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Home , December 1911, Guy Gaunt, Hugo von Pohl, Otto von Diederichs, Room 40, September 1910

Appendix 1 Command Structure of German Naval Intelligence, 1911–1914

The Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II

Secretary of the Naval Office Chief of the Admiralstab Admiral Hugo von Pohl

Naval Attaché London Lieutenant Commander Wilhelm Widenmann (1907–1912) Lieutenant Commander Erich von Müller (1912–1914)

Director of Naval Intelligence Department (‘N’) Naval Captain Arthur Tapken (1901–1914) Frigate Captain Walther Isendahl (1914–1918)

Director of Subdivision ‘NI’ Commander Fritz Prieger

Attached to Admiralstab Secretary to ‘N’ on Special Duty Naval Lieutenant Georg Stammer Police Officer Gustav Steinhauer

Naval Agents (BEs, VMs) Worldwide

Intermediaries in Great Britain Wilhelm Croner or Kronauer, Karl Gustav Ernst, August Wilhelm Julius Klunder, Otto Krüger, Gustav Neumann, Adolf Schneider, Heinrich Schütte

Naval agents in Great Britain Paul Brodtmann or Brockmann (later IIIb), Johann Engel, Karl Armgaard Graves, Heinrich Grosse, Lina and Max Heine, Paul Hentschel, Frederick Ireland, Karl Franz Joseph alias Charles Francis Bubenheim, Wilhelm Klare, Charles Parrott, Walter Riemann, Alberto Celso Rodriguez, Max Schultz, Stielow, Izzel ben Aladdin, Ottoman Naval Officers Ahmed Nedjib and Frederick Schroeder alias Gould

Illustration 8 Flow chart showing command structure of German Naval Intelligence

148 Appendix 2 Statistical Evidence on German Espionage and British Counter-Espionage during the First World War

25

20

15

10 Number of German spies 5

0

Oct Apr Oct Oct Oct Oct Dec June Aug Dec AprilJune Aug Dec AprilJune Aug Dec AprilJune Aug

Aug 1914 Feb 1915 Feb 1916 Feb 1917 Feb 1918

Total number of German spies operating in Great Britain Captured by British authorities Released for lack of evidence

Illustration 9 Number of spies and capture/release statistics, – October 1918

149 Appendix 3 Synopsis of German Naval Agents in the First World War

Agent and alias(es) Brief description of activities A1 See Grund, Heinrich. A2 See Schroeder, C. A3 See Calkoen, Jonkheer Johan Jakob. A7 See Greite, Franz Lausitz Theodore. A13 See Wünnenberg, Karl. A15 Naval agent, reporting from Great Britain on Anglo- Russian Commission in May 1917. A19 See Ritzkey, Carl. A21 See Gleichmann, Emil. A29 See van Balen, Willem. A34 Naval agent, reporting from Amsterdam in . A35 See Vieyra, Leopold. A42 See van Graff. A49 Dutch (?), employee of De Telegraaf, present at David Lloyd George’s speech on 19 December 1916. A57 Naval agent, reporting from Holland in June 1917. A58 See Bacon, George Vaux. A63 Dutch ship expert, reporting from Holland in December 1916. A68 See Flores, Heinrich. A77 See Dunell, Wilhelm. A82 See Meisner, Arthur Denis. A87 Naval agent, reporting from Holland about con- versation with an English journalist in January. In May 1918, reported on conversation with Wood, secretary of British consulate at Rotterdam. A93 See Roodhardt, J.C. A103 See Pass, Adolph. A107 See Mahler, Georg Henri. AE111 See Müller, Carl Friedrich. AE115 Naval agent, on missions to London, Folkestone and Portsmouth throughout 1915. AE123 Sailor, working for ship line connecting Continent and in .

150 German Naval Agents 151

AE128 Naval agent, reporting from London in on recruitment of volunteers. AE129 Dockyard worker in Denmark, reporting to ‘N’ in October 1915. AE134 Dutch precision mechanic. Employed by Wolseley Company in October 1915. AE146 English journalist resident in Holland, reporting in October 1915. Ahrens, Paul H. alias German–American, employed by ‘NI’. Undertook Otto C. Storbeck two reconnaissance voyages to Britain in and in . Albanians, two Two Albanians, recruited by German consul Tjaben anonymous in Rumania. Supposed to undertake reconnaissance voyage to Britain in the summer of 1915. Ayllonrivas, Antonio Argentinean, in sent to Holland to work as agent for Antwerp. Bacon, George Vaux alias American journalist, reported on behalf of ‘N’ for A58 Central Press Agency from England to Rutledge Rutherford and others in Holland. Arrested and court-martialled in February 1917, sentenced to death. On request of US government extradited to the , where he was tried and convicted to one year’s penal servitude. van Balen or Baalen, Naval or military agent, probably Dutch, employed Willem alias A29 by Antwerp in 1915. Acquaintance of Emil Brugman. Ballin, anonymous An anonymous contact of Albert Ballin, forwarded contact of HAL director a report to the latter about an espionage mission Albert Ballin to Britain early in 1916. Ballin sent the report to the German government. Bekker or Bekkers Undertook reconnaissance mission for Antwerp to Liverpool in . Berg Naval agent in Scandinavia. Upon arrest in the summer of 1917 betrayed all confidential material to the local authorities in Denmark. Black alias Kopreko Naval agent, employed by Antwerp, undertook at least one voyage to Britain prior to . Then deactivated because ‘N’ suspected that his identity had been exposed. Boehm or Böhm, First German engaged in sabotage in the United States Lieutenant Hans alias in 1914. Early in 1915, in Ireland to promote unrest. Joseph D. Noerndle alias In March on intelligence mission to Scotland on Jelks Leroy Thrasher behalf of ‘N’. In , declared his inability to go on another mission to Britain, but in arrested and interned there, after the war repatriated. Recruited William Mac Cully and Anthony J. Brogan. Born, George American journalist, working for Wünnenberg and Sander. 152 Appendix 3

Bosch, Exequiel Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland to work as agent for Antwerp. Boulan, C. Naval agent, possibly arrested in England in July 1915 and subsequently released. de Bournonville, Eva Naval agent, born Dane, naturalized Swede. Worked at Danish Legation in London from August to . Arrested, sentenced to death, sentence commuted to life imprisonment. den Braber, Cornelius Naval agent, probably hired by Hilmar Dierks. Marinus Dutch seaman, travelled to England in , arrested and released due to lack of evidence in same month. Brandes, Gertrude Private Secretary to Lady Baroness von Schröder. Elizabeth Sophia Knew Heddy Glauer (Grosse) in 1912 and hosted Louise Emily Wertheim in 1915. Herself probably not employed by ‘N’. Brandt, Dr German, PhD in economics. Recruited agents, until December 1914 for IIIb, then for ‘N’ in Holland. Collaborated with Hilmar Dierks in recruiting Louise Emily Wertheim and Jacob Dirkszwager in 1914 and 1915. van Brandwijk, Dutch casual labourer, served as cover address Jan alias A51 (‘Brandwijk & Co.’) for naval agents in Britain in 1915. Possibly involved in exposing Hilmar Dierks. Braun, Kapitän Employed by Consul Gneist in Rotterdam for ‘N’, but also recruiting, in competition with ‘N’, for another department in . Was exposed in 1915 when one of Gneist’s agents lost documents on German intelligence system. Breeckow, Georg German piano dealer, acquired US citizenship. Naval Traugott alias Reginald agent for Antwerp, came to England in May 1915, Rowland alias George worked together with Louise Emily Wertheim. Parker Arrested in June, executed in October 1915. Brodersen, J. Swede, in October 1914 offered to go on espionage mission to England, and probably did so shortly afterwards. Brogan, Anthony J. Irish businessman, recruited by Hans Boehm in New alias Kelly York. From March until June 1915 in Scotland to recruit Irishmen for ‘N’. Then coordinating German sabotage in Britain from Lisbon and Madrid. In contact with Roger Casement. Brugman, Emil alias A32 Dutch chemical engineer. Employed by Antwerp. Travelled to England in October 1915, obtained interview with and pass of Minister of Munitions, Lord Moulton. In arrested, but due to lack of evidence released. Bruns Naval agent, possibly arrested in Britain in July 1915. German Naval Agents 153

Buer Naval agent, Armenian. In July 1915 sent to England on intelligence mission for Antwerp. Burhorn alias Charles German–American, end of December 1914 sent to Morton United States by ‘N’ to obtain passport and recruit naval agents. Finally dismissed by Ambassador Johann Bernstorff in Washington, DC due to exaggerated financial demands. Bushman, Fernando or Brazilian of German origin, naval agent, possibly Ferdinand Buschmann recruited by Hilmar Dierks or Heinrich Flores. Travelled to England in April 1915, arrested in June and executed in October. Cadmus, Henry R. alias Argentinean businessman, recruited by ‘N’ Gentz alias Edward through Dr Max Salomon. On intelligence mission in Britain September to . Had an acquaintance in . In London in contact with Hugo Gramatzki. Finally dismissed by Prieger due to exaggerated financial demands. Calkoen, Jonkheer Johan Dutch cocoa nut trader, reported from London to Jakob alias A3 Antwerp from May until June 1915. Cléton, Mrs N.M. Cover name used by Hilmar Dierks’ wife while he was in Dutch custody. Cornehlsen, Otto German saboteur in England and Norway in 1917. alias Kolker Cribben, Peter American journalist, working for Wünnenberg and Sander. Cursach, Juan Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland to work as agent for Antwerp. Curtis Naval agent, reported to ‘N’ from London in May 1915. Daelen, Paul E. alias German–American, captain, former Norddeutscher P.E. Parker alias Lloyd employee. Employed by Prieger and Lambrecht alias subsequently by Wesel, on several missions William Kottkamp to Britain: September–October 1914, December– , April–May 1915. In March, in . In the same month awarded the Iron Cross, second class. In 1916–1917, organizing espionage from Amsterdam. Dane, anonymous Unnamed Danish skipper of the German steamboat Septima. Sent to England on behalf of ‘N’ by Lieutenant Commander Kaiser in Rotterdam. Davis, Robert See Wünnenberg, Karl. Dierks, Hilmar, NCO alias On Western front in opening campaign. Instructed Sanderson or Saunderson by Wesel to go on intelligence mission to England in October 1914, but failed. In December 1914 in Denmark for ‘N’. Then as recruiter for ‘N’ in The Hague. Involved in numerous recruitments in the Netherlands. In June or July 1915 arrested by Dutch authorities. In free again, but transferred to another German intelligence branch. 154 Appendix 3

Dirkzwager, Dirkswager Dutch, naval agent, recruited by Dr Brandt. or Dirkszwanger, Jacob Succeeded in being employed by British consulate in Netherlands. Arrested by Dutch authorities in , but in October 1917 back on duty. Dittmar, brothers Belgian or German, came to England after outbreak Adolphe, Charles, Otto, of war for ‘N’ or IIIb. Arrested in January 1915, then Friedrich released. Drilsma Dutch, naval agent. For ‘N’ on intelligence mission to England in July 1915. Dunbar, Frigate Captain German–American, naval officer, scion of the Frederick alias William British Dunbar family and son of an American Guilden mother. In October 1914, on intelligence mission to Scotland for ‘N’. Quickly arrested and interned in . Dunell, Wilhelm alias Dutch, in December 1916 mission to England. In Thuringen alias A77 October 1917 reported on conversation with Eduard Carl Fimmen, leader of Dutch Socialists. Duurloo, Francis Al. Black Dane from Virgin Islands, sent to Britain by ‘N’ in December 1914. Earle, Martha, née German, married to Englishman, residing in Bristol. Baroness von Bothmer In May 1918, arrested for communicating with enemy and sentenced to 12 months’ imprisonment. Edwin, Edward Swedish masseur, arrested for espionage in August 1915 and sentenced to seven days’ hard labour. Then left Britain. Egelis, A.P. Naval agent, sent on a mission to Britain by Antwerp in July 1915. Elve (cover name) Naval agent, sent to London in . Eugling, Franz German–American, sent on intelligence mission to Hull by ‘NI’ in . Failde Spaniard, sub-agent of Wilhelm Rehder in England. Filchner, Dr Wilhelm German explorer, served as army officer on the Western front. In 1916, director of the marine interrogation service in Bergen, Norway. Flores, Heinrich alias A68 German teacher of languages in Rotterdam. Worked for Wesel and Hilmar Dierks whom he assisted in recruiting agents. Before or in April 1915 dismissed by Freyer. Funke Naval agent, undertook intelligence mission to London, Leith, Folkestone in August 1914. de Garden, Mrs C. Naval agent, employed by Antwerp. Gleichmann, Emil Naval agent, captain of the mercantile marine, alias A21 name found on Antwerp list. von der Goltz, Horst alias German mercenary in Francisco ‘Pancho’ Villa’s army Bridgeman Taylor alias in Mexican civil war. After August 1914 involved Franz Wachendorf in sabotage in United States and Britain. Arrested in Britain in November 1914. In extradited to United States and interned for duration of war. German Naval Agents 155 van der Goten, Leon Belgian, sought employment with German secret Francis service, but was framed by Allies. Arrested on arrival to Hull in June 1917. Sentenced to death, then life imprisonment. van Graff alias A42 Name discovered on Antwerp list. Gramatzki, Hugo German engineer, born in Assam, . On two missions to Britain on behalf of ‘N’, August– November 1914 and January–March 1915. Recom- mended for the Iron Cross, second class, by Chief of Admiralty Staff. In August 1917, in Norway sentenced to nine months’ penal servitude for espionage. Greite, Franz Lausitz German–American, employed by Antwerp. Sent to Theodore alias A7 United States (Karl Boy-Ed) in August 1915, then on espionage mission to and Britain. Arrested in and convicted to ten years’ penal servitude in . Grund, Heinrich alias A1 German, resident in Antwerp before war, employed by ‘N’ to place agents on ships to Britain. In 1916 moved to Utrecht. Recruited Alfredo Buschmann and Augusto Roggen. Guell, Mario alias Guell y Spaniard, triple agent for French, British and Lynch German service (Antwerp). Arrested by Scotland Yard in January 1917, released to Spain under pressure of Spanish government. Guerrero, Adolfo alias Spaniard, naval agent, recruited by German naval Guantas attaché von Krohn in Madrid. Landed in England in , arrested in same month and tried in July. Sentenced to death, commuted to ten years’ imprisonment. Was promised £50 for every ship sunk due to his reports. H21 See Zelle, Margarete Gertrud. Hagn, Alfred Norwegian, naval agent, came to Britain in October 1916 and in April 1917. Arrested, tried in August, sentenced to death, commuted into life imprisonment. In 1919, released due to bad health. Hahn, John British citizen of German descent, subagent of Karl Friedrich Müller. Arrested in February 1915, tried and sentenced to ten years’ penal servitude in July 1915. Hardenberg Naval agent, employed by Wesel. Instructed to travel to England from Holland, but failed. Showed up at Karl Boy-Ed’s office in New York in March 1915. Eventually dismissed. Harmer English journalist, working for ‘N’ before and after outbreak of war. 156 Appendix 3

Harmsworth English journalist, employed by British service. Then offered his services to Colonel Ostertag at Rotterdam, and was subsequently employed by IIIb. In February 1915, on intelligence mission to England. Hastings, Charles E. American, communicated with George Vaux Bacon from Holland. Interrogated at Scotland Yard in March 1917, sent to United States, sentenced to one year’s penal servitude Harthern German, correspondent of the Frankfurter Zeitung in Norway, arrested for espionage by Norwegian police in 1917. Heineken, Philipp Dutch, employee of Norddeutscher Lloyd. On two intelligence missions to Britain for ‘N’, September and October 1914. In December barred from entering the country because listed as ‘undesirable alien’. In May 1915, again sent to Britain. Communicated through Mrs Hilde Wilhelmi and recruited Bruno Jablonsky for ‘N’. In contact with Sir Roger Casement. Heldenbergh, Maurice Belgian, naval agent for Antwerp. Hensel, Paul alias Irving German–American, employed by Wesel. Arrived Guy Ries in England in July 1915, arrested in August, court- martialled and executed. Herbert, Louise German woman married to an Englishman. Sentenced to six months’ penal servitude for communicating with Germans via Switzerland. Herrmann, Fred American, recruited by Daelen. Came together with him to England in February 1915. Second mission to England launched from United States and supplied with funds by Karl Boy-Ed in October 1915. Possibly involved in sabotage at Black Tom pier in United States in 1916. Herz or Hertz, Peter alias Director of German School in Rotterdam where Hecht Flores taught. Recruited as VM by Gneist for Wesel. Successor of Ludwig Schnitzer. Under cover of Hecht Co. in contact with Jannings. Higgs, May British, a minor, sent letter to Holland offering to work for German service in July 1915. Con- sequently interned, then sent to a convent for rest of war. Hockenholz Skipper, employed by Hilmar Dierks to recruit Dutch seamen for ‘N’, among them van Zwol. Along with Dierks arrested by the Dutch authorities in June 1915. Import (cover name) Naval agent, sent to London by Gneist in March 1915. German Naval Agents 157

Irace, Captain Tullio Italian infantry captain, volunteered to travel as agent to London and instructed by Prieger to proceed in . Jablonsky, Bruno alias Recruited by Heineken for ‘N’ in Britain in Heidecker September 1914, betrayed by his English girlfriend, who gave away Heineken’s name. Jakobsen Agent of AA service in Copenhagen. Betrayed by Berg. Jänicke, Paul HAL employee, recruited by ‘N’ in August 1914. Sent to Sweden, but recalled in December 1914. Jannings alias Probably Belgian, worked for British consulate in Olenschlager Flushing, in January 1915 to England, tried in vain to get employment in censorship bureau. In contact with Herz alias Hecht. Jannsen, Haicke Marinus Dutch, possibly introduced to ‘N’ by Wilhelm Petrius Rehder. Trained by Hilmar Dierks. Came to England in February 1915, then again in March. Arrested, court-martialled and executed. Knew Wilhelm Johannes Roos. Jansen Dutch, subagent of Wilhelm Rehder in England Jennings Engaged in sabotage for Sektion P. Directed a gang of saboteurs. Cooperated with Anthony J. Brogan. Jensen, Herrmann Swede, subagent of Wilhelm Rehder in England. Jordan, Miguel Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland to work as agent for Antwerp. Joseph Naval agent, in in Britain. Josofson or Josephson, German reserve army officer, recruited agents in Olaf alias A87 the Netherlands from November 1915. Kelly, Bryan A. Irish student at Marburg university, interned at outbreak of war. Volunteered to work for Germans, sent on intelligence mission to England in January 1915. Kestein Resident of Rotterdam, subagent of Wesel and/or Antwerp. Forwarded mail from Holland to Belgium. Under cover of ‘Kestein Co.’ and ‘European Textile Co.’ acted as cover address for Paul E. Daelen. In July 1915 in connection with Hilmar Dierks exposed. Kinberg Swede, introduced to ‘N’ by Adolph Nathanson. In March 1915, recruited to obtain documents and covers for naval agents in Britain. Klancke Naval agent, recruited by Hilmar Dierks. In July 1915 in Britain and possibly arrested due to Jan van Brandwijk’s betrayel. Klopfer, Georg Naval agent, dismissed from service after he was observed visiting the British consul in Rotterdam in March 1915. Knieper Naval agent in Holland in September 1915. Koch, Adolf German waiter, reported to Wesel in January 1915 about sojourn in Britain. 158 Appendix 3

Koedel, Simon R. Naval agent operating in Holland. In June 1915 in New York whence he left for intelligence mission to Britain. van der Kolk, W. German cover address in Rotterdam. Koslowsky, Abraham Norwegian Jew, introduced to Prieger by Joseph alias Werge J. Bachrach. Three intelligence missions to Britain: November–December 1914, January 1915, March–April 1915. In April arrested in Hull, but released in May. Küpferle, Anton alias German–American, served as officer on Western Anthony Copperlee front in opening campaigns. Recruited by Antwerp, sent to United States where he was paid $100 by von Papen. In February 1915 came to Britain where he was arrested, sentenced to death, but committed suicide on eve of his execution. Lance Naval agent, in October 1916 in New York. Laprovida, Juan José Argentinean, recruited as agent for AA service, departed to England from Buenos Aires in February 1917. Lassen, Julius Danish merchant. Recommended to German ambassador Brockdorff-Rantzau by Danish princess Harald. Recruited by AA and sent on intelligence mission to Britain. Arrested in November 1915, but eventually acquitted and released. Further missions in 1916. In February 1918 employed by British censorship in London. Lassen, Lieutenant Naval intelligence officer, dispatched Steinhauer Commander August on his mission to Britain in . Then assigned to Antwerp. In 1916 counsellor to Chief of Admiralty Staff in Berlin. After winter 1917, head of ‘NIV’. Leibacher, F. Employed by ‘N’ in Rotterdam in 1915, served as cover address for agents in Britain. Leiberich Naval agent, reporting from Scotland in March and April 1915. Possibly identical with Fred Herrmann. Lent Naval agent, in August 1915 in New York supplied with funds by Karl Boy-Ed. Lincoln, Trebitsch Hungarian Jew, naturalized Englishman, ex-MP. Recruited by Gneist and Wesel in December 1914 and sent to England. Defected there in February 1915. Links, Maximilian Hungarian and British, interned in Berlin at Johann alias John Mack beginning of war, then sent to England in October 1914 by Prieger. Later arrested in as British agent. Lody, Carl Hans alias Naval officer, recruited by ‘N’ before the war. Sent Charles Inglis alias Nazi on espionage mission to Scotland, caught, court- martialled and executed. Awarded the Iron Cross, second class, posthumously. German Naval Agents 159

Mac Cully, William American of Scottish descent. Introduced to ‘N’ by Hans Boehm. Operated in Scotland and on English west coast from March–May 1915 on behalf of ‘NI’. In October at Karl Boy-Ed’s office in New York. Madsen, Emilius Dane, recruited by AA service (Brockdorff-Rantzau); possibly also employed by British service. Mahler, Georg Henri alias Worked with Grund and transmitted telegraphic A107 reports on Dutch shipping. Name discovered on Antwerp list. Manory Sent to Portsmouth in December 1914 by Prieger. In January 1915 in New York supplied with funds by Karl Boy-Ed. Marang Subagent of Wilhelm Rehder in England. Marks, Joseph alias Nelcz German–American, sent to Britain by Antwerp alias Multerer in July 1915. Quickly arrested and interned. In December 1919 deported to Germany. Marquardt, Fritz alias In Britain on behalf of ‘NI’ from October–November Frank Miller 1914 to find out about air defences. In June 1917 reporting from Holland. Martes Naval agent, in November 1915 in Britain sentenced to five years’ penal servitude. Mascotte (cover name) Naval agent, sent to Leith in March 1915. Meisner, Arthur Denis First lieutenant of the Landwehr (military reserve). alias A82 In communication with George Vaux Bacon. Name discovered on Antwerp list. Melin, Ernest Waldemar Swede, recruited by Hilmar Dierks. To England in January 1915 and between February and June 1915. Arrested in June, court-martialled and executed. Melnitz, Curt German–American. Sent to Scotland by ‘NI’ (Prieger). Stayed there from May to June 1915. Mergelkamp, Jan Dutch opera singer, was in England for Antwerp before September 1915. Meurling, C. Swede, recruited by Brockdorff-Rantzau as agent for AA service. Meyer, Albert Danish or Germans naval agent, probably for Antwerp. Reported from London in July and August 1915. Arrested together with van Zwol. Court-martialled and executed in . Mulder, I.A. Afrikaner, sent on intelligence mission to England and Scotland in January 1915 by Prieger. Müller, Carl Friedrich Russian (Baltic German). Naval agent of Antwerp, on alias AE111 mission to England from January–February 1915. Employed John Hahn as subagent. In February 1915 arrested, court-martialled and executed in June. Nathanson, Adolph German, recruited by Isendahl in March 1915 to go on an intelligence mission to England. Noktia (Friedrich Katsch) Agent of IIIb, based in Stockholm, employed several subagents in Britain. 160 Appendix 3

O’Nell alias Key Employed by Antwerp, conducted at least one voyage to England prior to December 1914. Then deactivated due to fear that his identity might be known to British authorities. Obericolab, Alfred Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland to work as agent for Antwerp. Olofson, S. Swede, naval agent, employed by Wesel. Reported from Hampstead and London in December 1914 and January 1915. Olsson, Ernst Gustav Convicted of espionage on behalf of Germany in Waldemar April 1915. Pandion (cover name) Naval agent, dispatched to Southampton in March 1915. Pass, Adolph alias A103 Supply officer of the Rhenish district. Name dis- covered on Antwerp list. de Patrocinio, José Brazilian journalist, employee of Brazilian consulate in Rotterdam. Arrested as spy in Britain in September 1917 and deported to in January 1919. Pendleton, Oscar American. Suspected of espionage and deported to United States in November 1916. Perez, Felipe Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland to work as agent for Antwerp. Perring, Mary, née German Jew, married Englishman, recruited by Styzczynska Ambassador Romberg in Berne in October 1916. Introduced by Despina Psycha. Until 1917 on several missions to France and Britain. Plesner, Nicolay Swede, possibly double agent for Wesel and British service. Conducted two missions to Britain in December 1914 and January 1915. Then dismissed. Plümacher Distant relative of Fritz Prieger. Recruited for ‘N’ by Naval Attaché Möller in Buenos Aires. Politopoulos, Andreas Greek resident in Hamburg, introduced to Prieger by Wilhelm Rehder. Recruited for intelligence mission to Scotland in May 1915. Psycha, Despina Greek journalist in Switzerland, introduced Mary Perring to German Ambassador Romberg. Ramonsbarbi Argentinean, in October 1916 sent to Holland to work as agent for Antwerp. Rehder, Wilhelm Sent to England by Prieger in October 1914 to inquire about arrival of Canadian troops. Another mission in December 1914 to enquire into loss of U8 . Last mission in March–April 1915. Employed subagents Failde, Jansen, Herrmann Jensen, Maag, Pascuale Segenti. Reinwald, Hans alias Naval agent for ‘NI’, in October 1914 on mission to Henry Paul Schill inquire about air defences between Brighton and Folkestone. In December sent to Ireland. In January 1915 found employment with Vacuum Oil Co. in Liverpool, ordered to stay put for two months. Ries, Irving Guy See Hensel, Paul. German Naval Agents 161

Ritzkey, Carl alias A19 Russian, name found on Antwerp list. Roggen, Augusto Alfredo Uruguayan, probably employed by Antwerp. Arrived in Tilbury in May, arrested in June, court- martialled and executed in September. Possibly in communication with Georg Breeckow while in England. Roodhardt, J.C. alias A93 Probably recruited by Rutherford for ‘N’. Reported from Hull, Edinburgh and London for one month in 1916. Applied also to British service, dismissed from both services in 1917. Roos, Willem Johannes Dutch, recruited through Hilmar Dierks. Knew Haicke Marinus Jannsen. Arrived in Britain in May, arrested in June, court-martialled and executed in July although certified insane. Rosenberg German Jew, resident in London. Served as Dr Max Salomon’s contact in September 1914. Rosenthal, Robert alias German Jew, Landsturm (army reserve). Sent on John Salomon three missions to Britain by ‘N’, in November– December 1914, January and April–May 1915. Arrested in May 1915, court-martialled and executed in July 1915. Was to inquire about British naval losses at Falklands. Rotheudt, Pierre Belgian, recruited by Antwerp. Travelled to England in January 1915, and later to France. There arrested, court-martialled in December 1915, sentenced to death, subsequently commuted into penal servitude for life. von Rottweiler alias American aircraft engineer. After August 1914 Krause several missions for IIIb into France. For ‘N’ mission to England in November 1914 to reconnoitre aviation and air defences. From January until March 1915 in United States. At least two more missions to Britain in April 1915 and . Dismissed in March 1916. Rumanian, anonymous Rumanian intelligence officer, ex-employee of Vickers. Recruited by Consul Tjaben in Bucharest for extended intelligence mission to England. Rutherford, Rutledge American. Recruited by George Vaux Bacon to serve alias A30 or A20 as his correspondent in Holland. Stayed in Germany until end of war. de Rysbach, Kurt Herlot British, recruited from Ruhleben camp in 1915 by alias Captain Hensler ‘N’. Came to Britain in June, arrested in July 1915, sentenced to penal servitude for life. Salomon, Dr Max alias Sent to London in August–September 1914 by Alfons Melzer alias Prieger. Then served as cover address in Holland. Melwin A. Riée In April 1915 sent to France by ‘N’. In July 1915 one aborted mission to Scotland. 162 Appendix 3

Sander, Albert A. Reporting from New York in December 1916, collaborated with Karl Wünnenberg. Sanders Dutch, sent by Prieger to Britain in January–February and again in March 1915. Sauter, Wilhelm German, in June 1916 on trial for espionage in Britain. Refused to make any statements. Schellhass Naval agent, reporting from Edinburgh in October 1914. Schenk, Adolf Hungarian, saboteur (August 1915). Schenk, Frau Hired for espionage mission to Britain by Freyer in August 1915. Schill Naval agent, reported from Liverpool and Plymouth in January 1915. Schmidt Skipper of the Eduard Woermann, naval agent for Wesel or Antwerp. Schnitzer, Ludwig Recruited as VM for Rotterdam in by Prieger. In November 1914 together with Tiesing arrested and tried by Dutch authorities. Replaced with Peter Herz by Gneist. Schroeder, C. alias A2 Naval agent, name found on Antwerp list. Schultze, Alfred German agent in the Netherlands Schwartz German, arrested and sentenced to five years of penal servitude in Norway in August 1917. Schwarz Probably citizen of Austria-Hungary. Recruited by Wesel in September 1914, in October in Britain, then to United States whence Karl Boy-Ed sent him on another mission to England in January 1915. Schwedersky, A.H. alias Employed by Wesel. Served as ‘Schwedersky & Jan Verysel Co.’, after June 1915 as ‘J. Verysel & Co.’, as cover address for agents in Britain. Segenti or Seganti, Italian, subagent of Wilhelm Rehder, employed by Pascuale Freyer. Sent to England in December 1914, in February in Hamburg. Second mission to Britain in March 1915 did not materialize. Slager, Pauline alias A54 Dutch, landed at Tilbury in July 1915 to establish relations with suitable persons in artist circles for espionage in England. Immediately arrested and eventually sent back to Holland. Smith, Louise Mathilde, German, married to Englishman, resident in England. née Zastrow Communicated on own initiative intelligence to Germany. In November 1917 arrested, in April 1918 tried and convicted to ten years’ penal servitude. In 1920 sentence remitted. Smits, Jan Dutch, served as cover address for naval agents in Britain. Solger German army captain, for Wesel in communication with his wife in England in January 1915. German Naval Agents 163

Sopher Indian, resident in Brighton. Arrested upon application to go to Holland in February 1916. Admitted knowing Pauline Slager. Interned until end of war. Spies, Marteen Boer, for Wesel on several missions to Britain between July 1915 and June 1917. Spitz, Georg alias George Austrian, in September sent to southern England S. Speetz by Prieger. In April 1917 in prison in Germany on account of confidence trickery. Stad, David Naval agent for Wesel or Antwerp. Shortly after arrival in Britain in June 1915 arrested, released due to lack of evidence and re-interned for rest of war. Stegler, Richard Peter German resident in United States. In March on trial in New York in connection with pass forgery for German officers based in the United States and trying to return to Germany. Steiner, Eugen alias German–American. Employed by Wesel, on Edward Rush mission to London, Bristol, Edinburgh and other cities from March until May 1915. In June 1915 in New York. Stern, Frau Sent on intelligence mission to Holland and England in December 1914 by Isendahl. Thomas (cover name?) Englishman, for ‘N’ on intelligence mission to England from April till May 1915. In November employed by Sektion P for sabotage. Thoresen Norwegian, in Norway sentenced to two years of penal servitude for espionage on behalf of Germany. Tiesing Naval agent, in November 1914 together with Ludwig Schnitzer arrested by Dutch authorities. Treitel Naval agent, sent on a mission to England by Antwerp in July 1915. Triest, Gustav Kenneth American, German father. Enlisted in alias Latham Ramsey in January 1915, offered to spy for the Germans. Mahan Arrested, released upon intervention of Theodore Roosevelt. Never in contact with ‘N’. Uhlrich German police detective (Kriminalschutzmann), attached to German consulate in Rotterdam. In this capacity also working for ‘N’. Ullmann, Arthur and In September and October for Prieger on mission wife to Britain where his wife lived. In March 1915 transferred to Wesel. Ulrich, Georgine Naval agent, arrived in England together with Pauline Slager in March 1915. Vanderberg, Harry Naval agent, nephew of van Zwol. Vega, David Dutch, resident in London. In January 1915 recruited by Antwerp. Vielhaber, Mrs née Caroc Served as messenger for Hans Boehm. 164 Appendix 3

Vieyra, Leopold alias Leo Dutch Jew, on mission for Antwerp, arrived and Pickard alias A35 arrested in England in May 1916. Court- martialled, sentenced to death, commuted first to life imprisonment, then to ten years in 1920. Vronery Austrian, naval agent for Antwerp, in July 1915 on mission in Britain. W29 (cover name) Agent of Wesel, businessman. Operated since 1915 until end of war, had five subagents at his disposal, reporting from London, English east coast and Amsterdam. W440 Naval agent, reporting from London about impact of submarine campaign in September 1917. W62 Naval agent, reporting from London on slavery in Nigeria in December 1916. W64c Naval agent, on mission to England in . W97a Naval agent, reporting from London about impact of submarine campaign in July, October 1917 and January 1918. W98 Agent reporting from Switzerland about interview with teacher from Cardiff on impact of the submarine campaign in May 1917. von Wedell, Adam American notary and former Prussian officer. Employed by German intelligence in the United States as pass forger for German officers trying to return to Germany. Fled to Norway, captured by British and drowned on HMS Vinknor in mid- January 1915. Weiszflog, Adolf alias German Peruvian, sent by Prieger to Britain in Ludovico Hurwitz y October 1914 to reconnoitre air defences. Three Zender more missions in November–December, January– February, March–May 1915. In May 1915 awarded the Iron Cross, second class. On next mission in July arrested, court-martialled and executed. Wensky, Walter alias German army captain, served for IIIb in France in Walter Williams and Jane August and September 1914. Sent to Britain with his American wife in October 1914 by Prieger. In January 1915 sent to United States to recruit agents against England. In May 1915 with his wife on another mission to England. Werner, Otto M. Sent to England by Prieger on reconnaissance mission and to contact Muhammad Asaf Ali, a leader of the Indian resistance movement in London. Wertheim, Louise ‘Lizzie’ German, married to Englishman. Introduced to ‘N’ by Emily, née Klitzke Dr Brandt in December 1914. After January 1915 for ‘N’ in London, lodging with Gertrude Elizabeth Sophia Brandes. Espionage mission together with Georg Traugott Breeckow. Arrested in June 1915, tried by civil court, sentenced to ten years’ penal servitude. Died shortly after end of war in lunatic asylum. German Naval Agents 165

Whytock, Roslyn American journalist, working for Sander and Wünnenberg. Wilhelmi or Wilhelmy, For Prieger on two intelligence missions to Mrs Hilde London in October 1914, reconnoitring local air defences. Wilhelms alias Wedstedt Naval agent, linked to Naval Captain Lassen. In July 1917 arrested in Denmark. Woodford, E.G. Boer (?), resident in New York. Recruited through Karl Boy-Ed. In December 1915 on intelligence mission to England, arrested, released. In February 1916 back in New York. Wünnenberg, Karl alias German naval officer resident in New York. Charles Wunnenberg Helped recruit George Vaux Bacon. In 1917 tried Alias Robert Davis alias in United States and sentenced to two years’ penal A13 servitude. Collaborated with A80 and Albert A. Sander. Wuppermann, Dr Naval agent, reporting from Bristol in April 1915. Hermann alias J. Arnold In 1916 carrying out biological warfare from Argentina as agent for Sektion P. Zelle, Margarete Gertrud German spy, visited England, eventually executed alias Mata Hari alias H21 in France. Van Zurk, alias Johan Double agent, came to England in June 1916, in Zurmuehlen August sent to Holland with no return permit. Van Zwol Dutch, recruited by Hockenholz. Chief officer of Caledonia. Arrested in August 1915 together with Albert Meyer. Interned and deported to Netherlands in October 1919.

Note: The reader may find archival references for each individual in my doctoral thesis, ‘German Naval Intelligence and British Counter-Espionage, 1901–1918’, pp. 323–37, at the University of Oxford’s Bodleian Library. Notes and References

Introduction

1. William Tufnell Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser: Plotting the Downfall of England with a Preface by Nicholas Hiley (1909; London: Frank Cass, 1996), pp. xxxiii, 219. 2. N.A.M. Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea: A Naval History of Britain (London: HarperCollins, 1997), 1, p. 429. 3. David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990), p. 136; Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), p. 41. 4. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining (London: Allen Lane, 1998), p. 29. Even semi-autocratic Austria allowed 21 per cent of its subjects to cast a vote in lower-chamber elections. 5. Gerard J. De Groot, Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War (London: Longman, 1996), p. 110. 6. The Times, 31 , ‘The Declining Birth-Rate’. 7. Bernard Porter, The Refugee Question in Mid-Victorian Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 124. During the First World War, Germanophobia and anti-Semitism merged on the extreme right-wing fringe of British society and politics, see Arnd Bauerkämper, Die ‘radikale Rechte’ in Großbritannien: nationalistische, antisemitische und faschistische Bewegungen vom späten 19. Jahrhundert bis 1945 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1991), Chapter 1. See also the contemporary polemics of John H. Clarke, England under The Heel of the Jew (London: C.F. Roworth, 1918), p. 58: ‘It is easy to understand that the Ashkenazim generally should have desired and worked for a German victory, which would have been, after all, an Ashkena- zim victory. For whilst an “English” Jew is by no means an English man; or a “Polish” Jew, a Pole; or a “Russian” Jew, a Russian; all these Jews are Ashkenazim, “German Jews”, and Germany is their home-land.’ 8. Gregory D. Phillips, The Diehards: Aristocratic Society and Politics in Edwardian England (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979); J. Lee Thompson, Northcliffe: Press Baron in Politics, 1865–1922 (London: John Murray, 2000), p. 133; J.A. Thompson, ‘George Wyndham: Toryism and Imperialism’, in Arthur Mejia and J.A. Thompson, Edwardian Conservatism: Five Studies in Adaption (London: Croom Helm, 1988), pp. 105–28. 9. George Dangerfield, The Strange Death of Liberal England (1935; London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1965), p. 320. While Dangerfield’s is an exaggerated view of British society on the eve of the First World War, he does capture the existing tensions within that society. Cf. Ernest H. Phelps Brown, The Growth of British Industrial Relations (London: Macmillan, 1959), pp. 330f. 10. Bernard Porter, The Lion’s Share: A Short History of British Imperialism 1850–1970 (London: Longman, 1975), p. 119; Aaron L. Friedberg, The Weary

166 Notes and References 167

Titan: Britain and the Experience of Relative Decline, 1895–1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), especially pp. 152–203. 11. For an account of the conflict see Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979). 12. R.Q.J. Adams, ‘Field-Marshal Earl Roberts: Army and Empire’, in Arthur Mejia and J.A. Thompson, Edwardian Conservatism: Five Studies in Adaption (London: Croom Helm, 1988), p. 56. The vast majority died through disease. 13. Bernard Porter, ‘The Edwardians and Their Empire’, in Donald Read (ed.), Edwardian England (London: Harrap, 1982), p. 129, referring to contemporary British notions about the Boers. An anonymous English writer referred to the Boer in 1902 as ‘a preposterously little fellow’, whose defeat ‘was not in itself an essentially pleasant or heroic thing to carry through’, ibid. 14. The Times, 23 January 1901. 15. See the seminal study of Ignatius F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 1763–1984 (London: Oxford University Press, 1966), and the expanded edition by idem, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, 1763–3749 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). 16. PRO, CAB 16/8, report by subcommittee on foreign espionage in the , 25 , pp. 3f. 17. John C.G. Röhl, The Kaiser and his Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 83. 18. The term was coined by Foreign Secretary Bernhard von Bülow, in his maiden speech to the Reichstag on 26 December 1897, see Gerd Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz an der Sonne: Deutsche ‘Weltpolitik’ 1897–1914 (Bremen: Donat, 1996), p. 25. 19. Quoted from James Joll, The Origins of the First World War, 2nd edition (London: Longman, 1992), p. 182. 20. Holger Herwig, ‘Luxury Fleet’: The , 1888–1918 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1980), p. 91. 21. See, for instance, the memoirs of Walter Nicolai, director of IIIb during the First World War: Nachrichtendienst, Presse und Volksstimmung im Weltkrieg (Berlin: Mittler, 1920), and the English translation: ibid., The German Secret Service (London: S. Paul, 1924). There exists, however, no critical history of Sektion IIIb. 22. Albrecht Charisius and Julius Mader, Nicht länger geheim: Entwicklung, System und Arbeitsweise des imperialistischen deutschen Geheimdienstes, 3rd edition (Berlin: Deutscher Militärverlag, 1978). 23. Reinhard R. Doerries, Imperial Challenge: Ambassador Count Bernstorff and German – American Relations, 1908–1917 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), pp. 141–90. Imperial Challenge is a revised edition of the author’s doctoral thesis of 1975. 24. Friedhelm Koopmann, Diplomatie und Reichsinteresse: Das Geheimdienstkalkül in der deutschen Amerikapolitik 1914–1917 (Frankfurt/M. and New York: Peter Lang, 1990). 25. Albert Pethö, Agenten für den Doppeladler: Österreich-Ungarns Geheimer Dienst im Weltkrieg (Graz: Stocker, 1998). 26. David Kahn, Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1978). 168 Notes and References

27. See the autobiography of Stella Rimington, Director-General of MI5 from 1992 until 1996, drawing a continuous line from the early until the late twentieth century: Stella Rimington, Open Secret: The Autobiography of the Former Director-General of MI5 (London: Hutchinson, 2001). 28. Sidney Theodore Felstead, German Spies at Bay: Being an Actual Record of the German Espionage in Great Britain during the Years 1914–1918, Compiled from Official Sources (London: Hutchinson, 1920). 29. Ibid., p. 281. 30. See, for instance, Nicholas Everitt, The British Secret Service during the Great War (London: Hutchinson, 1920); Sir George Aston, Secret Service (London: Faber & Faber, 1930); Mildred G. Richings, Espionage: The Secret Service of the British Crown (London: Hutchinson, 1934). 31. John Bulloch, M.I.5: The Origin and History of the British Counter Espionage Service (London: A. Barker, 1963), p. 6, Bulloch thanking ’s wife for her support. 32. Alan Judd [Petty’s pseudonym], The Quest for C: Sir Mansfield Cumming and the Founding of the Secret Service (London: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 69. 33. Rimington, Open Secret, p. 83. 34. Beginning with the publication of Frederick William Winterbotham’s The Secret (New York: Harper & Row, 1974). I am grateful to Nicholas Hiley for information on the evolution of intelligence studies in British academe. 35. David French, ‘Spy Fever in Great Britain 1900–15’, Historical Journal, 21 (1978), pp. 355–70. 36. Christopher M. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Community (London: Heinemann, 1985). 37. Nicholas Hiley, ‘The Failure of British Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914’, The Historical Journal, 26, 4 (1983), pp. 867–89; idem, ‘The Failure of British Counter-Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914,’ The Historical Journal, 28, 4 (1985), pp. 835–62. 38. Nicholas Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage and Security in Great Britain during the First World War’, English Historical Review, 101 (1986), pp. 635–70. 39. Bernard Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State: The London Branch before the First World War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987), p. 120, referring to the emergence of the ‘secret state’ in 1909–1911. 40. Phillip Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession: The Spy as Bureaucrat, Patriot, Fantasist and Whore (London: André Deutsch, 1986), p. 52. 41. IWM, Kell papers, Constance Kell, ‘A Secret Well Kept’, p. 144. 42. Richard Wilmer Rowan, The Story of the Secret Service (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1938), p. 590. 43. See the relevant series in the German military archives, BA-MA, RM/3650–716, entitled ‘Department N, 1902–1919’. 44. PA-AA, series entitled ‘Records of the Imperial Consulate in Rotterdam’. 45. PRO, DPP 1 and 3, series entitled ‘Records of the Director of Public Prosecutions’. 46. PRO, KV 1 and KV 2, series entitled ‘Records of the Security Service’. 47. See Public Record Office (ed.), M.I.5: The First Ten Years, 1909–1919 ...with an Introduction by Christopher Andrew (Kew: PRO Publications, 1997), pp. 12–15. Notes and References 169

1 The origins of German naval intelligence

1. Volker Ullrich, Die nervöse Großmacht 1871–1918: Aufstieg und Niedergang des deutschen Kaiserreiches, 3rd edition (Frankfurt/M.: Fischer, 1999), p. 196. 2. Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1980), p. 224. 3. For Tirpitz and the restructuring of the Imperial Navy see Walther Hubatsch, Der Admiralstab und die obersten Marinebehörden in Deutschland 1848–1945 (Frankfurt/M.: Bernard Graefe, 1958). 4. BA-MA, RM 5/273, memoranda by Admiralstab regarding the establishment of a central intelligence agency (‘Berichte und Erwägungen über die Einrichtung einer Zentralnachrichtenstelle beim Admiralstab’), 28 April 1899. 5. Ibid., ‘Handschrift betreffend “N”-Wesen im Großen Generalstab’, Berlin, 28 August 1899, this being an assessment of IIIb. 6. BA-MA, RM 5/273, Chief of Admiralstab, Admiral Otto von Diederichs, to HM the Emperor and King, Berlin, 12 January 1901. 7. Ivo N. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, 1862–1914 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1984), p. 191. For von Diederichs see also Terell D. Gottschall, By Order of the Kaiser: Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial Navy, 1865–1902 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2003), especially pp. 257–66. 8. BA-MA, RM 5/273, Diederichs to Wilhelm II, 12 January 1901. 9. Ibid., Naval Office to Chief of Admiralstab, Vice-Admiral von Diederichs, Berlin, 20 February 1901. 10. To date, the year 1905 has been cited erroneously as the founding date of German naval intelligence: Koopmann, Diplomatie und Reichsinteresse, p. 75, referring to Charisius and Mader, Nicht Länger geheim, p. 82, who do not quote their source. 11. On 22 January 1901, the ‘Nachrichtenbüro’ was mentioned first, see Hubatsch, Der Admiralstab, pp. 241f. Five months later, Tirpitz referred to the ‘Nachrichten- Abteilung des Admiralstabs’ (intelligence department of the Admiralstab) which bore this name until its dissolution in 1919: BA-MA, RM 5/273, Tirpitz to Chief of Admiralstab, 16 June 1901. 12. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 1109, Tapken to board of directors of the Hamburg- America-Line, 11 , marked ‘strictly confidential’. Tapken enquires if a HAPAG employee at Antwerp, a certain Heinz, would be available to work for ‘N’. An answer should be sent direct to ‘N’ at ‘Berlin SW 11, Königgrätzer Straße 70’. 13. Ibid., ‘Handschrift betreffend das Nachrichtenwesen im Großen Generalstab’, Berlin, 28 August 1899. 14. BA-MA, RM 5/3679, Hamburg-America-Line to Tapken, 28 September 1904. 15. PRO, WO 71/1236, court-martial and examination of Carl Lody, 31 October 1914, p. 219. 16. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Tapken to Naval Attaché von Müller, London, 13 . Tapken requests information on German agents in Britain for his successor Isendahl. 17. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 4493424, statement by Naval Captain Ebert, Wallhausen, 31 December 1930. 18. BA-MA, RM 5/3677, memorandum by Prieger, 6 February 1920. 19. BA-MA, RM 5/3642, Stammer, ‘N’, to Commander Gercke, Berlin, 29 . 170 Notes and References

20. Hubatsch, Admiralstab, p. 252. ‘G’ was subdivided into ‘GI’ (organization of the enemy intelligence services) and ‘GII’ (counter-espionage). 21. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 493424, statement by Naval Captain Ebert, Wallhausen, 31 December 1924. 22. Some members of ‘N’, for instance Isendahl and August Lassen, occasionally referred to ‘NIV’ as ‘NIII’, but Paul Reichardt explicitly stated that the official name was ‘NIV’ and ‘not NIII’, see PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 4493425, statement by retired Naval Captain Paul Reichardt, Klotzsche bei Dresden, 25 January 1925. 23. Ibid., K 497187, Lieutenant Commander August Lassen to Reichardt, 14 July 1930. 24. Ibid., K 493425, statement by Naval Captain Paul Reichardt, Klotzsche bei Dresden, 25 January 1925. 25. Ibid., K 493427, retired Frigate Captain August Lassen to Ministry of Defence, Naval Department, Berlin, 8 January 1925. 26. BA-MA, RM 5/3664, Naval Lieutenant Canaris to naval attaché Buenos Aires, 10 October 1915. Canaris asked the attaché to recruit agents in South America and send them to Europe. 27. Walter Nicolai, Geheime Mächte: Internationale Spionage und ihre Bekämpfung in Weltkrieg und heute (Lerpzig: Woehler, 1923), p. 150. 28. Marine-Offizier-Verband (ed.), Die Ehrenrangliste der Kaiserlich Deutschen Marine 1914–1918, bearbeitet von Kontreadmiral a.D. Stoelzel (3 vols, Berlin: Thormann & Goetsch, 1930), 2, pp. 121, 577. 29. PA-AA, R 870, Tapken to Stumm, AA, 14 . The task was first carried out by the Admiralstab, then, from the early 1900s, by its intelligence department. 30. PA-AA, R 871, Chief of Admiralstab to AA, 30 . 31. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, ‘Vorschrift über die Verpflichtung von BM und VM sowie das Zusammenarbeiten mit denselben (Vorschrift A)’, 2nd edition (Berlin, 1908). Secret. 32. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, Chief of Admiralstab to Imperial Commodore and senior officer of Eastern American Station, [name illegible], 1902. 33. BA-MA, RM 5/772, Admiralstab to Royal Commando X. Army Corps, 1 November 1901. Similar requests were sent to several army corps. 34. Ibid., General Commando V. Army Corps, Posen, to Chief of Admiralstab, 27 November 1901. 35. Ibid., Prussian War Ministry to Naval Office, 3 December 1901. 36. Ibid., Tirpitz to Chief of Admiralstab, 31 January 1902. 37. Ibid., Chief of Admiralstab to Naval Office, 12 February 1902. 38. BA-MA, RM 5/773, ‘Nachweisung der beim Bezirkskommando Hamburg kontrollierten und in das Ausland beurlaubten Offiziere der Reserve und der Landwehr’, Hamburg, 12 November 1901. Many of them lived in England and the United States. 39. See Nicolai’s critical view of two separate intelligence agencies: Nicolai, Geheime Mächte, p. 13. 40. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, IIIb to ‘N’, 1 , an exchange of notes between Lieutenant Commander von Tyska (naval intelligence) and First Lieutenant von Sydow (IIIb) on swapping of names and addresses of agents. Further cooperation was envisaged, but petered out. Notes and References 171

41. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 1105, passim. All contracts were struck between 1891 and 1907. 42. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 1116, HAPAG to M. Bohn, Paranagua, 14 February 1908. 43. BA-MA, RM 5/3681, Ballin to Admiral Pohl, 6 July 1914. 44. Ibid., handwritten comment (‘Vermerk’) by I[sendahl]. 45. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 1113, Naval Office to board of directors of HAPAG, 16 June 1908. 46. BA-MA, RM 5/3681, HAPAG to Admiralstab, 21 . 47. The files of these negotiations are preserved in both the military archives and the archives of the German Foreign Office: BA-MA, RM 5/3710; PA-AA, R 870–81. For a narrative of these negotiations see Thomas Boghardt, ‘German Naval Intelligence and British Counter-Espionage, 1901–1918’, PhD thesis, Oxford, 2001, pp. 37–43. 48. PA-AA, R 870, memorandum by AA, 1 . 49. PA-AA, R 873, draft memorandum by AA, 8 , subsequently distributed to various consuls. Italics mine. 50. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, top secret, Chief of Admiralstab, Berlin, to Imperial Commodore and senior officer of East American Station, 1902. 51. BA-MA, RM 5/3663, top secret, decree by Chief of Admiralstab, 2 January 1915.

2 The origins of British counter-espionage

1. Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–1871, 2nd edition (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 441. 2. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, p. 27. 3. Sir George T. Chesney, The Battle of Dorking: Reminiscences of a Volunteer (1871; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). 4. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, p. 36. 5. Ignatius F. Clarke, ‘The Battle of Dorking, 1871–1914’, Victorian Studies, 8 (June 1965), pp. 316f. 6. On Le Queux, see Norman St. Barbe Sladen, The Real Le Queux: The Official Biography of William Le Queux (London: Nicholson & Watson, 1938). 7. William Tufnell Le Queux, The Great War in England in 1897 (London: Tower Publishing, 1894). 8. William Tufnell Le Queux, England’s Peril: A Story of the Secret Service (London: F.V. White, 1899). 9. Quoted from Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, p. 106. 10. Morning Post, 20 February 1903. 11. Andrew Boyle, The Riddle of Erskine Childers (London: Hutchinson, 1977), p. 134 12. Erskine Childers, (1903; London: Penguin, 1995). 13. Maldwin Drummond, The Riddle (London: Macmillan, 1985), p. 181. 14. Thomas Fergusson, British Military Intelligence, 1870–1914: The Development of a Modern Intelligence Organization (London: Arms & Armour Press, 1984), p. 211. 15. John Gooch, The Prospect of War: Studies in British Defence Policy 1847–1942 (London: Frank Cass, 1981), p. 10. 16. Prince Louis of Battenberg to Lord Selborne, 23 February 1904, quoted from Maldwin, The Riddle, p. 153. 17. Boghardt, ‘German Naval Intelligence’, pp. 68–71. 172 Notes and References

18. John P. Mackintosh, ‘The Role of the Committee of Imperial Defence before 1914’, English Historical Review, 77 (1962), p. 494. 19. PRO, CAB 2/1, 6/1, Committee of Imperial Defence, 11 March 1903. 20. Nicholas Hiley, ‘Decoding German Spies: British Spy Fiction 1908–1918’, in Wesley K. Wark (ed.), Spy Fiction, Spy Films and Real Intelligence (London: Frank Cass, 1991), pp. 58f. Predictably, this investigation led to nothing. 21. PRO, CAB 2/1, 27/1, Broderick to Nicolson, 12 December 1903. 22. PRO, CAB 38/3/63, remarks on the possibility of invasion, 24 July 1903. 23. Michael Howard, The Continental Commitment: The Dilemma of British Defence Policy in the Era of Two World Wars (London: Maurice Temple Smith, 1972), p. 22. 24. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 39. 25. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War: Future Wars, p. 145. 26. Thompson, Northcliffe, p. 134. 27. Samuel Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind (Princeton and London: Princeton University Press and Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 43. 28. Sladen, The Real Le Queux, pp. 181–84. 29. BA-MA, RM 5/919, ‘Immediatvorträge’, Berlin, 20 June 1906, compilation for meeting on 26 June 1906, heading No. 8, ‘The Invasion of 1910’, including two copies, one synopsis and two English newspaper cuttings. The Kaiser and the German leadership were rather concerned about the spread of scare stories and reassured British politicians on several occasions that Germany did not contemplate invasion. 30. Phillips, The Diehards, p. 100. 31. Peter Padfield, The Great Naval Race: The Anglo-German Rivalry 1900–1914 (London: Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1974), p. 256. 32. David James, Lord Roberts: A Biography (London: Hollis & Carter, 1954), p. 424. 33. R.J.Q. Adams, ‘The National Service League and Mandatory Service in Edwardian Britain’, Armed Forces and Society, 12 (1985), p. 62. 34. R.J.Q. Adams, The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900–1918 (London: Macmillan, 1987), p. 34. 35. Howard Weinroth, ‘Left-Wing Opposition to Naval Armaments in Britain before 1914’, Journal of Contemporary History, 6 (1971), p. 99. 36. W. Michael Ryan, ‘The Invasion Controversy of 1906–1908: Lieutenant-Colonel Charles à Court Repington and British Perceptions of the German Menace’, Military Affairs, 44 (1980), p. 10; Edward Spiers, Haldane: An Army Reformer (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1980), p. 169. 37. Ruddock F. Mackay, Fisher of Kilverstone (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 382. 38. Andrew Morris, The Scaremongers: The Advocacy of War and Rearmament, 1896–1914 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), pp. 136–8, 158. 39. Stephen E. Koss, Haldane: Scapegoat for Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), p. 65. 40. For a discussion of the play, and its political context, see Nicholas Hiley, ‘The Play, the Parody, the Censor and the Film’, Intelligence and National Security, 6, 1 (1991), pp. 218–28. 41. PRO, CAB 2/2, 100/1, report by subcommittee on invasion, 22 October 1908. 42. John Gooch, The Plans of War: The General Staff and British Military Strategy c. 1900–1916 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974), p. 285. 43. PRO, CAB 38/13/11, report by subcommittee on invasion, 22 October 1908. Notes and References 173

44. Morris, The Scaremongers, p. 147. 45. Daily Mail, 4 January 1900. 46. PRO, WO 32/8873, Thwaites to Gleichen, 7 May 1907. 47. PRO, KV 1/8, memoirs of , 1917, p. 9. Towards the end of his career at Scotland Yard, Melville directed his activities against alleged German espionage. He resigned from the Special Branch on 1 December 1903 and was employed as the first detective of the newly founded Secret Service Bureau (SSB) in 1909 (ibid., p. 2). Following his departure from Scotland Yard, Melville immediately joined the army’s intelligence service MO5, as Kell refers to him in 1910 as having ‘worked for us now for the past 6 years’, see PRO, KV 1/9, third progress report by Vernon Kell for to . 48. PRO, KV 1/8, memoirs of Melville, pp. 17–23. 49. PRO, HD 3/131, Davies to WO, 18 and 21 November 1905. 50. Nicholas Hiley, ‘The Failure of British Counter-Espionage against Germany, 1907–1914’, The Historical Journal, 28, 4 (December 1985), pp. 835f. 51. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III, 5, 1. 52. PRO, KV 1/2, memorandum by Edmonds on ‘Espionage in Time of Peace’, November 1908; Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III/5/1f. 53. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, pp. 45f. 54. PRO, KV 1/2, memorandum by Edmonds, 2 December 1908. 55. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III/5/4. 56. Ibid., III/5/5: ‘I learnt afterwards from General Haldane that I was very nearly thrown out of my job for my pains.’ 57. Sladen, Le Queux, pp. 182f.; William Le Queux, Things I Know about Kings, Celebrities and Crooks (London: E. Nash & Grayson, 1923), p. 237. 58. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. xvi. 59. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. xxxiii. As demonstrated above, Edmonds and Le Queux had collaborated on this scheme. 60. Ibid., p. xxxiv. 61. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report and Proceedings of a subcommittee of the Committee of Imperial Defence appointed to consider the question of Foreign espionage in the United Kingdom’, 25 March 1909. It was formed at the request of the General Staff. 62. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III/5/2. 63. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, pp. 5–8. 64. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, p. 6. 65. Ibid., Appendix i, p. 11, ‘Cases of alleged German espionage which have been reported to the DMO’. 66. Ibid., p. 3. The map itself is irretrievable, but a list of the cities, presumably derived from the map, can be found in IWM, the papers of Vernon Kell. 67. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III/5/2f. 68. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, Appendix i, case 23, 20 March 1909, source: London journalist. Brodtmann’s name is occasionally spelled ‘Brockmann’. 69. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Tapken to IIIb, 21 . The German military attaché to London, Major Ronald Ostertag, played a minor role in intelligence gathering in England. 70. Ibid., Captain Marklowski, IIIb, to Admiralstab, 25 February 1913. 174 Notes and References

71. BA-MA, RM 5/3712, Isendahl to Imperial Naval Office, 30 July 1914. Forwarding a list of army officers ‘who, in the event of war, will be used on behalf of the Admiralstab . . . necessity to treat these detachments strictly confidential’. The list contains thirty-four names, among them Brodtmann’s. 72. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, p. 6. 73. Morris, Scaremongers, p. 160. 74. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, pp. 7f. 75. Jean Graham Hall and F. Douglas Martin, Haldane: Statesman, Lawyer, Philosopher (Chichester: Barry Rose Law, 1996), p. 241. 76. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, p. 9. 77. PRO, CAB 16/232, subcommittee on SSB. The report is signed ‘ Gardens, April 28th 1909’. 78. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Report’, p. 10. 79. Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, p. 22. The document itself is lost, if it ever existed. Apparently, it was not produced at the meeting. Haldane merely referred to it. 80. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, pp. 124–39. 81. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 57. 82. Morris, Scaremongers, p. 161. 83. Judd, The Quest, p. 95. Churchill put the resources of the Board at the SSB’s disposal. 84. Morris, Scaremongers, p. 162. In fact, after 1909 the number of spy and invasion stories in the press declined, but from 1913 the number of such stories rose again. 85. PRO, KV 1/5, Kell to Ewart, 19 . 86. PRO, CAB 16/8, ‘Conclusions of the subcommittee of the Committee of Imperial Defence’, p. 4: ‘By means of this Bureau our Naval and Military Attachés and Government officials would not only be freed from the necessity of dealing with spies, but direct evidence could not be obtained that we were having any dealings with them.’ See also Bernard Porter, Plots and Paranoia: A History of Political Espionage in Britain, 1790–1988 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), pp. 123–34. , the head of the Special Branch of Scotland Yard, denounced humanitarians as ‘subhuman’. 87. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 63. 88. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis (5 vols, London: Thornton Butterworth, 1927–1929), 1, p. 52. 89. PRO, DPP 1/27, confidential memorandum by Major Drake, 23 September 1914. 90. PRO, KV 1/3, memorandum on creation of Secret Service Bureau, no date [1909]. 91. Ibid., pp. 2 and 4. 92. PRO, KV 1/5, Kell to General Ewart, 19 September 1909; Judd, The Quest, p. 86. 93. Ibid., pp. 222–4. 94. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 59; Judd, The Quest, pp. 109, 115, 168; PRO, KV 1/8, memoirs of William Melville, 1917. 95. Judd, The Quest, pp. 93, 178. Judd implies that Childers is identical with a certain ‘Z’ who had reported to the Admiralty on Emden and Borkum since 1901. 96. PRO, KV 1/5, Kell to Ewart, 19 September 1909; Judd, The Quest, pp. 86, 93. 97. Porter, Plots and Paranoia, pp. 101, 199, with a list of the leading personnel of the Special Branch. The Branch had been founded in the 1880s, mainly as a response to the Fenian bombings, and soon extended its activities to the Notes and References 175

surveillance of anarchists, suffragettes, Indian nationalists and, as Melville’s activities demonstrate, foreign espionage. From 1913 until 1919, Basil Thomson directed the Branch as one of the assistant commis- sioners of the London Metropolitan Police. 98. Judd, The Quest, p. 115. 99. PRO, KV 1/9, second progress report by Kell, October 1910. The early administrative history of Kell’s department is complicated; after splitting from the SSB, Kell’s department was referred to as the Intelligence Police Service or Counter-Espionage Bureau. On the outbreak of war, the department was formally incorporated into MO5 as MO5(g). On 3 January 1916, it was reorganized as MI5. See PRO (ed.), M.I.5, pp. 4, 6. 100. For Kell’s biography, see Bulloch, M.I.5, pp. 23–8. For Kell and Churchill see Judd, The Quest, p. 95. 101. PRO, KV 1/3, memorandum on creation of SSB, p. 2. 102. Liddell Hart Centre, Edmonds papers, memoirs, Chapter xx, III/5/5. 103. Hiley, ‘Decoding German Spies’, p. 58. 104. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. 55. 105. IWM, Kell papers, Lady Constance Kell, ‘A Secret Well Kept’, p. 116. 106. Hiley, ‘The Failure of British Counter-Espionage’, p. 848, quoting from Star, 30 March 1942. 107. IWM, Kell papers, Lady Kell, ‘A Secret Well Kept’, p. 4. 108. Ibid., p. 111. 109. Ibid., p. 115: ‘Vernon had now heard that he would be getting a job on the Imperial Defence Committee and this gave us the chance to look ahead and feel more secure.’ 110. Ibid. p. 119. 111. PRO, KV 1/9, first progress report by Kell, 25 , pp. 3–5, ‘Rusper case’. In the early years, Kell forwarded reports to War Office and Admi- ralty every six months, later every four months. 112. Ibid., second progress report by Kell, October 1910, p. 11. 113. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 6 June 1910; ibid., entry for 10 June 1910. 114. PRO, KV 1/9, third progress report by Kell, May 1911, pp. 23f. 115. Ibid., second progress report by Kell, October 1910. Until October 1910, the first 500 aliens were registered. In July 1913, 28,880 aliens were registered, 11,100 being Germans and Austrians, see ibid., p. 71, ‘Summary of Results of Informal Alien Registration to July, 1913’. In this effort, Kell was supported by the Home Secretary, , see PRO, HO 45/10629/ 199699, HO to Kell, 1 . Although it is true that ‘N’ did regard the German colony as a potential recruiting ground, not a single agent was later on tracked down through this enormous register. See also Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 60. 116. PRO, KV 1/9, fourth progress report by Kell, for quarter ending 30 . The list was handed to seventeen Chief Constables of the coastal counties who were asked to report regularly on these individuals. Until 1914, the list was gradually enlarged and renamed ‘Special War List’, comprising names and addresses of persons to be arrested or closely watched in the case of war. See the various lists in PRO, KV 1/7. 117. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 15 June 1910. This incident refers to a Chief Constable in Scotland. 176 Notes and References

118. The origins of the Trench–Brandon mission are complicated. Apparently, Captain Roy Regnart recruited the two, but Mansfield Cumming eventually took over and funded the operation. See Judd, The Quest, pp. 177ff. 119. The Times, 23 . 120. GStPK, HA 1, Rep. 77, tit. 872, folder 1, ‘index of individuals convicted of treason (Landesverrat) in the years 1908–1912’, No. 53, ‘Brandon’, No. 54, ‘Trench’, No. 60, ‘Stewart’ (occasionally spelt ‘Steward’); BA-MA, RM 3/43, ‘Espionage against the Imperial Navy’, pp. 39ff., Trench and Brandon. Walter Nicolai, the wartime director of IIIb, responsible for counter-espionage in Germany, also stressed the offensive character of this mission, see Nicolai, Geheime Mächte, p. 29. 121. BA-MA, RM 3/43, pp. 39ff. The sentence was passed on 22 December 1910; it can be considered ‘lax’ as compared to the treatment of German spies in Britain, where the evidence was usually much less convincing. To serve a sentence in a fortress (Festungshaft) was a privilege reserved for officers; ordinary convicts had to serve their term in a prison. 122. Ibid., pp. 18ff., Stewart. The sentence was passed on 3 . Stewart had been sent across the Northern Sea to find out whether Germany was mobilizing in the wake of the . 123. BA-MA, RM 3/43, pp. 39ff. 124. BA-MA, RM 3/22641, ‘Espionage trials of Schultz and comrades’. Schultz was eventually sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment in 1911. He had employed several German subagents. For a detailed account of Schultz’s mission see Judd, The Quest, pp. 217ff. Other cases of convicted British spies include those of Krueger (on 13 sentenced to three months for copying plans of the Nassau, the first German ), police officer Reich (on 31 March 1912 sentenced to eleven-and-a-half years for stealing an artillery guide and attempting to steal a copy of the regulations of the Imperial Navy), John and Albert Lindinger and Gustav Boehlert (the latter on 15 sentenced to four years for copying the construction plans of the Goeben and the Moltke), Leopold Eilers and Olga Kling (on 5 sentenced to four years and six months, respectively, for spying in Heligoland), Edmund Kegelmann (on 10 sentenced to six years for spying in Wilhelmshaven); see BA-MA, RM 3/43, pp. 18ff. The list also contains numerous cases of French and Russian espionage against the Imperial Navy. 125. The Times, 20 . 126. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 30 . 127. PRO, KV 1/5, Kell to Ewart, 19 September 1909. 128. PRO, KV 1/9, first progress report by Kell, 25 March 1910, p. 7; ibid., second progress report by Kell, October 1910, p. 10. 129. Ibid., second progress report by Kell, October 1910, p. 10.

3 German pre-war espionage in Great Britain

1. BA-MA, RM 5/273, top secret, Chief of Admiralstab, Admiral Otto von Diederichs, to His Majesty the Emperor and King, Berlin, 12 January 1901. 2. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, p. 113. Notes and References 177

3. Hubatsch, Der Admiralstab, pp. 61f. 4. Paul Kennedy, ‘Maritime Strategieprobleme der deutsch-englischen Flottenrivalität’, in H. Schottelius and W. Deist (eds), Marine und Marinepolitik (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1972), p. 179. 5. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, pp. 91, 118, 209, 211. 6. Hubatsch, Der Admiralstab, p. 91. 7. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, pp. 248, 257. 8. Kennedy, ‘Maritime Strategieprobleme’, pp. 186, 192. 9. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, p. 273. 10. Ibid., p. 356. 11. Klaus-Volker Giessler, Die Institution des Marineattachés im Kaiserreich: Militärge- schichtliche Studien (Boppard: Boldt, 1976), p. 134. 12. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Tapken to Widenmann, 16 February 1912. Agents were also to be recruited in Hull, Dover and Glasgow. 13. BA-MA, RM 5/3642, ‘Special Codes’, memorandum by von Koch, 11 April 1907. 14. Ibid., memorandum by ‘N’, 5 June 1907. The cover address was ‘Nekpatus Berlin’. 15. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, ‘N’ to naval attaché, London, 13 February 1914. The two individuals, referred to as ‘Dr. E . . .’ and ‘Albert K . . .’, had been recruited by Naval Attaché Hugo von Cotzhausen. 16. BA-MA, RM 5/3679, Koch, Deutsche Bank, Berlin, to Chief of Admiralstab, Vice-Admiral Wilhelm Büchsel, 28 September 1904. The sum put at the attaché’s disposal amounted to a hefty £2,500. 17. BA-MA, RM 5/3682, Widenmann to Tapken, London, 31 . Widenmann also emphasized that the introduction of censorship in times of rising tension would render swift communication almost impossible. In the case of a Franco-German war, with Britain remaining neutral, the agents could have reported unhindered throughout the period of hostilities. This had been the original idea. 18. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Widenmann to Tapken, 22 April 1912. 19. Ibid. The agents are merely identified by their initials: ‘O’ in Dover, ‘W’ in Glasgow and ‘B’ in Southampton. ‘B’ was probably Brodtmann or Brockmann who later defected to the military attaché. 20. Ibid., Tapken to Widenmann, 22 April 1912. 21. Ibid., ‘N’ to de Boer, 31 . The agreement was reached with a certain Herr Boedicker, probably acting on behalf of the Admiralstab. 22. Ibid., Widenmann to Tapken, 22 April 1912. 23. Ibid., ‘N’ to de Boer, 31 March 1914. 24. Ibid., Bischoff, director of the Argo Steamship Company, Bremen, to Prieger, 27 . 25. Ibid., Isendahl to Müller, London, 29 April 1914. 26. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Müller to Admiralstab, 28 July 1914. 27. See p. 32. 28. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Müller to Admiralstab, 28 July 1914. 29. Ibid. 30. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Widenmann to Tapken, 22 April 1912. 31. PA-AA, R 908, Naval Attaché Carl von Coerper, London, to Naval Office, 6 December 1906. Coerper wrote that he refused to consider the offer because he did not want to ‘buy a pig in a poke’. 178 Notes and References

32. Douglas Porch, The French Secret Services: From the Dreyfus Affair to the Gulf War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 42. 33. Holger H. Herwig, The German Naval Officer Corp (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 101. 34. For the conception of honour among officers, see Ute Frevert, Men of Honour: A Social and Cultural History of the Duel translated by Anthony Williams (Cambridge, MA: Polity, 1995), pp. 36–84. 35. For an insightful treatise of the ambiguity of espionage see Hiley, ‘Decoding German Spies’. 36. This is the main theme of Erskine Childers’ The Riddle of the Sands and many other espionage novels. 37. PRO, WO 32/4898, 15th petition of Franz L. Th. Greite, HM Prison, Parkhurst, to Secretary of , 12 September 1921. Greite fails to take into account that the British were quite capable of honouring Germans who had spied for their country out of patriotism, see p. 101 38. Gustav Steinhauer, The Kaiser’s Master Spy: The Story as Told by Himself ed. S.T. Felstead (London: John Lane, 1930). However, Steinhauer later repudiated this ‘title’, claiming that the British greatly exaggerated his espionage activities: Gustav Steinhauer, Der Detektiv des Kaisers: Spionage und Spionageabwehr (Berlin: Oestergaard, 1932), p. 161. Steinhauer’s memoirs were published simultaneously in German and English, with Felstead doing most of the writing and editing. 39. Gustav Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion des Kaisers: Was der Detektiv Wilhelms II. in seiner Praxis erlebte. Erinnerungen (Berlin: K. Voegels, 1930), pp. 171, 188; PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 55ff. 40. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, passim; PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 55ff. 41. Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion, pp. 210–30. Steinhauer also gives a dramatic account of how he and Melville were dragged into a shoot-out with Russian anarchists who had attempted to assassinate the two monarchs. 42. PRO, KV 1/8, memoirs of Melville, 1917, pp. 6f. 43. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 161. 44. Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion, pp. 137ff. Following Britain and Germany’s exchange of Zanzibar and Heligoland, the inhabitants of the latter island still spoke English and were generally suspected of pro-English sympathies by the Admiralstab. 45. Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion, pp. 151f. Steinhauer’s account of his activities remains rather vague, probably due to the fact that he published his story two decades after the event, but maybe also to protect his former employees. The fact that he undertook regular journeys to England after 1900 led some in the British counter-intelligence community to the conclusion that Steinhauer was in fact the head of the German secret service, see Felstead, German Spies, p. 3. 46. PRO, DPP 1/28, Drake to Director of Public Prosecutions, Williamson, 26 February 1914. 47. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, report by Steinhauer, Potsdam, 25 July 1914. Containing Steinhauer’s handwritten twenty-three-page report on his reconnaissance trip to Scotland. 48. PRO, DDP 1/4, memorandum submitted to Bodkin, not dated; ibid., statement by Mildred Towse, 12 . Wohlfahrt spent five–six weeks at her boarding house. Notes and References 179

49. Ibid., statement by Hannah Isabel Wodehouse, 22 September 1910. Wodehouse claimed that she had visited Berlin in the company of an English lady whose identity she would not reveal. In Berlin, Wodehouse stated, she met Wohlfahrt who ‘gave her to understand he had been to England on an intelligence mission’. As there is no corroborative evidence on Wodehouse’s trip to Berlin, she may well have made up the story of the ball, or even the entire trip: ibid., exhibits, letter by Helm to Wodehouse, 21 August 1910. According to one of her acquaintances, Miss Wodehouse was ‘inclined to romancing’: ibid., state- ment by Mrs Flood-Jones, 14 September 1910. 50. Ibid., statement by Miss Wodehouse, 8 September 1910; ibid., Fareham Police Court, 15 September 1910. 51. PA-AA, R 809–16, ‘Voyages of German officers abroad’. 52. PRO, DDP 1/14, statement by Mildred Towse, 12 September 1910. 53. Ibid., exhibits, letter from Helm to Wodehouse, 21 August 1910. 54. Ibid., exhibits, letter from Wodehouse to Helm, 24 August 1910. She also enquired about ‘Hans’ [Wohlfahrt] and asked whether she had met Helm previously in Berlin to which the latter replied in the negative. This suggests that Wodehouse indeed visited Wohlfahrt in Berlin. 55. Ibid., Helm to Wodehouse, no date; ibid., statement by Miss Wodehouse, 8 September 1910. 56. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 6 September 1910. Wodehouse claimed that she had done so to gain Helm’s confidence for she had suspected him all along of being a spy. In view of her personality, and her previous relation- ship with Wohlfahrt, she was probably passed on by one German officer to a comrade for more natural reasons. 57. Ibid., statement by James Lodder, 19 October 1910. 58. Ibid., statement by Miss Wodehouse, 8 September 1910. 59. Ibid., statement by Lieutenant H.C. Harrison, Portsmouth, 12 September 1910. 60. Ibid., memorandum by Colonel John Adye, WO, to Pearce, Whitehall, 29 October 1910; ibid., statement by Captain Martelli, no date. Martelli and Lieutenant Salmond had arrested Helm. 61. Ibid., exhibits, letter by Helm, Fort Purbrook, to Wodehouse, 6 September 1910. 62. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 6 September 1910. As Kell found out one day later, the name of ‘that press correspondent’ was K. C. St. Spiers: ibid., entry for 7 September 1910. 63. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 6 September 1910. While the First Sea Lord wished the case would stay out of the papers, Kell argued that press coverage might deter potential imitators. 64. BA-MA, RM 3/22641, cutting from newspaper Der Tag, no date, article entitled ‘The lost sea battle’ by Richard Nordhausen; PA-AA, R 815, AA to Prussian War Ministry, 12 September 1910; ibid., War Minister Josias von Heeringen to AA, 7 December 1910. 65. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 28 September 1910. However, Helm’s bag contained ‘a few addresses where German officers stay when they come over here’. 66. PRO, DPP 1/4, memorandum by Col. John Adye, WO, to Pearce, Whitehall, 29 October 1910. 67. Ibid., Office of Attorney-General to War Office and Admiralty, 3 November 1910. Helm was tried under the old OSA of 1889 which obliged the authorities 180 Notes and References

to prove that the defendant intended to forward the material to a foreign government. 68. Ibid., exhibits, Helm to German embassy: ‘Meldung. Bin Montag 12½ p.m. Fort Widley festgenommen. Habe im Notizbuch Zeichnungen von Hafenbefes- tigungen. Dies geschehen von Clarence Parade Pier zur eigenen Belehrung. Helm P.B. 21 Fort Purbrook.’ 69. Ibid., L. Goldberg, solicitor, ‘Kgl. (royal) Preuss. Geheimer Justizrat, Rechtskon- sulat des Kaiserlich Deutschen Generalkonsulats’, to Director of Public Prosecutions, 23 September 1910. The official legal counsel to the German general consulate in London offered no evidence on Helm’s behalf to expedite the trial, but instead applied for bail. 70. PA-AA, R 815, AA to Prussian War Ministry, 12 September 1910. 71. Ibid., War Minister von Heeringen to AA, 7 December 1910: ‘Einen Auftrag zur Erkundung hatte er nicht.’ 72. PRO, DPP 1/4, letter by Helm, Winchester Prison, to Wodehouse, Fratton, 11 September 1910. 73. Ibid., anonymous letter to Miss Wodehouse, Liverpool, 19 September 1910. The author is using rhetoric associated with Irish Republicanism. 74. Ibid., cutting from The Southern Daily Echo, 14 November [1910]. 75. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 20 September 1910. The hearing took place at Earsham. 76. PRO, DPP 1/4, cutting from The Southern Daily Echo, 14 November. The sum was presumably paid by the German consulate. The final hearing took place at Winchester. 77. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 14 November 1910. 78. For the political dimension of the Agadir crisis see: Geoffrey Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon: Anatomy of a Crisis (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1982). 79. Ralf Forsbach, Alfred von Kiderlen-Wächter (1852–1912): Ein Diplomatenleben im Kaiserreich (2 vols, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1997), 2, p. 533. 80. Frankfurter Zeitung, 24 July 1911. 81. Berliner Tageblatt, 26 July 1911. 82. Kreuz-Zeitung, 12 August 1911. 83. Holger Afflerbach, Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich (: Oldenbourg, 1994), p. 79. 84. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Isendahl to Naval Attaché Boy-Ed, Washington, DC, 30 April 1914. 85. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, pp. 391, 405. 86. See, for instance, Ferguson, The Pity of War, pp. 64f. 87. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, p. 448. 88. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Tapken to Naval Attaché Widenmann, London, 16 February 1912. 89. See p. 80. 90. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 73ff. The term ‘intermediary’ was coined by MI5. Steinhauer called them Mittels- männer (mediators) or simply Agenten: Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, pp. 195f. 91. Ibid., p. 196. Steinhauer claimed he had forty intermediaries in England which seems exaggerated. According to Steinhauer, each agent received 20 marks plus stamps and envelopes. Notes and References 181

92. PRO, DPP 1/27, ‘Trial of Carl Gustav Ernst’, Mr Bodkin’s opening speech for the prosecution, 28 September 1914. Ernst was born in Hoxton in 1871. 93. The Times, 14 November 1914. 94. PRO, DPP 1/27, passim, see especially Ernst’s intercepted communications with Steinhauer (exhibits). 95. Steinhauer, Der Meisterspion, p. 198. 96. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary of pre-war period , p. 33. 97. PRO, KV 1/9, eighth progress report by Kell, 9 . 98. Panikos Panayi, German Immigrants in Britain during the Nineteenth Century, 1815–1914 (New York, Oxford: Berg, 1995), p. 53. 99. F. Burgdörfer, ‘Migration across the Frontiers in Germany’, in Walter F. Willcox (ed.), International Migrations (2 vols, New York: Gordon & Breach, 1969), 2, p. 343. 100. Porter, The Refugee Question, pp. 1–3. From 1826 until 1905, Britain in practice took in anyone. 101. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Widenmann, London, to Tapken, 22 April 1912. 102. See p. 41. 103. Berliner Tageblatt, 21 August 1911. 104. PRO, FO 371/1126, report by Chief Constable, Plymouth, 22 July 1911. According to his own statement, Schultz possessed £50,000, which seems exaggerated. 105. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, p. 123. 106. PRO, FO 371/1126, report by Supt Dixson, metropolitan police, Devonport, to Wodehouse, Scotland Yard, 2 August 1911. To counterbalance his display of Teuton might, Schultz flew the English flag from the mast of the boat. 107. Ibid., Martin to Sowerby, 14 August 1911. 108. Ibid., police report, 22 July 1911. Neumann’s address was 37 Pembar Avenue, Walthamstow, London. 109. Ibid., Martin to Sowerby, 10 August 1911. ‘Tobler’s’ full address was 22, Rue d’Ouest, Ostend, Belgium. 110. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 115a, Ernst to ‘Mr. Tony Reimers’, 31 ; ibid., exhibit 116a, Ernst to Steinhauer, 7 ; ibid., exhibit 123a, Steinhauer, Potsdam, to Neumann, via Ernst, November 1911. 111. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, p. 141. 112. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 56ff., regarding the case of Charles Frederick Wagener, Southampton. Wagener communicated occasionally with ‘Tobler’ via Ernst. 113. PRO, FO 371/1126, ‘R.T.’ (that is, ‘Tobler’) to Schultz, 29 July 1911. Message intercepted by the police. 114. Ibid., Dixson to Wodehouse, 2 August 1911. 115. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 126f., 132, 140. 116. PRO, DPP 1/16, exhibit 14, translation of Heinrich Grosse’s birth certificate. 117. Ibid., two newspaper cuttings from an unidentified German newspaper on Grosse; ibid., Heddy Glauer to Public Prosecutor, 4 ; PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 152ff. 118. PRO, DPP 1/16, translation of three letters from ‘Petersson’ to Grosse, 12 October, 1 November and 30 November 1911. 182 Notes and References

119. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 152ff. Heddy Glauer told Melville that, in her opinion, Stein and ‘Petersson’ were identical. Furthermore, ‘Petersson’ never appeared in person, and Stein[hauer] introduced himself as a representative of the former. 120. PRO, DPP 1/16, Grosse, Chatham, to Steinhauer, Potsdam, 13 . 121. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 152ff. 122. PRO, DPP 1/16, statement by Lucinetta Hollidge, Portsmouth, 7 December 1911. 123. Ibid., Grosse to Steinhauer, 13 December 1911. 124. Ibid., statement by John Bunn, Southsea, 16 . 125. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 152ff. 126. Ibid., p. 76. 127. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 39a, Steinhauer, Potsdam, to ‘Walters’ (that is, Ernst), 1 . 128. Ibid., exhibit 87a, ‘Walters’ to ‘Reimers’, 28 January 1913. 129. Ibid., exhibit 106a, ‘Walters’ to ‘Reimers’, 28 April 1913. 130. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary of pre-war period , p. 80. 131. Ibid., ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 202ff., 214ff. 132. Glauer fond employment as a governess with the family of Gertrude Elizabeth Sophia Brandes in March 1912. Brandes was also hosting a naval agent during the war, Louise Emily Wertheim. MI5 points out that the Glauer–Brandes–Wertheim connection constitutes one of the very few links between German pre-war and war espionage in Britain. To call this a link is, however, too far-fetched. Brandes was the private secretary to Baron Bruno Schröder’s wife. During the war, her brother was interned in Britain. It was probably known in Berlin that she was pro-German and therefore unlikely to betray a lodger, but there is no evidence of her being in contact with members of the German secret service. See PRO, WO 141/3/1, trial of L. Wertheim and R. Rowland, proceedings of first day, 14 September 1915, pp. 2–8, testimony by Gertrude Elizabeth Sophia Brandes; when Melville, masquerading as a German secret agent, approached Glauer in July 1912, she said nothing indicating she was a German spy, see PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 171ff. 133. PRO, HO 144/1467/322490, memorandum on Joseph King, September 1918. 134. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1911, pp. 171ff. 135. PA-AA, Botschaft Washington 826, cutting of article of the Frankfurter Zei- tung, ‘German Court Records on Dr. Graves’, 19 December 1914; PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff. 136. Armgaard K. Graves, The Secrets of the German War Office: By Late Spy of the German Government with the Collaboration of Edward Lyell Fox (New York: A.L. Burt, 1914), p. 14. 137. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff. 138. Steinhauer would contact Graves via Kruger under the pseudonym ‘James Stafford’, see Graves, The Secrets of the German War Office, pp. 129ff.; PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff.; PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 163a, letter to Graves via Ernst, 3 February 1912, including £15. 139. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 26, letter by ‘W. Ls.’ to Dr Graves, Glasgow, via ‘Walters’, 10 April 1912. Notes and References 183

140. Graves, The Secrets of the German War Office, p. 146; PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff. 141. Ibid.; Graves, The Secrets of the German War Office, pp. 147f., gives a much less detailed account of his interview with ‘Robinson’ but does not contradict MI5’s historical reports in any way. It is worth noting that both sources describe Kell as the one who came up with the idea of employing Graves. 142. IWM, Kell papers, Lady Constance Kell, ‘A Secret Well Kept’, p. 128. 143. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff. 144. Ibid. 145. Ibid. 146. PA-AA, R 2346, Sektion IIIb to AA, 5 September 1917. The fact that IIIb knew so little about Graves illuminates how badly military and naval intelligence coordinated their activities. 147. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 22ff. 148. PA-AA, Botschaft Washington, 826, memorandum by Hossenfelder, New York, 5 December 1916. The detective, a certain König, was an employee of the HAL. The investigation took place at the request of a ‘higher military person’ but the relevant files have been destroyed by the imperial embassy. 149. The New York Times, 27 June, 22 August 1915, 28 December 1916. 150. NARA, RG 59, General Records of the Department of State, Office of the Counsellor/Under Secretary and Chief, special agent, classified records of the Office of the Counsellor, 1916–27, box 8, folder 136, translation of intercepted letter from Lieutenant-Colonel H. Herwarth to Captain von Papen, Berlin, 10 March 1915. 151. The New York Times, 12 November 1916. 152. PA-AA, Botschaft Washington, 826, Bernstorff to AA, 19 November 1916. The letters chiefly turned out to be correspondence from von Bernstorff’s son. 153. The New York Times, 12, 16, 21, 25 November 1916; 18 August, 23 September 1917; 12 March 1925; 21 February 1928; 5 December 1935; 15 April 1937. 154. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 206. 155. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 96ff, ‘Hentschel alias Atlantis alias Ch. G. Hills’. Tapken was presented to him as ‘Robert Tornow’, aged sixty-four, and chief of the ‘German secret service’; Stammer, Tapken’s assistant, as ‘Captain Fels’, aged forty-five; Steinhauer, without cover name, aged forty-five. 156. Ibid. The list itself is lost. Hentschel may have been included in the list simply because he was a German-language teacher rather than due to suspicious behaviour. This list did not help the Counter-Espionage Bureau in any way to track him down later on. 157. Ibid. The name ‘Riley’ suggests that the family was of Irish origin, perhaps accounting for the Rileys’ subsequent willingness to support the Germans. Patricia Riley had known Parrott since 1908. 158. PRO, DPP 1/20, shorthand notes of Parrott’s trial, pp. 50, 65. 159. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp 96ff. 160. Ibid., pp. 144ff.; Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 208. 161. PRO, DPP 1/20, report by W[illiam] M[elville], 14 July 1912. 162. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 207. As only the Counter-Espionage Bureau knew that Melville was shadowing Parrott, Steinhauer’s account must be taken seriously. This makes it even less comprehensible why he did not 184 Notes and References

warn Parrott. Possibly, ‘N’ wanted to make use of him as long as possible and was afraid he might quit as soon as he noticed that his movements were being monitored by the British authorities. 163. PRO, DPP 1/20, ‘correspondence’, memorandum by Director of Public Prosecutions to Attorney-General, 7 August 1912. 164. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 144f. 165. PRO, DPP 1/20, Drake to Stephenson, Assistant Director of Prosecution, 3 January 1913. This agent was a German named Steel, residing on the Edgware Road. 166. PA-AA, R 909, AA to Chief of Admiralstab, 5 July 1913; ibid., C. Groebel & Co., solicitors, London, to ‘Herrn Ober Direktor Geheimdienst, Berlin, Deutschland’, 21 . 167. PRO, HO 144/1250/233717, ‘George Charles Parrott’, note by New Scotland Yard, 8 March 1919. 168. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, pp. 96ff.; NARA, State Department, Office of the Counsellor, RG 59, special agent, classified case files of Edward Bell, 1917–1919, box 2, confidential file 73a, memorandum by Office of the Counsellor, 19 July 1916. 169. PA-AA, R 908–10, ‘recruitment, and offers from agents’. Three large files containing letters from volunteers for secret service work on Germany’s behalf. 170. Usually, the offers were not taken seriously. In 1904, for instance, a certain R. Westwood claimed that he possessed ‘all the vital facts relating to the defences of the Thames and Medway’ which he would offer ‘for a reward of course’ to Germany as he had ‘German interests at heart’, see PA-AA, R 908, R. Westwood, Walsall, to Admiralstab, 5 March 1904. A German official attached the following note: ‘I intend to let this offer unanswered.’, see note, 10 March 1904. 171. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff., ‘Schroeder @ Gould’. 172. PRO, DPP 1/28, ‘Gould @ Schroeder’, exhibit 17, certified copy of marriage. 173. BA-MA, RM 5/773, list of the district command in Kiel, November 1901, No. 2: ‘Oberleutnant der Reserve Schroeder . . . London’. 174. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, pp. 211–18. Steinhauer refers to him as ‘Benneth’, but he also writes that, when this man was arrested in 1914, a photograph of himself, Steinhauer, was found, revealing his identity to the British authorities. This was exactly the case when Schroeder alias Gould was arrested in February 1914 (see below) and one may infer that Steinhauer changed the name in his memoirs. A letter from Gould to Steinhauer in 1904 proves that by that time the two communicated regularly with each other, see PRO, DPP 1/28, exhibit 31, letter from Gould to Steinhauer, 15 October 1904. 175. PRO, DPP 1/28, proceedings of trial, 4 March 1914, pp. 2–9. 176. Ibid., exhibit 27, letter in German by Gould to T. Macmaster, 8 October 1903. 177. BA-MA, RM 5/3642, memorandum by von Koch of ‘N’, 22 January 1906. 178. PRO, DPP 1/28, exhibit 30, Gould to Steinhauer, 7 October 1904. These two were Captain Guy Burrows and Captain James Butler-Carter. 179. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff. Most of them were sailors: Billy Knight (HMS Actason), George William Notes and References 185

Shepherd (HMS Pembroke), T.J. Mott (ex-torpedo engineer), J.H. Pinkard (HMS Cyclops), furthermore a Swiss German named Klockenbusch resident in Chatham, and the director of the British Cinema Productions, Austin Fryers. In all cases the ensuing investigation proved inconclusive. 180. PRO, DPP 1/28, memorandum by Drake to Director of Public Prosecutions, 24 February 1914. 181. Ibid., R. Wilson, Treasury Solicitors Department, to Williamson, 8 March 1914. The Goulds had ‘about 10 children’. 182. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff. 183. PRO, DPP 1/28, exhibit 31, Gould to Steinhauer, 15 October 1904. 184. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 134a, C.F. Schmidt to Charles Shattock c/o Gould, London, 16 . 185. Ibid., exhibit 6a, Steinhauer to Gould/Schroeder, undated. 186. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff.; PRO, DPP 1/28, memorandum by Drake, 24 February 1914. The photo- graph was signed ‘In freundlicher Erinnerung von G. Steinhauer, London, February 1913’. 187. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 99ff.; PRO, DPP 1/28, proceedings of trial, 4 March 1914, p. 46. 188. PRO, KV 1/41, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, pp. 91ff. When MI5’s historical reports were compiled – that is, in the early 1920s – Schroeder was still imprisoned. Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, pp. 217f., claims that Schroeder was later murdered. 189. Volker R. Berghahn, Der Tirpitz Plan: Genesis and Vefall einer innerpolitischen Krisenstrategie unter Wilhelm II: (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1971), p. 437. 190. Boghardt, ‘German Naval Intelligence’, pp. 115–7, 160f. 191. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Isendahl to Boy-Ed, Washington, DC, 30 April 1914. 192. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, handwritten comment by Isendahl, 22 August 1914. 193. PRO, DPP 1/16, trial of Grosse, Drake to Guy Stephenson, 11 June 1914. 194. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary of pre-war period, ‘Information Obtained by Chance’, p. 33. 195. Ernst received his mail in his barber shop at 402a Caledonian Road in London, and Steinhauer received his in Potsdam, either at Brauerstrasse 1–2 or at Allée Sanssouci 4. Steinhauer occasionally invited his agents to either address. 196. PRO, DPP 1/27, Steinhauer to ‘Walters’, 20 April 1912. 197. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary of pre-war period, pp. 81ff. 198. PRO, DPP 1/16, Grosse to Steinhauer, 13 December 1911. 199. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 66a, ‘Weller’ to Steinhauer, n.d. Ernst complains ‘that your agent Grosse had not the slightest consideration who further despatched the letters’. In fact, Grosse had even written letters out of his prison cell to Croner and ‘Petersson’. 200. Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, p. 173. 201. PRO, KV 1/10, Kell’s diary, entry for 24 August 1910. Kell attended the case of an Italian, a Signor Paluso, who was allegedly a secret service agent of the Italian embassy. Paluso was sentenced to nine months’ imprisonment for obtaining money under false pretences. This is one of the rare cases in which Kell took interest in alleged espionage other than German, although 186 Notes and References

Steinhauer claims in his memoirs that the French were much more active in this respect than the Germans, see Steinhauer, Der Detektiv, p. 139. 202. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, preface, p. 8. 203. PRO, DPP 1/27, exhibit 100a, ‘Walters’ to ‘Reimers’, 13 . Steinhauer was particularly keen on information about the proceedings of Klare’s trial. 204. PRO, KV 1/40, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1912, pp. 67ff., ‘William Klare’.

4 The outbreak of the First World War

1. Jost Hindersmann, Der Britische Spionageroman: Vom Imperialismus zum Ende des Kalten Krieges (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995), p. 25. 2. Michael Macdonagh, In London during the Great War: The Diary of a Journalist (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1935), p. 6. 3. PRO, HO 45/10484/103444, passim. Articles like ‘The Kaiser’s Eyes’ in the Daily Express, 29 September 1914, were common and widespread. 4. The National Review, December 1914, p. 564. 5. Andrew Clark, Echoes of the Great War: The Diary of the Reverend Andrew Clark, 1914–1919 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), entry for Saturday, 26 September 1914. 6. Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War 1914–1918 (Cambridge: Polity, 1986), p. 160. 7. Aston, Secret Service, p. 82. 8. Sir Basil Thomson, Queer People (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1922), pp. 10, 37. 9. In 1912, the Board of Film Censors had considered the movie, then entitled The Raid of 1915, as too offensive to Germany. Such considerations evidently did not apply after August 1914, see Hiley, ‘The Play’, p. 225. See also Hiley’s introduction to Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. xxiv. 10. Sladen, The Real Le Queux, p. 200. 11. PRO, MEPO 3/243, Le Queux, Sunbury, to Commissioner of Metropolitan Police, 17 August 1914. 12. Ibid., Le Queux to Commissioner, 17 September 1914. 13. Ibid., Le Queux to Superintendent Patrick Quinn, 21 February 1915. 14. Ibid., Quinn to Le Queux, 22 February 1915; ibid., Le Queux to Lambton, 1 March 1915. 15. Ibid., memorandum by (illegible), 2 March 1915; ibid., memorandum by S.R.H., 2 March 1915. 16. See Panikos Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst: Germans in Britain during the First World War (New York, Oxford: Berg, 1991), especially pp. 153–83. 17. Quoted from Cate Haste, Keep the Home Fires Burning: Propaganda in the First World War (London: Allen Lane, 1977), p. 109. Italics as in Haste. 18. Alan Hyman, The Rise and Fall of Horatio Bottomley: The Biography of a Swin- dler (London: Cassell, 1972), p. 160. Bottomley had made a remarkable u-turn. A month earlier, John Bull had taken a staunchly non-interventionist stance: ibid., p. 145, ‘TO HELL WITH SERBIA. Why Should Britain Shed Her Blood To Save A Nation of Assassins?’. Notes and References 187

19. Panikos Panayi, ‘Anti-German Riots in Britain during the First World War’, in idem, Racial Violence in Britain, 1840–1950 (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1993), pp. 66f. 20. PRO, WO 141/1/2, Captain J.G. Mayne, Ipswich, to General Officer Commanding the East Anglian Division, 29 October 1914. 21. Ibid., report by Major Byrne, 27 November 1914. 22. Ibid., Goldstone to Tennant, London, 7 May 1915. 23. Clark, Echoes, entry for 26 September 1914. 24. Porter, Plots and Paranoia, p. 137. By the end of the war, the Aliens’ Office had compiled a list of c. 100,000 names, which included British citizens of foreign descent. 25. Panayi, The Enemy in Our Midst, pp. 46f. 26. Arthur Marwick, The Deluge: British Society and the First World War, 2nd edition (London: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 76f. 27. This section is based largely on an exchange of ideas with Nicholas Hiley, and his research in progress on the early years of British counter-espionage. I am grateful to Dr Hiley for his permission to let me incorporate some of his as yet unpublished findings in my work. 28. The Times, 6 August 1914. 29. PRO, KV 1/7, ‘Alphabetical Name Index to S.W.L.’, 1913, with later amend- ments. Marked for arrest in case of war [as spelled in list]: Alaadin, Apel, Berger, Bubenheim, Diderichs, Johann Engel, Ernst, Fels, Fowler, Graves (marked ‘Wanted if in Great Britain’), Heine, Hentschel (marked ‘Wanted if in Great Britain’), Klunder, Kruger, Rimann, Rodriquez, Schmidt, Schneider, Schutte, Steinhauer, (marked ‘If in this country’), Theissen (marked ‘Wanted if in Gt. Britain’), Wagener. 30. French, ‘Spy Fever’, pp. 364f. 31. PRO, DPP 1/27, memorandum by the Secretary, GPO, September 1914. 32. The Times, 29 September 1914. 33. PRO, DPP, 1/27, Mr Bodkin’s opening speech for the prosecution, 28 Septem- ber 1914. 34. Ibid., minutes of the trial, p. 68, statement by the accused. 35. Ibid., memorandum by Under Secretary of State, 30 November 1914. 36. Felstead, German Spies at Bay, p. 7. 37. PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary for 1914, p. 50. 38. IWM, the papers of Vernon Kell, lecture notes by Eric Holt-Wilson on ‘Security Intelligence in War, 1914–1918’, 1934, pp. 16f. 39. Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 30. 40. See, for instance, Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 73: ‘Kell exaggerated the scale of his achievements in August 1914, [but] he had none the less totally defeated third-rate opposition.’ 41. The Times, 20 October 1914. Italics mine. 42. Porter, Plots and Paranoia, p. 129. 43. Apel, Diederich, Engel, Heine, Klunder, Kruger, Rodriguez, Schneider, Schutte. 44. A large number of people were arrested on the outbreak of war, often merely for ‘suspicious behaviour’. The ones selected for the ‘special war list’ were: Buchwaldt, Hengnauer, Marie Kronauer, Kuhr, Laurens, Lozel, Meyer, Nemlar, Rummenie, Stubenwoll, Sukowski, von Willer. For the full list see PRO, KV 1/39, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report, summary for 1914, p. 49. 188 Notes and References

45. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Trapp, Imperial Naval Office, to Admiralstab, 15 August 1914. 46. BA-MA, RM 5/3712, memorandum by ‘N’, 27 July 1914. Yet it took the Germans some time to detect British naval mobilization. 47. Ibid., telegram by Kaiser, Hanover, to Prieger, 5 August 1914. 48. Nicolai, Geheime Mächte, p. 59. For German intelligence in the United States, see Koopmann, Diplomatie und Reichsinteresse, and Doerries, Imperial Challenge. For Norway, see Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen & Unwin, 1965). 49. Elsbeth Schragmüller, ‘Aus dem deutschen Nachrichtendienst’, in Friedrich Felger (ed.), Was wir vom Weltkrieg nicht wissen (Berlin: Andermann, 1929), p. 142. 50. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 504. 51. BA-MA, PH 3/604, memorandum by Kefer, KNSt Antwerp, 26 April 1917. 52. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, pp. 451ff. 53. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Gneist, Rotterdam, to Schnitzer, Antwerp, 19 July 1915. 54. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 134ff. 55. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 676. She is also featured in several movies. 56. See her published doctoral thesis: Elsbeth Schragmüller, Die Bruderschaft der Borer und Balierer von Freiburg und Waldkirch (Karlsruhe: Volkswirtschaftliche Abhandlungen der Badischen Hochschulen, 1914). 57. Schragmüller, ‘Aus dem deutschen Nachrichtendienst’, p. 142; Nicolai, Geheime Mächte, p. 172. 58. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 98. 59. Ibid., p. 1030. The types of invisible ink in 1916–1917 included nervine, perogene, gaede B and gaede J. 60. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, agreement between Admiralstab (Isendahl) and Paul Jänicke, 10 August 1914.; ibid., negotiations of Admiralstab with agent [Paul] Daelen, 4 September 1914. ‘N’ conceded to Daelen that his family would receive 3,000 marks yearly if he became victim of an ‘accident’. In addition, his wife was promised 300 marks while he was abroad. 61. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, pp. 251ff. 62. Ibid., p. 676. 63. PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Thwaites, 23 December 1920: ‘In December 1918 a list of German agents was found in the German Admiralty Bureau in Antwerp.’ British forces had conquered Antwerp in June 1917, but apparently did not search the former KNSt thoroughly. It is strange that it took the list, which itself does not survive in the files, a year and a half to reach the desk of British counter-espionage. 64. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, pp. 349ff. 65. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Captain Kroeger, Wesel, to Admiralstab, 6 August 1914. 66. For the role of the Netherlands vis-à-vis Britain and Germany in the First World War, see Marc Frey, Der Erste Weltkrieg und die Niederlande: Ein neutrales Land im politischen und wirtschaftlichen Kalkül der Kriegsgegner (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1998). 67. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, p. 447. The staff included five officers. Notes and References 189

68. Reichsamt des Innern (ed.), Handbuch für das Deutsche Reich (Berlin: C. Heymann, 1914), p. 112. 69. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, pp. 96ff. 70. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iv, Gneist to Isendahl, 10 September 1915. 71. PRO, WO 141/2/1, memorandum by Major Drake, 30 July 1915. 72. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, p. 504. 73. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 115. 74. PRO, WO 141/3/1, trial of Louise Wertheim and Reginald Rowland, 20 September 1915, cross-examination of Rowland, p. 133. 75. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, Dierks to Teschemacher, Meldesammelstelle Nord, 1 November 1914. 76. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, war period, pp. 52ff. 77. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Uhlrich to Gneist, Rotterdam, 2 July 1915; BA-MA, RM 5/3694, telegram Kottkamp, Bristol/Plymouth, to Prieger, via Kestein, 1 January 1915. 78. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, i, Consul Dr Walther, Vlissingen, to Gneist, Rotterdam, 28 February 1915; ibid., Isendahl to Gneist, 17 March 1915; PRO, WO 71/1237, file 2, 2nd day of trial of Ernest Waldemar Melin, 21 August 1915, statement by Melin, pp. 21ff. 79. Henry Landau, All’s Fair: The Story of the British Secret Service behind the German Lines (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1934), pp. 134–6. 80. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 639; Judd The Quest, pp. 282, 416; Landau, All’s Fair, passim. 81. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 118ff. 82. Ibid., pp. 127ff. 83. Ibid., pp. 67ff.; PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Thwaites, 23 December 1920. 84. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 73ff. 85. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iv, Gneist to Isendahl, 26 August 1915. 86. PRO, WO 141/2/1, memorandum by Major Drake, 30 July 1915. 87. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, i, memorandum by Gneist, 8 November 1914. 88. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 639. 89. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Uhlrich to Gneist, 2 July l915. One of the contacts was a certain Kapitän Hockenholz. 90. Dierks continued to work for German intelligence until his death in a car accident in Hamburg in 1940, see Nikolaus Ritter, Deckname Dr. Rantzau: Die Aufzeichnungen des Nikolaus Ritter, Offizier im Geheimen Nachrichtendienst (Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe, 1972), pp. 15–20, 254–56. 91. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Uhlrich to Gneist, 2 July 1915; ibid., Schnitzer, Antwerp, to Vice Consul Bosenick, Rotterdam, 8 July 1915; ibid., Gneist to Chief of Admiralstab, 29 July 1915; ibid., Gneist to Schnitzer, 26 July 1915; ibid., Schnitzer to Gneist, 27 July 1915; The Times, 21 October 1915. 92. Landau, All’s Fair, p. 53; Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916, 3rd edition (London: Penguin, 1993), p. 1. 190 Notes and References

93. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, war period, pp. 52ff. The address was 38 Chaussée de Malines, Antwerp; Schrag- müller, ‘Aus dem deutschen Nachrichtendienst’, p. 152. 94. The New York Times, 24 February 1917. 95. Landau, All’s Fair, p. 131. 96. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, ii, Isendahl to Gneist, 27 April 1915. 97. PRO, CAB 24/4, G-153, ‘The position of the Northern Neutral Countries. Report of Committee’, 27 August 1917, p. 4.

5 German espionage in Great Britain, 1914–1917

1. Ullrich, Die nervöse Großmacht, p. 229; Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, pp. 447f. 2. Paul G. Halpern, A Naval History of World War I (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1994), p. 23. 3. Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, p. 392. The planning began in January 1912. 4. Ibid., pp. 394f. 5. Halpern, A Naval History, pp. 28f. 6. BA-MA, RM 5/3694, memorandum by Prieger, 30 , on exped- ition of Robert Rosenthal; ibid., memorandum by Prieger, 2 January 1915, on expedition of Adolf Weiszflog alias Ludvico Hurwitz y Zender. 7. BA-MA, RM 5/3695, memorandum by Prieger, 21 February 1915. 8. PRO, ADM 137/4177, ‘German Intelligence Centres’, intercepted message dated 5 June 1915. 9. PRO, WO 141/1/7, file 2, ‘General Court-Martial of Roos, 2nd day’, 17 July 1915, Roos’ telegram to Dierks, 2 May 1915. 10. BA-MA, RM 5/3696, Oberndorff, Kristiania, to AA, 29 April 1915. 11. PRO, DEFE 1/130, memorandum by Browne, 13 December 1919, p. 16. 12. PRO, WO 32/4898, DMI Thwaites, 23 December 1920. The agent was the Spaniard Adolfo Guerrero. 13. BA-MA, RM 5/3695, Prieger, received on 20 March 1915. 14. BA-MA, PH 3/575, KNSt Antwerp, 8 September 1915, report by C37. 15. IWM, The Diary of Miss W.L.B. Tower; Wilson, The Myriad Faces, p. 161. 16. Thomson, Queer People, p. 37. 17. Caroline Playne, Society at War 1914–1916 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1931), p. 256. 18. Arthur Ponsonby, Falsehood in War-Time: Containing an Assortment of Lies Circulated throughout the Nations during the Great War (London: Allen & Unwin, 1928), p. 63. 19. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, Fischer, Stockholm, to Admiralstab, 17 September 1914. Forwarding a letter from Lody, dated 4 September. 20. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 175. 21. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, memorandum by Prieger, 5 September 1914. 22. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, p. 15, IIIb, gouvernement Cologne, 17 September 1914. 23. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, memorandum by Prieger, 7 September 1914. Notes and References 191

24. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, Oberndorff, Christiania, to Admiralstab, 9 September 1914. 25. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, BE (name illegible) to Admiralstab, 17 September 1914. 26. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, p. 16, IIIb, Lüttich, 21 September 1914. 27. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 813. 28. NARA, T 77, 1439, Gempp-monographs, pp. 404f., memorandum on reorganization of intelligence services, May 1915. 29. BA-MA, PH 3/602, intelligence officer of Army Supreme Command (AOK) 5 to IIIb West, 14 May 1916; BA-MA, RM 5/3696, memorandum by Prieger, 9 May 1915. Andreas Politopoulos, a Greek citizen and Hamburg merchant, was recruited in spite of his excessive pecuniary demands because Prieger judged him to be of outstanding value. 30. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 134ff.; KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 30ff.; BA-MA, RM 5/3696, memorandum by Prieger, 2 June 1915. 31. PA-AA, R 8411, Michahelles to AA, 10 June 1917. According to Michahelles, Filchner had left Norway in November 1916. 32. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 96ff, French report on German centres of espionage 1916–1917. 33. BA-MA, RM 5/3697, passim. 34. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, Wilhelms-Reede, to Admiralstab, 29 November 1914. 35. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, pp. 601–3, memorandum by Dr Schragmüller, 1915. 36. For statistical data, see appendices 2 and 3. 37. BA-MA, RM 5/3639, Isendahl to Naval Captain Karl Boy-Ed, Washington, DC, 16 December 1914. 38. Quoted from Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 157. 39. PA-AA, Der Weltkrieg no. IIk secr., ii, postcard by Bryan A. Kelly, Ruhleben prisoner camp, Baracke No. 6, to (illegible), 28 November 1914. The card may be addressed to Sir Roger Casement who was in personal contact with Kelly later on. 40. Ibid., iii, Chief of General Staff to AA, 23 December 1914. 41. Ibid., iv, Rasmussen to AA, 19 January 1915. It is unclear which service employed Kelly at this point. 42. BA-MA, PH 2/51, memorandum by War Ministry, Berlin, 3 October 1918, ‘Establishment of a “Female Intelligence Corps” ’. 43. On women and espionage in World War I, see Tammy Proctor, Female Intelligence: Women and Espionage in the First World War (New York, London: New York University Press, 2003), especially pp. 42–51 on female spies in England. 44. According to Kell, the German secret service had tried to enlist Ottoman naval officers attached to the Royal Navy, see PRO, KV 1/9, eleventh progress report by Kell, 30 April 1914, p. 80. 45. About 500,000 Jewish citizens lived in Germany in 1914, and over 10,000 Jewish men volunteered for military service in the first weeks of the war: See Roger Chickering, Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 129f. 46. Felstead, German Spies at Bay, p. 20. In addition, one German agent committed suicide while on death row. 192 Notes and References

47. HStA, HAPAG, 621–1, 416, Bünz, Meyer, HAL, New York, to HAL board of directors, Hamburg, 27 November 1914. 48. The New York Times, 31 October, 11 November 1914. 49. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 152. 50. The New York Times, 14 November 1914. 51. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 219. 52. BA-MA, RM 5/3712, Admiralstab, Berlin, 27 July 1914, No. 11, Lody, naval command, Hamburg III. 53. BA-MA, RM 5/3711, agreement between Admiralstab and Lody, 25 . 54. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, memorandum by ‘N’, 7 August 1914. 55. Ibid., Lody, Bergen, to Stammer, 22 August 1914. 56. Ibid., memorandum by Prieger, 14 August 1914. 57. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 166. 58. BA-MA, RM 5/3691, telegram from ‘Inglis’, Edinburgh, 31 August 1914. 59. Ibid., Lody to Prieger, 2 August 1914. 60. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, report by Lody to ‘N’, received 15 September 1914. 61. PRO, WO 71/1236, folder 14–2, Lody, Dublin, to Stammer, Berlin, via Burchard, Stockholm, 1 October 1914. 62. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, memorandum by Prieger, 23 September 1914. 63. PRO, WO 71/1236, court martial of Carl Lody, folder 14–2, Lody, Edinburgh, to Stammer, Berlin, via Burchard, Stockholm, 26 September 1914. 64. PRO, WO 71/1236, statement by District Inspector Cheesman, not dated (the police arrested Lody on 2 October). 65. Originally, ‘Nazi’ was the Bavarian short form for the Christian name ‘Ignatz’, see Franz Ringseis, Neues Bayerisches Wörterbuch: Wortschatz – Worterklärung – Wortschreibung (Munich: Ludwig, 1997), p. 159: ‘Nazi – short form for “Ignatz”, unfortunately superseded by abbreviation for National Socialist.’ 66. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1914, war period, pp. 30ff. 67. As a matter of fact, Nairne had written several letters to the German naval attaché early in 1914, asking him for a ‘pretty German uniform’ and an appointment as German vice consul in Newhaven. In return, Nairne offered to compel the British government to ‘bow to the Kaiser’s wishes’. Naval Attaché von Müller dismissed this ‘proposition’, but Nairne’s name appeared several times in the local press, see BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Naval Attaché von Müller, London, to Admiralstab, 22 April 1914. 68. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, pp. 121–4, 144f. 69. The Times, 1 November 1914. 70. The Times, 31 October 1914. 71. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, p. 164. 72. Ibid., pp. 155–60. 73. Ibid., p. 194. 74. Ibid., p. 164. 75. Ibid., p. 156. 76. Ibid., p. 194. 77. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Hanna John, née Lody, Berlin, to Isendahl, 16 November 1914. Hanna John urged Isendahl to permit publication of the letter, which was granted. The letter was subsequently published both in the German and the British press. Notes and References 193

78. The New York Times, 25 November 1914. 79. Baron Robert Baden-Powell, My Adventures as a Spy (London: C.A. Pearson, 1915), p. 45. 80. Quoted in Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, p. 41. 81. Aston, Secret Service, p. 84. 82. Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 99. 83. For the concept of honour in Europe at the outbreak of war, see Edward Berenson, The Trial of Madame Caillaux (Berkeley: University of Press, 1992), pp. 200–7. 84. The New York Times, 25 November 1914. 85. The New York Times, 16 April 1915. 86. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, pp. 638f. 87. PRO, WO 71/1236, folder 14–2, memorandum by MO5(g), 3 October 1914. 88. F.R., ‘Vom Leben und Sterben deutscher und feindlicher Agenten’, in Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck (ed.), Die Weltkriegsspionage: Original-Spionage-Werk (Basle: Moro, 1931), p. 339. 89. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Chief of Admiralstab to Naval Cabinet, 18 November 1914. 90. Ibid., Admiral von Müller to Chief of Admiralstab, 12 December 1914. 91. See, for instance, Hans Fuchs, Lody: Ein Weg um Ehre (Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, 1936). 92. PRO, HO 144/1437/298806, Davies, Pentonville Prison Commissioner, 20 October 1915. Report on conversation with Georg Traugott Breeckow. 93. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Chief of Admiralstab to Naval Cabinet, 18 November 1914. A considerable number of German reserve officers lived abroad, many in the United States. 94. For a critical appraisal of ‘the spirit of 1914’ see Chickering, Imperial Germany and the Great War, pp. 13–17. 95. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf translated by Ralph Mannheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943), p. 161. 96. Thomas Rohkrämer, ‘August 1914 – Kriegsmentalität und ihre Vorausset- zungen’, in Wolfgang Michalka (ed.), Der Erste Weltkrieg: Wirkung, Wahrnehmung, Analyse (Munich: Piper, 1994), pp. 759–77. 97. Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 97. 98. PRO, WO 71/1236, proceedings of court martial of Lody, pp. 154, 160, 166. 99. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Hanna John, née Lody, Charlottenburg, West End, to Isendahl, 16 November 1914. 100. BA-MA, RM 5/3712, Lody, Hotel Adlon, to Prieger, 9 May 1914. 101. Verhey, The Spirit of 1914, p. 99. 102. PRO, WO 141/1/7, courts martial of Haicke Marinus Petrius Jannsen and Willem Johannes Roos, file 2, 17 July 1914, p. 57. Roos was found guilty and executed by firing squad. 103. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 639. 104. This calculation is based on Appendix 3. 105. Nicolai, Nachrichtendienst, p. 40. 106. See graph in Appendix 2. 107. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 91ff. Historians have generally accepted this claim, see Felstead, German Spies at Bay, pp. 80f.; Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 121; Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 188. 194 Notes and References

108. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 639. 109. PRO, KV 1/61, MI5 black list, Vol. xiv, 8 October 1918. This is the only preserved volume of MI5’s black list. 110. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 640; PRO (ed.), M.I.5, pp. 18f. 111. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 59ff. The address was 1 Zwaanensteeg, Rotterdam. 112. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, report by anonymous author, Rotterdam, 14 June 1915. 113. PRO, WO 141/1/3, memorandum by Major Drake, 26 February 1915. 114. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 59ff. 115. PRO, WO 141/2/2, third day of trial of Hahn and Müller, 4 June 1915, p. 56. 116. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 81, IIIm, iii, Gneist, Rotterdam, to Admiralstab, 29 July 1915. 117. Willem Johannes Roos, Georg Traugott Breeckow, Fernando Buschmann, Paul Hensel alias Irving Guy Ries, Haicke Marinus Petrius Jannsen, Augusto Alfredo Roggen were executed. 118. PA-AA, Konsulat Rotterdam, Bündel 80, IIIm, ii, Schnitzer to Gneist, 5 June 1915: ‘An wirklich guten Deckadressen haben wir, trotz der verhältnis- mäßig vielen, die wir haben, noch stets Mangel.’ 119. Ibid., deciphering by Wesel, 16 April 1915; ibid., Freyer, Wesel, to Gneist, Rotterdam, 21 May 1915. 120. PRO, DEFE 1/139, report by MI5, 1919 [?]; ibid., KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 96ff., ‘French report on German Centres of Espionage in 1916/1917’: ‘The great danger in transmitting news was reduced to a minimum by German chemical science.’ 121. PRO, KV 1/45, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915–1918, ‘German Clubs etc.’, passim. 122. PRO, HO 45/10881/338498, file 2, Kell to Troup, HO, 30 April 1917. 123. Ibid., Troup to Kell, 11 May 1917. 124. Ibid., memorandum by J.F. Moylan, Aliens Division of HO, 10 November 1917. 125. For instance, Henry de Halsalle (ed.), A Secret Service Woman: Being Confes- sions, Experiences and Opinions of Olga von Kopf, the Famous International Spy (London: T. Werner Laurie, 1917); Fritz Segelken, Hans Ludwig, der Spion: Seine Erlebnisse als Spion in England (: Vogel & Vogel, 1917); Ernst Carl, One against England: The Death of Lord Kitchener and the Plot against the British Fleet (London: Jarrolds, 1935). Note the similarity of the name, certainly a pseudonym, with that of the real Carl Ernst, the alleged leader of the ‘Ernst ring’. For two celebrated spy cases of the First World War see Julia Keay, The Spy Who Never Was: The Life and Loves of Mata Hari (London: Michael Joseph, 1987) and Bernard Wasserstein, The Secret Lives of Trebitsch Lincoln (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), especially pp. 97–105. 126. Jules Crawford Silber, Die anderen Waffen (Breslau: Korn, 1932). Translated as The Invisible Weapons (London: Hutchinson, 1932). 127. Ronald Seth, The Spy Who wasn’t Caught: The Story of Julius Silber (London: Hale, 1966), p. 7. 128. Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 132. 129. Richard Deacon, The Silent War: A History of Western Naval Intelligence (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1978), p. 118. Notes and References 195

130. Silber, The Invisible Weapons, p. 9. 131. David Welch, Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914–1918: The Sins of Omission (London: Athlone, 2000), p. 1. 132. Horace C. Peterson, Propaganda for War: The Campaign against American Neutrality, 1914–1917 (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939), p. 330: ‘she [the USA] also could have remained at peace. The reason she did not act in the same way was because of the tremendously successful British propaganda campaign.’ Even though this may be an exaggeration, Peterson highlights an important fact – that British propaganda was far more efficient than its German counterpart. 133. Barbara Tuchmann, The , 5th edition (New York: Ballantine, 1985), pp. 10f. 134. James Morgan Read, Atrocity Propaganda, 1914–1919 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1941), pp. 22ff. 135. Thompson, Northcliffe, p. 231. 136. See John Horne and Alan Kramer, German Atrocities: A History of Denial (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001). 137. Quoted from Ponsonby, Falsehood in War-Time, p. 90. Wilson’s story is taken from The New York Times and the Crusader of 24 February 1922. 138. Ferguson, The Pity of War, p. 232. 139. HMSO (ed.), Evidence and Documents laid before the Committee on Alleged German Atrocities: Being an Appendix to the Report of the Committee Appointed by His Britannic Majesty’s Government and Presided over by The Right Hon. Viscount Bryce, O.M. (London: HMSO, no date [1915]), p. 97, report by a ‘Belgian Soldier’. 140. Michael L. Sanders and Philip M. Taylor, British Propaganda during the First World War, 1914–1918 (London: Macmillan, 1982), pp. 173, 188. 141. Alice Goldfarb Marquis, ‘Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany during the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 13, 3 (1978), p. 492. 142. Holger H. Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918 (London: Arnold, 1997), p. 158. 143. I am grateful to Evangelia Achladi, St Antony’s College, for sharing this information with me. 144. Welch, Germany, Propaganda and Total War, p. 24. 145. Read, Atrocity Propaganda, pp. 210–15. 146. PRO, WO 141/3/1, proceedings of trial of Louise Emily Wertheim and Reginald Rowland [that is, Georg Traugott Breeckow], 14–20 September 1915. 147. PRO, WO 141/3/1, Major (illegible) to WO, 22 July 1915. 148. Ibid., fourth day of trial, p. 207, statement by Breeckow. 149. Ibid., fourth day of trial, p. 209; folder 22A, Francis Lloyd to WO, 26 September 1915. 150. Ibid., fourth day of trial, p. 208. As a mitigating circumstance, Justice Sir Reginald More Bray maintained that Breeckow had talked Wertheim into spying. In fact, she had volunteered to work for ‘N’ in December 1914, and had even declined a salary: BA-MA, RM 5/3694, memorandum by Prieger, 29 December 1914. 151. The Times, 25 October 1915. 196 Notes and References

152. The New York Times, 22 October 1915. See also the case of Gustav Kenneth Triest below. 153. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp.86ff. 154. Gary S. Messinger, British Propaganda and the State in the First World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), p. 19. 155. Read, Atrocity Propaganda, p. 215. 156. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 58ff. 157. BA-MA, RM 5/3696, memorandum by Prieger, 23 April 1915. 158. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 59ff. 159. PRO, ADM 178/99, statement by Octave Blake, 29 September 1915. 160. Ibid., circumstantial letter to Secretary of the Admiralty, 7 September 1915. 161. Ibid., Burminstion, fleet surgeon, 28 July 1915: ‘I consider the man is defi- cient in certain respects, but he can hardly be called a lunatic.’ 162. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 129ff. 163. PRO, ADM 178/99, Wolfgang Triest to Kenneth Triest, 11 June 1915. 164. Ibid., Page to Grey, 30 June 1915. 165. The New York Times, 8 October 1915. 166. PRO, ADM 178/99, Theodore Roosevelt to British Ambassador Cecil Spring-Rice, 5 October 1915. 167. Ibid., Spring-Rice to Nicolson, 6 October 1915. 168. Ibid., Spring-Rice to Nicolson, 7 October 1915. 169. Ibid., Spring-Rice to FO, 31 October 1915. 170. Ibid., Captain to Director of Naval Intelligence, 19 October 1915. 171. The New York Times, 8 October 1915, ‘American Boy Faces Death as Teuton Spy’. 172. Ibid., 29 November 1915. 173. The New York Times, 29 November 1915; The Times, 30 November 1915. 174. PRO, ADM 178/99, Spring-Rice to Grey, 3 December 1915. 175. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 127ff. 176. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 48ff. 177. PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Thwaites, 23 December 1920. 178. PRO, WO 141/3/5, B. Vogt to Balfour, 21 September 1917. 179. Ibid., memorandum by Macdonogh, 14 September 1917. 180. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 55ff. 181. PRO, WO 141/3/6, memorandum by Director of Military Intelligence, 22 April 1920. 182. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 59ff. 183. Just a few days after the outbreak of war, two German bakers’ shops were looted in London: The Times, 12 August 1914, ‘Germans in London. Outbreaks of Violence’. 184. PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 99ff. 185. PRO, WO 141/1/5, statement by Robert Rosenthal, Scotland Yard Prison, May 1915. 186. Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, p. 41. 187. Felstead, German Spies at Bay, p. 20. 188. Read, Atrocity Propaganda, p. 215; The Times, 23 February 1916, on the execution of Marie José dei Basi; The Times, 7 May 1918, on execution of Victorine Francher. 189. Nicolai, Nachrichtendienst, p. 39. Notes and References 197

190. Read, Atrocity Propaganda, p. 214. 191. Messinger, British Propaganda, pp. 18f. 192. Nicolai, Nachrichtendienst, p. 13.

6 Covert action

1. Le Queux, Spies of the Kaiser, p. 198. 2. PRO, ADM 1/8264, Edward Troup to Admiralty, 23 October 1911. 3. Ibid., Colonel Andrew Pearson to Kell, 27 November 1911. 4. Ibid., Troup to Admiralty, 2 August 1912. 5. Quoted from Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, p. 169. 6. Francis L. Carsten, War against War: British and German Radical Movements in the First World War (London: Batsford Academic and Educational Publishing, 1982), pp. 25f. 7. De Groot, Blighty, p. 143. 8. Andrew, Her Majesty’s Secret Service, p. 199. 9. Walter Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement in Britain 1900–21 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969), p. 99; Martin Swartz, The Union of Democratic Control in British Politics during the First World War (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 117. 10. Hiley, ‘Counter-Espionage’, p. 650; Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement, p. 99. 11. PRO, HO 45/10782/278537/18c, memorandum by J. McBrien and P. Quinn on ‘Anti-War Propaganda’, 20 July 1915. 12. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 30ff. 13. BA-MA, RM 5/3692, memorandum by Prieger, 2 October 1914, ‘expedition of Frigate Captain Dunbar to England’. 14. Marwick, The Deluge, p. 243. 15. Carsten, War against War, p. 167. 16. Ferguson, The Pity of War, p. 275. 17. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 91ff. 18. PRO, CAB 24/4, G-157, memorandum on pacifist propaganda, by Sir Edward Carson, 3 October 1917. 19. Thomas Boghardt, ‘A German Spy? New Evidence on Baron Louis von Horst’, The Journal of Intelligence History, 1, 2 (December 2001), pp. 101–27. 20. PA-AA, Der Weltkrieg IIk, vii, Behncke to AA, 17 March 1915. 21. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 492972ff., Sthamer, London, to AA, 17 July 1924. Although some doubt must be cast on the authenticity of this document, it being published by a British insurance company in an attempt to avoid payment for a ship lost during the war, this sort of covert action was indeed carried out from 1914. 22. Martin Kitchen, ‘The German Invasion of Canada in the First World War’, International History Review, 7, 2 (Canada, 1985), pp. 245–60. 23. For Sektion P (‘P’ stands for politics) see Koopmann, Diplomatie und Reichsinteresse, p. 82. Rudolf Nadolny’s memoirs, Mein Beitrag (Wiesbaden: Limes, 1955), contain little information on his activities as director of Sektion P. For ‘NIV’ see also Chapter 1. 198 Notes and References

24. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 497184, August Lassen to Reichardt, 14 July 1930. 25. The director of the ‘S-service’ in Scandinavia was August Lassen, the brother of Alfred Lassen, see PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 497170, Reichardt to August Lassen, 13 July 1930. August Lassen was later succeeded by Bruno Fischer. Sabotage against Britain from the United States was directed by naval agent Kurt Jahnke, see PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 493432ff., Jahnke to Ministry of Defence, 29 January 1925. 26. Koopmann, Diplomatie und Reichsinteresse, pp. 170–82. 27. The New York Times, 27 June 1916. Both Papen and the AA considered ‘Horst von der Goltz’ a pseudonym: PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 493277f., memorandum by Solmann of the AA, 2 May 1925; ibid., K 493297, A. Wandel, Prussian War Ministry, to AA, 25 July 1916. 28. Captain Guy Gaunt, The Yield of the Years: A Story of Adventure Afloat and Ashore by Admiral Sir Guy Gaunt, Naval Attaché and Chief of the British Intelli- gence Service in the United States, 1914–1918 (London: Hutchinson, 1940), pp. 138f. 29. PRO, HO 144/21710/270992, file 5, Emerson, British Consul at Chihuahua, to FO, 27 November 1914. 30. , Der Wahrheit eine Gasse (Munich: List, 1952), pp. 57ff.; Horst von der Goltz, My Adventures as a German Secret Service Agent (London: Cassell, 1918), p. 149. Each claimed that the proposal to blow up the Welland Canal originated with the other man. 31. Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 179. 32. The New York Times, 9 May 1916. 33. Ibid. 34. Von der Goltz, My Adventures, p. 180. 35. The New York Times, 25 October 1917; Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 337, footnote 242; Bulloch, M.I.5, p. 140; Gaunt, The Yield of the Years, pp. 138f. 36. PRO, HO 144/21710/270992, file 1, cover sheet, note on ‘Horst von der Goltz’. 37. The New York Times, 22 November 1914. 38. PRO, HO 144/21710/270992, file 1, cover sheet, note on ‘Horst von der Goltz’. 39. Ibid., file 3, memorandum by police court, 26 November 1914. 40. Ibid., file 7, Hall to Moylan, HO, 5 April 1915. 41. Ibid., file 14, selection from papers in possession of Papen, 2–3 January 1916. 42. Ibid., Basil Thomson to Under Secretary of HO, 14 March 1916. 43. Thomson, Queer People, p. 121. It is unlikely that such a mission would have been put in writing on the cheque, just as Papen’s negotiations with von der Goltz in New York in 1914 were purely oral. 44. PRO, HO 144/21710/270992, file 14, Thomson to Under Secretary of HO, 14 March 1916. 45. Ibid., confidential memorandum by HO, 6 March 1917. 46. Harold Brust, ’I Guarded Kings’: Memoirs of a Political Police Officer (London: Stanley Paul, 1935), p. 131. 47. The New York Times, 1, 18, 19 . According to The New York Times, Igel ‘fought like a tiger’ when taken into custody. 48. The New York Times, 7, 18 April 1916. 49. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 493425, statement by Naval Captain Paul Reichardt, Klotzsche at Dresden, 25 January 1925. Notes and References 199

50. PA-AA, Der Weltkrieg IIk secr., Nadolny, Sektion IIIb, Pol., to AA, 2 March 1915, including a report by Boehm from New York. 51. PA-AA, R 2342, Ratibor, embassy Madrid, to AA, 4 February 1916. Hence, Kelly now worked for both ‘N’ and IIIb. 52. Ibid., Isendahl to AA, 5 February 1916. It is unclear why not. 53. Ibid., R 2343, military attaché Madrid to Sektion P, 31 March 1916. 54. Ibid., Nadolny to AA, 5 April 1916. 55. Ibid., military attaché Madrid to Sektion P, 14 April 1916. 56. Ibid., Nadolny to military attaché Madrid, 15 April 1916. 57. BA-MA, RM 5/3694, memorandum by Prieger, 23 December 1914. 58. PRO, HO 45/10779/277334, E. Blackwell, HO, to Chief Constables, 22 August 1917. 59. Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 182. 60. Under the direction of the agents Steinwachs and Wuppermann, see Erhard Geißler, Biologische Waffen – nicht in Hitlers Arsenalen: Biologische und Toxin-Kampfmittel in Deutschland von 1915–1945 (Münster: Lit Verlag, 1998), p. 95. 61. Aston, Secret Service, pp. 157f. Aston holds Papen and Paul König responsible for these acts. 62. PRO, HO 45/10779/277334, memorandum by Board of Trade, 4 August 1915; PRO, MT 25/2, memorandum by Sir E. Howard, 26 June 1917. 63. PRO, HO 45/10779/277334, memorandum by Donovan, police department of Wellington, to inspector-general of police, Suva, 21 March 1918; ibid., Admiralty to HO, 18 June 1915. 64. Nadolny, Mein Beitrag, p. 41. 65. Thomson, Queer People, p. 196. Thomson’s insinuations that the explosions originated with German intelligence cannot be corroborated. 66. PRO, HO 45/10722/249623/111, file 113a, ‘Report of the Committee appointed by the Right Honourable Secretary of State to the Home Depart- ment to inquire into the circumstances attending a series of explosions and fires which occurred on the night of July 30th–31st, 1915, of the factory of Messrs. Nobel’s explosives Company, limited, at Ardeer, in the county of Ayrshire. 1915’; PRO, KV 1/42, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1915, pp. 101ff. 67. PA-AA, Rechtswesen 6, sabotage claims, K 497182, minutes of conversation between Limmer and August Lassen, 23 June 1930. 68. PA-AA, R 8411, Michahelles to AA, 16 June 1917. 69. Otto Cornehlsen, Als deutscher Spion im Weltkrieg (Berlin: Nord-Verlag, 1929), pp. 73–8. Cornehlsen’s name is not mentioned in the German archives, but his matter-of-fact account tallies with a number of incidents. 70. Olav Riste, The Neutral Ally: Norway’s Relations with Belligerent Powers in the First World War (London: Allen & Unwin, 1965), p. 184. 71. PA-AA, R 8411, translation of report by Norwegian police officer Larssen, 15 June 1917. 72. Ibid., Michahelles to AA, 18 September 1917. 73. Ibid., Isendahl to AA, 19 June 1917. 74. Ibid., report by police officer Larssen, 15 June 1917. 75. Ibid., index of content of bags found in the house of Hjalmar Wirtanen on 16 and 18 June 1917; ibid., to AA, 6 July 1917. 200 Notes and References

76. Ibid., AA to Michahelles, 25 June 1917. Cornehlsen barely escaped arrest and returned to Germany, see Cornehlsen, Als Deutscher Spion, p. 77 77. PA-AA, R 8412, Hintze, Christiania, to AA, 16 August 1917; ibid., Hintze to AA, 31 August 1917; ibid., Hintze to AA, 27 October 1917; Admiralstab to AA, 31 October 1917. 78. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 55ff. 79. PA-AA, R 8412, Hintze, Christiania, to AA, 31 August 1917. 80. Ibid., Hintze, Christiania, to AA, 27 October 1917; ibid., Admiralstab to AA, 31 October 1917. 81. The New York Times, 26 November 1917. The sailors’ names were Orth and Stachel. 82. Ibid., 23 December 1917. 83. See Mark Wheelis, ‘Biological Sabotage in World War I’, in Erhard Geißler and J.E. Courtland Moon (eds), Biological and Toxin Weapons Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945: A Critical Comparative Analysis (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 35–62. 84. Geißler, Biologische Waffen, p. 98. 85. Quoted from Patrick Beesly, Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982), p. 201. Portugal had joined the Allies in 1916, Spain remained neutral until the end of the war. Professor Kleine was a refugee from the German colony of Cameroon. When Allied forces invaded the colony, Kleine fled and received asylum in the Spanish colony of Muni. He spent the rest of the war as an internee in mainland Spain. 86. Wheelis, ‘Biological Sabotage’, p. 38. 87. Geißler, Biologische Waffen, pp. 40ff. 88. PRO, HO 45/10839/333624, memorandum by ‘A’, 28 April 1918. 89. Wheelis, ‘Biological Sabotage’, p. 38. Wheelis argues that later legal rulings confirmed the General Staff’s interpretation of contemporary law, as defined in The Hague Convention. 90. John Singleton, ‘Britain’s Military Use of Horses, 1914–1918’, Past and Present, 139 (May 1993), pp. 178, 194f. 91. Ibid., pp. 178, 186f. 92. Beesly, Room 40, pp. 200ff. 93. Benjamin C. Garrett, ‘Tony’s Lab: Clandestine German Biological Warfare in the USA’, The ASA Newsletter, 37 (1993), pp. 1, 10–11. Dilger’s address was 5503 33rd St. NW, according to the 1916 edition of the Washington, DC city directory. 94. PRO, HO 45/10839/333624, memorandum by New Scotland Yard, 30 March 1917. 95. Wheelis, ‘Biological Sabotage’, p. 46. 96. PRO, HO 45/10839/333624, Sargeaunt, Isle of Man Governor’s Office, to HO, 12 April 1917. 97. Ibid., memorandum by HO, 5 April 1917. 98. Ibid., Lieutenant-Colonel Wade, Copenhagen, to Foreign Office, 28 August 1917. 99. Beesly, Room 40, pp. 200ff. 100. PRO, HO 45/10839/333624, cutting from Empire News, January 1918. See also The Daily Telegraph, 5 April 1917. Notes and References 201

7 The decline of German naval intelligence, 1917–1919

1. Arthur Link, Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916–1917 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965), pp. 390–431. 2. For a concise overview see Ross Gregory, The Origins of American Intervention in the First World War (New York: Norton, 1971). See also Thomas Boghardt, ‘The Zimmermann Telegram: Diplomacy, Intelligence and the American Entry into World War I’, Working Papers of the BMW Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University, 1, 4 (November 2003). 3. Doerries, Imperial Challenge, p. 190. 4. BA-MA, RM 5/3684, Isendahl to Boy-Ed, 30 April 1914. 5. BA-MA, RM 5/773, Admiralstab, ‘Nachweisung der beim Bezirkskommando Hamburg kontrollierten und in das Ausland beurlaubten Offiziere der Reserve und der Landwehr’, Hamburg, 12 November 1901, No. 21: Wünnenberg, Lieutenant of Reserve. 6. Press baron William Randolph Hearst was frequently accused of supporting the Germans, see Ian Mugridge, The View from Xanadu: William Randolph Hearst and United States Foreign Policy (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1995), p. 114. 7. PA-AA, Politische Abteilung 6, Sabotage Claims, K 495297, memorandum regarding witness Albert Sander’s statement of 24 July 1928. 8. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 82ff. 9. BA-MA, RM 5/3756, subdivision (Zweigstelle) Antwerp of the Admiralstab to ‘N’, naval corps Bruges, Wesel, department P of Admiralstab, and KNSt Antwerp, 1 December 1916. 10. The New York Times, 20 February, 1917. 11. PRO, WO 141/3/4, memorandum by Kell, 27 February 1917; ibid., KV 2/4, printed forms on Bacon, Rutherford and Hastings; ibid., KV 2/5, MMC, secret, 31 December 1916–1 January 1917; ibid., KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 82ff., George Vaux Bacon. 12. The New York Times, 3, 22, 27 March 1917, 14 July 1918. 13. James Gerard, My Four Years in Germany (New York: George H. Doran, 1917), p. 315. 14. PRO, KV 1/43, MI5 historical reports, ‘G’ branch report for 1916, pp. 82ff. 15. BA-MA, RM 5/3758, subdivision Antwerp to ‘N’, P, Haeften, 11 January 1918. This is the last time the records refer to the use of ‘newspaper spies’, here an agent codenamed A87. 16. BA-MA, RM 5/773, report by Meldesammelstelle Nord, Wesel, 24 October 1917. 17. Ibid., Chief of Admiralstab to submarine commanders and the Imperial Command of the , 3 September 1918. 18. NARA, T 77, 1440, Gempp-monographs, p. 676. W29 regularly reported from London between 23 October 1916 and 20 October 1918, see BA-MA, RM 5/ 3756, Wesel to Admiralstab, 23 October 1916, and ibid., Freyer to Admiralstab, 20 October 1918. The letter ‘W’ indicates the agent’s affiliation with Wesel. 19. PA-AA, Politische Abteilung 6, Sabotage Claims, K 497224ff., statement by Naval Captain Lassen to Amtsgericht Berlin-Mitte, July 1929. 20. Hubatsch, Der Admiralstab, pp. 181f., 255; Heinz Höhne, Canaris translated from the German by J. Maxwell Brownjohn (London: Secker & Warburg, 1979), p. 139. 202 Notes and References

21. PRO, KV 1/44, MI5 historical report, ‘G’ branch report for 1917, pp. 82ff. 22. PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Director of Military Intelligence Thwaites on Louise Mathilde Smith, née Zastrow, 23 December 1920. 23. Ibid., Kell to DMI, 15 October 1921; ibid., Cubitt to governor, Parkhurst Prison, 27 April 1921. Greite had filed fifteen petitions for his release, and com- plained of unfair treatment. France, Greite explained, had already released all German agents in November 1920: ibid., 15th petition of Franz L. Th. Greite, HM Prison, Parkhurst, to Secretary of Home Department, 12 September 1921. 24. See p. 85f 25. PRO, WO 141/3/6, file on Leon Francis van der Goten, p. 21A, memorandum by Director of Military Intelligence, 22 April 1920. 26. PRO, WO 32/4898, memorandum by Thwaites on van der Goten, 23 December 1920. 27. PRO, WO 141/3/6, Charles Tufton, Foreign Office, to Belgian Ambassador Moncheur, 14 May 1920. Given that van der Goten had been framed by the British service, and never been in touch with German intelligence, his treat- ment seems rather harsh. 28. Aston, Secret Service, p. 144; Leonard Sellers, Shot in the Tower: The Story of the Spies Executed in the Tower of London during the First World War (London: Leo Cooper, 1997), pp. 118–39.

Conclusion

1. For a sceptical assessment of the role of intelligence in the First World War, see John Keegan, Intelligence in War: Knowledge of the Enemy from Napoleon to Al Qaida (New York: Knopf, 2003), especially Chapter 4 and pp. 144f. 2. BA-MA, PH 3/602, intelligence officer of AOK 5 to IIIb West, 14 May 1916. 3. BA-MA, RM 5/3693, Teschemacher, Wesel, to IIIb, 17 December 1914. 4. Porter, The Origins of the Vigilant State, p. 173: ‘The Special Branch had no one (or no one prominent) with a military background. All its personnel were professional policemen, with experience of the civilian grass roots. Many of them came from working class stock. They were solider, dourer, and generally less silly than the upper-class community who ran the military side.’ 5. For a history of the BND see Udo Ulfkotte, Verschlußsache BND (Heyne: Munich, 1997). 6. Kell was replaced by Sir David Petrie, a veteran policeman, who introduced methodical investigating practices and reformed the department thor- oughly, see Ladislas Farago, Burn After Reading: The Espionage History of World War II (New York: Walker, 1962), p. 82; Judd, Quest, p. 95; Knightley, The Second Oldest Profession, p. 113. Bibliography

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Memoirs and publications of a documentary nature Angell, Norman, The Prussian in our Midst (London: Union of Democratic Control Pamphlets No. 13, 1915). Baden-Powell, Baron Robert, My Adventures as a Spy (London: C.A. Pearson, 1915). ————Lessons from the ‘Varsity’ of Life (London: C.A. Pearson, 1933). Beresford, Lord Charles, The Memoirs of Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, Written by Himself (2 vols, London: Methuen & Co., 1914). Brust, Harold, ‘I Guarded Kings’: Memoirs of a Political Police Officer (London: Stanley Paul, 1935). Buchan, John, Greenmantle (1916; London: Penguin 1994). ————Memory Hold-the-Door (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1940). ————Mr. Standfast (1919; London: Penguin, 1997). ————The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915; London: Penguin, 1991). Carl, Ernst, One against England: The Death of Lord Kitchener and the Plot against the British Fleet (London: Jarrolds, 1935). Chesney, Sir George T., The Battle of Dorking: Reminiscences of a Volunteer (1871; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). Childers, Erskine, The Riddle of the Sands (1903; London: Penguin, 1995). Churchill, Winston S., The World Crisis (5 vols, London: Thornton Butterworth, 1927–1929). Clark, Andrew, Echoes of the Great War: The Diary of the Reverend Andrew Clark, 1914–1919 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985). Clarke, John H., England under the Heel of the Jew (London: C.F. Roworth, 1918). Cornehlsen, Otto, Als deutscher Spion im Weltkrieg (Berlin: Nord-Verlag, 1929). Doyle, Arthur Conan, His Last Bow (1917; London: Penguin, 1997). Dunn, James, Paperchase: Adventures in and out of Fleet Street (London: Selwyn & Blount, 1938). Ehrhardt, Paul, Disclosures of a German Staff Officer: The Letter of Paul Ehrhardt, Merchant, Soldier and Spy (London: The Field & Queen, 1918). Felger, Friedrich (ed.), Was wir vom Weltkrieg nicht wissen (Berlin: Andermann, 1929). Felstead, Sidney Theodore, German Spies at Bay: Being an Actual Record of the German Espionage in Great Britain during the Years 1914–1918, Compiled from Official Sources (London: Hutchinson, 1920). 206 Bibliography

Förster, Wolfgang (ed.), Kämpfer an vergessenen Fronten . . . Kolonial, See-, Luftkrieg, Spionage (Berlin: Neufeld & Henius, 1931). James Lionel [Gaunt, Captain Guy], The German Spy System from Within: By ex-Intelligence Officer, With a Preface by William Le Queux (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1914). ————The Yield of the Years: A Story of Adventure Afloat and Ashore by Admiral Sir Guy Gaunt, Naval Attaché and Chief of the British Intelligence Service in the United States, 1914–1918 (London: Hutchinson, 1940). Gerard, James, My Four Years in Germany (New York: George H. Doran, 1917). von der Goltz, Horst, My Adventures as a German Secret Service Agent (London: Cassell, 1918). Graves, Armgaard K., The Secrets of the German War Office: By Late Spy of the German Government, with the Collaboration of Edward Lyell Fox (New York: A.L. Burt, 1914). ————The Red Secrets of the Hohenzollerns: By a German Spy (New York: McBride, Nast & Co., 1915). Greene, Graham, A Sort of Life (London: Bodley Head, 1971). Grote, Hans Henning (ed.), Vorsicht! Feind hört mit! Eine Geschichte der Weltkriegs- und Nachkriegsspionage (Berlin: Neufeld & Henius, 1930). Haldane, Richard B., An Autobiography (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1929). ————Before the War (London: Cassell, 1920). Halsalle, Henry de (ed.), A Secret Service Woman: Being Confessions, Experiences and Opinions of Olga von Kopf, the Famous International Spy (London: T. Werner Laurie, 1917). Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf translated by Ralph Mannheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943). King, Joseph, The German Revolution with a Preface by Viscount Snowden (London: Williams & Norgate, 1932). ————Invasion Today (London: Watts & Co., 1941). ————Political Crooks at the Peace Conference (London: Independent Labour Party Publications, 1920). Landau, Henry, All’s Fair: The Story of the British Secret Service behind the German Lines (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1934). Leopold, Otto (ed.), Deutsche Kriegsspionin und politische Propagandistin: Erlebnisse einer Auslanddeutschen (Stuttgart: R. Lutz Nachf. O. Schramm, 1930). Le Queux, William Tufnell, The Great War in England in 1897 (London: Tower Publishing, 1894). ————England’s Peril: A Story of the Secret Service (London: F.V. White, 1899). ————The German Spy: A Present-Day Story (London: George Newnes, 1914). ————The Invasion of 1910, With a Full Account of the Siege of London (London: Eveleigh Nash, 1906). ————Spies of the Kaiser: Plotting the Downfall of England with a Preface by Nicholas Hiley (1909; London: Frank Cass, 1996). ————German Spies in England (London: S. Paul, 1915). ————Things I Know about Kings, Celebrities and Crooks (London: E. Nash & Grayson, 1923). Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul von (ed.), Die Weltkriegsspionage: Original-Spionage-Werk (Basle: Moro, 1931). Bibliography 207

Lichnowsky, Fürst Karl Max von, Meine Londoner Mission 1912–1914 und Eingabe an das preußische Herrenhaus (Berlin: Flugschriften des Bundes Neues Vaterland, 1919). Lloyd George, David, War Memoirs (2 vols, London: Odhams Press, 1938). Macdonagh, Michael, In London during the Great War: The Diary of a Journalist (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1935). Mahan, Alfred Thayer, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660–1783 (2 vols, New York: Sampson Low, 1892). Maurier, Guy du, An Englishman’s Home (London: Edward Arnold, 1909). Marine-Offizier-Verband (ed.), Die Ehrenrangliste der Kaiserlich Deutschen Marine 1914–1918, bearbeitet von Kontreadmiral a.D. Stoelzel, 3 vols (Berlin: Thormann & Goetsch, 1930). Maxse, Leo, Germany on the Brain, or: The Obsession of a Crank. Gleanings from the National Review, 1899–1914, With an Introductory Note by L.J. Maxse (London: Periodical Publications, 1915). Monka, Friedrich, Achtung IIIb – geheim! (Berlin: Scherl, 1931). ————Spionage an der Westfront: Aus den Aufzeichnungen eines ehemaligen Mitgliedes des deutschen Geheimdienstes im Weltkrieg 1914/18 (Berlin: Scherl, 1930). Nadolny, Rudolf, Mein Beitrag (Wiesbaden: Limes, 1955). Nicolai, Walter, Geheime Mächte: Internationale Spionage und ihre Bekämpfung im Weltkrieg und heute (Leipzig: Woehler, 1923). ————The German Secret Service (London: S. Paul, 1924). ————Nachrichtendienst, Presse und Volksstimmung im Weltkrieg (Berlin: Mittler, 1920). Niemann, August, The Coming Conquest of England, translated by J.H. Freese (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1904). Pankhurst, Sylvia, The Home Front (1932; London: Cresset Library, 1987). Papen, Franz von, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse (Munich: List, 1952). Playne, Caroline, Society at War 1914–1916 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1931). Ponsonby, Sir Arthur, Falsehood in War-Time: Containing an Assortment of Lies Circulated throughout the Nations during the Great War (London: Allen & Unwin, 1928). v. R., ‘Die Invasion Englands in englischer Beleuchtung’, Marine Rundschau (November 1908), pp. 1246–58. Repington, Charles à Court, Vestigia (London: Constable, 1919). Rintelen, Franz von, The Dark Invader: Wartime Reminiscences of a German Naval Intelligence Officer with an Introduction by Reinhard R. Doerries (1933; London: Frank Cass, 1998). Ritter, Nikolaus, Deckname Dr. Rantzau: Die Aufzeichnungen des Nikolaus Ritter, Offizier im Geheimen Nachrichtendienst (Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe, 1972). Schellenberg, Walter, Memoiren (Cologne: Verlag für Politik und Wirtschaft, 1959). Schragmüller, Elsbeth, Die Bruderschaft der Borer und Balierer von Freiburg und Waldkirch (Karlsruhe: Volkswirtschaftliche Abhandlungen der Badischen Hochschulen, 1914). ————‘Aus dem deutschen Nachrichtendienst’, in Fredrich Felger (ed.), Was wir vom Weltkrieg nicht wissen (Berlin: Andermann, 1929), pp. 138–55. Schwarte, Max (ed.), Der Große Krieg 1914–1918 (10 vols, Leipzig, Berlin: Barth, 1921–1923). 208 Bibliography

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Books, articles and dissertations Adams, R.J.Q., ‘The National Service League and Mandatory Service in Edwardian Britain’, Armed Forces and Society, 12 (1985), pp. 53–74. ————The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain, 1900–1918 (London: Mac- millan, 1987). ———— ‘Field-Marshal Earl Roberts: Army and Empire’, in Mejia and Thompson, Edwardian Conservatism: Five Studies in Adaptation (London: Croom Helm, 1988), pp. 41–76. Afflerbach, Holger, Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1994). Andrew, Christopher M., ‘The Mobilization of British Intelligence for the Two World Wars’, in N.F. Drieszieger (ed.), Mobilization for Total War (Ontario: Wil- fried Laurier University Press, 1981). ————Her Majesty’s Secret Service: The Making of the British Intelligence Commu- nity (London: Heinemann, 1985). ————‘Secret Intelligence and British Foreign Policy 1900–1939’, in Christopher Andrew and Jeremy Noakes (eds), Intelligence and International Relations, 1900–1945 (Exeter: University of Exeter Publications, 1987), pp. 9–28. Bibliography 209

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Note: for individual secret service members see also Appendices 1 and 3.

Agadir (or second Moroccan) crisis, 119, 120, 121, 128, 130, 137, 13f., 19, 48, 51f., 55, 70, 90 144–7 Ahlers, Edmund, 55 MI6, 8, 9, 10, 146 Aliens’ Restriction Act (ARA), 76, 77, 83 MO5, 28, 36, 38 Anti-Semitism, 2, 166 (n. 7) MO5(g), 79, 85, 99, 102, 106, 119 Argo Steamship Company, 45 Naval intelligence, 23, 31, 41, 65, Asquith, Herbert, 26, 92 68, 99, 125 Australia, 64, 65, 66, 128 Secret Service Bureau (SSB), 4, 11, 32, 34, 35, 36–41, 73, 144 Bacon, George Vaux, 136, 137, 138 Special Branch of New Scotland Yard, Balfour, Arthur, 23 27, 36, 59, 74, 75, 92, 119, 120, Ballin, Albert, 18, 19 121, 126, 174f. (n. 97), 202 (n. 4) Barlow, Sir John, 34 see also entries for individual members Battenberg, Prince Louis von, 23, 74 of the British intelligence Belgium, 36, 65, 68, 81–3, 90, 110–12, community 116, 117, 141 Brodtmann (or Brockmann), Paul, 32, Bendemann, Felix von, 42 45, 177 (n.19) Beresford, Charles 28 Brogan, Anthony J., 126f. Bernstorff, Count Johann von, 7, 62 Burdon, Richard, see Haldane, Lord Bethell, Alexander Edward, 31 Buxton, Sydney Charles, 31 Biological warfare, 131–4, 145 Bismarck, Otto von, 5, 21, 42 Cadmus, Henry R., 93 , 10 Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 25 Bodkin, Archibald, 66, 78, 100 Canaris, Wilhelm, 16, 146 Boehm, Hans, 126 Casement, Sir Roger, 95, 120 Boer (or South African) War, 3, 22 Cavell, Edith, 111f., 116 Borkum affair, 40f., 49, 50, Chesney, George Tomkyns, 21, 24 176 (n. 118) Childers, Erskine, 23, 36, 40 Born, George, 136 Churchill, Winston, 24, 34, Bournonville, Eva de, 112, 116 36, 37, 118, 147, Boy-Ed, Karl, 52, 95, 126 175 (n. 115) Brandon, Vivian, 40f., 49, 59 Clarke, Stanley, 40, 70 Breeckow, Georg, 111, 115, 142 Coerper, Carl von, 44, 46 British intelligence community Committee of Imperial Defence administrative history, 175 (n. 99) considers establishment of a Secret Counter-Espionage Bureau, 49, Service Bureau, 33 56, 58, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, considers extent of German 68, 71, 72 espionage, 4, 30–4 MI5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 59, 62, 70, 72, considers possibility of German 79, 80, 85, 86, 101, 104, 105–9, invasion, 23f., 25f.

220 Index 221

Communication Felstead, Sidney Theodore, 8, 78 censorship and mail interception, Filchner, Dr Wilhelm, 94, 130 35f., 56, 58, 68, 69, 70, 71, 99, Fisher, John ‘Jackie’, 25, 26, 43, 46 106f., 177 (n. 17) Flores, Heinrich, 87 codes and secret writing, 44, 91, 92, Fox, Edward Lyell, 62, 63 107, 137 France, 2, 3, 6, 17, 21, 22, 25, 31, 42, difficulty in time of war, 109, 144 43, 51f., 72, 84f., 86, 87, 90, 93, Cornehlsen, Otto, 129 109, 110, 112, 117, 120, 121, Cribben, Peter J., 136, 137 132, 133, 143 Croner (later Kronauer), Marie, 58, Franco–German war of 1870–1, 3, 4, 59, 68, 71 21, 54, 117, 119 Croner (later Kronauer), Wilhelm, 53, 58 Frankignoul, Brazil, 85, 87 Cumming, Mansfield, 4, 9, 36f., 85, Freyer, Walther, 83, 88 146, 176 (n. 118) Gaunt, Guy, 113 Daelen, Paul, 91, 95, 98 German intelligence community Dale Long, Henry, 36 Abwehr, 16, 146 Davies, Francis, 38 BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst), 146 Defence of the Realm Act (DORA), 76, ‘G’, 16 77, 99, 115 Intermediaries (Mittelsmänner), 53, Denmark, 43, 94, 134 55, 56, 58, 68, 70 Deutsche Bank, 44 KNW (Kriegsnachrichtenwesen, war Diederichs, Otto von, 14, 15, 18 intelligence system), 20, 45, 52, 80 Dierks, Hilmar, 84, 87, 91, 107, ‘N’, 6, 8, 12, 14–19, 43–6, 52, 54, 189 (n. 90) 55f., 60, 63–8, 69–71, 72, 80, Dilger, Dr Anton, 133 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 104, ‘D-notice system’, 35 109, 114, 120, 136, 139, 143–6 Drake, Reginald John, 36, 70, 102 ‘NI’, 16, 98, 126 Drew, Edward, 36 ‘NIV’, 16, 121, 129, 139, 140, Duff, Hugh, 55 170 (n. 22) Dunbar, Frederick, 119, 120 Naval attachés and espionage, 15, Dunn, James, 85, 86 44–6, 63, 70, 144 Duurloo, Francis Al., 96 Schiffsbefragungsdienst (marine interrogation service), 94, 130 Ebert, Friedrich, 140 Sektion IIIb, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 18, Ebert, Paul, 16, 140 32, 69, 83f., 120, 121, 143f. Edmonds, James, 28–34, 36, 38 Sektion P, 120, 127, 131 Engel, Johann, 69 Tension travellers, 52f., 80 Englishman’s Home, An (play by Guy de see also entries for individual members Maurier), 26 of the German intelligence Entente cordiale, 22, 43, 44 community Ernst, Karl Gustav, 53, 60, 65, 71, Germany 77–80, 81, 100, 194 (n. 125) Admiralstab (Admiralty Staff), 6, Esher, Lord, 31, 33 14–20, 32, 42–4, 52, 53, 57, 65, Eulenburg, Count Victor, 31 66, 67, 69, 71, 80, 89, 90, 93, 98, Ewart, John Spencer, 28, 31, 34, 36 102, 103, 121, 129, 136, 139, 140, 143f. Falkenhayn, Erich von, 52, 87, 128 Auswärtiges Amt (Foreign Office), Fashoda crisis, 22 17, 19f., 50, 52, 66, 127, 138 222 Index

Germany – continued Haldane, Lord, 25, 26, 29–35 Imperial Navy, 6, 13f., 17, 47, 52, Hall, Reginald, 99, 125 66, 89, 90–2, 97, 139, 143 Hamburg-America-Line (HAL), 18, 19, outbreak of the First World War, 20, 96, 97 98, 102–4 Hardinge, Sir Charles, 31 Reichstag (German parliament), 2, 13 Harmsworth, Alfred, see Northcliffe, submarine warfare, 90–2, 114, Lord 135, 139 Hastings, Charles, 136, 138 Third Reich, 16, 63, 102, 147 Heeringen, August von, 52, 90 Weltpolitik, 5, 6, 13, 22, 42, 52 Heeringen, Josias von, 50 see also German intelligence Helm, Siegfried, 48–51, 71, 72 community Henry, Sir Edward, 31, 36 Gladstone, Herbert, 31 Hensel, Paul, 115 Glauer, Hedwig, 57, 59, 182 (n. 132) Hentschel, Karl, 54, 63–7, 77, 146 Gneist, Carl, 83, 84, 86, 107, 112 Hentschel, Patricia, 66 Goltz, Horst von der, 96, 123–6, 198 Herz, Peter, 87 (n. 27) Heydebrand, Ernst von, 52 Goten, Leon Francis van der, 85f., Hitler, Adolf, 103, 146, 147 114f., 141f., 146 Holt-Wilson, Eric, 7 Graves, Armgaard Karl, 54, 60–3, 72, Honour and espionage, 77, 99, 123, 146 incompatibility of, 46, 101f. Great Britain Horst, Baron Louis von, 120, 122 Admiralty, 23, 26, 35, 36, 40, 41, 43, 56, 65 Ireland, 95f., 99, 120, 134 British Expeditionary Force (BEF), Ireland, Frederick, 58, 71, 78 89f., 144 Isendahl, Walther, 15, 19, 45, 52, 88, conscription controversy, 25–7 95, 127, 129, 136 German colony in, 40, 53f., 75f., Isaacs, Sir Rufus, 51 107f., 146, 175 (n. 115) invasion and spy scare literature, 4, Jane, Fred T., 32 21–5, 46, 145 Jews, 96f., 191 (n. 45) labour movement, 2f., 59, 118–20 Jihad, 96, 117 outbreak of the First World War, 2f., 74–6, 118f., 166 (n. 9) Kaiser, Lieutenant-Commander, 80 Royal Navy, 1, 6, 14, 17, 23, 25, 26, Kefer, Captain, 82 43, 44, 52, 65, 68, 89, 90, 109, Kestein Company, 84 112, 143 Kell, Constance, 11, 38f. see also British intelligence community Kell, Vernon, 4, 9, 11, 36–41, 49–51, Greene, Sir Graham, 41, 50, 65, 68 56, 60, 61f., 64, 65, 66, 71, 73, Greite, Franz Theodore, 85, 140f. 76, 77–80, 85, 86, 106, 107, 118, Grey, Edward, 113, 114 120, 144–7 Grosse, Heinrich, 54, 56–9, 62, Kelly, Bryan A., 95f. 70, 71 Kiderlen-Wächter, Alfred von, 20, Grund, Heinrich, 82, 138 50, 51 Guell, Mario, 114 King, Joseph, 59, 62 Guerrero, Adolfo, 114 Klare, William, 72 Kruger (or Krüger), Otto Moritz Hagn, Alfred, 114, 130 Walter, 53, 58f., 60, 65, 71 Hahn, John, 96, 107, 115 Küpferle, Anton, 104, 107, 112 Index 223

Landau, Henry, 85, 87 Patrocinio, José de, 86 Lansing, Robert, 113 Phillips, Violet, 58 Lassen, Alfred, 16, 121 Prieger, Fritz, 16, 98, 99, 100, Lassen, August, 16, 88, 129, 139 101, 126 Lavendal, Fritz, 130 Propaganda, 108–16, 144 Le Queux, William Tufnell, 1, 21, 24, 28–34, 38, 61, 75, 118, 134 Quinn, Patrick, 75 Leibacher, F., 106, 107 Lincoln, Trebitsch, 96 Rautenfels, Baron Friedrich Walter Lody, Carl Hans, 93, 97–105, 115 von, 129 Lloyd George, David, 51f. Reichardt, Paul, 16 Lovat, Lord, 25 Repington, Charles, 25, 26, 27 Ludendorff, Erich, 132 Riley, Patricia, 64 Roberts, Lord Frederick, 24, 25, Macdonogh, George, 36 26f., 28 Mahan, Alfred T., 13 Roodhardt, J.C., 136 Mata Hari, see Zelle, Margarete Gertrud Roos, Willem Johannes, 91, 104 McKenna, Reginald, 31 Roosevelt, Theodore, 113, 114 Meisner, Arthur Denis, 137 Rosenthal, Levi, 72 Melville, William, 27f., 40, 48, 64, 65, Rosenthal, Robert, 97, 115 130, 173 (n. 47) Russell, Charles Edward, 137 Metternich, Count Paul Wolff von, 27 Mexico, 67, 123, 125 general, 3, 6, 22, 42, 43, 71, 109, Meyer, Albert, 115 120, 122, 128, 140, 144 Michahelles, Hans, 129f. , 120, 140 Moroccan crisis (first), 24, 43 Russian soldiers rumoured to be in Mulder, J.A., 127 Britain, 92f. Müller, Carl Friedrich, 96, 107, 115 Rutherford, Rutledge, 136, 137, 138f. Müller, Erich von, 45 Rysbach, Kurt Herlot de, 96, 115 Murray, Archibald James, 31, 34 Muslims, 96 Sabotage, 121–31, 145 Salomon, Max, 93 Nadolny, Rudolf, 121, 127, Sander, Albert A., 136, 138 128, 131 Scheele, Dr Walter, 127 Nairne, Charles Stuart, 99, 192 (n. 67) Scheer, Reinhard, 90, 136, 140 Napoleon III, 3, 21 Schnitzer, Ludwig, 82, 86, 87, 107 Netherlands, 81, 83–8, 94, 136–8 Schragmüller, Dr Elisabeth Neumann, Gustav, 55f. (‘mademoiselle docteur’), 82, 94 Nicolai, Walter, 16, 82, 106, 116 Schroeder, Adolf Frederick, 67–9 Northcliffe, Lord, 24, 28 Schröder, Baron Bruno von, 113, 182 Norway, 94, 98, 114, 129–31, 134 (n. 132) Schultz, Max (British spy), 41, 54, 176 Official Secrets Act (OSA), 33, 35, (n. 124) 59, 79, 83 Schultz, Max (German spy), 54–6, Ostertag, Ronald, 32, 83f. 71, 72 Scott, Sir Samuel, 25 Page, Walter Hines, 113 Selborne, William Lord, 23 Papen, Franz von, 123, 125, 126 Silber, Jules Crawford, 108f. Parrott, George, 63–7 Smith, Louise Mathilde, née Zastrow, 140 224 Index

Smith, William, 76 Trench, Bernard, 40f., 49, 59 Spring-Rice, Cecil, 25, 113, 114 Triest, Gustav Kenneth, 112–14 Stammer, Georg, 16, 61, 62, 64, 66, 98, 99 United States of America, 42, 63, Steinhauer, Gustav, 47f., 53, 55f., 91, 100, 101, 109, 112–14, 116, 57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 67f., 70, 71, 121–3, 125f., 128f., 132, 133, 135–9 77, 78, 80, 87, 94, 144 Uranium Steamship Company, 85f. Stephenson, Guy, 65 Stewart, Bertrand, 41, 59 Victoria, Queen, 3, 48 Storz, Louise, 97f., 102 Vieyra, Leopold, 85, 114 Stumm, Wilhelm von, 19 Stumpff, Captain, 82 Weber, Max, 5 Subversion, 117–21 Weiszflog, Adolf, 91, 106 Wertheim, Louise Emily, 111, 116, Tapken, Arthur, 15, 16, 44, 45, 141, 142, 182 (n. 132), 195 (n.150) 52, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 98 Whytock, Roslyn, 136, 138 Tarren, E.C., 55 Widenmann, Wilhelm, 44f., 54 Temple, R.C., 31, 33 Wilhelm II, 5, 13, 14, 15, 48, 52, 96, Tinsley, Richard Bolton, 85f., 137 103, 112, 132, 172 (n. 29) Thatcher, Margaret, 10 Wilson, Woodrow, 135 Thomson, Basil, 59, 74, 75, 92, 120, Wodehouse, Hannah, 48–50 126, 128, 137, 138, 175 (n. 97) Wohlfahrt, Hans, 48 Thomson, D.C., 30 Wünnenberg, Karl, 136, 138 Thwaites, William, 27, 140–2 Tirpitz, Alfred von, 6, 13, 14, 15, 18, Zelle, Margarete Gertrud (Mata Hari), 42, 89 95, 112