulevard, San Francisco Please disarm pagers, cell phones, and alarms during the meeting. Program Notes: As it is our last meeting of the year we will forego an organized program in favor of an extended show and tell—bring whatever you would like to show off. The Gasp! meter will be in operation, and whoever garners the most Wow!s will be declared the winner. Our strictly en- forced limits of three items and two minutes will be relaxed somewhat. We’ll also be having our holiday party under the orchestration of hostess Darlene Thorne. Those of us who wish to do so are encouraged to bring non-goopy finger foods—sweet or savory—to share. Darlene will set a festive board herself, so our contributions should each be enough for five people. Liquid refreshment will be provided by the club. We can all add to the festivities by bringing a box or handful of cards to sell or trade. Milo Zarakov has contributed a packet of well worn but still lovable vintage cards; choose yours out of the club dime box. The Musantes are planning to bring a dozen or more boxes of dime cards as well, so it could prove to be a genuine almost-free-for-all.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Medicine in the Construction of a Modern Japanese Identity, 1868-1912 Disse
    Science, Nurses, Physicians and Disease: The Role of Medicine in the Construction of a Modern Japanese Identity, 1868-1912 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Roberto Ramon Padilla II Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: James Bartholomew, Advisor Cynthia Brokaw Philip Brown Copyright by Roberto Ramon Padilla II 2009 Abstract This is a history of the emergence of a modern Japanese identity in the latter half of the nineteenth century as seen through the lens of scientific medicine. This study makes the argument that Japanese physicians’ construction of a modern identity was a two-fold process that identified Japan in line with Western imperialism and Western fields of knowledge, while conceptually distancing the island nation from nearby Asian neighbors. This perspective, which reflected the growing understanding among Japanese of their country’s emerging place in the world in the Meiji era (1868-1912), occurred within the context of the broad social, political, economic and military reforms that defined this period. Western medicine based on the rational proofs and perceived universality of scientific inquiry, positioned Japanese physicians as agents of modernity. I examine the way scientific medicine informed Japanese modernity in two ways: I begin by looking at how the Japanese Red Cross Society nurse came to be perceived as a national heroine, then I explain the Japanese Army Medical Bureau’s struggle to prevent beriberi, a nutritional deficiency illness in its ranks. These case studies offer a window into the interplay between modern medicine and traditional social values and underscore the reality that a field of knowledge is not adopted, but rather adapted and negotiated.
    [Show full text]
  • Forgotten War 3 Russo – Japanese War 1904‐1905
    7/25/2019 Forgotten War 3 Russo – Japanese War 1904‐1905 Background to the Russo‐Japanese War • As the Eighteenth Century drew to a close the Czarist Empire of Russia was militarily the most backward in Europe. However they no doubt envied the other European powers’ ability to obtain colonies around the world. • Russia’s military and ruling class had the dream of having access to warm water ports on the Black Sea with rights to the Mediterranean and similar facilities on the Pacific. The Crimean War put an end to these ambitions in the West. Those in the East brought Russia into conflict with the rising ambitions of Japan. • In 1875 Russia handed over the Kurile Islands to Japan in return for Sakhalin. • In 1896 it intervened on behalf of China against Japan with the backing of both France and Germany and in return received railroad concessions in Manchuria from China. • Russia had already leased Port Arthur and Liaotung from China. In addition it had used the Boxer rising in 1900 as a pretext for reinforcing its military presence in Manchuria in order to one day penetrate into Korea. History of Warfare, H.W. Koch, Bison Books, 1987 1 7/25/2019 Shakhalin Kurile Islands 2 7/25/2019 “Japan, whose geographic position to the Asian mainland was similar to that of the British to the European mainland, could not in the interests of its own security, allow a major European power to dominate the collapsing Chinese Manchu Empire. This situation was the main cause of the war between Russia and Japan in 1904.” H.W.
    [Show full text]
  • Was the Russo-Japanese War World War Zero?
    RE-IMAGINING CULTURE IN THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR Was the Russo-Japanese War World War Zero? JOHN W. STEINBERG As with any war in history, the Russo-Japanese War enjoys its share of myths and legends that range from Admiral Alekseev’s barber being a Japanese spy to the saga of the Baltic Fleet becoming the “fleet that had to die.” Perhaps because of such legends, or perhaps because World War I broke out less than a decade after the Russo-Japanese War formally ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, the centennial anniversary of Japan’s stunning victory witnessed a resurgence in Russo-Japanese War studies. Scholars from around the world responded to this date by convening various seminars, workshops, and conferences to reopen the study of a conflict that, while never completely forgotten, was largely overlooked after World War I. Always considered a bilateral engagement between two military powers, which it was in its most basic sense, the aim of all of these scholarly endeavors was to broaden our understanding of not only the war but also its global impact. The three following articles represent the work of one of the first such intellectual endeavors, a conference on “Re-imagining Culture in the Russo-Japanese War” that was held at Birkbeck College in London in March 2004.1 By addressing the impact of the conflict on society from its art and literature to the public reaction to the war as it progressed, Naoko Shimazu, Rosamund Bartlett, and David Crowley exhibit the depth of engagement that existed at every level of the civil-military nexus.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of the Russo-Japanese War
    Aspects of the Russo-Japanese War Dr Stewart Lone, University of New South Wales, Canberra: The Japanese Military during the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-05: A Reconsideration of Command Politics and Public Images Dr Philip Towle, Director of the Institute of International Studies, University of Cambridge: British Observers of the Russo-Japanese War The Suntory Centre Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines London School of Economics and Political Science Discussion Paper Houghton Street No. IS/98/351 London WC2A 2AE July 1998 Tel.: 0171- 405 7686 Preface On 6 February 1998 a symposium was held at the Suntory Centre on Aspects of the Russo-Japanese War. There were two speakers. One was Dr Stewart Lone, Senior Lecturer in Modern East Asian History at the Australian Defence Force Academy / University of New South Wales, who is the author of a monograph on the first Sino-Japanese War, Japan’s First Modern War: Army and Society in the Conflict with China, 1894-95 (Macmillan / St Martin’s Press, London / NY, 1994), and is currently working on the Japanese expatriat community in Latin America, and the army’s relationship with society and politics in prewar Japan. The other was Dr Philip Towle, Director of the Centre for International Studies at the University of Cambridge. Dr Towle is the author of Enforced Disarmament after Wars (Oxford University Press, 1998), and is currently working on postwar peace conferences. We are grateful to both authors for allowing us to reproduce their papers here. Janet Hunter July 1998 © Stewart Lone and Philip Towle.
    [Show full text]
  • Russia Collection Report Jul 2020 to Jun 2021
    New Acquisitions - Russian Northeast Asia REPORT July 2020 – June 2021 Manshū Teikoku shashin taikan 滿洲帝國寫眞大観 / 阪田彌太郎著作兼発行人; 監修滿洲帝國政府 [Manchukuo pictorial overview] WorldCat reports no copies A large folio album of 60 photographic plates printed on thick stock, published to commemorate the fifth anniversary of the founding of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. It was distributed as a sort of propaganda targeted at a Japanese audience—the plates depict scenes including the Mukden or Manchurian Incident; the signing of the founding of the Manchukuo state; Emperor Pu-yi and his visit to Japan; the Kwantung army and its leading officers; government offices; elementary school education; the Manchukuo central bank and its currency; railroads; the postal system; agriculture; fisheries; salt production; street scenes in Harbin with signage in Japanese, English, Chinese and Russian; monuments to martyrs; the Great Wall; marriages; funerals; and also texts of the national anthem of Manchukuo and documents regarding Japanese-Manchukuo friendship and solidarity. Some scattered foxing and toning. Original cloth portfolio box case with plates unbound. Shinkyō [i.e., Changchun]: Manshū Kyōzai Shuppansha; printer Nishimura Jūtarō, 1937. On the top right of each plate is the book's title followed by the illustration number. On the bottom left of each page is the publisher, which translates roughly to “Manchuria Educational Resources Publishing Company.” The volume also features an endorsement from Minami Jiro, the Governor-General of the Japanese colony of Korea, in the form of a calligraphic inscription which reads: “Korea and Manchuria as one.” Description of all plates provided by Hanae and Scott Kramer. Our Japan librarian was able to find this album available in Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Essential Histories
    Essential Histories The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 OSPREY Geoffrey Jukes PUBLISHING After leaving Oxford in 1953 GEOFFREY JUKES spent 14 years in the UK Ministry of Defence and Foreign and Colonial Office, specialising in Russian/Soviet military history, strategy and arms control. From 1967 to 1993 he was also on the staff of the Australian National University. He has written five books and numerous articles on the Eastern Front in the two World Wars. PROFESSOR ROBERT O'NEILL, AO D.PHIL. (Oxon), Hon D. Litt.(ANU), FASSA, Fr Hist S, is the Series Editor of the Essential Histories. His wealth of knowledge and expertise shapes the series content and provides up-to-the-minute research and theory. Born in 1936 an Australian citizen, he served in the Australian army (1955-68) and has held a number of eminent positions in history circles, including the Chichele Professorship of the History of War at All Souls College, University of Oxford, 1987-2001, and the Chairmanship of the Board of the Imperial War Museum and the Council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London. He is the author of many books including works on the German Army and the Nazi party, and the Korean and Vietnam wars. Now based in Australia on his retirement from Oxford he is the Chairman of the Council of the Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Essential Histories The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Essential Histories The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 OSPREY Geoffrey Jukes PUBLISHING First published in Great Britain in 2002 by Osprey Publishing, For a complete list of titles available from Osprey Publishing Elms Court, Chapel Way, Botley, Oxford, OX2 9LR please contact: Email: [email protected] Osprey Direct UK, PO Box 140, © 2002 Osprey Publishing Limited Wellingborough, Northants, NN8 2FA, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Report, Volume 6, Issue 2
    Report West Point Undergraduate Historical Review Volume 6, Issue 2 Spring 2016 Report, 2 Report West Point Undergraduate Historical Review Volume 6, Issue 2; Spring 2016 Editor-In-Chief John McCormick (2017) International History; Mathematical Science Editors Lucas Hodge (2016) International History Erica MacSwan (2016) American History Brandon Wethman (2017) Military History Nathaniel Thomas (2017) International History; Arabic Zachary Chaikin (2017) American History Hezekiah Rust (2018) American History Rachel York (2018) International History Claire Jones (2019) Military History Report, 3 Copyright and photocopying © 2016 Department of History United States Military Academy West Point, New York 10996 Acknowledgments The Editorial Board would like to thank the faculty of the History Department for their submission recommendations, all the students who submitted papers, and Captain Matthew Cohen for his advice and guidance on historical scholarship. Without their help, Report would not have been possible. About The Review Report is a non-profit publication produced by undergraduate cadets at the United States Military Academy. It accepts and encourages submissions from undergraduates in the fall and spring. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. On The Internet http://www.usma.edu/history/sitepages/report%20history%20jour nal.aspx Disclaimer The contents of Report, including words, images, and opinions, are unofficial and not to be considered as the official views of the United States Military Academy,
    [Show full text]
  • On the Periphery of the Russo-Japanese War Part I
    On the Periphery of the Russo-Japanese War Part I Ian Nish (STICERD, London School of Economics and Political Science): China and the Russo-Japanese War p.1 John Chapman (Scottish Centre of War Studies, University of Glasgow): British Naval Estimation of Japan and Russia, 1894-1905 p.17 The Suntory Centre Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines London School of Economics and Political Science Discussion Paper Houghton Street No. IS/04/475 London WC2A 2AE April 2004 Tel.: 020-7955 6698 Preface 2004 marks the centenary of the outbreak of war between Russia and Japan, a significant event in the history of both countries. A symposium was held in the Michio Morishima Room at STICERD on 16 March 2004 and attracted a large specialist audience. Since many conference are being held around the world to reassess this event, we chose to entitle our symposium 'On the Periphery of the Russo-Japanese War'. That is, we concentrated on countries like China and Britain whose interests were closely tied up with the war, though they were not themselves belligerents. The following papers were presented: Ian Nish (London School of Economics and Political Science): China and the Russo- Japanese War John Chapman (formerly of the University of Sussex): Britain's Naval Estimation of Japan and Russia, 1894-1905 David Steeds (formerly of the University of Wales, Aberystwyth): Japan at War: The Diary of a British Observer, 1904 Sebastian Dobson (Librarian, the Japan Society, London): Lt.-General Sir Ian Hamilton and his Scrapbook The first two appear in this pamphlet; the last two will appear shortly in Part II.
    [Show full text]
  • Witnesses to Permanent Revolution: the Documentary Record Historical Materialism Book Series
    Witnesses to Permanent Revolution: The Documentary Record Historical Materialism Book Series Editorial Board Paul Blackledge, Leeds – Sébastien Budgen, Paris Michael Krätke, Amsterdam – Stathis Kouvelakis, London – Marcel van der Linden, Amsterdam China Miéville, London – Paul Reynolds, Lancashire Peter Thomas, Amsterdam VOLUME 21 Witnesses to Permanent Revolution: The Documentary Record Edited and translated by Richard B. Day and Daniel Gaido LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Witnesses to permanent revolution : the documentary record / edited and translated by Richard B. Day and Daniel Gaido. p. cm. — (Historical materialism book series ; 21) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-16770-4 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Permanent revolution theory. 2. Trotsky, Leon, 1879-1940. I. Day, Richard B., 1942– II. Gaido, Daniel. III. Title. IV. Series. HX550.R48W58 2009 335.4’112--dc22 2008052017 ISSN 1570-1522 ISBN 978 90 04 167704 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS To Judith and Marielle Contents Preface ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Political Strategies Toward Ending the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars
    Political Strategies toward Ending the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars Ryuji Hirano Introduction The Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars were both wars that Japan was able to end while still victorious. In that sense, they can be termed successful wars. However, in neither case did Japan necessarily have its eyes set at the outset on how specifically to end the war. Though these wars were fought against major powers, Japanese forces made spectacular advances and won a seemingly endless succession of victories in the initial phases of the wars. In that sense, Japan’s experience in these wars had much in common with its wars during the Showa period, that is, the second Sino-Japanese War (the China Incident) and the Pacific War (the Greater East Asian War). In its wars during the Showa era, Japan could not uncover any clues as to how to end them. The course of the wars became stalemated or was reversed, and ultimately Japan was forced to face defeat. While the first Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars were fought before the advent of the age of total war, why was Japan able to bring these two wars, which were fought during the Meiji period, to peace while still victorious, unlike the wars in the Showa period? There are three trends in studies on the first Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars. The first studies the wars from a military history perspective. Such research has been done from immediately after the wars ended up to the present day, beginning with officially published military histories compiled by the Army General Staff
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue 243: the Russo-Japanese War 1 Viii+310(Last Blank), 6 Plates Plus 11 Folding Maps in Pocket at 15
    The Russo-Japanese War Catalogue 243 May 2021 ABOUT THIS CATALOGUE The books in this catalogue are from the private library of the late The Hon. David Levine AO RFD QC—a dedicated and passionate bibliophile for more than half a century. Most of the items bear David's bookplate or militaria book label, usually affixed to the upper pastedown or upper free endpaper. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE Unless otherwise described, all books are in the original cloth or board binding, and are in very good, or better, condition with defects, if any, fully described. Our prices are nett, and quoted in Australian dollars. Traditional trade terms apply. Items are offered subject to prior sale. All orders will be confirmed by email. PAYMENT OPTIONS We accept the major credit cards, PayPal, and direct deposit to the following account: Account name: Kay Craddock Antiquarian Bookseller Pty Ltd BSB: 083 004 Account number: 87497 8296 Should you wish to pay by cheque we may require the funds to be cleared before items are sent. GUARANTEE As a member or affiliate of the associations listed below, we embrace the time-honoured traditions and courtesies of the book trade. We also uphold the highest standards of business principles and ethics, including your right to privacy. Under no circumstances will we disclose any of your personal information to a third party, unless your specific permission is given. TRADE ASSOCIATIONS Australian and New Zealand Association of Antiquarian Booksellers [ANZAAB] Antiquarian Booksellers’ Association [ABA(Int)] International League of Antiquarian Booksellers [ILAB] Australian Booksellers Association IMAGES Additional images of items are available on our website, or by request.
    [Show full text]