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Zoology ABSTRACT Review on Eco-Biology of the House Crow

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Zoology ABSTRACT Review on Eco-Biology of the House Crow Research Paper Volume : 3 | Issue : 6 | June 2014 • ISSN No 2277 - 8179 Zoology Review on Eco-Biology of the House KEYWORDS : Distribution, Bio-ecology, Crow, Corvus Splendens (Vieillot, 1816), Corvus, Indian sub-continent (Corvidae: Passeriformes) * S. Ramakrishna Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560056. * Corresponding Authoer Alexander R Ernst & Young LLP, Bangalore - 5600076 Deepak P Department of Zoology, Jyoti Nivas College (Autonomous), Bangalore - 560095 Jayashankar M Department of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore-560 089 ABSTRACT A concise review of the current status encompassing distribution and bio-ecology of the house crow, Corvus splendens (Corvidae: Passeriformes) Vieillot, 1816 in the Indian sub-continent is presented in this article. INTRODUCTION Crows are successful in establishing their population by overlap There are more than 9,000 bird species in the world of which breeding method. Most of the birds in the Corvidae family are in- 1,300 species or over 13% of the world’s bird species belong to telligent and it’s due to the large brain to body ratio compared to the Indian subcontinent (Grimmet et al., 2004). Crows (Corvi- other birds and equal to great apes and a bit lesser compared to dae: Passeriformes) are ubiquitous occurring in most climatic humans (www.birding.in).The young ones live with the parents zones. They are usually sedentary and do not migrate unless there is shortage of food (Robertson and Don, 2000), they mi- survive and since they are co-operative brooders they will learn for a long time during which they learn all the skills necessary to constant raucous cawing ‘caw, cah’ sound is the frequently heardgrate soundin large in theflocks urbanised (www.shades-of-night.com/aviary).The ecosystem. Crows, especially the GENETICSthe skills from any members of the group (Clayton et al., 2005). Indian common crow or the house crow (Corvus splendens) is an The chromosome number of the C. splendens indigenous species of the Indian sub-continent including parts of Afghanistan and Thailand and is usually seen in urban cit- 1980).White crow has been spotted in different is locations80 +/-. The at difsex- ies and it is one of the commonest birds encountered by people ferentdetermination times, e.g.Chennai mechanism and is Bhubaneshwarof ZZ and ZW (Mittal (TOI May and 21,Sakhuja, 2012 in most parts of India. They are well adapted and highly intel- and Aug 21, 2013). lectual birds suiting the urban ecosystem. There are four resi- dent crow species in India viz., House Crow, C. splendens; Large- BEHAVIOUR billed Crow , C.macrorhynchos; Indian Jungle Crow C.culminates • Feeding: and Eastern Jungle Crow C.levaillantii on everything and anything that is edible whether alive or dead. subspecies of Corvus splendens are: C. splendens splendens, C. The house crowsCrows are areomnivorous extremely in skilled nature in and feeding; hence theytheir feeddiet splendens zugmayeri, C. splendens protegatus(Gadgil,, C. 2001). splendens The mal five- includes fruits, grains, insects, small reptiles, mammals and left edivicus and C. splendens insolens (www.avibase.bsc-eoc.org). According one estimate the crow population in India is assigned for their establishment in the urban areas. This scavanging bird to be around 34 million (Sen, 2011). In this review different over’s thrown by humans (garbage). This is the major reason aspects of the house crow are briefly dealt. andcan begarbage found dumps,in cities foragingdrinking forfreshwater scraps. They from alsoswimming feed on pools car- TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION and artificial ponds. These birds can be seen near marketplaces Kingdom Animalia dailycass (Anil (Sen, Kumar, 2011) 2004). Adult birds regulary travel up to 20 km per day to known feeding areas and needs about 300g of food Phylum Chordata • Breeding and brooding: from April to June. Nests are located 4m or higher up in trees Class Aves and dense foliage is preferred. TheCommunal breeding/nesting nesting sites season are not is Order Passeriformes usual but it appears the house crow is adaptable (depending on locations and conditions). The bird usually lays 4-5 eggs which Family Corvidae Parental care is observed in both the sexes. As mentioned ear- Genus Corvus lierare palethe youngblue green ones instay colour for a with long browtime colourwith the speckles parents on and it. Species C. splendens they exhibit cooperative brooding. The Indian Koel (Eudynamys scolopacea) is a brood parasite of the house crow. IUCN Status Least concern • Intra-specific (Communal roost): Crows usually build MORPHOLOGY A detailed description of the external morphology of crows as entailed by Gadgil (2001) is as follows, crows are predominant- their nest in the trees, buildings or any artificial structures with sticks, wire, nail and coir or any fibre materials. The House predators.crows usually Sirsat roost and with Patil other(2013) birds studied like thethe communalJungle crow roost and- stiff,ly black, straight medium bristles sized that birds reach with almost tails to shorter the middle. than The the house wing Myna. They are usually benefited as they are protected from and graduated or rounded at the back. Their bills are stout with roosted along with the Mynas. Gadgil (2001) recorded the com- munaling behaviour roosting of behaviourbirds in Vaijapur. of the TheyC. Splendens reported with that the the Junglecrows distinguishedcrow has a dusky from gray the nape, house neck, crow upper by the breast absence and upperof any back, grey crow and Myna, were the House crows and Jungle crows shifted being glossy black over the rest of the body. The jungle crow is their roosting site from the Mynas and within four days the My- slightly larger (Rasmussen and Anderton 2005). on the hind neck and breast. Sexes are alike, with males being 488 IJSR - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH nas joined them. Research Paper • Interspecific: Crows are very good at Mobbing (Gadgil, Volume : 3 | Issue : 6 | June 2014 • ISSN No et2277 al. - 2003).8179 In Japan, crows are considered to be a pest as they rip open They usually mob the predators in groups. They distract the en- reaching pest proportions in many areas (Brook 2001).They are known to attack dogs, cats and birds of prey. Himachal Pradesh they were a serious pest on almond crops garbage bags and take wire coat hangers for their nests. In GEOGRAPHICemy and steal their DISTRIBUTION food.(www.shades-of-night.com/aviary) other countries. The introduced birds are often considered to The house crow has established itself in at least 25 countries. be(Bhardwaj a serious 1991). problem They to prey that on ecosystem the many byindigenous causing ecologicalspecies in The House crow occurs in agricultural areas, coastland, desert, damage and pose as a threat to humans and wildlife (Feare and - - banestuarine areas, habitats, wetlands natural forests, planted forests, range/grass pestMungroo as they 1990). raid They on crops prey onsuch indigenous as Maize birdsand Sorghum by attacking (Lim and et lands, riparian zones, ruderal/disturbed, scrub/shrublands, ur alfeeding., 2003).In on their some chick countries and eggs. they They are consideredare a serious to agriculturalbe a vector The two most commonly found species in the urban areas are C. splen- Salmonella sp., Plesiomonas, enteropathic Escherichia coli, Shi- dens), is a common bird of Asian origin but found in many parts gellacarrying and major Aeromonas disease hydrophila causing agents (Ryall in 1992). their intestine,The birds such in the as ofthe the house world.They crow and are the closely jungle bound crow. toThe human House settlements Crow ( and introduced range are a threat to the biodiversity of that place hence are perfectly adapted to urban ecosystem (Goodwin as they become a competitor to the avifauna of that place and 1976; Feare and Mungroo 1990). Five subspecies have been re- also cause decline in the population of the native species due ported: C. splendens splendens, C. splendens zugmayeri (southern to their rapid population build up (Ryall, 1992). Due to the nest C. splen- raiding habit in its native range these species enter the species dens protegatus conserved area and pose a threat to them. The Indian Bustard andJammu nearby and islets),Kashmir, C. splendensPunjab and maledivicus western Rajasthan), (the Maldives) and is one such species affected due to the nest raiding habit of the C. splendens insolens(coastal. C. splendens areas, Kerala, zugmayeri the Maldives, is also found Sri Lankain the dry parts of South Asia and Iran (Csurhes, 2010) name, ‘splendens - house crow (Ali and Rahmani, 1982-1983). The generic specific nuisance by many.’ is They latin alsotranslates cause toa nuisance brilliant -to a touristsdifficult andad localjective people to use with when their talking loud about calls crowsand arduous as they defecationare considered and steel food (ISSG.Org). Vector: Indian house crows are suspected carriers of paramyxo viruses such as PMV 1, which can cause Newcastle disease (Roy India were often preceded by mortality in Indian house crows (Blountet al. 1998). 1949). Outbreaks They also of carry Newcastle Cryptococcus disease neoformans experienced, bac in- Figure1. Present global distribution of C.splendens (CABI, al. 2004). 2014) teria that can cause cryptococcosis in humans (Gokulshankar et = Widespread = Localised Scavenger and predator: Although considered as a pest around = Occasional or few reports the globe they play different ecological roles viz., predators, scav- = See regional map for distribution within the country engers and omnivore. They were introduced in many countries INTRODUCTIONS AND INVASIONS ignored. They are essential organisms in the food chain. Usually They are considered to be a global pest as they are very notori- just to feed on the garbage; leftovers were lack of cleaning was corpses are thrown out on the streets and those corpses are fed According to GSID (2010) the House crows are considered to in India a common sighting is the road kills or human killed rat ous and cause serious trouble to other fauna, flora and humans.
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