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2008 Report to the National Underground

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2008 Report to the National Underground OMB Control No. 1024-0232 Expires 12/31/2006 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL UNDERGROUND RAILROAD NETWORK TO FREEDOM GENERAL INFORMATION Type (pick one): _X__ Site ___ Facility ___ Program Name: FULTON OPERA HOUSE, SITE OF OLD LANCASTER COUNTY JAIL Address: 12 -16 North Prince Street City, State, Zip: LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA 17603-3808 County: LANCASTER Congressional District: 16TH PA Physical Location of Site/facility (if different): Address not for publication? N/A Date Submitted: JANUARY 12 2008 Summary: Describe in 200 words or less, the significance to the Underground Railroad, of the site, program, or facility nominated for inclusion in the Network. A National Historic Landmark, the Fulton Opera House in Lancaster, Pennsylvania ranks among the nation’s oldest continually operating theaters. It also marks the site of a dramatic episode in the history of the Underground Railroad when the property was the location of the original Lancaster County Jail. It was from this now mostly demolished lockup that an unusual and daring escape occurred in 1835. Two formerly enslaved African American women were seized by bounty hunters, lodged in the prison on a temporary basis, but were secretly released by an unlikely co- conspirator: the chief law enforcement officer of Lancaster County, Sheriff David "Dare-Devil Dave" Miller (1795-1858). The women told sympathizers they escaped themselves, apparently to give "cover" to Sheriff Miller. However, the Sheriff later admitted his involvement to a confidante. Miller was elected to his post as an Anti-Mason. This colorful character was a humanitarian and an avid horseman who suppressed race riots against African Americans. A military veteran, he was also a hotel owner, an early railroad entrepreneur, and, according to local tradition, a supporter of the region’s Underground Railroad. In 1852, the prison was partially demolished and Fulton Hall was constructed on portions of the foundation, built in 1774-1775. Remnants of the prison are displayed inside the theater’s public area and are also visible on the building’s exterior. FOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE USE ONLY I hereby certify that this ___ site ___ facility ___ program is included in the Network to Freedom. __________________________________ _________________ Signature of certifying official/Title Date 1 OMB Control No. 1024-0232 Expires 12/31/2006 Owner/Manager (Share contact information __X_Y ___ N) Name: Harvey W. Owen, President Board of Trustees Fulton Theater, Inc. Address: 12-16 North Prince Street City, State, Zip: Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 17603-3808 Phone: 717-394-7133 Fax: 717-397-3780 E-mail: [email protected] Owner/Manager (Share contact information _X__Y ___ N) Name: Aaron A. Young, Managing Director Fulton Theater, Inc. Address: 12-16 North Prince Street City, State, Zip: Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 17603-3808 Phone: 717-394-7133 Fax: 717-397-3780 E-mail: [email protected] Application Preparer (Enter only if different from contact above.) (Share contact information ___Y ___ N) Name: Randolph J. Harris Address: 314 West Chestnut Street City, State, Zip: Lancaster, PA 17603 Phone: 717-808-2941 Fax: E-mail: [email protected] Privacy Information: The Network to Freedom was established, in part, to facilitate sharing of information among those interested in the Underground Railroad. Putting people in contact with others who are researching related topics, historic events, or individuals or who may have technical expertise or resources to assist with projects is one of the most effective means of advancing Underground Railroad commemoration and preservation. Privacy laws designed to protect individual contact information (i.e., home or personal addresses, telephone numbers, fax numbers, or e-mail addresses), may prevent NPS from making these connections. If you are willing to be contacted by others working on Underground Railroad activities and to receive mailings about Underground Railroad-related events, please add a statement to your letter of consent indicating what information you are willing to share. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Park Service’s National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom to nominate properties, facilities, and programs to the Network to Freedom. A Federal agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Response to this request is required for inclusion in the Network to Freedom in accordance with the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act (P.L. 105-203). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 15 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the National Coordinator, National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom, NPS, 601 Riverfront Drive, Omaha, Nebraska 68102. 2 OMB Control No. 1024-0232 Expires 12/31/2006 This application includes the following required attachments: 1) Letter of consent from property owner for inclusion in the Network to Freedom. 2) Text and photographs of all site markers 3) Photographs illustrating the current appearance and condition of the site being nominated 4) Maps showing the location of the site S1. Site type: _X__ Building ___ Object ___ District (neighborhood) _X_ Structure ___ Landscape/natural feature ___ Archeological site S2. Is the site listed in the National Register of Historic Places? _X__Y ___ N Fulton Opera House, National Historic Landmark (1969), and contributing structure to the City of Lancaster National Historic District, est. 2001. S3. Ownership of site: ___ Private _X__ Private, non-profit (501c3) ___ Multiple ownership ___ Public, local government ___ Public, state government ___ Public, federal government S4. The site’s association and significance to the Underground Railroad. A National Historic Landmark, the Fulton Opera House was constructed in 1852 on North Prince Street in the City of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It ranks among the nation’s oldest continually operating entertainment facilities. The Fulton also marks the site of a dramatic episode in the early history of the Underground Railroad when the property was the location of the original Lancaster County Jail. It was from this lockup – now mostly razed from the site -- that an unusual and daring escape occurred during the summer of 1835 by two formerly enslaved African American women who were seized by bounty hunters on the rural Lancaster County farms on which they had been living and working for about three years. One of the women and her eldest daughter were taken from the Bart Township farm of Jacob Bushong (1813-1880), a Quaker who, with his father Henry, were widely known as Underground Railroad operatives. The Bushong farm was located about a mile from the William Parker House, site of the Resistance at Christiana in 1851. This area of Lancaster County included many Quaker family-owned farms where freedom seekers were regularly provided safe harbor. The mother and daughter and another African American women from a separate farm were taken to the County jail by the four bounty hunters. Reports of these seizures spread quickly through the community. The bounty hunters were engaged by the claimed "owner" of the women, a farmer named Moore, whose farm was reported to have been located in one of the Carolina states. Their plan was to temporarily lodge the women in the Lancaster County Jail before taking them South. The published narrative account of these events does not describe the status of the third woman seized after the escape. She was reported to be the eldest daughter of Mrs. Wallace. The women were quickly assisted in their release and flight by an unlikely co-conspirator: the chief law enforcement officer of Lancaster County, Sheriff David "Dare Devil Dave" Miller (1795-1858). 1 The freed women told their story to Lancaster County’s most well known Underground Railroad stationmaster, Daniel Gibbons of the Village of Bird in Hand, East Lampeter Township. They claimed they had managed to escape the County Prison themselves, apparently to give "cover" to 1 Smedley, R.C. History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2005 [1883], pages 71-73. 3 OMB Control No. 1024-0232 Expires 12/31/2006 4 OMB Control No. 1024-0232 Expires 12/31/2006 The site’s association and significance to the Underground Railroad, continued Sheriff Miller. However, the Sheriff was asked soon after how the women were able to escape. He replied cryptically to Gibbons’ son, Dr. Joseph Gibbons, also an Underground Railroad activist: “The account given by the women seemed so strange and incredible that Dr. Gibbons interviewed that eccentric character “Devil-Dave” Miller, who was then sheriff, and lived in the jail. When asked how it happened that he allowed two negro women to slip through his fingers, he winked and laughed. It was afterwards discovered the he opened the door and let them walk out. This was the only black woman known to Daniel and his son who persisted in keeping her secret.” 2 See Figures 14 through 16 for the account of the escape written by Robert C. Smedley Sheriff Miller, elected to office in 1833, began his term in early 1834 and served until the end of 1836, when he moved to Philadelphia. Miller was a member of the Anti-Masonic Party, later a Whig, avid horseman, the owner of hotels in both Lancaster and Philadelphia and an early railroad entrepreneur. 3 Miller was also known for his humanitarian actions, such as opposing capital punishment and paying fines from his own funds rather than see a debtor family without shelter. “Social, original, generous to a fault, he espoused the Anti-Masonic cause with all his energy and in 1833 that strange fanaticism was at its height.
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