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Science of Thought and the Culture of Democracy in Postwar Japan, 1946-1962

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Science of Thought and the Culture of Democracy in Postwar Japan, 1946-1962 Science of Thought and the Culture of Democracy in Postwar Japan, 1946-1962 Adam Bronson Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Adam Bronson All rights reserved Abstract Science of Thought and the Culture of Democracy in Postwar Japan, 1946-1962 Adam Bronson This dissertation examines efforts to foster a culture of democracy in postwar Japan, focusing on Science of Thought, one of the most influential associations engaged in publicly rethinking democracy in the years after fascism and defeat. The group was founded in 1946 by seven young intellectuals whose wartime experiences had convinced them of the urgent need to bridge the gap between the world of intellectuals and that of “ordinary people.” My dissertation shows how the group’s many attempts to realize that goal embodied a vision of democratic experimentation that had to be re-articulated again and again in response to challenges that arose in connection with geopolitical events and also with the social changes that accompanied economic recovery and growth. For Science of Thought, democracy was not something that could be decreed by occupation authorities or conjured into existence by the media. Its seeds had to be sought in the “thought” (shisō) of the “man on the street.” Contributors to the group’s journal espoused a “science of thought” capable of enabling researchers to discover the mental worlds and implicit philosophies of ordinary people. Drawing methodological insight from American pragmatist philosophy and social science, the group conducted statistical surveys and interviews, and produced content analyses of popular movies, novels, and comic books in an unusual experiment to probe the mind of the “common man.” In the charged political context of the early fifties, members of the group searched for new ways to nurture democracy from the grassroots. Inspired by the apparent success of the ongoing social revolution in China, members began promoting and facilitating educational and cultural movements underway in the Japanese countryside. In the process, Science of Thought became an anchor for a nation-wide network of factory workers, engineers, students, and housewives linked together by reading groups and writing circles. As economic growth began to transform Japanese society in the late fifties and early sixties, the group’s earlier faith in the inherent democratic pragmatism of ordinary people gave way to promoting a more oppositional stance, embodied in the classless ideal of the citizen-activist confronting the pressures of conformism in mass society and white-collar life. On the basis of this ideal, the group became an enthusiastic supporter of the large-scale protests against the US-Japan Security Treaty in 1960, which marked the beginning of citizen movements that influenced Japanese civil society in the subsequent decades. The evolution of the group from a small research circle into a standard-bearer for citizen’s activism in the sixties can be seen as a metonym for the experience of postwar progressives, an experience that included moments of pro-Enlightenment optimism and anti-American nationalism. Rather than through developing a specific theory of democracy or citizenship, the significance of Science of Thought lay in the way it exemplified democracy in practice. The accumulated practical experience of the intellectuals and citizens associated with the group remains relevant to those who continue to grapple with the dillemas of democracy today. Table of Contents List of Figures ii Acknowledgements iii Introduction Science of Thought and Democracy 1 Chapter 1 The Negative Origins of Postwar Thought 19 Chapter 2 Communicating Democracy: American Science and the Enlightenment of the Intellectual 56 Chapter 3 The Philosophy of Ordinary People Project 106 Chapter 4 Long-term Revolution: Life-Writing, the Circle Movement, and The People’s Republic of China 154 Chapter 5 The Age of Conversion 206 Conclusion The Security Treaty Protests of 1960 and their Aftermath 248 Bibliography 258 i List of Figures Chapter 1 1.1 Customers waiting to buy the first volume of Nishida Kitarô zenshû, 1946 Chapter 2 2.1 Isotype picture language in Science of Thought, 1948 Chapter 4 4.1 Wang Qi, Listening to a Lecture, woodcut print, 1943 4.2 Mita Genjirô, Yamabiko gakkô, book cover, 1951 4.3 Minami Hiroshi at the Beijing Peace Conference, 1953 4.4-4.8 Life-wiriting circle “Seikatsu o tsuzuru no kai,” 1954 Chapter 5 5.1 “The Three –Isms” fold-out comic in Science of Thought, 1954 ii Acknowledgements I am grateful to the teachers, colleagues, and friends in who supported me during the researching and writing of the dissertation. Carol Gluck, my advisor, encouraged me to pursue threads of inquiry across disciplinary and geographical boundaries. I cannot thank her enough for the assistance and constructive criticism she gave me throughout the entirety of graduate school. Harry Harootunian has been an inspiration to me since I first read his work as an undergraduate in Chicago, and I appreciate the advice and encouragement he gave me during numerous seminars, reading groups, and office-hour meeetings in New York. Samuel Moyn greatly influenced the way I think about historical arguments and helped me orient myself within the world of intellectual history. Kim Brandt taught me much of what I know about teaching and Japanese historiography. Her advice and encouragement has been invaluable. Andrew Sartori generously read the dissertation manuscript and gave me incisive comments on the project as a whole. In Tokyo, Karube Tadashi of the University of Tokyo and Umemori Naoyuki of Waseda University welcomed me into their seminars and directed me to important archival resources located throughout the city. They were intellectual anchors for me during my two-year stay in Japan. Matsuzawa Hiroaki introduced me to the Maruyama Masao archive at Tokyo Woman’s Christian University. Nishikawa Yuko and Ukai Masaki invited me to present my research at a workshop at Kyoto Bunkyo University, and they gave me access to a wealth of archival materials pertaining to Tsurumi Kazuko housed there. Yamaryô Kenji generously agreed to speak to me about his first- hand experiences with Science of Thought during the fifties. My research in Japan was made possible by funding from the Japan Foundation, the Social Science Research Council, and the Waseda University Junior Visiting Researcher Program. Upon returning to New York, I received office space and support from the Institute for Social and iii Economic Research and Policy at Columbia University. I thank Bill McAllister in the graduate fellows program for welcoming me into the intellectual community there. During the final writing stage, David Pfeifer at the Institute for American Thought at Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis gave me access to materials in the Charles W. Morris collection that illuminated the relationship between Science of Thought and pragmatist thinkers in the United States. Monica Blank at the Rockefeller Archive Center helped me locate materials pertaining to the Rockefeller Foundation’s support for Japanese intellectuals after the war. Numerous friends in Chicago, New York, Tokyo, and Kyoto lent their emotional and intellectual support to me. I could not have finished this dissertation without them. Timothy Yang, Nate Shockey, Ramona Bajema, James Chappel, Andrew Liu, Max Ward, Phil Kaffen, Reto Hoffman, Chad Diehl, Miryong Shim, Max Black, Chelsea Schieder, Isabel Gabel, Simon Taylor, and Buyun Chen all helped me by reading drafts and discussing issues with me that arose during the writing process. Nakata Norihiro, Shirai Satoshi, Satoko Uechi, Sano Tomonori, Andrew Gebert, Tobita Maiko, Shimizu Ryotaro shared their thoughts on my work-in-progress dissertation with me while I was at Waseda University. Cho Sung Eun, Kono Yuri, and Maika Nakao gave me excellent feedback and support while I was at the University of Tokyo. My brother Daniel was an invaluable sounding board during the final stretch of the writing process. This dissertation is dedicated to my family. iv 1 Introduction: Science of Thought and Democracy Twentieth-century democracy was shaped by the collision of two contradictory modern projects. The first project, associated with the European Enlightenment and ideas of human progress, was a struggle to emancipate individuals from traditional ties in politics, religion, morality, and economics in order to enable their full participation in representative self-government. The second, often associated with nineteenth-century criticism of the Enlightenment, was directed toward ameliorating or overcoming the negative effects of social processes associated with modernity, such as the unchecked advance of the division of labor, conformism to the demands of mass society, imperialist expansion, the formation of new class hierarchies. These trends made the task of popular self-government difficult or impossible, although the same processes might also appear to further earlier Enlightenment goals of undermining older social formations that were imagined to impede the emergence of free individuals.1 Efforts to grapple in different ways with the points of contradiction in these two projects generated a wide range of political and intellectual orientations – socialist, progressive, liberal, corporatist, conservative, communist – which became broadly aligned with democracy as something to be aspired
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