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Exploring the Black Hills, 1855-1875: Reports of the Government Expeditions: Colonel William Ludlow And

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Exploring the Black Hills, 1855-1875: Reports of the Government Expeditions: Colonel William Ludlow And Copyright © 1974 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. MAPOTA RECONNAISSANCE OF THE BUCK HII. LT OOL C A CUSTER.7*rjft'AlJtf, Copyright © 1974 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Exploring The Black Hills, 1855-1875: Reports of the Government Expeditions JAMES D. MCLAIRD AND LESTA V. TURCHEN The expedition of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark began a long series of explorations of the American West sponsored by the United States government. By the 1850s settlers and gold-seekers followed explorers and fur traders across the Great Plains to California, Oregon, and Utah. The Black Hills, centrally located in the northern Plains, potentially strategic for military operations against the Plains Indians, and a rumored source of gold, attracted official and unofficial intruders. This article concerning Colonel William Ludlow's topographical report of General George A. Custer's 1874 expedition is the fourth in a series on government explorations of the Black Hills preceding the gold rush of 1876. Observations by the government explorers served as a basis for the determination of policy and provided information for future settlers and miners. The published reports are difficult for the general reader to locate and include much extraneous material for any but the avid academic. This series of articles reprints significant excerpts from the journals within a framework of biographical data about the explorers. Much of the material omitted is technical or scientific data such as weather charts and barometric readings. The first three articles discussed the explorations of Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren, Captain William Franklin Raynolds, and Doctor Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden; the sequence will conclude with the expedition of Professor Walter P. Jenney and Henry Newton. Copyright © 1974 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Colonel William Ludlow and the Custer Expedition, 1874 In 1861 the United States Congress created Dakota Territory, which included the present states of North and South Dakota and major areas of Montana and Wyoming. Within its boundaries Indian tribes held a major portion of the land, thus obstructing territorial development by restricting future expansion and discouraging potential settlement. Consequently, Dakota's early promoters sought to acquire Indian lands and to attract settlers. As early as 1862 the Legislative Assembly of Dakota Territory began petitioning Congress for cession of the Black Hills, and during the following decade promoters publicized the natural resources of the area and encouraged rumors concerning its fabulous mineral wealth.^ For example. Governor John A. Burbank presided overa meeting in Yankton at which Judge W. W. Brookings remarked on the movement to organize Black Hills associations. The real fundamental idea, as he understood it, was to develop Dakota. .Don't let us Humbug the people, let us work honestly. There are other sources of wealth in the Black Hills besides the gold. We want the lumber to build our cities and towns, and the fact that there is an abundance of pine there, will be an additional inducement to stimulate the enterprise. Let us not deceive the public, but let us state the case in such a way that the Government may be induced to remove the obstacles that now undoubtedly are in the way of an immediate exploration of the Black Hills. 1. Howard Roberts Lamar. Dakota Territory 1861-1889: A Study of Frontier Politics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956), p. 89. See Chapter67. "Early Efforts to Open the Black Hills," in George W. Kingsbury, History of Dakota Territory 5 vols (Clucago: S. J. Clarke PubUshing Co., 1915), 1:861-76; Harold E. Briggs. "The Black Hills Gold Rush," North Dakota Historical Quarterly 5, no. 2 (Oct. 1930-July 1931): 77-78; Cleophas C. O'Harra, "Custer'.s Black Hills Expediüon of 1874," The Black Hills Engineer 17, no. 4 (Nov. 1929); 225. 2. Yankton Press, 13Mar. 1872. Copyright © 1974 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Exploring the Black Hills 283 General W. H. H. Beadle enthusiastically added, "Let us give the truth a gilt edge."^ In 1872 the well-publicized possibility of gold in the Black Hills caused national excitement, which an old-timer explained may have all originated in a piece of yellow gypsum which was brought in lo a trading post by some Indians, and exchanged as gold. Some ignorant charlatan examined it, pronounced it the true metal, found the Indian who had brought it in, and learning from him that there were immeasurable quantities in the Black Hills, began to spread the report far andwide. Adventurers began to flock to Yankton, Fort Laramie, Fort Randall, and other frontier stations, and expedition after expedition was proposed, all of which were slopped by niiJitary authority, till finally the excitement died down.** On 24 January 1873 the Legislative Assembly of Dakota Territory requested that Congress authorize a scientific exploration of the Black Hills and on 27 January urged that western Dakota be opened to white settlement.^ Such an alteration of government policy would violate the Treaty of 1868, which reserved the Black Hillsand surrounding region for the Indians.^ Nevertheless, a military reconnaissance was authorized. Lieutenant General P. H. Sheridan, commander of the Military Division of the Missouri, explained that raids by "hostile bands of Sioux" necessitated such an expedition. In order to better control the Indians making these raids, for two or three years it was recommended to establish a targe military post in the country known as the Black Hills, so that by holding an interior point in the heart 3. Ibid. 4. William E. Curtis, dispatch to Chicago Inter-Ocean, "Custer's Black Hills Expedition, in Camp at Inyan Kara, July 23, 1874." pp. 2-3, J. Leonard Jennewein Collection, Layne Library, Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell, S. Dak. (hereafter cited as Curtis Dispatch). 5. U.S., Congress, Senate, Legislative Assembly of Dakota Territory, Memorial asking for a Scientific Exploration of that Territory, S. Misc. Doc. 45, 42d Cong., 3d sess., 1872-1873 (Serial 1546), pp. 1-3; U.S., Congress, House, Legislative Assembly of Dakota Teiiiloiy, Memorial in Reference to the Black Hills Country serving asa retreat for hostile Indians. H. Misc. Doc. 65,42d Cong., 3d sess. 1872-1873 (Serial 1572), p. 1. 6. Charles J. Kappler, ed. and comp., Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904), 2:998-1007. Copyright © 1974 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. 284 South Dakota History of Indian country the troops could threaten the villages and stock of the Indians if the latter raided the settlements. With the consent of the President, the Honorable Secretary of War, the General of the Army and the Honorable Secretary of the Interior, the latter having exclusive control of Indian affairs, the Division Commander was authorized to make a military reconnoissance into the country about which only dreamy stories had hitherto been told. Fort Laramie, Wyoming, about one hundred mues from the Black Hills, was first selected as the point from which to fit out the expedition, but after two visits in person to that post, the Division Commander found the temper of the Indians in that vicinity such that an expedition from there would probably provoke hostilities, so attention was turned to Fort Abraham Lincoln, at the end of the Northern Pacific Railroad, as the next most suitable point of departure, though the distance was much greater than from Fort Laramie. General Terry was directed to organize a strong expedition and place it under the command of Lieutenant Colonel G. A. Custer, 7th Cavalry, who was regarded as especially fitted for such an undertaking.^ Custer's official orders authorized an examination of the country in and about the North Fork of the Cheyenne, known on the map as the Belle Fourche; also, the country south of it, in the vicinity of Bear Butte, commonly designated as the Black Hills on the map. It would be agreeable to the Ueutenant-General if you could send an engineer officer to determine the latitude and longitude of Bear Butte, or any other well-marked feature in the Black Hills, which would serve as a good point of reference for that unknown section of country.8 7. lieutenant General P. H. Sheridan, Record of Engagements with Hostile Indians within the Military Division of the Missouri, from 1868 to 1882 (Chicago, 111.: Headquarters Militaiy Division of the Missouri, 1882), p. 43. 8. R. C. Drum, assistant adjutant general, to Brigadier General A. H. Terry, 15 May 1874, printed in H. N. Maguire, New Map and Guide to Dakota, and the Black Hills (Chicago: Rand, McNaUy & Co., 1877), p. 4i. The orders also stated that "Col. Custer should be given fuU latitude to return, in case he found the performance of this duty unsafe, or the country impracticable for the movement of his column." Frederick Whitlaker, in A Complete Life of Gen. George A. Custer. Major-Getieral of Volunteers, Brevet Major-General U.S. Army, and lieutenant-Colonel Seventh U.S. Cavalry (New York: Sheldon & Co., 1876), p. 503, stated that "it was determined to send a strong column to the hills and ascertain whether there was any gold to be found there." LeRoy R Hafen and Frands Maiion Young, in Fort Laramie and the Pageant of the West. 1834-1890 (Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Oaik Co., 1938), p. 336, made a simüar strong Copyright © 1974 by the South Dakota State Historical Society. All Rights Reserved. Exploring the Black Hills 285 Brevet Lieutenant Colonel William Ludlow, chief engineer of the Department of Dakota, further explained that in case, at any future time, complications with the Sioux, or the advancing needs of bordering civilization should make it necessary to establish military posts upon this Indian reservation, indications all pointed to the Black Hills as the suitable point, both on account of their geographical position and of the abundance of wood, water, and grass to be found there.
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