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A History of Women's Competitive International Rowing Between 1954 and 2003

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A History of Women's Competitive International Rowing Between 1954 and 2003 Paddling Against the Current: A History of Women's Competitive International Rowing Between 1954 and 2003 by Amanda Nicole Schweinbenz BA. Honours, The University of Western Ontario, 1999 MA., The University of Western Ontario, 2001 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Human Kinetics) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA June 2007 © Amanda Nicole Schweinbenz, 2007 11 Abstract In 1954, the Federation International Societes d'Aviron (FISA) hosted the first Women's European Rowing Championships in Macon, France. Although FISA had never before formally recognized women's competitive international rowing, oarswomen around the world had been active participants for years, competing not only in local and national regattas, but international as well. Despite the historical evidence that women could indeed race at an international level, FISA delegates, all of whom were men, saw fit to curtail women's international participation by shortening the women's racing distance to half of that required of the men and restricting the number and types of events in which women raced. While international oarswomen were limited, these constraints were not completely restrictive. Rather, the introduction of women's races at the European championships created opportunities for oarswomen to display publicly their physical and athletic capabilities while challenging social and historical discourses regarding appropriate female appearance and athletic participation. Since this inaugural event in 1954, female athletes, coaches, and administrators have sought to achieve gender equity in a sport typically associated with men and masculinity. Female rowing enthusiasts pressed to increase opportunities for all oarswomen by negotiating with male sporting administrators to have women's competitive international rowing recognized on the same level as men's rowing. By 2003, their combined efforts, aided by some supportive male coaches and rowing administrators, culminated in the admission of oarswomen to the European championships, the world championships, and the Olympic Games, the change of women's racing distance from 1000 metres to 2000 metres, and the introduction of Ill lightweight women's events at the world championships and Olympic Games. This dissertation examines the complex negotiations that have taken place since 1954 and the context in which they occurred through the use of data collected from archival material and in-depth interviews with current and former female administrators, athletes, and coaches, to document and examine the history of women's competitive international rowing between 1954 and 2003. iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT II TABLE OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF ACRONYMS FOR ORGANISATIONS VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS X DEDICATION XII CHAPTER 1 1 WOMEN'S COMPETITIVE INTERNATIONAL ROWING 1 INTRODUCTION l EARLY BEGINNINGS OF WOMEN'S ROWING 2 THE PRICE OF ACCEPTANCE 15 THE GROWTH OF WOMEN'S COMPETITIVE INTERNATIONAL ROWING 18 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 22 ORGANISATION OF THE DISSERTATION 22 NOTES 27 CHAPTER 2 30 LITERATURE REVIEW 30 INTRODUCTION 30 WOMEN'S ROWING LITERATURE 31 Men's Rowing Literature 31 Women's Rowing Literature 32 Theses 35 FEMINIST APPROACHES TO THE HISTORY OF WOMEN AND SPORT 36 Equality 38 Separatism 43 Co-operation 47 METHODOLOGY 49 Interviews 50 Documents 54 SUMMARY 57 NOTES 58 CHAPTER 3 62 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 62 INTRODUCTION 62 DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE 62 Negotiation Access with Gatekeepers 62 River and Rowing Museum, Henley-on-the-Thames 65 FISA Archives, Lausanne 66 Olympic Museum and Study Centre, Lausanne 68 ARA Archives, London 69 INTERVIEWS 70 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 73 DATA ANALYSIS 75 SUMMARY 78 NOTES: 79 V CHAPTER 4 81 GAINING ENTRANCE INTO FISA 81 INTRODUCTION 81 FEDERATION INTERNATIONAL SOCIETES D'AVIRON 82 WOMEN'S ROWING PARTICIPATION DURING THE EARLY HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 84 FISA's EARLY DISCUSSIONS REGARDING WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL ROWING 96 GAINING ENTRANCE INTO FISA 100 SUMMARY 108 NOTES: Ill CHAPTER 5 115 STRUGGLING TO ACHIEVE EQUALITY AT HOME 115 INTRODUCTION 115 WOMEN'S ROWING AFTER THE 1954 FISA WOMEN'S EUROPEAN ROWING CHAMPIONSHIPS 116 Women's Competitive Rowing Behind the Iron Curtain 117 Women's Competitive Rowing in the West 122 Gender Equity Legislation and Women's Rowing 131 SUMMARY 138 NOTES 140 CHAPTER 6 143 FIGHTING FOR ACCESS TO THE OLYMPIC GAMES AND GAINING ENTRANCE INTO THE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS 143 INTRODUCTION 143 WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION IN THE OLYMPIC GAMES 144 INITIAL STEPS IN WOMEN'S OLYMPIC ROWING 147 THE WOMEN'S WORLD ROWING CHAMPIONSHIPS 153 THE FINAL SPRINT TO THE OLYMPIC LINE 156 REAPING THE OLYMPIC BENEFITS 161 SUMMARY 164 NOTES 166 CHAPTER 7 170 A TIME FOR CHANGE: NEGOTIATING FOR EQUALITY AND TRANSFORMING WOMEN'S ROWING 170 INTRODUCTION 170 THE CHANGE OF WOMEN'S RACING DISTANCE TO 2000 METRES AND THE INTRODUCTION OF LIGHTWEIGHT WOMEN'S ROWING 171 AT RISK OF ELIMINATION 188 THE LAST COMPONENT? THE INTRODUCTION OF LIGHTWEIGHT WOMEN'S ROWING ON THE PROGRAM OF THE 1996 OLYMPIC GAMES 197 SUMMARY 211 NOTES 214 CHAPTER 8 219 CHALLENGING THE PROFESSIONAL GENDER ROLES: THE TRANSITION FROM INTERNATIONAL OARS WOMAN TO COACHING AND/OR ADMINISTRATION 219 INTRODUCTION 219 ENDING AN ATHLETIC CAREER AND BEGINNING A NEW CAREER IN SPORT AS A COACH AND/OR SPORT ADMINISTRATOR .....220 SUMMARY 242 NOTES 243 vi CHAPTER 9 247 LOOKING TO THE FUTURE OF WOMEN'S COMPETITIVE INTERNATIONAL ROWING. 247 THE CURRENT SITUATION OF WOMEN'S COMPETITIVE INTERNATIONAL ROWING 248 THE FUTURE OF WOMEN'S COMPETITIVE INTERNATIONAL ROWING 252 IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 254 NOTES 256 BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 BOOICS .' 257 CHAPTERS IN A BOOK 263 PERIODICALS 269 Journal Articles 269 Magazines 275 THESES, DISSERTATIONS, AND UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS 276 ARCHIVAL COLLECTIONS 278 APPENDIX 1: PARTICIPANT BIOGRAPHIES 279 LARYSSA BIESENTHAL 279 PENNY CHUTER 280 MICHELLE DARVILL 283 DEBBYDEANGELIS (NEE AYARS) 284 ANITA DEFRANTZ 285 INGRIDDIETERLE 287 DIANE ELLIS 287 BARBARA FENNER 288 JUTTA LAU 289 COLLEEN MILLER 290 SVETLA OTZETOVA 291 RACHEL QUARRELL 292 TRICIA SMITH 293 NOTES 297 APPENDIX 2: ROWING TERM GLOSSARY 298 APPENDIX 3: UBC RESEARCH ETHICS BOARD'S CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL 300 APPENDIX 4: INFORMATION LETTER 301 APPENDIX 5: CONSENT FORM 302 APPENDIX 6: SAMPLE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 305 APPENDIX 7: ROWING EVENTS FOR BOTH WOMEN AND MEN 306 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP ROWING EVENTS 306 OLYMPIC GAMES ROWING EVENTS 306 vii List of Acronyms for Organisations ARA Amateur Rowing Association British National Rowing Association BOA British Olympic Association CARA Canadian Amateur Rowing Association (Canada) Renamed Rowing Canada Aviron (RCA) DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik German Democratic Republic DFfR Dansk Forening for Rosport Danish Rowing Federation DHfK Deutsche Hochschule fur Korperkultur German College of Physical Culture, Leipzig DM Deutsche Mark German currency until the introduction of the Euro in 2002 DSB Deutscher Sportbund German Sports Federation DTSB Deutshe Turnund Sportbund German Gymnastic and Sports Federation DRV Deutscher Ruderverband German Rowing Federation DRSV East German rowing federation FAS Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch FIC Federazione Italiana Canottagio Italian National Rowing Federation FISA Federation Internationale Societes d'Aviron International Rowing Federation FFSA Federation Francaise des Societes d'Aviron French National Rowing Federation FIMS Federazione Italiana Medici dello Sport Italian Federation of Sports Physicians viii FRC Federatia Romana de Canotaj Romanian National Rowing Federation FRD Bundesrepublik Deutschland Federal Republic of Germany FSFI Federation Sportive Feminine Internationale International Women's Sport Federation FSFS Federation Societes Feminine Sportive de France French Women's Sport Federation GAISF General Assembly of International Sports Federations IAAF International Association Athletics Federation formerly the International Amateur Athletic Federation IFs International (Sport) Federations IOC International Olympic Committee NAAO National Association of Amateur Oarsmen (The United States of America) NCCP National Coaching Certification Program (Canada) NOC National Olympic Committee NWRA National Women's Rowing Association (The United States of America) OSC Olympic Studies Centre PGRC Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club SDA United Kingdom Sex Discrimination Act UK United Kingdom USA United States of America USRA United States Rowing Association USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ? ???????? ? ??????????????? ????????? (CCCP) WAA Women's Athletic Association (Great Britain) ix WAC Committee on Women's Athletics (The United States of America) WARA Women's Amateur Rowing Association British Women's National Rowing Federation WDNAAF Women's Division of the National Amateur Athletic Federation (The United States of America) WRC British Women's Rowing Committee X Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank the women who took the time out of their busy schedules to be involved in this project, Laryssa Biesenthal, Penny Chuter, Michelle Darvill, Debby DeAngelis, Anita DeFrantz, Ingrid Dieterle, Diane Ellis, Barbara Fenner, Jutta Lau, Colleen Miller, Svetla Otzetova, Rachel Quarrell, and Tricia Smith. I enjoyed speaking with all of you and listening to your stories; these were imperative pieces to this history. I would especially like to thank Tricia Smith for giving me the opportunity to be part of this project. If it had not been for you, I would never have thought to do this research
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