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National Diet Library Newsletter No. 233, November 2020 Contents Selections from NDL collections Christmas in Deshima Materials newly available in the Modern Japanese Political History Materials Room (9) Articles by NDL staff The NDL Preservation Forum—30 Years of Caring for Library Materials News from NDL Official version of Japan Search has become available! Selected list of articles from NDL periodicals The NDL Monthly Bulletin No. 715, November 2020 National Diet Library Newsletter No. 233, November 2020 Selections from NDL collections Christmas in Deshima KAMESAWA Akihiko, Service Planning Division, Reader Services and Collections Department This article is a part of translation of the article in Japanese in NDL Monthly Bulletin No. 704 (December 2019). 1. Introduction Deshima. According to Nagasaki oranda shokan no nikki Christmas is celebrated throughout Japan, like in many (lit. a diary of the Dutch trading house in Nagasaki), they Western nations. When the season comes, the country is were not allowed to travel freely. Selling and exchanging enveloped in a lively atmosphere. Towns are filled with Christian ornaments, publishing the Bible or hymn books festive decorative lights and ornaments in Christmas and holding Christian rituals were also prohibited, and colors. The weather is getting colder but joyful Christmas those who did not obey the rules were severely punished. songs heard everywhere make people excited. Children Furthermore, sometimes the shogunate banned Dutch look forward to receiving gifts from Santa Claus, parents people from bringing foreign books from Dutch ships to prepare to disguise themselves as him and lovers make Deshima as the shogunate officials could not read them. plans to spend Christmas Eve together. Unlike nowadays, there were no such customs in Japan Deshima contained two opposite aspects. The beautiful in the Edo era. Not only that, Japan was closed to the arc shaped island on the sea served as a gateway to other world and Christianity was strictly banned at that time. countries. At the same time, it also served as a jail and However, Christmas was celebrated in secret in Deshima, its Dutch residents at the time actually called it one. The a man-made island in Nagasaki which once existed for isolated jail continued for about two centuries until the foreign residents. How did people hold festive events for Treaty of Amity between the Netherlands and Japan Christmas under those circumstances? allowed Dutch people to travel freely. Sho oyakuba ezu [Manuscript] 30cm×11cm Owned by National Diet Library; NDL Call No. 101-237 *Available in the NDL Digital Collections 2. Deshima Nagasaki zu Publisher: 冨嶌屋; NDL Call No. 856-55 The construction of Deshima was completed in 1636. Published in [1796] There was nothing but a stone bridge that connected the 35cm×45cm fan-shaped island of 13,117 square meters with the city Owned by National Diet Library; of Nagasaki in mainland Kyushu. Western residents lived NDL Call No. 856-55 there for trading with Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate *Available in the NDL Digital Collections forced them to live in this narrow space in order to put an absolute ban on Christianity. Initially, Portuguese traders 3. The Dutch winter solstice lived in Deshima, but after they were exiled by the Of course, since Christmas events are Christian rituals, shogunate in 1639, Dutch people lived there. Deshima, organizing them on Deshima was subject to severe with the trading house of the Dutch East India Company penalties. Nevertheless, Dutch people in Deshima were in its center, served as the sole gateway to the West while able to dodge the sharp eyes of the shogunate to light Japan adopted a policy of isolation. Christmas candles in an ingenious manner. The shogunate put strict controls on the Dutch people in 1 National Diet Library Newsletter No. 233, November 2020 The trading house of the Dutch East India Company in Deshima. Saikoku shasei Drawn by HASEGAWA Settan Published in [19c] 2 vols; 15.1 cm×19.5 cm NDL Call No. 本別 18-9 *Available in the NDL Digital Collections The Dutch people in Deshima celebrated Christmas This fake winter solstice celebration that came about due saying that they were celebrating winter solstice. There to Eastern and Western events being coincidentally held was a Chinese settlement (Tojin yashiki) near Deshima close to each other came to be known as the “Dutch and a grand banquet was held at winter solstice. Winter winter solstice.” OOTA Nanpo, a man of letters in the Edo solstice is regarded as an important day in the lunar era, emphasized in his work Ichiwa ichigen that the Dutch calendar and falls around December 22 in the solar winter solstice was the most important event for the calendar every year. The Dutch people in Deshima found Dutch trading house. His argument gives an odd out that this Eastern festival was held close to Christmas impression that the Dutch people who worshiped day and used it to cover up their Christmas celebration. Christianity put a high value on the Eastern celebration of winter solstice. According to some experts, this implies the existence of the Christmas celebration it was hiding. The Dutch winter solstice is said to be ostensibly like a Chinese celebration of winter solstice. Nanban nagasakigusa, which was published years later, describes how it looked: In the early morning, craftsmen and gardeners doing business in Deshima would carry a model of a Dutch ship while ringing a gong and walking in a line around the island. In the evening, Dutch people and interpreters would gather to hold an elegant party where dressed up courtesans danced gracefully to the music. ISHIZAKI Yushi depicts a party at Dutch winter solstice in Nagasaki hangashu; Zokuzoku (Nagasaki 8 kei) his Ranjin kaishoku no zu (lit. Dutch dinner party) which Drawn by NAGAMI Tokutaro is included in Nagasaki kokon shuran meisho zue. Well- Published by Kateido dressed Dutch people and courtesans in kimono stand by Published in [1929] a large table covered by a table cloth and mingle with 8 sheets; 40cm Owned by National Diet Library; NDL Call No. 422-116 others. Probably they are about to enjoy the meal. * Available at member libraries of the NDL digitized Candles, silverware, and a cooked pig's head are seen on contents transmission service the table. 2 National Diet Library Newsletter No. 233, November 2020 Ranjin kaishoku no zu and the cooked pig head Nagasaki kokon shuran meisho zue; Nagasaki bunken sosho 2(1) Author: ISHIZAKI Yushi Published by Nagasakibunkensha Published in 1975 Owned by the National Diet Library; NDL Call No. GC274-18 * Available at member libraries of the NDL digitized contents transmission service The pig head is what implies that the Dutch winter custom spread across Europe in the medieval period. solstice was held as a substitute for a Christmas party. Since the pig head depicted in the Ranjin kaishoku no zu One Christmas custom which came from Norse myths is also has what appears to be a round fruit in its mouth, it to put a cooked boar head with fruit in its mouth on the is highly likely that it was a Christmas dish. center of the table. As boars were going extinct in the 12th century, people sometimes used pigs instead. The A picture of the Dutch trading house. A dish on the table also appears to be a pig head (shown in the enlarged picture). Nagasaki miyage Author: ISONO Nobuharu Published by 大和屋由平寿櫻 Published in 1847 Owned by the National Diet Library; NDL Call No. 特 1-1828 * Available in the NDL Digital Collections 3 National Diet Library Newsletter No. 233, November 2020 The Christmas celebration in Deshima was a unique hybrid event of Eastern and Western cultures. However, the mixture was born not from an open atmosphere but from the persecution of Christians and the risk of being severely punished if the truth was revealed. The Dutch winter solstice was developed through bricolage using not only the ingenious ideas of the Dutch people but also Deshima’s ambivalent dual roles where different cultures meet. 4. The Dutch winter solstice in a story HIRAYAMA Roko is a novelist who promoted Japanese popular literature before World War II. He included the Dutch winter solstice in his novel Nagasaki dejima and expressed the humanity in Nagasaki in this love story set in Deshima as its tranquility was being disturbed by the Nagasaki dejima Phaeton Incident of 1808. Characters such as Hendrik Author: HIRAYAMA Roko Doeff, the actual curator (Kapitan) of the Dutch trading Published by Fujin No Iesha house from 1803 to 1817, Ohana, the daughter of a Dutch Published in 1943 father and a Japanese courtesan, SUENAGA, a young man Owned by the National Diet Library; born and living in Nagasaki, and Oyo, a legal courtesan NDL Call No. F13-H69-6a ウ (Maruyama yujo), are some of the vividly described * Available in the National Diet Library Digital ensemble cast. Collections Characters in Nagasaki dejima (from left: the Kapitan, Ohana, Oyo, SUENAGA) In a scene of the Dutch winter solstice, the atmosphere the fact that holding this joyful event was worthy of the of Deshima during the celebration is brilliantly expressed death penalty. in casual conversations among the characters. For example: Here is another scene of the Dutch winter solstice where mixed cultures are depicted with humor coming from “Ohana, Oyo, let’s give words of congratulations to the Oyo’s artlessness: Kapitan. This is the Holy Mother’s celebration so keep this in mind,” SUENAGA whispered. Feeling awkward, Oyo looked upward. There were fir “I know. It’s called Christmas isn’t it?” Oyo already knew branches on the window frame, with two tabi socks about it and carelessly said it out loud.