4588 OONGRESSION.A.L RECORD-SENATE. ~lARCH 27,
Lawrenceburg, asking that Henry Ford's Muscle Shoals offer Harris McNary Rawson Underwood Harrison Moses Robinson Wadsworth be accepted ; to the Committee on Military Affairs. Hitchcock Nelson Sheppard Walsh, fuss. 4833. By l\Ir. GALLIVAN: Petition Qf the Boston Chamber Jones, Wash. New Shields Warren of Commerce, opposing any action which will deprive the In Kellogg Oddie Simmons Watson, Ga. Keyes Overman Spencer Weller terstate Commerce Commis ion of the power to remove unjust King Page Stanley Williams qiscriminntion ao-ain t interstate commerce brought about by La Follette Phipps Sterling Willis the action of tate railroad or public utility commissions; to Lenroot Pittman Sutherland the Committee on Inter tate and Foreign Commerce. Lodge Poindexter Townsend 4834. By Mr. KISSEL: Petition of Metropolitan Post, Dis l\Ir. SUTHERLAND. I wish to announce that the Senator abled Emergency Officer of the World War, of New York City, from North J!akota [Mr. McCmrnER] the Senator from Utah N. Y., urging passage of Senate bill 1565; to the Committee on [l\Ir. S:uooT], the Senator from Vermont [l\lr. DILLINGHAM] the :Military Affair . Senator from Connecticut [l\fr. McLEAN], the Senator from - 4835. Also, petition of the Federal Councii of the Churches Kan a [Mr. CI.TRTisl, the Senator from Indiana [l\fr. WATSON], of Christ in America, of New York City, N. Y., urging relief and the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. FnELINGHUYSEN] are for Austria ; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. engaged in the work of the Committee on Finance. 4836. Also, petition of the American Industrial Leaders' As o l\fr. D_IAL. _I wish to announce that my colleague [Mr. ciation of Harrisburg, Pa., relative to certain legislation; to the SMITH] 1s detamed on business of the Senate. I ask that this Committee on the Judiciary. announcement may stand for the day. 4837. By l\Ir. l\1EAD: Resolutions adopted at a mass meeting ·1.'he VICE PRESIDENT. Fifty-eight Senators having an assembled in the Clermont Avenue Rink, Borough of Brooklyn, swered to their names, there i a quorum present. New York City, relative to the strength of the Navy and naval · l\fr. HITCHCOCK. l\Ir. President, on Saturday I gave way f~ctories; to the Committee on Naval Affairs. somewhat before I had finished in order that the Senator from 4838 . .AI o resolutions adopted by the Grand Army of theRe L?uisiana [Mr. RANSDELL] might make pi address. I merely • public of King. County, Department of New York, relative to WISh to conclude now by drawing attention to some additional pen!3ion. and the payment of pensions to Civil War veteran ; to confusion which bas arisen with rega1·d to the treatment of the ·the Committee on Invalid Pen ion . - treaties. 4839. Al . o, petition of the Barber ' Supply Dealers' ARsocia I do not know whether those in charge of the treaties will tion of America, prote ting against paragraph 258 of Hou. e bill so consider it, but it seems to me it is rather unu ual for such 7456, the tariff bill; to the Committee on Ways and Means. a radical difference to exi t between the President of the United 4840. .A.lso, petition of Metropolitan Post, Disabled Emergency States and the Secretary of State on these documents. There Officers of the World War, of New York City, urging the pas exi ts a differenee almost as notable as existed in the interpre sage of Senate bill 1565, making eligible for retirement, under tation of the four-power treaty itself, when the President of the certain conditions, emergency officers of the World War; to the United States interpreted it as not applying to the Japanese Committee on Military ..c\.ffairs. mainland, whereas his Secretary of State declared emphatically 4841. By l\fr. TOWNER: Petition of Alfred Osterland, jr., that it was drawn for the purpose of including within its terms and 844 other citizens of Brooklyn, N.Y., asking for the passage the Japanese mainland. of the Towner-Sterling educational bill; to the Committee on Now, I call attention to the difference which exists at the Education. present time between the President of the United States and the 4842. By 1\Ir. WATSON: Resolution passed by Pottstown Secretary of State with regard to the e treaties. The Secretary Council, No. 78, Sons and Daughters of Liberty, located at Potts of State, when the treaties were turned over by him and for town, Pa., favoring the Towner bill; also resolution passed by mally reported, declared that they were ·ix in number. The Ardmore Council, No. 86, Sons and Daughters of Liberty, located Pre ident of the United States, when be came before the Senate at Ardmore Pa., favoring the Towner bill; also resolution and presented the treaties to u , declared that they were seven pa ed by Fidelity Council, No. 39, Sons and Daughter of in number, and when he declared that they were seven in num Liberty, located at Ambler, Pa., favoring the Towner bill; to the ber a will be seen on page 10 of the printed document, be in vited the prompt approval of all of them. He did not invite Committee on Education. 4843. By Mr. YOUNG: Petition of l\Irs. Ira Heidelbangh, of the approval of six of them. but all of them, and all of them as Pleasant Lake, N.Dak., and 56 others, urging the revival of the listed by the President of the United States, certainly included United States Grain Corporation, too-ether with the fixing of a the declp.ration which the Senate on Friday entirely ignored. Not only that, but on page 11 of the President' addre s it guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to covet: the cost of pro duction plus a reasonable profit; to the Committee on Agricul appears that the President said: If to all of these the Senate will not advise and consent then 'it will ture. be futile to try again. ' 4844. Also, petition of the Indiana Bankers' Association, urg ing Congre to pass House bill 9950; to the Committee on Bank Evidently the President must have included in that the decla ing and Currency. ration which the Senate ignored on Friday last.. But while the President of the United States thus referred to the treaties as even in number, his Secretary of State, when be compiled them for transmi ion to the Senate of the United SENA.TE. States, treated them as only six in number, and be b ..mnd up ~foNDAY, 1Varch ~7, 19~~. with the document itself the declaration which relates to the four-power treaty. I did not personally examine the official (Legislafit·e day ot Thurs-day, March 16, 1922.) manuscript. When I applied to the executive clerk of the Senate to examine it, I found that it had already be~ returned to the The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, on the expiration of White House, and therefore neither the four-power treaty nor the reces . the declaration which Secretary Hughe say i a part of it and SUPPLEME TARY FOUR-POWER TREATY. which the Presiclent say i a eparate treaty can be found The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senate resumes the considera within the posse ion of the enate at the present time. tion of Executive 0, the four-power supplementary agreement. This is rather a startling ituation, the Chief Executive of The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole and in open execu the United States declaring that th declaration i a separate tive . e sion, re nmed the con ideration of the agreement sub treaty, his Secretary of State declarino- that it belongs to and mitted by the Pre ident of the United States between the United is a part of the four-power treaty, one declaring that there States, the British Empire, France, and Japan supplementary are ix treaties and the other declaring that there are seven to the treaty between the arne four powers relating to their treaties, and ihe leader of the Republican majority of the insular po sessions and their insular dominions, and defining Senate declaring that the declaration is not even a part of the application of the term " insular possessions and insular the four-power treaty. Here is the Pre ident of the United dominions" as relating to .Japan. States signifylll.g that it is a separate treaty. Here i the Sec l\Ir. JONES of Washington. Mr. President, I suggest the retary of State giving it to u a a part of the four-power absence of a quorum. treaty. Here i the Republican leader on the floor of the Senate The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will call the roll. declaring that it is not even a part of the four-power treaty The reading c~erk called the roll, and the following Senators and bas not the dignity of a treaty at all; that it wa. not answered to their names: signed officially by the repre entath·es of the Unite
in this in:-tance, so far as the first, second, third,· and fourth · Now, ~lr. President, the fact which the Senator "from Wiscon- a rticleR of tlle treaty were concerned, on Friday. sin and tbe Senator from Ma. sachusetts have developed, that ' Mr. LODGE. The declaration is not an article of the treaty. when the treaty came to the enate and before it weut to tbe l\rr. HITCHCOCK. It was not assumed by the other side committee it 'vas read as a whole, includiug the declaration, that there was any possibility of omitting the reading under only adds another complication to the situation. That i:s to ay, the rule on page 40. . the Senate itself 'has treated that declaration as a part of the l\fr. Sil\IMONS. 1\lr. President, I should like to ask the Sena- treaty in having it read to the Senate. tor from Nebraska a question. 1\fr. SIMMONS. And it is conclusive that the Pre ident of The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Nebraska the United State sent it up here as a part of the treaty, because yield to the Senator from North Carolina.? it could not bave been read as a part of tbe treaty unless the 1\Ir. HITCHCOCK. I yield. Pre ident bad sent it up in that way. Mr. snnro .~. Ts. After we had adopted the treaty section by Mr. HITCHCOCK. That is true, and. it bows in the official s dion eaeh ection being required to be read, a it was read publication here, Executive N; and this was prepared, a I am for the' information of the Senate-when that was done did not told, not by the Senate but by the authority of the State Depart th Senator al'k that the so-called declaration be read? ment, and may be considered as official. It is prepared in sn.ch Mr. HITCHCOCK. I did. . .a way that this declaration is a part of the treaty, and the 1\Ir. , Il\11\fO'N . Ro that we might act . upon it a.s we had Senate treated it as a part of the treaty when it was first read; acted upon the different sections and articles of the treaty? but when it was fir t read it wa. not open to arnen
Massachusetts, declared-here emphatically and repeatedly that 1\Ir. IDTCHCOCK. It is bound together in the same covers, it wa · not a part of the treaty, and so I do not know; it is and this printed copy was really formed . by the State Depart hard to tell what it is. It has had ·uch treatment since it came ment, with the declaration so attached to the treaty thut there in here that probal)ly even a Philadelphia lawyer or a constitu was not room for a resolution of ratification, and the resolu tional lawyer from Wisconsin might not be able to tell exactly tion of ratification necessarily bad to come following this dec what it is at the present time. lai·ation. You have done that in the copy before the Senate and Mr. KING. Why does not the Senator call it a stepchild? you have your resolution of ratification following the declara- _ . 1\lr. HITCHCOCK. I will tell you what I would call it. If tion, and you did not read the declaration. the Senator from Mas achusetts carries out the statement he 1\lr. LENROOT. Mr. President, did the Senator ascertain made here the other day and offers this for ratification as a that so far as the treaty proper was concerned there was ample :eparate document. I shall declare it a bobtail treaty, if such space u'pon that page to have included the declaration, but the a document might be !:!aid to exist. It has neither beginning declaration was upon a separate page, attached with a loose nor end. clip? Mr. SIUMONS. Mr. President, I wish to make a suggestion l\1r. HITCHCOCK. No; the Secretary told me they. were all to the Senator. Is not this the position which tlle Senator bound together in- one document. · That is all be said to me. take about that matter, as I understand. that if it is a part of I was not able to cross-examine him; and it.had already been the treaty it i · a part that never ha been acted on? sent up to the White House before we went into session on Mr. HITCHCOCK. It never has been acted on. Saturday. Mr. SII\Il\IONS. Certainly it never has been ratified by the 1\lr. KING. 1\lr. President, will the Senatoi' yield? Senate knowingly. 1\Ir. HITCHCOCK. I yield to the Senator. Mr. HITCHCOCK. It has neitller been ratified nor rejected. Mr. KING. I should like to ask the Senator whether a It is nonde ~ cript, banging between heaven and earth. It is proper interpretation of the treaty-and when I say " treaty," nei ther one thing nor the other. I mean that part which is found above the first signatures of Mr. KELLOGG. Mr. President, will tile Senator yield again? the delegates, and which would embrace articles 1, 2, 3, ~.nd Mr. HITCHCOCK. I yield. 4-would lead to the conclusion, irresistibly and conclusively, Mr. KELLOGG. Does the Senator claim, although the rule that the mandated islands in the Pacific were a part of the requires a treaty to be read, that if the Senate_shonl in detail,. in order that Senato-rs- might have- a:n. opp011tunity to withJ the- lJnited States. Yet here, iD.J this· declaratio~, you de offer amendments, thfs. important declaration was entirely< liberately drop it out and allow itJ to g The YICE PuNSIDEXT. The que ~ tion i on agreeing to the resolution tions of the Senator in charge of the treaty-us well a. the-- dec of ratification a · amended. Mr. HrTCHCO ' K. Mr. President, a parliamentary inquiry. larations of that great lawyer from Connecticut, Mr. ·BRANDE- · The YrcE PR}~ SIDE~T. The Senator will state his inquiry. GEE- the Senator from Nebraska [Mr . HITCHCOCK] is confronted Mr. HITCHCOCK. I would like to ask the Chair whether the re ·olution by the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. LENROOT] anC. the Senator of rntification as read will. if adopted by the constitutional majority, apply to the following language o& the treaty : from Minnesota [Mr. KELLOGG], who are evidently ready for the "In signing th-e treaty this day between the United States of America, fray and prepared to take a position designed to lift the matter the British Empire. France, and Japan it is declared to be the under standing and intent of th(' signatory powers: out of the fog of doubt in which it is involved, nd who assert "1. 'l'hat the treaty shall apply to the mandated island in the Pacific that the declaration is a part of the treaty, and that in ratifying Ocean : provided. bowenr, that the making of the treaty hall not be the treaty we ratified the declaration. deemed to be an a sent on the part of the United States of America to the mandates and shall not preclude agreements between the United Mr. LENROOT. Mr. President, will the enator yield? States of America nnd the mandatory powers, respectively, in relation · Mr. SIMMONS. Certainly. to the mandated island •. Mr. LENROOT. I am ure the Senator does not wish to mis " 2. That the controversii:'S to which the seeond paragraph of article 1 repre ent my position. refers shall not be taken to embrace questions which aecording to ~rinciples of international law lie exclusively within the domestic l\lr. SIMMONS. If that is not the Senator' position, I cer Jurisdiction of the re~pective powers." tainly misunderstood it. Then, e\identlr replying to the inquiry of the Senator from Mr. LENROOT. The position I took was that if it be part Nebraska which, I repeat, wa~ " whether the resolution of of the treaty, as t]le Senator from Nebraska contended last ratification as read will, if adopted by the constitutional ma Saturday, it wa ratified by the resolution ; that was alL I did jorit~· . apply to the following la-nguage of the treaty," the Vice not take the po ·ition that it was a part of the treaty. President said: 1.\Ir. SIMMONS. The enator does not contend that it wag a The VICE PRESIDEXT. The Chair undersand that that is the declara part of the treaty? tion of the signatory powers and not a part of the treaty. l\lr. LENROOT. I did not then. Mr. HITCHCOCK. I beg to inquire when opportunity will be given to offer amendments to that declaration? Mr. Sll\ICMONS. Does the-Senator now contend that lt is a The YICE PnES£DE~T. The Chair doe not understand that it is open part of the treaty1 to amendment. 1.\Ir. LEN~OOT. I aid I took the st tement of the Senator Mr. HITCHCOCK. I call the nttention of the Chair to t he fact that it changes the meaning of the treaty. and it was adopted on t he same day from 1\lassacbusetts, one .of the negotiators of the treaty, that with the treatr. it \Va · a .., eparate instrument, a eparate document. M.r. LODGE. Mr. Pre ·ident. I make the point of order that thlli dis l\Ir. SIMMONS. What does the ._, enator regard it, then, iE cus. ion i · out of order under the unanimous-consent agreement. The it i · not a part of the treaty and has not been ratified as such? Chair has ruled eorreetly. In what category does the enator put it? Tl1e Chair had ruled that it was not a part of the treaty. l\!r. LENROOT. - I am very frank to , ay that when one The \ICE PRESIDE .·T. 'l'he Chair ba nswerl:' d the pnt·liamentary examine the document itself and finds thi declaration was inquiry of the Senator from Nebra ka. Mr. LODGE. Rl:'gular order ! not put in the form of a treaty, that it had merely the indi Mr. HITCHCOC K. I only want a ruling by the Chait·. Doe.: the Chair vidual signatures of the parties, I am inclined to think that rule that the re olution of ratification ratifies this ueelaration which it was merely a con&iruction solemnly entered into by the repre has been made a part of thl:' t reaty? Mr. BRANDEGEE. l\11·. Prl:'sident, I rise to a que tion of order. ·entatives of the four different powers. It was transmitted to The VICE PRESIDENT. The 'enator will state it. the Senate. It can be ratified by the Senate, as agreements and Mr. BR.A.NDEGEE. (Tuder the unanimous-eonsent agt·l:'ement the Senate declaration have been ratified heretofore that have not been agreed that immediately after tlre reservations and amendment that might be pending hould be acted upon it would then vote upon the in the form of treaties. Whether it is ratified or not, I do not resolution of ratification. That bas been pl'e ented and is now before think it makes the lightest difference, because very one of the Senate. Th matter to whieb. the Senator from Nebra ·ka allude.: the four powers at all times will give to the treaty proper the is not the re olution of ratifieation, and i · not pending as an amendment IJy to the rl:'solution of ratification. con._t ruction that has been given the negotiator who entered Mr. REED. What is it? . into it in writing f r them. Mr. BRANDEGEE. I bould judge from it ueing igned by the delegates Mr. IMMONS. Mr. Pre ident, I am very glad to know that t o the international conference that it was theit· interpretation of the the :.•enator from Wi cousin takes that position. I thought that treaty. but it would be just as pertinl:'nt to make the .Pre'· ident's address to the Senate a part of the t·esolution of ratification as to make the in he contended, and I think probably that was the view of the terpretation of tbo.:e who framed the treaty. I make the point of order Senator from Nebra ka- at least I judged so from the line of that the unanimou --consent agreement eompels a vote unless there are his answer- that it was a part of the treaty nd that it had other amendment ·· or reservations to be offered to the re olution of l'atification. been ratified and that we need not further concern ourselves Mr. HITCHCOCK. I am not disputing that. I am simP.lY eeldng to ge-t about it. But now I understand the Senator did not mean that. a ruling of the Chair to go into the RECORD ; and 1f the Chair does Mr. LENROOT. Mr. President, wlll the Senator yield not care to hear me on that subject. I, of course, hall de- ·i ·t at once. It is for the Chair to say whether he desires to hear me. . further? 1\Ir. Bn.A.!\DEGEE. The resolution of ratification is before the Senate. Mr. SIMMONS. Certainly. and it is for the Chair to say whether the inquiry rai ed by the 'l:'nator l\Ir. LENROOT. The contention arose Saturday during t he presents a parliamentary inquiry. 1'he VICE PuE IDE~T. The Chair will state the position of the ques argument made by t he enator from Nebraska that there had tion. been no valid ratification whatever of the four-power treaty Mr. HITCHCOCK. It the Chait· will permit me. I will add one other becau e the declaration bad not been read and considered under thing. I am calling it to the attention of tbe Cl1air at this time bec:mse under the rules of the Senate it is required that the treaty shall be the rules of the Senate. I took the position that if it was a. read. and this portion has not been read. part of the treaty it was covered by the resolution and was a Mr. LODGE. It i not a part of the treaty. That i why it has not valid ratification of the treaty in law ; but I did not take the been rend. Mr. HITCHCOCK. It was t ransmitted to the Senate by the Pre ident as po ·ition that it was a part of the treaty. a part of the treaty-- Mr.• IMl\'lON . Then, Mr. President, I think the situation is 1\lr. LODGE. It was not. clarified. -It is now conceded by all on the other ide that tlle Mr. HITCHCOCK. And it is printed with the treaty in advance of the re ·olution of ratification. declaration about these two very important que ti.on , one of 1\fr. LODGE. 1\fr. President, all thi.: debate i ·out of order; but the them the paramount question. in my judgment, in connection matter referred to by tb.e Senator from Nebraska was not reported as a with all the Pacific questions, are not a part of the treaty and part of t he treaty, and is not a part of the treaty. It is merel:v a declaration of the understanding and inte-nt of the ignatories of "the that we have not in ratifying the treaty ratified them. There treaty. fore, Mr. President, not being a part of the t reaty nd ot hav There we haYe three ·eparate clistinct categorical statements ing been ratified, the declarations must t nd upon their ow!"l the Senator from Mas achusetts that the declaration had not bottoms and go for what they are worth. con tituted and i · not a part of the treaty. the Chair joining in I wish to ay to the Senator from Nebr ska that I do not with a: ruling, and the Senator from l\Ia achu. etts then heartily agree with him that they are a part of the treaty. I have nevee appro\ing the rulin Therefore, my contention is that the declaratory statement poetie erudition by his beautiful talk bout the harmle s and lla not been ratified and is not a part of the treaty. If it is lovely little islands- . tle •irable to have 1t become a paxt of the treaty among the Sprinkled i les. four power , we should proceed to ratify it as a treaty agreed Lily on lily that o'erlace the sea. upon among the four powers, or we should proceed to make Sakhalin is not a lily, but is a powder house. When the another treaty dealing with those questions there involved. President blandly advised tbe ne'wspaper men that, of cour e, Mr. KING. Mr. President-- we had not guaranteed the integrity of the mainland of Japan The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. McNARY in the chair). we were somewhat reassured for an hour or two. Then it Does the Senator from North Carolina yield to the Senator from was that the American representatives hastened to the White U~? I House to tell the President that be had been beguiled by the Mr. . Sil\IMONS. Certainly. · rhetoric of the Senator from Massachusetts and had not fol 1\I'r. KING. Was not this the position of the Senator from lowed the negotiations of his own representatives; that this Nebraska? I state it though he is pre ent, because I rather langnage meant more than it purported to mean, and that they share in the view which he expressed. I interpreted his view had guaranteed, so far as aTticle 2 of the treaty was concerned, to be that while these were two separate documents, two sep the territorial integrity and political independenee not only of arate treaties, in view of the fact that they related to the arne Japan but, what is infinitely worse, of Japan's part of the subject matter and were executed contemporaneously, one with island of Sakhalin. Something had to be done or the treaty was a view to modify and change if not to qualify tbe other, that gone. Yon could not have whipped, you could not have lashed, in that sense they weTe one treaty dealing with one subject 11 Democrats into a guaranty of the territorial integrity and political independence or any other guaranty of this Prussia matter. of the Orient, the Government of Japan itself and the islands Mr. SUIMONS. I do not disagree with the Senator. I think of Japan. This assurance was given. I have not seen anything they ought to have been treated as one treaty, and we ought to like it in politics sinee the .old days when we used to go to the have ratified them as one treaty. But we did not do it, and my country fairs and they would sh.ow you the three peas-" now contention now is that having ratified the original treaty, and you see it and now you don't see it." The President rud not not having ratified the supplemental treaty, to call it so., it is a see it; perhaps Secretary Hughes and his C()nfreres did. treaty not yet ratified, and is such because the other side would The Senator from 1\fissouri [Mr. SPENCER], if the Senator not permit us to act upon it. from North Carolina will pardon me, throws a tartling new Mr. HITCHCOCK. Mr. President, I call the Senator's atten light upon this subjeet. This declaratory statement was signed, tion "'to the developments of this morning, that we really did as the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LODGE] tells us, before both. We received them as one treaty, they were read to the the treaty itself was signed. The Senator from Missouri tens Senate as one treaty, they were referred to the Committee on us- Foreign Relations as one treaty, and they were reported by W.Iien that treaty was signed it was signed by 19 plenipotentiaries, the Committee on Foreign Relations to the Senate as one who acted for the President of the United State , for His Maje ty treaty. the King of Great Britain, for the President of France, and :to.r the Emperor of Japan. They weN acting as plenipotentiari-es. When they Mr. SIMMONS. But does not the Senator agree with me that signed in that capacity they signed officially; and the Senator from they have not been ratified as a part of the treaty? Nebraska will find, on looking at the treaty, that each affixed bl indi Air. as vidual seal. They were acting in an official eapaeity and formulated a HITCHCOCK. I agree with the Senator fully to that. treaty. :M.r. SllfMONS. That is all I am contending. When that treaty was signed a11d' completed with llch formallty, Mr. HITCHCOCK. But the Senator from Wisconsin never the same 19 men, as individuals, not a plenipotentiari , not ev seems to be able to catch my meaning. I said the negotiators indicating that they were acting, as they did in sigDiug the treaty, by the authority of their Go-vernments, but acting as individuals and with treated them as one treaty; and I can add to that now by saying out seal, without the formalities of execution, expres ed their interpreta that the Secretary of State treated them as one treaty; the Sen tion of what their respective Governments meant by th.nt treaty. Is ate when it had them read treated them as one treaty; the com there not a distinct difference? One is an official tr :aty; the other is the declaration of the same men, but not acting officially, as to what mittee which reported them to the Senate treated them as one that treaty meant. One is binding, the other i. indieative. If that is treaty; and the only time when we amputated that portion of correet, the declaratory statement never co11ld be ratified by the Senat . it was when it came to the reading section by section, and vot It doe not possess the indicia of a treaty ; it is an expression of indi vidual opinion. We could appro-ve it, we ronld . ay it repre ent what ing upon them, and then we treated them as two. We have been we believe, b-ut we could not ratify it with th formallti with which a on both ides of the fence. treaty under our Constitution must b ratified. Mr~ SIMMONS. Yes. We ratified a part of the treaty, but In other words, the Senator from :Missom·i a sures the eoun not the other part of it. That is what has happened. try that this declaratory statement, made at the time when the 1\fr. STAl~Y. 1\fr. President-- people demanded to know what was being don was igned by The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from North the representatiYes of th~ four poweTs without affixing their Carolina yield to the Senator from Kentucky? seals; that they signed a document which they knew ' as Mr. SIMMONS. I do. merely indicative; a document which they lrne\v was only an Mr. STANLEY. I am forcibly reminded of an incident we expre ion of their personal opinion; and the indignation of the . may well recall at this time. In the North Sea., off the coa t a cotmtry and the unrest of the country and the apprehension of , hort distance from the mainland, is an i land mailer than the the country were allayed. island of Sakhalin, long regarded a a rough and worthle s I then asked both the Senator from ~fas achu:setts and the promontory. When the attention of the House of Commons Senator from Missouri-the Senator from l\1i uri left in the was called to the fact that the ceding of Helgoland, that barren midst of the question a.nd the Senator from 1\lassachusett did ''backbone of granite in the North Sea, might affect the destinies not deign to answer-whether or not, if the interpretation of the of the- world, the warning was passed by with cavalier uncon Senator from Missouri was correct, they deliberately sol 1\lr. CAllAWAY. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator a United States might have arisen in a form that would have question? involved Japan and the United States in serious difficulties· The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from North but that is a phase of the matter that I did not rise to discuss. ' Carolina yield to the Senator from Arkansas? Mr. ROBINSON. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of a 1\Ir. SIMMONS. Certainly. quorum. · Mr. CARA W .A.Y. The statement of the Senator from Mis The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will call the roll. souri was made in the presence of the senior Senator from The roll was called, and the following Senators answered to Mas achusetts? their names: Mr. STAl~EY. It was. A hurst France McNary Spencer Mr. CARAWAY. The senior Senator from Massachusetts Borah Frelinghuysen Moses Stanley was a delegate to the conference and did not dissent, did he, Brous. ard Gerry New Sterling Bursum Glass Oddie Tawnsend from that statement? Calder Gooding Overman Trammell 1\lr. STANLEY. Not at all. Cameron Hale Page Undel·wood 1\lr. CARAWAY. And therefore I presume he assented to Capper Harris Phipps Wadsworth Caraway Harrison Pittman Walsh, Mass. the statement of the Senator from Missouri that that was Colt Johnson Poindexter ·Walsh, Mont. their intention. Culberson Jones, Wash. Pomerene Warren 1\lr. STANLEY. The Senator from Massachusetts did not Curtis Kellogg Rawson Watson, Ga. Dial Keyes Robinson Weller deign any answer, and I usually speak very distinctly. Edge La Follette Sheppard Williams 1\fr. CARAWAY. He was present-- Ernst Len root Shield Willis. Mr. STANLEY. He is present now. Fernald Lodge Shortridge 1\Ir. CARAWAY. And he did not contradict it. Fletcher McCormick Simmons 1\Ir. KING. 1\lr. President, with the permission of the Sena The PRESIDING OFFICER. Sixty-two Senators have an tor from North Carolina, may I say just a word apropos of swered to their names. There is a quorum present. the statement of the Senator from Missouri? The question is on agreeing to the amendment offered by the 1\Ir. SIMMONS. I yield. • Senator from Arkansas [Mr. RoBINSON]. 1\fr. KING. The declaratory statement says: Mr. SIMMONS. Mr. Pr~ident, I have brought this matter In signing the treaty this day between the United States of to the attention of the Senate in the way I have because, in the America, the British Empire, France. and Japan it is declared to be first instance, I thought we should have a definite understand the understanding and intent of the signatory powers- ing as to whether it was the contention of the State Depart . So it wa.s more tllan a mere declaration by the delegates as ment and of the Senators who are responsible for piloting individuals; it was a declaration by the· powers themselves, this treaty through the Senate that the ratification of the and raises this instrument to the d-ignity of a treaty as much treaty was a ratification of this supplementary declaration. so as the treaty which we ratified the other day. We have now, I think, about reached an understanding as to 1\lr. SIMl\IONS. I have no question about that. that. It is now understood and not disputed~ as I take it, 1\lr. STANLEY. Mr. President, if the Senator from North that in ratifying the treaty we did not ratify these declarations. Carolina will pardon me further for just a moment, I do not Now the very serious question arises, What is to become ot mean to charge that ·the senior Senator from Alabama-and no those declarations? Is there to be any supplemental action more trained or seasoned statesman, no more exalted patriot with respect to them or are they to be permitted to stand upon ever adorned this body than he, and for the fu·st time in many their own bases? It there is to be no supplemental action long years I have found it necessary to disagree with him, and with regard to them, then I wish to discuss what, in that situa it pains-! do believe that he and I do not wish to suspect tion, would be the legal and technical effect of these declara that any other of the representatives of the United States would tions. be party to such a thing. He has told us that at the time this Before I discuss that~ however, I want to inquire of some thing was done he was called away from Washington by a sad Senator on the other side as to one matter. I do not see any bereavement in his family; that he was summoned to the death one here from the Foreign Relations Committee except the Sena bed of his mother, and there he should have gone no matter what tor from Indiana [Mr. NEW]. The Senator from Wisconsin [Mr.. was pending. I do not believe he knew anything about it ; I LENROOT] probably may feel authorized to speak. I want to do not believe he could have been party to it; but the statement inquire. if there is any Senator on the other side who can of the Senator from 1\.fissouri would indicate that, with their answer me or will answer me, as to whether or not any further seals at hand, the delegates did not affix them ; that these action in the Senate upo.n these supplemental declarations is trained diplomats, .lrnowing the meaning of a .seal, deliberately contemplated? ab tained from giving the document the validity of a treaty Mr. NEW. I do not think any further action was con when they knew the public must accept it as a treaty. If that templated. be so, if they meant to give the people of this country an assur 1\Ir. Sll\IMONS. There is no intention, then, of presenting ance which they knew they were not giving to the people of these declarations a a treaty or of seeking to have the ques other countries, it is an appalling situation. tions involved in those declarations reduced to the form of a Such a charge by the Senator from 1\lis ouri, if true, im treaty? pugns the integrity of the men who put up the job. I do not 1\Ir. NEW. I think not. believe that the charge implied by the Senator from 1\Iissouri 1\Ir. SIMMONS. What effect, then, does the Senator from can be sustained, but I should like to know just why it was that Indiana contend, or does any Senator on the other side con this declaratory statement did not receive the same valid and tend, that the~e declarations hav~ or will have? formal approval as that which was given to the treaty itself. Mr. NEW. I think they were not to be a part of the treaty It was, as we know, signed first. at all, and no formal action of the Senate was contemplated Mr. Sil\fl\fONS. I thank the Senator from Kentucky for his with reference to them. I know of no change in the intent ot valuable contribution to the argumeJ?t I was endeavoring to the committee. The matter of further action has not been pre make. sented to or considered by the committee, so far as I know. I come back to the proposition, Mr. President-! merely wish Mr. SIMMONS. Does the Senator, then, contend that these to as ert it, and then I shall leave it fo1· the present-that what declarations are an interpretation of the treaty· by the makers we have done is to ratify the treaty and leave out the supple of the treaty, and, being an inteli>retation made contemporane ment to the treaty, and the importance of the supplement to the ously with the making of the treaty, would be authoritative and United States can not be overestimated. In fact, I am quite accepted by the parties to that treaty? sure that if it had been understood and declared at the time we Mr. ~'EW. Yes. were ratifying this treaty that it should include domestic ques Mr. SIMMONS. That is the contention? tions such as immigration and the tariff it never could have been Mr. NEW. Certainly. ratified by this Chamber. Mr. SIMMONS. And upon that contention the Senator's l\1r. President, I know that some contention was made by party proposes to rest tbis whole question, involving these Senators, and that contention supports the theory I have been fundamental rights of the Ablerican people? advancing, that no domestic questions affecting the United 1\Ir. NEvV. I see no reason why it should not. States could arise out of this treaty, because it was a treaty Mr. 'V ALSH of Montana. 1\Ir. President, I should like a little which dealt with the rights of. the contracting parties in the information about this matter, though possibly the matter has Pacific and certain regions of the Pacific. In my judgment, been the subject of consideration heretofore. Can the Senator there is no force in that argument. Undoubtedly, we have fr.om Indiana advi e us whether, as in the case of the United rights with reference to Japanese immigration in the Philippines States. these n·eaties must be ratified by some branch of the and in Guam and in Hawaii, and the e rights with reference to Japanese Government before they become effective? the immigration of Japanese to these island pos essions of the 1\Ir. NEW. I think not. . . , 4596 · CONGRESSION.A_L RECORD-SENATE. ~f.ARCH 27,_ · 1\lr. ·wALSH of Montana. So far ·as Japan is concerned, she would be to add the language of the declaration at the end of is now bound? the ratifying resolution of the supplementary treaty which is :~.ll·:NEW. I think so. now before us, which relates to the same subject · and which l\1r. ROBINSON. 1\lr. P:,:esident, no nation can be bound by a reads: · treaty until there has been an exchange of ratifications, no That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of Executive matter whether advice and consent to a treaty by a parlia- 0, Sixty-seventh Congress, second session, an agreement between the mentary body is required or not. I think the Senator from United States, the British· Empire, France, and Japan, supplementary 'll th t tb to the treaty between the same four power·s rei a ting to their insular l\lontana and the Senator from I ndiana Wl agree a e possessions and insular dominions, and defining the application of the universal, e tablished rule of international law is that a treaty term "insular po sessions and insular dominions" as relating to Japan, does not take effect until the final act in the con urnmation of signed at Washington Februa1·y 6, 1922. the treaty has been accomplished, and that is the exchange of Then add: ratifica tioris. . Subject to the following reservations and understanding, which is 1\lr. NEW. Certainly. hereby made a part and condition of this resolution of ratification: 1\.Ir. ROBINSON. · The four-power treaty would go into effect, 1. That the four-power treaty relating to Pacific possessions shall if my memory serves me correctly, by the executive act of the apply to the mandated islands in the Pacific Ocean- exchange of ratifications and without procedure by a branch of And so forth. the legislatiw department. And then-put in the whole declaration. 1\.fr. NEW. The legislative department of the Japanese Gov- Mr. WALSH of Montana. I ,did not quite understand the ernment? . Senator's suggestion. 1\.fr. ROBINSON. Yes; I am speaking of the Japanese Gov- Mr. LODGE. 1\ly suggestion is that we may insert as a part ernment. It could not go into effect, however, until the ex- of the resolution of ratification of the supplementary treaty the change of ratifications, which is a purely executive function, whole declaration which has been the subject of controversy has been performed. If we want to give to the four-power here for the last few days. treaty the construction which this declaration implies, we Mr. SIMMONS. In the absence of the Senator from Massa rnust put the dec~aration in the four-power treaty for tllis chnsetts I had made the inquiry of any member of the For reason, that Japan could exchange the ratifications as to eign Relations Committee on the other side as to whether it the four-powel· treaty, and thus put that instrument into was the intention on the other side of the Chamber to propose effect, since the United States has already advised and con- any additional action with reference to questions included in sented to it, and it is assumed that our President will exchange this declaration, and I was told that that was not the intention. ratifications; but if we ratify separately a declaration in the Mr. LODGE. I dip not happen to speak with the Senator nature of a reservation or explanation of what the four-power from Indiana about it, and I have had no meeting of the corn treaty means, then Japan will be given the option of refusing to rnittee. exchange the ratifications as to that instrument, and thus we l\lr. NEW. That is what I said. I said that so far as I knew might be in the anomalous position of having agt•eed to the the matter had not been referred to the committee and had not four-power treaty which was intended to have the con truction been up for discussion by the committee, and that I did not placed upon it by these declarations. But for a mysterious know any further action was contemplated. and absolutely inexplicable reason, a reason, if any exists, l\.Ir. LODGE. I stated on Saturday, when the Senator from which no one connected with the treaty has attempted to ex- North Carolina probably was not here, what I bad not had an plain, the declaration was not incorporated in the four-power opportunity to say on Friday, when we were voting, that I had treaty, and the same would be true if the declaration were no objection to ratifying the declaration if the Senate desired to attached as a reservation to the pending supplementary treaty. do it, although it seemed to me unnecessary. It bas seemed to Japan could_ refuse to exchange the ratifications as to that me on further consideration, and after di cussion with some treaty, and we would not haYe an authentic construction of the Senators with whom I talked, that the best way is to make it a four-power treaty as excluding domestic questions. reservation to the pending treaty, as it relates to the same sub- It may be recalled that in the very first address I delivered ject, which, of course, would gire it treaty standing. to the Senate tcuching this treaty I inquired then of the Mr. SIMMONS. I was about to make an argument to the negotiators of it expressly to know why this declaration had effect that it could not be effecti-ve as an interpretation, and that not been · incorporated in the four-power treaty, and the onlv it was necessary, if the things which are provided for are to be answer that was given, as I remember it, was that made by safeguarded, or to become operative as an agreement between the enior Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LonGE], he stating this country and the other parties to this pact, to take some that the declaration was the creation of 1\Ir. Hughes, who had affirmative action looking toward bringing about that result. deemed it best to proceed in that manner. No answer was given The Senator from Indiana, I understood, · indicated that he to the inquiry, in my judgment. The vice of this situation is I thought it \Yould be treated by the other side merely as an tl1at unless there is a reconsideration by the Senate of the vote interpretative agreement. by which the Senate advised and consented to the ratification 1\.Ir. LODGE. That is all it was. of the four-power treaty, no matter what action the Senate Mr. SIMMONS. I was going to make the argument with that takes now as to this explanatory declaration, no matter if we do in view, and I believe I will proceed with it, although I am advise and ·consent to it, Japan will then have the option of very much gratified to hear the statement of the Senator from refusing at the same time to ratify the four-power treaty. Massachusetts. Mr. 'V ALSH of Montana. I thank the Senator. That was Mr. LODGE. If the Senator does not want to take this means the information I was desirous of eliciting. · I wanted to know of doing it, of course I am perfectly willing to let the whole in what situation. we would be if we should ratify now the thing stand as it is. declaratory statements signed contemporaneously with the main Mr. SIMl\IONS. I was about to say to the Senator from Mas treaty and Japan should refuse either to ratify them, if so re- sachusetts that I have not bad time, of course, to fully examine quired by her constitution, or refuse to exchange ratifications, · what he has prepared. so far as the declaratory statement is concerned, exchanging 1\Ir. LODGE. It is nothing in the world but the declaration ratifications as to what might be spoken of as the "main which the Senator has had before him for weeks. treaty." In that case I take it that the main treaty would be Mr. Sil\11\IONS. If that effectively- safeguards the rights of in force and effect, while the declaratory statements would fall the United States to control domestic questions, the main ob by the wayside. jection that I have to leaving the matter rest \\ithout any fur- l take it that the American people want the thing either to ther action, lying altogether upon the force or effect that that go through as a whole or. to fail as a whole, and do not care may pos ibly have as an interpretative resolution, would be to bind themselves by the main treaty unless the declaratory overcome. statements go with it; but if we ratify this, I feel that we may 1\lr. LODGE. Does not th-e Senator think the declarations lose altogether the effect of that, and I wanted to inquire did cover those questions? whether that view is taken by those who are favoring this Mr. SIMMONS. -I think the declarations covered the ques- rnetbod of disposing of the matter. tions, but I think the declarations, unless they are ratified as a :Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, what the Senator from Montana part of the treaty or a supplement to it or as an independent said in regard to the declaration is of course quite true. It bas treaty, will be inoperative, because the agreement is not an no ratifying article; there is no provision for ratification in it. interpretation . .The agreement is an understanding. It can be ratified, however, I have no doubt. If it were brought 1\lr. LODGE. Surely it is. That is the word-used. before the Senate, I have no doubt it could be ratified as the Mr. SThil\.IO~S. It is an understanding which changes Ol' Rush-Bagot note was ratified. .As many Senators have ex- which adds to or subtracts from the treaty. pressed doubt about it and have said that it ought to have 1\lr. LODGE. This makes it a part of the treaty, and it must l'eceived some formal ratification, it seems to me the best way be ratified. 1D22. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. 4597 Mr. SIMMONS. The Senator now tells me lie proposes to Mr. I~ODQE. That is true. That was the whole treaty. I offer it? do not say all of these treaties may not be rejected by the other Mr. LODGE. I mean to offer it. I hn-re not consulted the powers. I am not responsible for them. I offer it in this way committeE>. I shall do it on my own responsibility, but that is to meet obj~ctions which I do not have, but which other Senators the form- · have expressed to me in such way that the treaty will have to Subject to the following re ervathms and understanding, which is be rejected unless what they ha\e all signed is formally ac hereby made n part of this resolution of ratifieation- cepted. And then fill in all that the declaration contains. 1\Ir. WALSH of Montana. If these two documents were l\fr. HITCHCOCK. Mr. President, will the Senator from treated as ' 4598. CONGRESSION.A_lJ R.ECORD-- SENATE.· !lARcH 27, ratify that. Japan having obtained t~e four-power treaty with ministrations to hold that treaties with Japan should be u out action ratifying the declaratory statement, the _question is perior to the laws of the Western States with regard to the still left open for her to determine whether a conference ema Japanese controversial questions in this country. The object nating from the four-power treaty shall consider domestic ques it is said, of this four-power pact is to eliminate the cau ~ · tions or not. which threaten war between the United States and Japan. Its It seems to me the effect of the situation is to leave every framers know that there are no causes which threaten war be question for its ultimate determination to the council in Japan. tween the United States and Japan except the controverted As I understand, . none of these treaties will go into effect domestic question in the United States with regard to Japane e until the council of Japan shall ratify them as our Senate has subjects; but there is not any doubt on earth there are states ratified them. The effect of this procedure is to le~ve the men in this country who are now seeking to stop those threats ultimate decision of these intricate questions to Japan and not- of war by preventing the States of this Union from legislating to us. . in a discriminatory manner against Japanese subjects. Mr. ROBINSON. Whether or not the Japanese council, under Mr. McCORMICK. 1\lay I interrupt the Senator to ask a the procedure which prevails in Japan, . mu~t consent to these question? · treaties in order to give them validity, it is unquestionably true, Mr. PITTMAN. There is not any doubt that Great Britain as I pointed out a moment ago, that neither treaty can. take and France, who are partially responsible to Japan in the event effect until the exchange of ratifications has occurred; and by war shall ever arise in the Pacific, are more interested in pre the simple failure to perform the executive function of exchang venting such a war than they are in sustaining the right of this ing the ratifications as to any one of the treaties, or either one country to manage its own domestic affairs. There is not any of them, Japan can prevent that treaty from going into effect doubt that Great Britain and France would like to-day to sub if she chooses to do so. mit to a conference of the four powers the question as to Now, I repeat, with the ubject matter still before the confer whether or not Japanese subjects shall be given equal rights in ence, the negotiators still in conference, in daily contact with this country with British and French subjects. The way in one another, why did they pursue the . extraordinary course of which the four-power paet was ratified justifies, I say, in the preparing what appears now to amount to three separate treaties mind of anyone the suspicion that there was in the minds of the relating to one subject matter? They wrote a treaty including framers of the separate pacts the intention to bring about a the Japanese mainland in its provisions, and no one has been situation that would allow the conference to settle causes of able to understand why the Japanese mainland was included. dispute which involve our domestic affairs instead of allowing Another treaty excluding the Japanese mainland was reported us to settle them ourselves. and a third agreement in the form of a declaration was sub- l\fr. ROBINSON. I yield to the Senator from Illinois. mitted. · M.r. McCORMICK. I wish to ask if the Senator from Nevada Is there any Senator here who can tell us now, after all the [l\lr. PITTMAN] did not intend to include Democratic as well as debate and all the inquiries which have occurred, why the Republican administrations in his allusion to Federal interfer Japanese mainland was included in the four-power treaty? ence to prevent State legislation? I had in mind, if my memory .1\Ir. PITTl\f.A..l~. l\Ir. President-- serves me aright, the vi it of Secretary of State Bryan to Cali Mr. ROBINSON. I yield with pleasure to the Senator from fornia when he sought to delay or to prevent the enactment of Nevada. the alien land act by the California Legislature. Mr. PITTMAN. Of course, I can not tell the Senator, and Mr. PITTMAN. The Senator from Illinois i right. I thank yet the Senator's argument has eliminated every other cause . him f{)r reminding me-of that. I did not intend to be unju t. except one, and that is that the negotiators of the treaty were I was thinking more particularly of the action of President not certain what tbeir Governments would do, and they delib- Roosevelt when he was President. It is true, however, as the 1 erately placed the treaty in such a form that the Governments Senator from Illinois has stated, that the Democratic adminis might accept one and refuse the other. I think we are justified tration, through its Secretary of State, Mr. Bryan, did, as I in saying that the action of the negotiators in placing them in am informed and believe, attempt to exert official infiuence separate treaties, the action of the proponents of the treaty and upon the Legislature of the State of California. tl10se having charge of the matter in the Senate, in deliberately Mr. McCORMICK. The Senator from Nevada will recall submerging that portion of the four-power pact which is called that the Secretary of State him elf proceeded to California to a declaration, which excluded our domestic relations, and their discuss the matter with members of the legislature. subsequent refusal to adopt a reservation in the exact words Mr. PITTMAN. I believe that is correct; and it su tains prepared by the Senator from .1\fa sachusetts [Mr. LonGE] as a exactly what I have said, that there are a great many state - reservation to the covenant of the League of Nations, ta}ren in men in this country of both political parties who are willing connection with the tatements of the Briti h ambassador in to sacrifice the rights of the States to decide their internal California-no matter what those statements were exactly domestic questions in order that they may be submitted to a justifies the suspicion that the four powers, knowing that the conference or controlled by Federal legislation. only threat of war on the Pacific was as to the management of l\Ir. ROBINSON. Mr. President, nothing that has occurred our domestic affairs, intended to have these treaties so arranged either during any Republican administration or during any that those domestic affairs could be submitted to the conferences Democratic administration justifies Senators in the conclusion of the fom· powers. that the people of this country are willing to permit unre Mr. ROBINSON. Mr. President, if the Senate had understood stricted• Japanese immigration into the United States. It will when it advised and consented to the ratification of the four be remembered that when Mr. Bryan went before the California power treaty that in all probability it was leaving to the con Legislature upon the mis ion to which the Senator from Illinois ference which might. be called under the provisions of that [l\Ir. McCoRMICK] has referred his position wa overwhelmingly treaty the power to determine domestic questions, includipg overridden; and the position of Mr. Roosevelt's administration immigration, the Senators who voted to advise and consent to re pecting the subject was equally unpopular in California, in the ratification of that treaty never would have dared to do so. Wa hington, in Oregon, and in other States where the real The junior Senator from California [1\Ir. SHORTRIDGE], who de substance ·of the issue was comprehended. livered an address in this body several days ago, and who, I During the cour e of this debate frequent reference has been 1 believe, for some reason, has not yet publishec . his address, made to the fact that the British ambassador has gone to Cali would not dare to vote for a treaty giving a conference composed fornia and made speeches in an effort to popularize there the of representatives of Japan, Great Britain, France, and the four-power treaty. While the Senator from California [Mr. United States the right to determine the question as to whether JoHN so ] in the exercise of his con titutional duty was trying to Japanese citizens should be admitted to citizenship in the United see that the four-power treaty was put into terms that would States. protect the people of California against the dangers incident Mr. PITTl\iAN. Mr. President-- to Japanese immigration and land ownership, for some reason 1\.ir. ROBINSON. I yield to the Senator from Nevada. the .British ambassador and the Secretary of Commerce, 1\fr. Mr. PITTMAN. It must be remembered, Mr. President, that Hoover, were making forensic attacks in his rear. When the a great many statesmen in the eastern section of the United people of California come to undet·stand that Japan is now States have not looked upon the Japanese question as have we of to be given the option of deciding the two great questions in the West, who are .familiar with it. It must be remembered volved in this treaty, first, whether her mainland shall have that the Republican administration has time and again taken the protection of the four fiags instead of one, and, second, steps as a Federal Government to interfere with the Legislature whether she shall be given the priYilege of determining whether of the State of California in connection with the enactment of domestic controversies shall be the subject matter of consid-· laws within its jurisdiction prejudicial to the Japanese subjects eration before the conferences of the four powers to be con in this country. It must also be remembered that it has been vened under the treaty, the pe_ople of California will not be thE! outspoken policy of the Republican Party under several ad-_ lacking in appreciation of the plendid courage displayed by t.be· 1922. CONGRESSION ...t\.1 RECORD-SENATE. 4599 senior Senator from California. I believe in the utmost freedom ator from Connecticut [Mr. BRANDEGEE], and then they pro:. of expression. If the British ambassador wants. to engage in posed a supplemental treaty in explanation of it. debate touching the political policies of the Umted States, I Why all of this mystery, and why all this complication? Why have no objection whatever to his doing so. • did they not put in the four-power treaty what they desired · l\lr. CARAWAY. Mr. President, the Senator will remember, it should contain and submit to the Governments interested all however that one British ambassador was recalled from this the questions at (lne time? Why give Japan, by ratifying •the counh·y 'for expressing an opinion on political questions then four-power treaty, the privilege of rejecting the supplemental pending. treaty? 'Vhy give her the option in that way to say whether Mr. ROBINSON. i recall the instance which the Senator has the Japanese mainland shall be included in the provisions of the in mind. four-power treaty? Why leave in doubt the one question that Mr. CARAWAY. I had hoped that no administration would has caused more trouble between Japan and the United States feel called upon nor at liberty to call in foreign diplomats to than any other question? If you are going to try to work it out, coerce public opinion in America to accept a treaty which had well and good; but do not think that the people can be de been negotiated. ceived or led into the thought that you have accomplished some l\1r. ROBINSON. I stated that I had _no objection to the thing when you refuse even to attempt to solve the real cause utmost freedom of debate, because I do not believe when the for disputes. British Government adopts the policy of trying to influence and: We all know-I have said so repeatedly during the debate control public opinion in the United States ~rough its cho~en t}lat the questions of race equality, land ownership in Cali and authorized spokesman that it can accomplish the end which fornia, and the right of Japanese to come into the United States it seeks to accomplish. are the domestic problems about which all of our disputes with l\fr. CARA 'VAY. 1\fr. President, will my colleague yield fur Japan have arisen. ther? Mr. CARAWAY. Mr. President, may I f.!all the Senator's :Mr. ROBINSON. With pleasure. attention to another matter that may become very acute? l\fr. CARA 'VAY. I think I understood the Senator's posi Mr. ROBINSON. Certainly. tion, and I agree with him; but it is very likely that the British 1\fr. CARAWAY. That is the attempt to declare that trade delegates to the conference wrote the treaty, and therefore best with the Philippine Islands is coastwise. There is in the new understood it and appreciated what was in it. Under that marine bill that is now pending, to subsidize the merchant theory, I presume, they would have the right to defend it at the marine, a provision declaring trade with the Philippine Islands' bar of public opinion. to be coastwise trade. . Mr. ROBINSON. Yes; and the Senator from Texas [Mr. Mr. ROBINSON. It was a very unusual procedure, to say SHEPPARD] made a statement the other night, the significance the least, that while the Senate of the United States was en of which I think the Senate failed to get. Japan now has under gaged in the performance of its constitutional function, and her mandate islands in the Pacific Ocean which, if embraced in while one of the Senators from California was boldly and what may be termed a block mandate, would control the lines of • bravely championing and defending what. he believed to be the commerce from the coast of the United States to the Orient. . best interests of his people, the British ambassador to the Already Japan has declared closed, as Japanese waters, the United States and a member of the Cabinet of the present ad waters of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to certain islands which ministration should dash across the continent and .engage in she owns, and already there seems in formation a policy of cre public discussion for the purpose of in.fl uencing public senti ating what may be termed block mandates-that is, of embrac ment in California respecting this important question. · ing within a single area, as closed waters, the territory of the To return to the proposition of a moment ago, I said that we countless islands which constitute the mandate, and the sea can not learn the reason for the peculiar course taken by the surrounding the islands, and when that is done no ship flying a negotiators of the h·eaty. Layo;•yers writing a contra_ct do !lot flag other than that of Japan can pass through the ordinary pursue the course which they followed. Some reason ex1sts channels of commerce across the Pacific Ocean except by consent ·for it. We have now the anomalous situation that the United of Japan. States has ratified the four-power treaty with the Japanese l\lr. ASHURST. Mr. President, will the Senator permit an mainland included in the treaty and with domestic questions interruption at that point? comprehended by the terms of the treaty. I know it may be Mr. ROBINSON. Certainly. answered that domestic questions are not comprehended, but Mr. ASHURST . . The Senator has graphically described these the failure of the Senate to adopt the explanatory declaration immen e vast tracts of ocean that are blocked out as being under which reserved domestic questions from the treaty would be a Japanese mandate, and Japan may assert and probably does construed in courts everywhere as a conclusion upon the part assert that no ships, except by her permission, may go in there; of the Senate that the reservation was undesirable, or that it and the island of Yap is in one of those blocks. was unnecessary. Mr. ROBINSON. We all understand that under interna The negotiators of the treaty thought this declaration of so tional law waters within 3 miles of the shore line of territory much importance that before they wrote the treaty itself they belonging to any nation are included within that territory, ~ and wrote the declaration explaining the treaty. That is the undis- · these islands lie so close. together and are so numerous that puted evidence. Why did they do it? Because they knew it by the extension of that principle a vast area of the Pacific needed explanation. '.rhey knew in advance of signing the four Ocean in the neighborhood of these islands might be claimed to power treaty what was going into that treaty. They knew it constitute Japanese waters, to the exclusion of the ships of would require explanation, and they were unwilling to put the commerce of every other nation, if ;Japan chose to assert and to explanation in the treaty itself. Why? - attempt to maintain such a principle. The day we advised and consented to the ratification of the Mr. CARAWAY. .And the peculiar situation now is that if_ treaty, the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. HITcHcocK] insisted she asserts it we guarantee that she shall maintain it and that that this declaration ought to be acted upon by the Senate. we will respect it. . · The Senator from Massachusetts [l\fr. LoDGE] was so impatient Mr. ROBINSON. Yes. We have committed ourselves, by the that he would not discuss the matter with the Senator from ratification of the four-power treaty, to Japanese control of the Nebraska. He said it was absurd, that it was no part of the Pacific. We have committed ourselves, by the ratification of treaty; that it had no place in the tre~ty; that it could not be the four-power treaty, to a policy of acquiescence in Japan's ratified by the Senate ; but now, for some reason, he has changed plan of expansion, which contemplates the maintenance of her his front. That is nothing remarkable in the course of the Sen possession of territory already seized in violation of law and ator from Massachusetts. If he did not change a few times on right, and the extension of her authority by economic penetra every subject that we consider, Senators would doubt whether tion supported by military power into other areas which, from his mental processes retained their usual characteristics. The considerations of economic necessity, she thinks she is entitled Senator from Massachusetts tells us now that this declaration to possess. Nothing else can result from the four-power treaty shall be incorporated in the supplemental treaty, as a reserva but the supremacy of Japan in the Pacific Ocean and in the tion to the supplemental treaty. You have heard from the Orient, as we term it. beginning the talk about the four-power treaty as the simplest The immediate question before the Senate is the amendment thing on earth; that there are. only a few hundr~d words in it; to the supplementary treaty, proposed by myself, striking from that it is so plain and so easily understood that nobody could the treaty the following: · misinterpret it; and yet the very men who wrote it sfarted out by explaining it in advance of signing it. They wrote this Karafuto (or the southern portion of the island of Sakhalin). declaration qualifying the treaty changing it, as suggested by Every reason that justifies or makes necessary the exclusion the Senator from North Carolina [l\lr. SIMMONS], in two im of the Japanese mainland from the four-power treaty applies portant particulars. They adopted the reservation of the Sen- with equal, if not with greater, fo1·ce to the island of Sakhalin. 4600 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~. SENATE. ~lARCH 27, We· have never learned why the mainland of Japan was 11.t first ! 1\fr. Pre ident, in response to engagements made some six or included in the treaty, why it is in there now. We have never eight weeks ago, I shall be compelled to leave the city to learned of any substantial reason for a reversal of the policy morrow for some days. If it meets with the wishes of the of embracing U if once you take the policy of inclusion to have Senate~ L would like to have a vote upon this amendment be: been considered in the beginning. But if it be that the Japanese fore I leave. I have na di position whatever to insist upon mainland constitutes the center of Empire, and thereft>re the precipitate action, and if Senators desire to disco the subject objective foT na\al or military attack, then I reply that the matter of the amendment they are, of course, at liberty to do principle applies with more force to Karafuto. so at such length as may seem to them fruitful of benefit to the Karafuto at its nearest point is within 4 miles of the Asiatic country and of information to the Senate. mainland. The northern portion is nominally under the gov We had little information respecting the island involved in ernment of Russia. The outhern portion is claimed py Japan. this amendment when the treaty was brought to the Senate; Some time a-go, upon the theory~! will not say the pretense we have scarcely more now. Bnt the British Government had that it was neces ary to pursue that course in order to preserve informati.on. The British Government made a study of the ·ub order. Japan seized oontrol of the northern portion of the ject of Sakhalin in preparation for the Paris conference, and islanu of Sakhalin, and she is now in comp.lete authority that Government reached the conclusion, in my judgment, ac throughout the _island. When the day dawns that Ru_ssia de- · cording to the little volume which I hold in my hand, that cides to drive Japan out of her dominions ; when the time Sakhalin should go to Jap-an. I have not the slightest doubt comes-and it is coming in the not remote future-when tb.e that the practical result of the existing conditions, supplemented armies of Russia advance to the defense of Russia'.s territory b_y the arrangements in this treaty, will be to give Sakhalin against an alien race, Karafuto, by all the· laws of strategy, as a whole to Japan, although she now actually claims to own will become the first point of attack, for a conflict is certain to only the southern portion. However that may be, considering ar· e over who shall exercise sovereignty on the northern half. the proximity of the island to the Asiatic mainland, considering The Sen-ator from Alabama [Mr. UNDERWOOD] says that the the fact that it must constitute a point of attack should Russia whole matter is unimportant, because Russia can not strike ever strike back at Japan, I believe that wise policy justifies within 10 year , .and at the end of 10 years we may be able to the Senate in putting Sakhalin in the same class in which we get out of the treaty. That would seem to be an admission that are seeking to put the Japanese main islands, and exclude the if Russia were in a normal condition this would be an imprO'vl main islands and Karafuto from the treaty. dent and unwise arrangement in so far as the United States Is I shall ask leave to insert in the RECOBD the information to concerned. which I ha\e referred respecting Sakhalin. This is a British Karafuto is the scene of great Japanese activity. The Jap publication, the only recent publication I have been able to ane e have almost destroyed or driv-en out the native popula obtain relating to that island, setting forth in somewhat satl· tion. The Japane e· are increasing in numbers there, as they factory details the facts as they relate to the inclusion of this do in every other territory which they enter, more rapidly than island in the treaty. • any other race increa es. Mr. KING. The Senator does not intend his amendment to be The Japanese are establi bing a civilization on the island of a declaration, as far as he or the Senate is concerned, that Sakhalin which in many respects is worthy of admiration, but Japan's title to the southern half of Sakhalin is at all que - Sakhalin, from a strategic standpoint, is vital to Japanese in tioned or not admitted; that is to say, we express no opinion terests. Before the Japanese mainland can be reached Russia one way o the other upon its title? must overcom~ in all probability, the Japanese possession of l\1r. ROBll~SON. I am seeJdng to strike that out of the Sakhalin. i\Ve were told that Jt is not important whetber the treaty. The inclusion of that in the treaty might be held to Japanese mainland is in the treaty or out of it, on the theory invol\e a question of the title, but striking it from the treaty that the treaty is a mere .arrangement for a conference ; and would certainly not strengthen any title or claim that Japan yet, for some reason, we are taking the mainland out of the has. treaty. We a1·e not taking it out; we are leaving it to Japan 1\fr. KING. It would put it in the same position with the to determine, in the procedure which we are ac-tually taking, mainland. We express no opinion, by the Senator's amendment, whether it shall be in or out. as to the Japane e title to the mainland or Japan's title to the International arrangements among great powers-alliances, southern half of Sakhalin? if you please-can not be justified on the ground that others Mr. McCORl\liCK. l\1r. President, am I to understand that who e interests may .be detrimentally affected by the alliances the Senator holds to this view, that because of the propinquity will be poweTless to assert their rights during the eontinuance of Sakhalin to the mainland of .Asia, and not because of its of the alliances. The traditional policy of the United States propinquity to the mainland, so called, of Japan-" nearness,'' throughout history has been to respect and safeguard the rights if the Senator prefers? I want to get the distincttion. in the. of weaker nations. By. this four-power treaty we have now Senator's mind. Is it because Karafuto is nearer the Asiatic gone into .an arrangement with Great Britain, France, and mainlanu? Japan by which we propo e to remain inaetive and nonprotest Mr. ROBINSON. That is a part of the reason I have given. ing while Japan works out her policy, whatever it may be, re~ specting the Asiatic mainland. In this treaty we have put ·I have pointed out tl1e fact that there is a conflict of authority Karafuto strategically between the Japanese mainland and the ·as to Karafuto which must inevitably result in a clash between Asiatic mainland. We have said by the treaty that whenever Japan and Russia, or that Russian authority and Russian Japanese rights in that island are threatened by the aggres ive citizens must disappear foTever from the northern half of the island. Japan is dominating the whole of the island. She is action of any other power we will respond to the call of Japan committing acts of oppression toward members of the native to advise her as to the most efficient measures to be taken, population and representatives of the Russian Government, and either jointly or separ3:tely. You can not look into the future and determine when .Japan in consequence of this ~ourse of oppression, if for no other will be called upon to defend her possession of Sakhalin against reason, Russia would be lik:.ely to strike there, and strike there Russian attack, and if Russia rever does attempt to throw off first. the Japanese yoke, that will be her natural first point of attack. Mr. :McCORMICK. I was called from the Chamber. Has Unle s we are going to commit our elves to the policy of main the -Senator urged the same action with regard to Hongkong, taining the integrity and the safety of the Japanese Empire, because of its relation to Kau-lung? what is the use of assuming responsibility to confer with Japan l\1r. ROBINSON. I have not gone into that subject at all. I to the exclu ion of Ru sia, w-hen Russia seeks to reestablish ha\e confined my suggestion touching amendments to the herself? amendment pending before the Senate, the one which I offered In Ru sia there are 1 0,000,000 ,people of the Caucasian blood. myslf, which proposes to strike from the treaty Karafuto, or For th-e first time in history that I recall, the Caucasian race the southern portion of Sakhalin. I do not care at this time in parts of Russia is held in subjection by rep-resentatives of to pr-opo e other amendments, or to enter into a discussion of the yellow race. Japan will not recede; Russia must attempt to other subjects. drive her back, and when she does so the Japanese insular pos Mr. McCORl\liCK. The Senator has no view which he cares sessions and insular dominions, which comprehend Karafuto, to express on the subject of Hongkong or-Kau-lung? will be threatened, and we will be called upon then to say l\1r. ROBINSON. Or Singapore, either. _ whether we will keep the faith expressed when we entered into Mr. McCORMICK. There is a distinction, if I may say so. the four-power treaty, nam.ely, that when Japanese rights are l\1r~ ROBINSON. There are some distinctions. There is no threatened by aggres ive action we will advise Japan how She question about it. ean best repel that action. If you want to take the main1and 1\Ir. McCORMICK. Hongkong, lying off Kau-lung, is liable out, take out also this island, which is more likely to cause to .attack by the Chinese., preci ely as Sakhalin might be at trouble than even the main islands themselves._ tacked from the mainland of Asi-a. 1922. CONGRESSIO.NAL RECORD-SENA~rE . 4601 Mr. ROBINSON. I think there is much force ·in the sugges along both shores. Bars ·are formed rapidly at the mouths of tion just made by the Sen~tor from Illinois. If China ever the rivers, but being of porous and friable material are quickly recovers her national integnty, ·if she ever wakes up, if she and easily intersected by the sea. ever becomes inspired with the ambition which characterizes the River system. Japane e race at the present time, China will do what I expect The two chief rivers are the Tim and Poronai. Each bas a Ru ~ ia to do, namely, trike back at her oppressor; and if that course of about 300 miles, and they flow respectively north and hould be brought about by any policy which may be inaugu south from about latitude 50° 30' north, being separated by the rated; and China, with her 400,000,000 people, should join Rus Palrov Pass. Tbe chief tributaries of the Tim are the Pulruga in, with her 180,000,000, the United State would be facing a on the .right bank and the Malo-Tim and the important river problem as difficult .of solution a any which ever arose. Nis on the left. This river fl{)WS into the Bay of Ni, which is The fact i Caucasian civilization would be threatened, and protected from the sea by a spit of sand with a narrow· aper we know it and assert it. There is nothing more pitiable in ture (the Anuchina opening). The Poronai is a very similar human history than the manner in which China has been out stream. It rises near the source of the Tim, makes a bend raged by her friend . northward, and then turns south, in which direction it flows for Mr. McCORl\fiCK. I am only astonished that the Senator the rest of its course. drovsk. The aboriginal population was in 1905 estimated at and east coasts, A later Prince of Matsurnai (1688-1703) sent 2 1000 Gil;raks 1,300 Ainus, 750 Oroks, 200 Tungns, and 13 officials to the island and claimed to have e: tablished his Yakuts, but these totals were almost certainly too high. dominion over the southern half of Sakhalin by the year 1700. To1ons a.nd mUages. A map or a copy, made in 1782, is ·aid to exist, which be pre Ru sian Sakhalin : The center of government is Alexandrovsk, sented to the Shogun as a sign of fue offering of dominion. on the we t coa t opposite De Castries Bay; to-day it has prob Eleven of the divisions of Sakhalin and everal of the Kurile ably a population of about 1,200. I lands have been identified on this map, which also shows 81 Due lie on the west coast, a few miles south of Alexandrovsk. Japanese and 140 mi~ed native and Japane e villages. Such a It is the center of the coal indu try, and under the Rus ian Japanese settlement of the southern portion of the island in regime was the most frequented harbor in the island.. The the early eighteenth century seems at lea t doubtful, but an settlement consist of a few houses and barracks for troops.· other · source confirms the existence at this period of a lively Dm·bensk and Rikovsk were built as convict settlements. bade between Matsumai and the Ainus of Karafuto. Japanese Sakhalin: The capital is Toyohara, population 12,- The succeeding princes of the l\latsumai dynasty were un supported by the Tokugawa dynasty, and their influence waned 900, which is an agricultural center 25 miles north of Otom~rl. Otomari population 16,000, is a treaty port open to foreign before the advance from the north of the Manchus, who in the tmde--, and is the principal port in Japanese Sakhalin. Manka, last quarter of the eighteenth century had encroached eriou ·ly or 1\laoka., population about 19,000, on the west coast, the second on their trade. lt was not until after the accession of the in importance of the Japanese ports, is a flourishing place and Manchu dynasty to the throne of China (1644} that interest seems destined to become the chief port in the island, as it is even in Manchuria was awakened in the Empire. free from ice all the year. It is the center of the herring fish The first notable result, in part due to the influence of the ery. l\1anue and Kusunai are both on a good road, which cro ses Jesuit fathers at the court of the EII)..peror K'ank-hsi (1661- the island. Shikika bas an open roadstead near the mouth of 1722), was the treaty' of Nertchinsk (1689), whiclt ch(\cked the the Pororrai. Sakaeha:ma, an important coast settlement, is at Russian advance down the Amur River. Ten years later, ac · the mouth of the River. Naibucbi. cording to a Japanese historian (Togo Yoshida, Karafuto under the Prince of Matsumai), a Chinese general, Koklio, was dis MOVEMENT. patched with a large force down the Riv·er Amur and across The Rus ian population bas greatly diminished; in 1911 it is the sea ·to a large island which, or at least its northern part, said to have fallen to- 5,158. The aboriginal population is also he seems to ha-ve annexoo. The same authority adds that the dwindling. The Japanese population, on the other hand, has Chine e were dominant ' in the north of the island about the increased enormously since the a:finexa tion of Karaf_uto, and in year 1700. It seems improbable, if this military expedition December, 1911, numbered 36,725, but this is less than three~ occurred so eaTly as 1699, that it would have been unknown fifths of the summer population. The average increase of the to the Jesuit fathers who were sent by K'ang-hsi i1l 1709 to population in the five years ending 1917 was 104.69 per 1,000. map eastern Tartary; they reported that their first knowledge The figures given in the Financial and Economic Annual of of the island was gained from natives on the Amur, and added Japan are-1914, 57,.206; 1915, 60,600; 1916, 64r323; 1917,68,201. that the Emperor later sent Manchus to Sakhalin, who brought Emigration from Japan is the main reason for the increase. back a careful geographical and topographical account of the The numbers who eros ed to the island from Japan were in northern half of the island. Perhaps it was thi survey which 1910, 28,G88 ; in 1911,, 31,416. appeared at Peking in 1776 in the twenty-fourth volume of a II. POLITICAL HISTORY. hydrographical work on China, collated from the earlier Great CHRONOLOQICAL SUMMARY. Official· Description of the Empire. 1613. Reputed Japanese discovery of the south coast of Sakhalin. From 1785 the Shogunate Government took a direct interest 1649. European discovery of Sakhalin by Martin Vries. in the island, sending an expedition in that rear to Yezo, 1700. Chinese dominion over the north of the island. whence Oisha lppei was dispatched to Sakhalin tQ learn from Japanese (Prince of Matsumai's) dominion over the south the Manchus what area they claimed. About this time both of the island. the Manchus and the Japanese became alarmed at the activi- 1785. l\lancbus appoint overseers in the north. 1 ties of "foreign ships." The Manchus, according to Mamia Japane e Shogunate takes direct interest in the island. Rinzo, appointed certain of the natives overseers of various 1803-8. Mamia Rinzo's expedition through the island. districts, and tried to bind the natives by. a solemn agreement 1807. Lieutenant Koostov t.'lkes possession of the island for to trade only with them elves; but from the beginning of the Ru sia. nineteenth century we hear nothing of Manchu <:laims, although 1853. First official Russian settlements on the island. their traders· from the lower ·Amur continued to visit the i land 1860. Treaty of Peking. Cession of. Primorsk to Russia. as they had probably and Vries 30 years later reported only Ainu natives on the south convenient highway. Any attempt to use the river, however1 1922. CONGRESSIONAL REQORD-SENATE. 4603 would in-volve risk of a clash with China, and farther advance colonial objection to their counh'Y ·being overrun by escaped might embroil her with Japan. convicts and ex~convicts. Moreover, the e~ehequer was in~r In 1846 Lieutenant Govrilov had explot-ed the mouth of the ested, since security of life and tproperty in Siberia spelled AmuT and had reported (inaccurately) against its navigability. greater potential receipts. In 1888 M. 'Galkin Vrasskoy-after Moreover, Count Nesselrode, the Russian foreign minister, was wards head of the general prison administration-recommended fearful of offending China. The Czar, however, was interested that all " vagabonds " sbould be sent in future to Sakhalin· in faT-eagtern Siberia, and appointed General (afterwards and shortly before this female con-victs were sent to the island' Count) 1\Inraviev Governor General of eastern Siberia in 1.847, the simplest form of legal marriage being permitted, in order u; w;ith instructions to study the Amur ·r~gion. Count Nevelskoy's bring about the settlement of ex-convicts on the island. activity on the east Siberian littoral under Count 1\Itrraviev Sakhalin was :divided into thr-ee administrative digtricts led to the establishment in 1853-1855 of small Russian posts in ( okrugi) , of which the chief places were Alexandrovsk on the the south of Sakl1alin, .also at Due on the west coast opp9site west coast, Korsakovsk in the south, .and Rik-ovsk in the center. De Castries Bay, where on the mainland a Russian post had At the head of each district was a -chief effectively urged. The-re are- four different tribes, n1Hllbering total length of about 56 mil.es, thus li:nking up Aniva Bay with all told about 3 ~ individualS, and gradually diminishingr ' the east coast. This railway is said to connect the four wood They are still in the> hunting stage. . . . 1 pulp fact()ries which the Japanese have established at Otomari, The coal of the island is of. good quality and the. quantity, of- Tomariaru, Toyohara, and Ochiah.. fai ·· promise. Its future may be hrighteJ; .. when harbor factli- (d) Posts, tel£gmphs, and telephones. ties remove its handicap in cempeting with Japanese and In the Russian portion of Sakhalin. mails are delivered by the north China coal. Russian: volunteer fleet of steamers to Alexandrovsk. During · rv. ECO::.iOMlC CONDITIONS. about thl·ee· months of midwinter mails are carried by native (A) MNANs . Oli' CoMuuNICA'l'I\)N. dog sledges over the frozen sea between the island and Niko- (1) INTERNAL. la.e:vsk, near the- moutlli of the Amuz:. The- Russians had a tele- (a) Road-s, paths, and !tracks. graph system.along the· roads linking up the principal prisons, The greater part of the isl~d of Sakhalin is covered with which were connected also by the weeldy post from Alex prime-val forest, and the means of communication. are therefore an.drovsk.. defective; the few roads that exist have been cut through Tke Japanese have a mail service three times a month by the jungle by convict labor. There are also a few paths, made steamer from Hakodate. They nave maintained and extended by widening bear tracks. The natiYes travel chiefly by river~ the Russian telegraph system. Postal,.. telegraph, and telephone The main read of the island during the period of Russiaa offices are established in the chief towns, Toyohara, Otomari, · rule started from the coal mines of Due on: the we t coast and l\Iauka, Shikika, Nayoshi, . and Nishi-Notaro. There are 16 ran .to .A.lexandrovsk, the seat of government, a distance of subordinate post offices. two of which are- also telephone ex abeut 8·miles. It then ran northward to Arkovo, a village near changes. the coast, whence it turned inland,_ eros ed the ba-ck:bon.e o:ll (2) EXTERNAL. the island, and dropped down on the other- side to Derbensk, · Under Russian rule Sakhalin suffered seriously from the on the upper waters of the Tim, 35 miles from A.lexandrov_sk. want ot regulan communication with the mainland. In the At this point a corduroy road and cleared trac:tk descended winter there was no· communication, except for the months dur the 'l'im to Slavo, but the main. roa{} turned southward for 9 ing which sledges could be- used, and· even in the summer, when miles, to Rikovsk.. The totall~ofb. was 44 miles of· well-made tile sea was open, there was. ne hanbor available. roa.d. Bey'Ond Rikovsk th.e road became merely a cleared track, (a) Parts. fallowing for 200 miles the sw:ampy .right bank of. the Poronai, Alexandro sk and Due are mere open roadsteads. Alexan and thence proceeding along the east coast through Naibuchi d:rovsk has a pier 350 ya1.·ds long, and in order to qevelop the· and Vladimirovka to Korsa.ko\7 Sk, whieh under the Russians coal-mining industry it has been decided to· construct a properly was the chief prison and administrative center of the south. equipped port there. At Due ships have. to lie two-thirds of a For a few miles out of Rikovsk there was a road on tlfe left mil-e out. bank of the Poronai, passing through the villao~ of Longari. 1\.fauka, on. the west coast, is another apen roadstead, but it From Alexandrovsk there was also a short road inland to has the distinqtion of being almost free from ice in winter, No o· 1\Iikhailovsk, which may be termed a subm·b, and thence and it seems destined to become, 1f it has not already become, a track to Rikovsk. In winter ·the natives with theiu dog the mo t flourishing port <>f Japanese Sakhalin. To-day it sledges used the beach, or rather the frozen fringe of the sea, possesses a larger population ( 19,000') than any other town as a mail route to Cape Pogobi, whence they crossed the frozen on the island. sea to the mainland. It was also considered sa.fer to make Otomari, which includes Sakaemaebi, 1 mile distant, is closed the journey fi•om Alexandrovsk to Arkovo, and the latter half by ke fo..r about three months in the year, but in the open of that from Alexandrovsk to Due, bY- the beach at low tide, season it affords safe anchorage, except with winds from the instead of by the road, as the traveler thus red11ced the chances south andJ west. Four short piers and oneo longer one, with a of attack to one side only. depth of 6 fathoms at its end,. have- been built, but ships gen- · Kor akovsk in the south was the-center of a few Russian roads erally unload inro lighters. ' · which began bravely enough, but ended as . mere tracks. One Minor ports are Sakaehama., on the eas-t coast, and Ushi ran northward to the village of Ta.koi, beyond Vladimirovka, yara, on the west coast,. but at both the· anchorage is most in and another linked up Korsakovsk with Muravievsk, on the secure. Ships must lie some distance offshore and load and southeast aud with 1\fauka on the west coast. At the nrurrowest unload by me-ans of lighters. part of the island a Russian track connected the villages of From time immemorial Japanese junks have anchored in Uanue on the east coast and Kusunai on the west. the Bay of Ni \\"ithin shelter of the sand dunes to trade with After the acquisition by Ja!}an. of the southex:n part of the the native Gilya~ks, Orok.s, and Tungus. Unfortunately, on this island new towns were laid ou.:t at Toyohara (Russian, Vladi coast fogs prevail fl:om the- end_of April into, July. mi.r·ovka), Otoma:ri (Korsakovsk), and 1\lauk.a, and a highway · The only available records of shipping at>e for Japanese was constructed a:eross the backbone of the ISland from Toyo vessels entering Otomari. In 1912 that port was visited 'by lJ:lara, the capital, to Mauka on the west coast. Another was 3:}. steamships, with a total tonnage of 18,186, and two sailing made later from Toyohara southwest to Ca.pe Notoro. The Rus vessels of 205 tons. In 1914, 36 'Japanese steamships; of 16,451 sian highways and tracks were converted into roads 15 feet in tons, entered and 26, of 10,159 tons, cleared·; in the same year width, and bridges were built. These roads and bridges, how 1 sailing Yessel of 114 tons entered· and 3: of 478 tons cleared. ever, l-eave something to be desired, and better provision is neces- (b) Shippitlg Unes. sary if the economic expansion. of the colony is to continue. By Between Russian Sakhalin and the mainland communications 1911 the Go'f'ernment had established 53 ferries, carrying pas are maintained from the middle o-f April to the end of October sengers at small fees, or- without charg~, and had granted sub· by steamers of the Russian volunteeT fleet; there are 16 sail sidies to 73 road stages providing lodgings, horses, a.nd porters. ings from Vladivostok to Nikolaevsk; and the ships call at Notwithstanding their conservatism, the Japanese are using Rus Alexandrovsk on the Qutward ·and return· journeys. .An occa sian carts on these roads. In winter, communication is main sional tramp steamer calls at Due or Vladimirsk for ~oaL tained between Toyohara and 1\fauka by Ainu dog sledges and In Japanese Sakhalin shipping communications are regular with the Russian pa.rt of the island by native reindeer sledges. and frequent in the open season. Thel'e is a service ·during (b) Ri-vers. the summer to Otomari from Hakodate and Ota.ru, with nine The chief rivers, the Tim and the Poronai, are shallow, and sailings per month, provided partly by the steamers of the their mouths have to be approached cautiously on account of Nippon Yu.sen Kaisha and partly by the small steamships of saml banks or dunes. The Poronai is 11-a-vigable a few miles up the Osaka Shosen Kaisha; the latter call twice monthly from as far as Poroto--by vessels of 4! feet draft. The Tim, from Apdl to December at Sakaehama and minor ports on the east' Derbensk to its mouth, a distance of about 200 miles, is said' coast of the island. There is also said to be a coasting service to have 11 rapids, 89 sand banks, and many obstructions formed of the Kita Nippon Kisen Kaisha's vessels. · by fallen trees. (c) Cables an(l wireless communication.. · The rivers are the main highways for the natires, who use .A. Russian submarine ·cable is laid between Cape Pogobi on them for canoe traffic in the summer and as roads for sledges Sakhalin and Cape La.zarev on the mainland. There was an when frozen in the winter. older cable connecting Alexandrovsk with the mainland at De (c) Railways. Castries Bay; this was broken in 1901, but is reported to have There is no railway in the Russian area. Rails are laid down. been repaired. · . from Alexand.rovsk to the jetty, a distance of about 1i miles. The Japanese haYe a cable from Alexandrovsk to the island · During the Russo-Japanese War the Japanese military ad of Todoshima (.Kaib.ato), off the southwest coa t, and thence ministration built a light railwa-y of' 3' feet 6 inches gauge from· to the island of Yezo. · Otomari ( Sa.kaemachin Station) to Toyohara; this was ope-ned The nearest wireless statiens are at Nikolaevsk, on the to the public in 1909. In 1911 it was extended to Sakaehama, a Siberian mainland, and on the Japanese island of Yezo. 4606 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN-ATE. 1\fARoB: 27, {B) INDUSTRY. No report is available of the conditions of tho e engaged in (1) LABOR. the fisheries and canneries. In 1908 the majority were mi (a) Supply of labor; emigration attd imm,igratiof!.. gratory, but to-day the migratory element i les than half Since the Russo-Japanese War Sakhalin has ceased to be a of the total. Similarly there is no information a to t~o e penal settlement, and the prisons now house local offenders employed in the wood-product factories. only, The difficulty in the old days was to provide lucrative (2) AGRICULTURE. work for the prlsoner who had . served his time. To-day the (a) Products of commercial value. population of the Russian territory has dwindled to a sixth of Russian official statistics, which err on the optimi tic ide, what it was, and continues to decrease. In 1911 there were state that there are in the Russian part of the island 321,250 only 5,158 Russians in the northern half of the island, of whom acres of good land suitable for cultivation. Of this area about 726 were officials and soldiers, 1,502 ex-convicts, and the rest one-half is already occupied by the inhabitants of 27 'ettle mostly dependants of these. Rikovsk has only one-third of its ments. It is thus computed that there are till more than houses occupied, and Alexandrovsk is said to have only one 160,000 acres of agricultural land available for immigrants. fifth of its former population. In these circumstances there is The products of the land under cultivation in Russian ale no question of the supply of labor. With the exception of a haHn are very meager. The most favorable report bows that few ex-convict traders, the bulk of the population is engaged in the yield of wheat, barley, and rye is about five and half growing potatoes, garden produce,...and cereals, and barely suc fold and that of potatoes ninefold. These crops ar all con ceeds in raising enough for its own support. Little economic sumed on the island ; the rye crop is not even ufficient for local progress can be expected from the remnants of an ex-convict n~eds. In 1911 there were 1,797 horse , 4.315 cattle, and 1;400 population, whose most energetic members took the opportunity ptgs. The Government agricultural chool at Rikor k po e"' e~ of the Russo-Japanese War to make their escape to the main a small farm and a few head of cattle. laud. · In south Sakhalin the cultivated areas are increasing. Th The coal mines at Due and Vladimirsk need labQr, but this total area cultivated by the 3.857 families tated to have b en work does not appeal to the Russian population; hence up to settled by the end of the year 1917 was 9,485 cho (1 cho=2.4G 1914 some 600 Chinese and Koreans were employed in the mines. acres) 23,238 acres. It is further reported that there were The Russian part of the island is unattractive climatically, more than 438,000 chos (1,073,100 acres) of land in the Japanese agriculturally and socially, and the blight of the penal system ~erritory available for cultivation and pasturage. This figure is oYer it; hence it is not surprising that, notwithstanding the IS, howe"Ver, probably much exaggerate{]. This area, added to inducements offered by the Government, only 30 new families the total area given by the arne authority for the forests, settled during the years 1907 to 1910. The Government offers loans amounts to about 1,350 square miles in excess of the area 0 iven to intending settlers, up to a sum of 400 rubles to each family, for the whole of Japanese Sakhalin, on condition that a khodok, or selector, chooses the land they Barley, wheat, potatoes. bean , cabbage , flax, and hemp are are to· occupy. "Easy terms of repayment are granted, the sum grown uccessfully on the river margin· and in the heltered being divided into 10 annual installments, commencing at the · valleys. Stock farming is expected to do better on the plains end of five years. In certain cases half the loan may be re and the lake margins, e pecially ince the large bear have been mitted. To settlers above 15 years of age a postponement of driven north. Foxes and ·imilar animals are red for the fur military service for six years is also granted. trade. No statistics of emigration are available, but the mainland, ( b) Forestry. with its better .climate and greater development, especially at Forests coyer the larger part of Russian Rakhalin. It i Kikolae\sk and Khabarovsk, attracts a few hundred emigranrs state~ that their area is 14,766 quare mile , but this is almost annually. certamly exaggerated. The chief pecie of t ree at·e larch fir With regard to immigration in south S~kbalin, the number spruce, and birch : the timber is suitable for export, but 'thi~ of Japanese who visit the island in the summer for the fisheries has been hindered hitherto by the lack of facilitie fo r trans bas increase by tens of thousands since the establishment of port. The Russian until recently used the forests fo r fuel and Japanese rule. Another stream of immigrants has settled do"11 for building their log dwellings; and large areas have been pt-rmanently to cultivate the soil. One record gives the number burned through carele sne s. Up to 1914 the awmHls t of families settled on the land up to the end of 1917 as 3,857, Alex~ndrovsk provided for loc.al needs ; but new developments and this seems to be confirmed by another report which mentions at N.ikolaevsk: on the mainland, due to the capture by the a total of 17,000 settlers. The impending development of the Russians of the export trade in fish and its diversion toward wood-pulp and match-stick mills may help to steady the demand Europe, together with the construction f the Amur Railway, for labor, which has varied with fluctuating harvests. have led to a great boom in the timbet· trade. It i reported Tlle Japanese population, reckoned on June 30, was as fol that the association of lumbermen of the Amur region h s lows: Forty-three thousand four hundred and fifty-six in 1908; been granted a-concession in Sakhalin near the Rus o-Japanese 57,051 in 1911; 73,568 in 1915; and 76,705 in 1916; these figures, boundary, and that they intend to co.nstruct their own harbor. howe-rer, include many thousands of migratory fishermen. The In Japanese Sakhalin the forests belong to the Government, seasonal character of this immigration is shown by comparing and urrey have been made. The area of the fo1·ests w s the aboYe totals with those given in the records for December given by the Financial and Economic Annual f Japan for 1918 31, which were as follows: Twenty-six thousand three hundred a 3,352,712 cho, or 12,83-1 quare miles. but, as in. theca ·e of the and ninety-three in 1908, 36,725 . in 1911, 60,660 in 1915, and agricultural area, there i · little doubt that this figure is too 64,323 in 1916 ( cf. . p. 14). Of the total population, three-fifths high. It would seem that probably three-quarters of the urface is aiel to be engaged in· the fisheries. i · forested, and that about five-eighths of the forest consist of conifers. The most important trees are the larch (Larix (b) Labot· cOnditions. dahurica), the spruce (Picea ayanensis), the tir (Abie ak ·In Russian Sa'khalin the people are almost entirely engaged halinensis), and the white birch. Larch log have been eut in cultivating their own plots of land, and therefore make their to Japan in quantities for conversion into railway ,Jeepers and own labor conditions. In some cases they are the victims of telegraph pole", and the white birch ha been found useful for careless or unscrupulous officials, who have settled them or their the production of charcoal. calcium acetate. and w od tar. parents before them.on entirely unsuitable land. On the whole, Wood pulp and match ticks have now been added to these the blight of the convict is perhaps the greatest hindrance to products. the deYelopment of a prosperous community. 3. FI. HERlES. In Japanese Sakhalin the immigrants have been selected, The Russo-Japanese fisherie convention, concluded in 1907 and their prospective lands carefully chosen. Roads and com for a period of 12 years, granted to Japanese ubject the right munications have been made, and no stigma attaches to the to· fish along the coast of the whole of the Rn..,s ian far eastern population. They also haYe the distinct advantage of a less possessions on an equal basis with Russians, except in certain inclement climate. "nonconventional ·: bays and gulfs reserved for Ru siaus nly. The early arrangements were for settlers, who could afford The use of ves els under foreign flags i allowed. The tations to do o, to stay at Otomari; and for those who could not, to go are put up to auction annually at Vladivostok by the Priamut· to the immigrant "town" near by where they were to await Department of.Domains. Since 1910, when the Ru sian fisher instructions. Carefully selected before leaving their homes, men on the Amur River captured the "trade from the Japane , they were allotted 22~500 tsubos (1 tsubo=3.9 square yards), the Russians have competed in increasing number for the ta nearly 18! acres of land and a Russian house. For this tions off the Pacific coa t of Siberia. and have adopted modern they were to pay 6s. per annum to the Government and to keep equipmen~ and methods of preparation. In 1913 there were 14 the house in repair. The land was to become the property 9f stations in· Russian Sakhalin, of which 4 were in "nonconven Ute settler if at the end of five rears it had been cultivated to tional" waters, while of the 10 in "conventional " waters the satisfaction of the authorities. 5 were ·leased to Russian concerns and 5 to Japanese. 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4607. Fi ·bing is al ·o carried on in the rivers with nares, and in end. The Government was ~o put up the lease to public auc· the winter aloug the ..:ea edge, where breathing holes are made. tion for 36 years at Petrograd in 1914, a condition being im· By the ·e imple methods and soi11e· casi:uil sea fishing in the posed that the lessee should construct a harbor at Alexan summer the native and RtJ.-sia_n peasants catch for their own droYsk for general use. The scheme of con-truction involved USe haddock, halibut, trout, ide, smelt, and variO{!S }):inds Of the building of a mole from Jonquiere Head to the rocks called salmon. . · the Three Brothers, and the cost. as estimated in various proj The number f fi. h' caugllt during the th.ree years 1911, 19~, ects put forward within the last 20 year , ranged from 3,500 000 and 1913 off the coast of Rns. ian Sakhalin was as follows : to 7,000,000 rubles. Apparently there wet·e no bidders, for' the last report (1914) states that tile mines are being let on a . Chllin Humpback yearly basis, and are still being worked by .Chinese labor. For Year. salmon salmon Herring. 30 years the rumor has persisted that one of the most valuable (klta). (gorbush!l). mines is on fire. In Japanese Sakhalin coal has long been mined at Sedonai, 1 lL ...... : .... . 31, ()()() 286,000 12,640,000 on the west coast near·the Russian border, and veins have beeu 1912 .••.••••••••••••••..•••••••••••.•••••••••.. 16, ()()() 126, ()()() H, 036,000 located in the southwestern urea, particula.rly iu the Notoro 1~13 ... . ····•••·•· ..••..•...... •...... 38,000 183, 000 4,483, 000 Peninsula. Reports are_published from time to time of newly located seams but the results of investigation have proved dis- The herring fishery i · declining off tioth parts of the island. -appointing. The most recent di...,covery tells of a seam 60 miles Before the Ru ·so-Japane ·e War the Sakhalin hen·ing fishery long and 1 to 3 miles broad on the east coast, stretching difstrict wa the mot impor.tant in tbe whole Russian Pacific, north from the mouth of the Poronai. The coal obtained, how· - but now it bas become of comparatively small impottance. ever, is very inferior; it is oft and break readily. In .:outhern Sakllalin, even 1.mder the Rn sian regime, the A ~overnment coal-ll!ining station has been established on tile J panese had maintained tile majority of the fishing stations, west coast. It must .not be supposed, however, that the coal in aud a Japanese consul bad been stationed at Korsakovsk to the Japanese a.rea is comparable in quality to that of the Rus· re ulate the fisheries. For the year 190~ he reported that there sian half of the island. The following tatistics of production, were 35 Japauese and ~0 Ru"siau undertakings connected with given in the Japanese Year Book (Y. Takenobu, Japanese Year t11e fh;herie · of outhern Sakhalin. The total fish production Book, 1918; Tokyo, 1918) should be regat·ded with some caution: for til at year was 1.451.680 .pull · ( 1 pud equals· 36.1 pounds Tom:. avoinlupoh). of which 1,131,600 puds represented fish fertilizer. TlJ total ynlue wa .. 1,500.000 rubles (£158,1~5). In 1913 the valuf' of the herring fishery alone is stated to ha ·re been £330,136, and of the total fi~hery £.)81,803. Oil springs and paraffin· lakes are found at intervals for a During the fit· ·-t few year· after the Ru so-Japanese War there conside1;able~ifi======distance along the northeast coast of Sakhalin. ~~:!!& espe wu · a luck of control: not only were fish killed before ·pawning cially near Chaivo Bay, on the Boatas. in Creek, and Nutovo !Jut Iaro-e numbers were left to die and rot. To-day there is River. The discovery was officially reported in 1894, and the trict Government control, licenses are issued. and whereas first shallow boring was made in 1900. An English company just tlJere u"ed to 15e a many a ~ 70 fishing stations on the east before the Russo-Japanese War sent out an expedition which coa._t and 4:23 on the west, the total numbet· is now restricted made a careful geological and analytical examination. Since to 375. then other important expeditions from Europe and the Orient .\u experimental fi ·h farm llas lJeen established on the west have inspected the area and spent considerable urns in tests. but coast, at which inYe tigution and re ·earcll work are carried on. it yet remains to be proved that oil exists in commercially 'pay The chief fishing ._·eason is in .August, 'vhen the herring, the ing quantities. kitn ot· dog ..:a lmon, and the o-orbusha or lmmpback salmon ' The rumors from Japanese ·onrce. of the existence of "oil arrive off the coa~t in S<.'hools to escape the cold northeastern veins" in south Sakhalin have not been ubstantiated.. current. The salmon are cured or ..,alted, but the herrings are ·Iron mines exist in the north of Russian Sakhalin, but, as mo.:tly prepareu for u e in fertilizing tile rice field · and tea they have been only fitfully worked by the Russian Government, garden of Japan. The llerrlng fertilizer became of prime im it seems that they do not promise to be of much value. Iron· portance to Japan after the China-Japanese War had cut off pyrites is found in Japanese Sakhalin, particularly in the No- the 'upplies of haricot pods. If the decline of the herring toro Peninsula. - fishery of the Pacific in the years 1916 and 1917 continues, Alluvial gold has been discovered in both north and soutll Japan may have to find a ubstitute for fish guano in soy beans Sakhalin in small -quantities. There are Japane ·e rel)orts, to irupotted from Manchuria. Fishing for crabs ha.., been devel which too much importance should not be attached. of the oped recently. the catch being canned; fishing for cod and karei presence of silver and copper in the Naiko district. Amber is (fl.at:fi. h) is also developing. found on the shore of the Bay of Patieuce. Beebe de mer or trepang and sea cabbage, valued a · delicacies • (5) MANUFACTURI!iS. by the Chinese, are obtained off both Russian and Japanese In Russian Sakhalin the Gilyaks, Oroks, and Tungus hew out Sakhalin. · canoes and manufacture clothing out of dogskins. _ The Russian 4. MI.:-<'ERALS. peasants are almost entirely engaged on the land, and there are The chief mineral prouuct of the island is coal. of which there no manufactures on any conside·rable scale. There is a small are considerable deposits. The quality is better than the aver.. iron foundry at Alexandrovsk. ag . Japanese coal and slightly inferior to the best, but is not In Japanese Sakhalin there are four wood-pulp mills, each equal to the coal from Fushun, in l\lanchuria. The deposits are with an annual production valued at £10,000. There are several a commercial asset to be reckoned with in the future, though, canning factories. A dl'y distillate factory was established at owing to the backwardness and inaccessibility of Sakhalin, ami Toyohara in 1911 for utilizing the white birch, the elm, and to the presence of coal in north Japan, Primorsk, and northern other broad-leaved trees. In tile production of charcoal, c-alcium China, the Sakhalin coal i not "ready" for market. acetate, and wood tar, 43,200 kokus {1 kokn equals 10 cubic In Russian Sakhalin coal is worked chiefl..y at Due and Vladi feet) of .timber ( 432,000 cubic feet) are i·eported to be used mirsk. It is lignite, with about 66 per cent of the caloric value annually. of Wel~h coal. and contains 'i1 per cent of coke. The chief (C) COMMERCE. obHtacle to it u e i the absence of facilities for loading it on (1) DOMESTIC. hipboard; lighters have to be used for this purpose. M-r. C. H. Principal branches of trade. Hawes (in the Uttermost East, London, 1903) mentions that In Russian Sakhalin there is some traffic between the native a teamer of the Chinese Eastern Railway Co. intended to load tribes and the Russians, the former supplying furs in exchange 2,000 tons, but at the end of three weeks had succeeded in em· for gunpowder and shot, potatoes, vodka, and tobacco. Also, at b· rking only 150 tons. Other hindrances to development have the time of the annual bear festival bears are frequently pur been the inefficiency of the convict labor and Rus ian careless chased with Russian supplies. These tribes also barter furs ne. , which re ulted in con. iderable damage to the · mines. with the Japanese, who come to the Bay of N'i on the northeast Aft r geological urvey had been made it was estimated that coast for rice, cauldrons, kettles, and needles, .and with the ~lle reserve of coal was 16,000,000 tons; the actual production Manchu traders, who come from the mainland to some central in 1913-an average year-wa · 36,000 tons. spot on the Tim for Chinese cotton cloth ( ta-pu) and coins to The lease of the mine at Due (at a royalty to the Govern adorn the skirts of Gilyak ladies. ment of one-fourth kopeck per pud) expired in 1914, and the Amongst the Russian inhabitants themse1.ve there is little le.. ee company then experimented with a new vein, 4 or 5 trade. The peasants are almost self-sufficing, and such trade miles to the north of Alexandrovsk, thet·eby hastening its own as exists consists merely of the sale of the small surplus of the LXII--291 4608 CONGRESS! ON Alt RECORD-SEN ATE. MARcH 27, pro met of tlleir farms or gardens and the purchase from the · part of the island to the other. No mention is made of them in few general stores at Alexandrovsk, Derbensk, Rikovsk, and tile Japanese budget, nor in the canty details of the Ru sian Sla o of uch articles a hardware, clothing, brick tea, rice, budget available. tobacco, and O'unpowder and shot. (D) FI~ANCE. In Japane e Sakhalin tbe Ainu traffic in furs, although they (1) PubUc finance. ar more and more engaged in transport with dog and reindeer Until 1905 there were no taxes in Rus ian Sakhalin, and any led (2) FOREIG~. In Japanese Sakhalin, since the establishment of the special (a) E;gport8. account in April, 1907, a fixed grant has been made annually by the national treasury to help toward defraying the expenses of The cruel articles of export from Russian Sakhalin are fish, colonization and administration; but apparently in the budget oar, and fur . estimates for tbe year 1918-19 the need of this is for the first Fish i · exported in quantities nearly equaling the total time not anticipated. The budget estimate for that year amount caught off the coast, but no information as to value i (Finance and Economic Annual of Japan, 1918, p. 192) were vailable. The products prepared from fi h amounted in 1911 as follows: to 1,212 tons, in 1912' to 1,068 tons, and in 1913 to 690 tons. REVE~UE. The 1913 catch was made into the following products: Ordinary: Yen. Tons. Direct taxation------312, 19 d by the Russian 79 Revenue from public undertaking and State property __ 1, 5G4, 049 Fish, sart methed______Licenses and fees------228, 221 f'aviar, prepared by the Russian method______22 Fish. (lry salted for the Japanese markeL------27~ Herring fertilizer f01· the Japane e market______274: 7: Fi. h oil for the Japane e madret______:______38 Profits~~fiia~~;~t~ of tobacco·======monopolY------144.113~ ~~i Caviar for the Japane e markeL------3 Total------2,355,591 Total------~------690 Extraordinuy : Proceeds of ale of State property______283 432 Coal was produced in 1913 to the extent of 36,000 tons, and Surplus of preceding y ar transferred______462. 815 nearly the whole of this wa exported. It was taken partly by Proceed of loans received ______1, 203. lO()o tramp steamers of v-arious nationalities, and partly by the Rus Miscellaneous receipt ------2, 93!. ian volunteer fieet, and steamers of the Chinese Eastern Tot~--~------1,952, 231 Railway Co-. Furs are taken by the richer Oroks and Gilyaks early in the Total revenue------4,307,872 year to· Nikolaevsk on t:ne Amur. Reindeer, sable, fox, and IIXPlll ' DI'IUR.E. Ordinary: marten are among the furs thus exported. There u ed to be General adinini tration ------1, 428, 9R7 an export of ealskins, but the fur seal is now rare. Reserve fund------c 0, 000 The chief exports from Japanese Sakhalin are fish, timber, Tl'ans':l'er:r:ed from general account______41. 519 and coal. Expenses for shrines------, 000 Fish is the most valuable product. The quantities and value Total ------1, 55 , 486 of the .fish manure exported to Jap~ in the period 1897-190it . . htraordinary : . were as follows : ' Expense for management of busmess ______:_ ___ _ 110, 29'l Building a11d engineering______526,218 Coloniz&tion. ------562,530 Year. Tons. Pounds. 8-pecial undertakings eXJ}ensea ______1,403, 100 · Expenses for taking of census ______4,262 Special allowance ------142,959 1897-1901 (a.-vcrage) ...... 17,624 19,979 1902 ...... ~-····-················--·~·······"············ 1903 ..• -· .•• ·- -· ·-.. --· ..••...•....•.••. -· ...... 2S,390 Touu ------~------2 749,386 Total expenditure ______... ______4, 307, 72 In 1903 the export of herrings amounted to 188,459 kokus With this may be co~pared the budget for 1913-14, the la t (1 koh.'ll=4.9 bushels), 934,756 bushels, and in 1907 reached pre-war year, when the ordinary revenue amounted to 1,983,934 its maximum with 234~16 kokus, the amount falling in 1914 yen, and the extraordinaTy revenue to 687,013 yen. making a to 205,644 kokus, of which 1,800 kokus were salted and sent to total of 2,670,947 yen. FoT the same year the ordinary expendi China for food. The export of salmon,. which in 1903 amounted tm·e was 1,007,665 yen and the extraordinary expenditure 1,270,· to 4,639 kokus only,. rose in 1914 to 17,977 kokus. The export 381 yen, making a total of 2,278,045 yen; there was thus a ur of trout, which amounted to 27,061 kokus in 1903, reached in plus of 392,901 yen. 1912 a total of 127,815 kokus, which, after a decline in 1916, (2) Ourreney. was ucceeded in 1911 by a still larger exi)ort of 167,620 kokus. Thoe currency in the Russian and Japanese pru·ts of the The export of crab has developed in recent years, and 5,760,000 island is tl'le ame as in the rest ot the two Empiresr In Rus· cans weTe exp01ted in 1917, chie:fly to America. There is also sian Sakhalin, as in eastern Siberia, more silver and fewer an export of trepang and sea cabbage to China. notes were in circulation before the war than in western Timber wa exported to a value of :£3,522 in 1912, and of Russia. .£13,155 in 1913 ; trlese figure hould, however, be increased by In accordance with the imperial ordnance of October 29, tbe value of the timber reaching Hakodate via Hokkaido ports. 1917, the Japanese have issued paper note of small denomina Almost the whole of the coal produced is exported. In 1914 tions-50, 20, and 10 en (100 sen=1 yen=2 . 01d., approxi· the production amounted to 14,653 tons, in 1915 to 27 ,.665, and mate)-to supplement the ustlal Japanese coinage of gold', in 1916 to 37,640. silver, nickel, and bronze pieces. The total issue of the notes Besides these three chief exports, match sticks, wood pulp, to the end of August, 1918, was 60,689,000 yen. and probably all the charcoal, calcium acetate, and wood-tar (3) ·Ban,Mng. product are exported. • (b) Imf)o1·ts. The Hokkaido Colonial Bank, with an authorized capital or 10,000,()0(} yen ~£1,020,833), of which 6,250,000 yen have be n No information is availa}}le as to the amount of the import paid up, was established to supply capital for the colonization trade of either paTt of the island~ In Russian Sakhalin the and exploitation of Hokkaido and Japane e Sakhalin. The local products are so scanty that many of the necessities as well bank is empowered to make long-term loans- at low interest on a the luxurie of life have to be imported. These include some the security of real property and hort-term loans on the se- ereals,. brick, tea, ~ice, tobacco, clothing, hardware, and rifles. curity of the agrkultm·al or marine products of Hokkairlo and In Japane~e Sakhalm, the. Japanese craftsman can ~upply m?st Japanese Sakhalin. It is authorized to make· loans orr pledge 1 ~f ~e native needs, but nee,. tobacco, tea, and ~th:Ug have to· , of tile shares and debentures of joint- tock C'Ompanies which be Imported, and th~ fisherm~n need nets, 3:nd ~ea~·, tins for can· · have for their object the colonization and exploitation of Hok ni~g , and other articles, bes1des salt, which 1S IDlported from kaido and Japanese Sakhafin, and to subscribe for and take up Ta1wan (Formo a).. th~ debentures of such companie . It can also make loans witb· {c) Customs and tariffs. l out security, redeemable by annual in aliments, or within fix d: Information i wanting as to whether any customs dues ~e terms:, tOe industrial fishery, forestry, or stock-breeding guilds, collected on imports to Sakhalin, or on goods passing from one or to associations of suCh guilds. •. • 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4609 (E) GENERAL RIIMARKS: should come out, or she would not ratify and conclude the The population of Russian Sakhalin has steadily decreased treaty. But when she asked for the making of the supplemen since the time of the Russo-Japanese War. The reasons are not tary treaty which is now pending before the Senate, providing hard to determine. The island, owing to its long use as a for the withdrawal of her home islands, she desired to leave penal settlement, bears an ill name ; and, except to the specu ,other islands within the terms of the treaty. lative miner, its natural resources offer none of the attractions If Japan had been willing to exempt from the treaty the of the mainland. Agriculture will never be a serious factor in southern half of the island of Sakhalin, that belongs to her its development; the possibilities of economic expansion are under a treaty of peace entered into with Russia nearly 20 greatest for timber, coal, and petroleum. Timber, however, had years ago, the title to which is not in dispute, so far as I am in been cut and burned over large areas before the settlement of dividually concerned I would have been perfectly willing to 1905, and facilities for transport are lacking, so that, although leave it out. the world scarcity of timber may temporarily foster the de The point of interest to me was not the Japanese islands. It velopment of this industry, it can scarcely prove a permanent was not to protect the Japanese islands that I signed this treaty source of prosperity. The coal industry promises greater re or agreed to it as one of the delegates. I entered into the ward for development, but it is seriously handicapped by the contract to protect the islands of the United States and to pro want of facilities for loading and by the damage caused by care tect the people of the United States. Though others differ with le s mining. These defects are especially important in view of me and are entitled to their opinion, yet in my judgment it is a the competition of the coal mines of Manchuria, Primorsk, and great achievement that we have accomplished, an understanding Japan. A petroleum industry is often spoken of, but it does not by which the Philippine Islands are no longer a danger point ex:i t at present. The presence of petroleum in quantities large on the horizon of the East. enough to make exploitation remunerative has not yet been I would have no personal bjection to the exclusion of the proved. The development of the Russian territory remains, island of Sakhalin as proposed by the amendment of the Senator therefore, uncertain, dependent on factors which have not yet from Arkansas if I bad the determination of it; but I have not. been ·determined. That i the Japanese part of the treaty. They are proposing to Japanese Sakhalin ha the advantage of a less severe climate, put the blanket of the four-power treaty over the Philippine with less fog. Agriculture, therefore, has a better chance and Island for us. They ask us to put under the blanket of the is likely at least to provide the means of livelihood for a con four-power treaty the island named in the treaty, not including siderable number of pea ants; and there are still better pros their homeland, but including the outhern half of Sakhalin pects for stock breeding. The timber and wood-pulp industries whicl:i belongs to them. I think -if we adopt the amendment of promi e considerable deyelopment, but a careful afforestation the Senator from Arkansas, striking out the reference to the policy is necessary. Fi ·bing has been the staple industry in southern half of the island of Sakhalin, then in all probability, the past and may continue to be so; the island fisheries have, or possibility perhaps I had better say, Japan would not ratify howeYer, been far outstripped by those along the Siberian coast. the treaty, and if she did not ratify it then, whatever is accom Moreover, the great schools of fish display nen-ousne ·s, and it plished under the four-power treaty would be gone. is possible that the effect of the increasing steamer traffic may Now, as to those who think tllat a mistake is being made in be to frighten away the fi h from the waters off the island, as making and ratifying the four-power treaty, I can see very they haye already been frightened from the coasts of Japan. well why they should vote to .strike out the reference to the The coal industry continues to grow, but the inferior quality southern half of the island of Sakhalin, because possibly then of the product is likely to make progress slow. The possibility Japan may reject the treaty. But to those having my view of developing an oil industry is even more doubtful in the point, who believe that the four-power treaty is of value to the southern portion of the island than in the northern. The pros people and the Government of the United States, I say that I pects of the southern part of the island are, on the whole, ee no rea on why it should be tricken out and the treaty good; and this is due largely to the activity of the Japane e endangered. Government in encouraginO' settlement and investigation and I li tened to the argument f the Senator from Arkansas in in maintaining control of the exploitation of the natural re reference to the treaty involving us in war. He referred to source . something said in my speech the other day. I see no danger of Mr. UNDERWOOD. 1\Ir. President, I wislt to state for the Russia making war upon Japan in the next 10 or 11 years, record whv I do not think it wise to vote for the amendment because I have not the slightest idea, and I do not think any offered by· the Senator from Arkansas. I have not enga (Yecl in other man who has studied history or the building of armies the discussion in reference to procedure in the ratification of belieYes, that it is possible for Russia to recover within 10 the four-power pact or the supplement to it. That is a matter years. I believe that within less than that time Japan will have which comes before the Committee on Foreign Relation..;. Those remoYed her troops out of the northern half of Sakhalin and Senators on the committee direct the procedure in the Senate, out of the main coast of Asia, and if she does there is no ques· and I have no doubt they are capable of handling the situation tion for dispute. satisfactorily to tl10se jnterested. But this amendment goes Of course nobody can look into the future. I do not set right to the substance of the treaty and i · material in the -ques my...,elf up a a prophet; I cun not ay what is coming; but I tion of ratification, not only by us, but by the other powers. am thoroughly convinced for two reasons that Sakhalin would It must be borne in mind that the purpose in writing the not be the point of attack. four-power treaty was to protect the safety of the American The first reasm;t is that, if it was the point of attack, Russia island· in the Pacific by arranging for a settlement of disputes .would involve herself with three other nations, not in the way in reference to them by arbitration in order to avoid war. of attack, but the question would have to be left to an inter Now, if that is not the purpose of making the four-power treaty national understanding under the terms of this treaty; not as and ratifying it, then I do not know what the purpo e is. It to the involvement of arm but possibly the involvement of is a purpose in a minor way to accomplish for our islands and finance, and she has no finances. She has never had them. the i. lands of the other three powers in the Pacific exactly Even in the greatest days of her Empire in modern times she what I voted for in reference to a large number of nations hi was always short in trnances. So for that reason, if she wanted the world when I voted for the ratification of the YNsailles to attack Japan at any time I think the southern half of treaty. To my mind there is no distinction. Sakhalin would be the last point he would attack. Of course, there are two sides to what shall be in and what Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. Pre..:ident, will the Senator allow me? shall be out. More than one power has to agree to these The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. KELLOGG in the chair). treaties. The commissioners representing the United States Does the Senator from Alabama yield to the Senator from Cali Go,·ernment did not have the only say as to what should be fornia? done. They had to meet objections which were made by other Mr. UNDERWOOD. Certainly. powers, and the vie\\-point of other powers had to be considered. Mr. JOHNSON. The Senator' back was turned to me, and A treaty, like a contract, is not a one-sided proposition; it is a perhaps I may have mi understood what be said. I understood matter of give and take. him to say, and if I am in error I hope he will kindly correct · So far as I am individually concerned, I was entirely. satis me, that if Russia should in the next 10 years attack the i land fied with the four-power treaty when the home islands of Japan of Sakhalin, he would find herself involved with three other were embraced in it, because if I was willing to Respect the nations. rights of Japan in her insular possessions, I saw no reason why Mr. Ul\TDERWOOD. The Senator may hM have heard me. I I should not be willing to respect her rights in her insular said not in war. dominion, her home land, and that was the situation when the Mr. JOHNSON. What three other nations? That is the point trenty was signed. Subsequently Japan indicated that she de of my query. sired to have her home islands withdrawn. The treaty not hav 1\lr. UNDERWOOD. Of course under the four-power treaty ing been ratified by the council of the Empire -of Japan, of the United States, Great Britain, and France could be called in cour e she had a perfect right to say that her home islands by Japan to di cuss the question involved in the attack. • 4610 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD~- SENATE. l\lARcH 27, Ur. JOIL:\SON. S.o that if Russia attacked she waulcl iiud Mr. UNDERWOOD. Or unless Japan moves out. l)erself inYohed witb the United States, Great Btitaln, FJ·ance, 1\fr. ROBINSON. Yes. and Japan, . Air-, UNDERWOOD, Japan has given her pledge in an open lli. UNDERWOOD. Nqt in war. conferenee- to. eight na.tiOllS that she will move out of Man- l\1r. JOHNSON. N(l)t ne~sarily, the Senatov means, in war? c.hw·ja a.nd the-northern hal1 oi the island of Sakhalin ju t as Mr. UNDERWOOD. That is. what I said. · sonn. as the safe_ty o.f he:~; own people and her own territory will l\1r. JOHNSON. That is what the SenatQr meant, is it not? permit 1\lt. UNDERWOOD. Yes; but in a diplQmatiC. controversy MI·. BOBINSON1 That is true as to Siberia also, is it not? which I said would seriously affect any, chance of RUBsia to Mr. UNDERWOOD. Yes. finance a wa1·. · Mr. ROBL.~SON. But the vice .of the proposition from tile Mr. JOHNSON. And if she continued her attack she might standpoint of those who think they would protect those terri- necessarily find herself involved in war, too, might sbe noU tories now in Jap.ane e po session against continued aggr sion 1\lr. UNDEU.WOOI). I do not think slle would, so fa.r as this lies in th~ fact that Japan assumes to hei elf tbe sole right to country is concerned. determine when she can or when she shall do that. I respect- Mr. JOHNSON. Sh-e might, might be not? fully submit that the history of her procedure in Korea and Mr. UNDERWOOD. Anything might happen. Ma.nchuria and even in Shantung and al o in Siberia doe not l\Ir. JOHNSON. That is what might happen under this justify the expectation that she will reach the conclusion to treaty? . ' move out in the early futm·e, if she ever does, and I doubt Mr. UNDERWOOD. Ten years ago I would have said. that whether she ever does. an American Army of 2,000,000 m.en would never land in 1\.fr. UNDERWOOD. Of course, we do not know the dangers France. I am not a prophet. I have listened to some of my which may confront Japanese subjects on that border,. although friends prophesy on the floor of the Senate during the last two we know that a Japanese consul was murdered there and we weeks. 1."'hey may be good prophets, but I doubt it. I am not know that there were a number of Japanese citizens killed. going· to indulge in prophecy myself. This is a practical ques.. So far as I myself am concerned-- tion and I am speaking of the practical question befo1·e the Mr. ROBINSON. Mr. President-- Senate. The Senator from Arkansas [Mr. RoBINSON] insists Mr. UNDERWOOD. If the Senator will allow me to con- that this island would be the point of attack. I do not know tinue for a moment, I hope and wi-sh that Japan may move out ·where Russians would attack, but I know where they have at.. ·at once, and I believe that she will move out of that territory tacked in the past. In the last two decade!:l there have· been at a very early date; but the Senator from Arkansas must two great wars in that irn.m.ediate neighborhood between those remember that we ourselves at this time are oc-cupying some~ Go.ve.rnruents bel'e involved. what of an anomalous position in some of the islands . of the Mr. ROBINSON. Mr. President~- Oarribean Sea. A nation sometimes is slow to mo-;e, but never- Mr. UNDERWOOD. I yield to the Senator from Arkansas. theless I believe long before Russia ever recovers Japan will 1\Ir. ROBINSON. I thought I made it clear that the conflict- be out of that territory, because Japan is a proud nation and ing authoritie of the Russian Government and the Japanese I think will endeavor to protect her word given in open con Government would likely bring about a state of war on the ference to eight other nations: island itself. 1\fr. ROBINSON. Will the Senator permit an interruption at Mr. UNDERWOOD. That is what I understood the Senator that point? to say. Mr. UNDERWOOD. Yes. 1\lr, ROBINSON. I did .not imply that the posse sion of the Mr. ROBINSON. So long as Japan persists in her present island was necessarily of so much importance that a nation policy in Siberia, Manchuria, 1\fongolia, Spantung, Korea, and attacking Japan, particularly another nation than Russia, would Sakhalin, it is a physical impossibility to avoid conflicts. If want to seize that i.land first. The point I attempted to make Japan is to remain in those respective territories u.ntH har was that in addition to it proximity to the Asiatic mainland monious relations have been established between her troop and making attack probable was the further consideration that al- the natives, her occupation will probably last until the end of ready conflicts between what we may term Russian authority time. and Japanese authority occurs on tbe island of Sakhalin, and Mr. UNDERWOOD. The Senator is referring to national this is likely to lipen tnto a condition of threatened aggression, co::nfl.icts, of course. if indeed that does not already exist. l\1r. ROBINSON. Yes; but it was not a national conflict that l\Ir. UNDERWOOD. I did not understand the Senator in prompted Japan to go into Korea and to take pos ession o::t: the that way. I thought he was referr-ing to something else. lower half of Sakhalil:i. Mr. ROBINSON. I al o attempted to make the otbe:t· point, l\fr. UNDERWOOD. It was a national conflict that took her that, because of it proximity to the Asiatic mainland. it was there in the beginning, but·she did not move out after she hac! quite natural to expect an attack from Russia in the event sbe concluded the war. Tbat was the difficulty; she went in during ever tried to expel Japan from ber territory. the RQ.ssian war, and she did not move out; but she ha pledged l\lr. UNDERWOOD. I now understand better what he aid, herself to eight nations to move out of that territory, an<) I but as I -understood the Senator' argument~and I sat here belieYe she will not break her faith with those eight nations. very carefully to listen to it-it was that the danger point would Tbe Senator from Arkansas may say I am wroLg; but that is a be that if Russia attacked Japan she would make her point matter of opinion. I say I am right of atta<:k the island of Sakhalin. l was merely calling atten- Mr. ROBINSON. The Senator, of course, remembers the tion to the fact that in the Chinese-Japa11ese war the attack history of Korea? was a.t tl1e borderland of Korea and at Pot·t Arthur, and in the- l\Ir. UNDERWOOD. I do. Japanese-Russian war U was not at Sakhalin; it was not at Mr. ROBINSON. And that Japan gave exactly the same any of the island of the Pacific; it was not even at Vladivos~ pledge, or even a stronger pledge. in that ca e: that the tok; but it was Korea and Pm-t Arthur '-Yhere the attack United States and Great Britain were committed to the exeeu- to~~;c~ mistaken, but I think any J;llilitary man would ay tion of that pledge· that the pledge wa totally disregarded; that should tllese two great countries become involved in war and that the last semblance. of hope of Japan keeping that pledge orne day in the future-and I hope they never will; I hope has disappeared forever. that the g;reat principles of arbitration and the settlement of 1\lr. UNDERWOOD. I remember that, and I think the inci~ dtsputes out ide of the arbitrament of arms may come to live in dent is not creditable to my own country. the world and that war between those two great nations may Mr .. ROBINSON. I agree witb the Senator. uld h tt lr h d l\1r. UNDERWOOD. I think if my own co-untry had tal\:en never happen-'-and Russia sho launc an a aca, .s e wou1 +-1..~ tand which duty demanded the result would not have been attack the northern end of Korea, becau ~ she wo.uld then not u_u, have to· eros the e-a, and she would strike at the- most vital the same. point of Japan. If I should care to prophesy, 1 should venture Mr. ROBll~SON. The history of Japan wiD not upport the that prediction. hQpe of the Senator from Alabama that he will spee Mr. ROBINSON. No, Mr. President; I am not willing that Mr. UNDERWOOD. The Senator was not listening to me my good friend, the Senator from Alabama-- when I said the first words of my recent remarks. I said that 1\lr. UNDERWOOD. I do not mean that the United States I had no objection in the beginning to the mainland of Japan gave affirmativ consent, but she did negatively, for she de being in, that I have not any objection now, and that I signed the clined to move. supplemental treaty not because I wanted the mainland of 1\tr. ROBIXSO~. There is not much difference between the Japan out but because Japan said she wanted it out; that when Senator' viewpoint touching the action and attitude of the I was ready to respect the rights of Japan to her insular pos United States toward Korea and my own, but I am not willing sessions I stood equally ready to re pect her rights in her tha.t the Senator should put our Government in the attitude of insular dominions, which are her homeland; and that never having consented to the ravishment of Korea. What we did for a moment has there been any desire on my part, so far as has never been fully Cli closed, it is true ; but when we consider I am individually concerned, to exclude the homeland of Japan the course that affairs took and the final and complete subjec excep~ that Japan asked to have it done, and equally I have tion of Korea to Japanese authority, it is indeed, in my judg no desire-- ment, a shameful blot on the history of all the nations con Mr. ROBINSON. In other words, the Senator stands ready cerned. But the point I am making is that it is so recent an to do whatever Japan wants done regarding the matter-either incident in hi tory a not to justify the hope which the Senator to include the mainland or to exclude it? expresses that we will be a powerful factor in moving Japan l\Ir. UNDERWOOD. The Senator is not fair about that. out of China and Russia. ' l\Ir. ROBINSON. Is not that true? Mr. UNDERWOOD. I take altogether the opposite view. I Mr. UNDERWOOD. Yes; as to Japan's own possessions, but do not see a very material difference between giving actual not as to anything that affects us ; not as it affects us. consent and withholding your hand and sil.ying somebody else Mr. ROBL~SON. I think the Senator ought to be a little must act. I do not think that is a manly thing for an indi more sparing of his use of the words "fair" and "unfair." I vidual or a nation to do. think the Senator must know that if any conclusion is deducible l\fr. ROBINSON. I agree with the Senator absolutely. from his statement, it is that he was willing to include the Mr. UNDERWOOD. I know the Senator from Arkansas mainland of Japan, and he was willing to and did include it in does. The great nations of the world did not stand by Korea the four-power treaty, and Japan objected, and he was willing and protect her at that time. If they had there would have to take it out because Japan objected. I think my conclusion probably been a different story. I am not criticizing Japan is justifiable that he was willing that Japan should have the entirely, because we have taken some territory by the force of mainland either included or excluded, that she should have arm , and o bas every other great civilized nation. I only whatever she desired in connection with it. hope that that period in the world's history has passed forever Mr. UNDERWOOD. But the Senator did not say, before, and that the subjugation of weaker nations may never again be "in connection with Japan's own islands." That is the only carried out by force. That is why I stand, with all my heart, objection I have to his statement. In his original statement all my mind, and all the patriotism which I possess, for the he did not say tha't I was willing for Japan to do what she four-power treaty, because I believe it is a tep toward the desired in reference to her own islands. When it came down reign of peace. I say, however, the situation in Korea and in to our islands, at one time it was suggested that the naval the northern half of Sakhalin is very different from that in treaty should go so far as to include the islands of Hawaii. the marine Provinces of Siberia, if I may properly so describe I very seriously objected when I heard that. them. There Japan went in, marching shoulder to shoulder l\fr. WILLIAMS. What islands? " with American troop , having in view the very proper pur l\lr. UNDERWOOD. The Hawaiian Islands, which are e:x:4 po e of helping some of our allies or some of those who desired eluded from the naval treaty. I very seriously objected, be to be our allie out of Russia. We came out; Japan did not cau e I wanted the fortifications in Hawaii to continue, and come out with us; but she has solemnly promised not only our they will be continued. That was in reference to the forti4 Government but seYen other great nations of the world that fications in the naval treaty, not in reference to this treaty; she will come out. but as to whether Japan has one island in here or a dozen Mr. ROBINSON. When she gets ready. islands in here makes no difference with me. What I am inter Mr. UNDERWOOD. We should do Japan the justice of stat ested in .is that the Philippine Islands should be in this tl·eaty ing what she said. She did not say "when he got ready," but and that we should have the protection of an understanding she said when her people and her territory were safeguarded instead of the protection of a battleship. against danger from red armies and aggression . 1\Ir. JOHNSON. Mr. P1·esident, I do not propose to indulge · Mr. 'VILLIA.l\IS. Mr. President, by the way, what was our in any post-mortem in reference to the treaty which has just promi e with regard to leaving the Philippines? It was rather been ratified by the Senate. I recognize how very unprofitable conditional, wa it not, when a stable government was estab it is to indulge in any retro pect regarding _that treaty., or to lished, and we were to be the judge of that? Does not that attempt now to corroborate or confirm anything that may have mean when we get ready? been said upon the one side or the other; but I can not refrain, Mr. UNDERWOOD. Certainly. The Senator and I were in passing, from suggesting to the Senator from Alabama [Mr. right ·orne year' ago in our position as to the Philippines, as UNDERWOOD] that the position he has just taken is exactly the we evidenced by our votes; other people are not right even yet. position which . was taken by those who opposed that treaty. Mr. President, I did not intend to speak at any length, be He is eternally right when he says that the purpose of the cause the Senator from Arkansas say he desires to vote, and I four-power treaty was to protect the American islands in the think he is entitled to have a Yote before he lea\es. I would Pacific, and that there is no distinction between the purpose here not have said anything on the ubject except that I was one of and the purpose of the Versailles treaty. He is right because tho ·e who igned the treaty, and I think it would be di 'a trous the obligation that we had under the Versailles treaty-by that to adopt the Senator's amendment, because it might defeat the he means the League of Nations, of course-is exactly the obli treaty. I do not care anything about the northern half of the gation which we have under the four-power pact. That was island of Sal\:halin or the outhern half of it, but I do not want the po ition of the enior Senator from Mississippi [l\1r. WIL the four-power treaty to be defeated. Japan wants this island LIAMS] before the Foreign Relations Committee. I am very included in this pact, as we wanted the Philippine Islands in glad, indeed, that finally it appears to be the position taken upon cluded. That is her part of tbe bargain. I think if we vote this floor by the proponents of the treaty. now to strike it out we may endanger the treaty, and therefore Again, hlr. Pre ident, the Senator makeN very plain his atti .we ought to vote down the amendment of the Senator from tude, too--an attitude not dis imilar from that that we took 'Arkansas. upon this floor a week ago when we were protesting against Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, before the Senator from the ratification of the treaty. He said that if within the next Alabama takes his seat I should like to inquire, suppose that 10 years there should be an attack by Ru ia upon the island the Parliament of Japan should amend the treaty by striking of Sakhalin, Russia would find herself involved with three out the Philippine I lands, what would happen then? other nations besides Japan; and when a ked what nations Mr. UNDERWOOD. ·we would not exchange ratifications. Russia would find herself involved with in ca e she attacked The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on agreeing .to Sakhalin, the Senator from Alabama said she would find her the amendment propo ed by the Senator from Arkan as. · self involved with Great Britain, with France, and with the Mr. ASHURST. Let us have the yeas and nays. United States of America. He added, not necessarily in war, 1\fr. ROBINSON. Mr. Pre ident, before the vote is taken I and in that he is entirely correct. She would be involved not should like to a k the Senator from Alabama why he regards necessarily in war, l\1r. President, but possibly in war; and it as so important now to exclude the mainland of Japan when when that is the construction put upon the treaty by one of he signed and urged the Senate to ratify a treaty which em the writers of the treaty, we may ay to the people of the braced it, and signed with knowledge that the mainland of United States finally that there is no longer a question about Japan was included in the treaty? :what the four-power treaty is intended to do and what actually; CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. MARCH 27 .. 4612 ' it does do, for we have now not the mere ipse dixit of Senators the lands of Californid or immigration into California was who oppose the treaty; we have now the learned view and the raised in that pact? dispa sionate judicial utterance of the distinguished Senator Mr. JOHNSON. Mr. President, I have already said that I was from Alabama, who was one of the writers or one of the pro- unable to see the reason for the insertion of · the particular genitor of the h·eaty. · · reservation. Mr. President, it was my purpose to speak for just a moment Mr. UNDERWOOD. I was listening to the Senator, but our or two upon the question which has been agitating the Senate minds do not always keep the channel, and what he said escaped for the last two days concerning the matter of ratification. I me. I beg his pardon. confes a very great perplexity in that matter. I do not un Mr. JOHNSON. In the beginning of my remarks I said that derstand, and I admit it very readily, why it was that a tteaty I was unable to observe the absolute necessity for any such came to us with two distinct parts, and one part alone ap · reservation, but somebody deemed it necessary; and then there parently was acted upon. I do not propose to enter into any is another thing I know, Mr. President, with wllich perhaps the technical analysis of whether a ratification of a part might Senator from Alabama is not quite so familiar. I know the constitute a ratification of the whole. That seems to me some peculiar ingenuity of the people with whom we are dealing, and thing in which ~t is unnecessary at this time to indulge. The I know how it is possible for them, by a process of logic we problem pre enting itself to me is whether we ought not to be can seldom follow, to bring one sort of conclusion from a premise sure, if the matter contained in the reservations is important, from which both of us may start-a conclusion utterly different that that matter shall be passed upon by the Senate of the from that which we could reach by any logical processes. I United States, part of the treaty-making power. If there is know that that is the way in which they deal, and that it is any doubt or any uncertainty concerning the matter, if it rests sometimes an impossibility to know from the spoken words now in speculation and is a matter for teclmical argument, that what may be ultimately in the minds of those who speak those ought to be done which .is essential to be done to make the words. matter wholly certain. Mr. President, we have here a treaty which our friends on I admit that I am not wholly certain as to why the particular this side who advocate it say is a mere treaty of consultation. reservation concerning domestic questions was written into a I eliminate from that class of advocates the distinguished separate document at all. I can not quite see, I confess, bow Senator from Alabama, because he has made very plain to-day domestic questions coul(l be involved in the terms of the treaty; his view of this treaty. but evidently it was supposed that they were in some fashion 1\Ir. UNDERWOOD. I hope the Senator will not leave any involved, that it was necessary to make the matter very plain misunderstanding in the RECORD. _ and it was essential to remove orne ambiguity, and the reserva Mr. JOHNSON. I was eliminating the Senator from Ala tion was adopted by the American delegates n.nd the other repre bama. Does he want to be included? sentative and was pre ented to the Senate by the President Mr. UNDERWOOD. The Senator referred to the question of of the United States. war-- 1\fr. President, this matter of domestic questions is one of 1\fr,. JOHNSON. Does the Senator want to be included among extraordinary importance to the territory from which I come. the advocates referred to? I have refrained since I have been here from discussing the Mr. UNDERWOOD. I want it distinctly understood that I Japanese question in .relation to California except in incidental do not claim there is anything in this treaty which relates to fashion; and while others have spoken upon that subject, and war, but there is the power, the great power, of the moral in .. sometimes their words have been imputed and attributed to fl.uence of four great nations behind this, which will control. me, it i13 a fact, sir, that while I have been here I have said As a matter of fact, if the Senator will pardon me just for a: but little of that character. I do not propose at this particular minute, nations which go to war must have supplies, they must moment to indulge in any extendeu remarks concerning the have fuel, and they must have money. The moral influence of problems which are real problems upon the Pacific coast and these _four great nations, without drawing a sword or firing a which have led to more or le s diplomatic correspondence and gun, will be such that it will prevent war and maintain peace. perhaps more or less friction with the Empire of Japan. Suffice Mr. JOHNSON. Does the Senator mean they will prevent it to say, sir, that there are involved three distinct important war by refusing supplies, by refusing money, by boycotting problems. The first relates to the endeavoi· on the part of them, and the like? various Western States to protect their agricultural land. The 1\fr. UNDERWOOD. I believe-- second relate to the prevention of Japanese immigration. The Mr. JOHNSON. Will the Senator not answer that? third to citizenship of Japanese. We tried to prevent immigra Mr. UNDERWOOD. I believe in it for peace. tion by notes exchanged by the two Governments, and the vice Mr. JOHNSON. Of course we believe in peace. It is a beau.. of that kind of treaty making was never better demonstrated, tiful and a sacred name. sir, than by the inefficiency of the notes exchanged between Mr. UNDERWOOD. I think I heard the Senator express the the GoYernments relating to Japanese immigration; and you same viewpoint-- have but to compare the effect of the Chinese exclusion law on 1\fr. JOHNSON. I do not know what the Senator is treating the one hand-an act of Congress-with an agreement entered of now. into that diplomatically is termed a "gentlemen's agreement," l\Ir. UNDERWOOD. In the debates which occurred here a on the other hand, to see the utter failure of the one and the year or two ago. _ efficacy of the other. Mr. JOHNSON. Let me ask the Senator if he will not an Mr. President, these problems are very, very grave problems swer, does be not believe that under this treaty we have the upon the Pacific coast, and not only upon the Pacific coast at right to withhold suppli~s and money, that we may boycott, that present but in other States that are contiguous to the Pacific we may put economic pressure on, and the like? coast. Indeed, the problem has traYeled far back now into Mr. UNDERWOOD. I think that under this treaty, of some States of the l\fidclle West. It is now no longer local. It course, and outside of this treaty-- is national. If there be any doubt whatever as to whether or Mr. JOHNSO~. I am speaking of what we can do under the not these questions which are domestic in character may come treaty now, not what we can do outside. We coulu do lots of under the treaty that has just been ratified, a course should be things outside. pursue consideration of domestic affairs or domestic questions. At 1\Ir. HARRISON. Was that the reason why the Senator ob· the time the covenant of the League of Nations was under con jected to it at that time? sideration iii connection with the Versailles treaty the Senator Mr. LODGE. No. from l\fa. sachusetts and a majority of the Senate evidently did l\.fr. HARRISON. Or was it because he did not think it was not consider that the clause contained in the covenant of the a part of the treaty at that time? League of Nations was sufficiently definite to protect· our in Mr. LODGE. I did not think it was then a part of the treaty. terests. Mr. HARRISON. And the Senator has changed his mind It was then . tated that matters which were recognized in about that? international law as involving the domestic affairs of one of Mr. LODGE. No; I do not think it is a part of the treaty the countries could not be considereu b'y the council of the now; but I think it is a wise thing to put it in, so that there League of Nations. That question was debated quite exten may be no doubt in the minds of Senators on the other side, who sively. in this body; but out of an abundance of caution, we were seemed to think it was of no value unless it was ratified in some informeu at that time by the proponents of the reservation, it form. was decided that we should not trust to a future interpretation Mr. BORAH. Mr. President, in order that I may understand as to what constituted. domestic affairs in international law. the record as it now is presented to us, I should like to ask a It wa then called to our attention that a great many contro question. As I understand the Senator from l\1assachusetts is ver ies had arisen over the Yery question as to what constituted offering to the supplementary treaty the declaration which was the principles of international law with regard to certain mat embodied in the four-power treaty? ters. It wa then considered ·so important that we should not 1'\fr. LODGE. Precisely. permit any other nation or group of nation. or eYen all of the The VICE PRESIDENT. The que tion is on the amendment nations of the world in the League of Nations to interfere in offered. by the Senator from Nevada to the reservation offered any way, eYen by considering a question that might involve by the Senator from Massachusett . our own priYate domestic affairs, that the Senator from l\Ia sa Mr. PITTMA..."\f. I ask that the amendment to the reservation ehu. ett ·, with his accustomed acumen and precaution, very may be stated. carefully drafted a re. ervation which was to become a part of The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment to the reservation the cm·enant of the League of Nations. He advocated it on will be stated. the floor of the Senate, and he was supported by nearly all The AssiSTANT SECRETARY. The Senator from Nevada offers of the enators on the other side; indeed, I believe by all of to amend the reservation offered by the Senator from Massa them. That reservation was adopted as a part of the resolu chusetts by adding at the end thereof the following : tion of ratification of the Versailles treaty, which embraced The United States resencs to itself exclusively the right to . decide what questions are within its dome tic jurisdiction and declares that the coYenaut of the League of :Nations. all domestic and political questions relating wholly or in part to its Now I de ire to offer that same re ervation as an addition internal affairs, including immigration, labor, coastwise traffic, tariff, · to that portion of the re ·ervation already offered by the Sena commerce. the suppression of traffic in women and children and in i' opium and other dangerous drugs, and all other domestic questions, are tor which embraced in paragraph 2 of hi rese.:vation. I . olely within the jurisdiction of the United States and are not under offee it out of the same abundance of caution which moved the this treaty to be submitted in any way for consideration. Senator from l\fas ·achusetts anu those on his side of the Cham The VICE PHESIDENT. The question is on the amendment ber, and a now suggested by the Senator from Utah [l\1r. offered by the Senator from Nevada to the reservation offered KTNG]-anu I mean it-I am moved 'by the same patriotic mo by the Senator from Ma ·sachusetts. ti-re which undoubtedly moved the Senator from Massachusetts l\lr. W .A.LSH of Montana. Mr. President, I want to call atten- at that time. . tion to the. identity not only of purpose but of very 1anguage ? I offer :hat. res.ervati~n as an am:nd~l~~t to follow paragraph of the reservation which it is intended by this amendment to - of the. 1eservabon which J:?e Senator. from Massa~husetts ha make more pecific and the 1anguage of the provision of the offered m the. nature of. an mterpret~tlon of what It means; at covenant of the League of .Nation , to which a like reservation lea t, a our mterpretatw~ of what ~t means. wa. attached. Mr. LODGE. l\Ir. President, I desire to say .for the benefit of l The reservation before us . being in substan~e the agreement Senators wh.o may .not have bee~ her~ w.hen It was read, that supplementary to the four-power pact reads: the reservatwn wh1ch I have offered IS Imply, word for word, ' That the controversies to which the second paragraph of article 1 the declaration signed by all the r~presentatives of the nations refers shall not be taken to embrace questions which, according to prin- signatory to the four-power treaty. I trust it will not be ciples of international law, lie exclusively within the domestic juri die- changed. tion of the respective powers. Mr. HARRISON. May I ask the Senator a question? Note the language- l\fr. PITTMAN. Mr. President, in order that there may be no Within the domestic jurisdiction of the respective powers. mistake about the reservation which we are discussing, I desire The covenant of the League of Nations on that point reads as to say the reservation which the Senator from Massachusetts follows: ha. · offered i the one which was drafted not .by that Senator If the dispute between the parties is claimed by one of them and but by the representatives of the four power who were here in is found by the council to arise out of a matter which by inter vVashington. That is the reservation which the Senator from national law is solely within the domestic jurisdiction of that party, Massachusett offers now. the council shall so report. l\lr. LOD E. That is the one I offer. In other words, Mr. President, in framing the supplementary · Mr. PITTl\1AN. The reservation I have offered and to which agreement which is reproduced in the reservation now before I have called the attention of the Senator from Massachusetts us, the framers went to the covenant of tbe League of ~ations . is the one for which he was pers'onally responsible at the time and not only adopted the idea there expressed but adopted the we were con idering the Versailles treaty and the League of very language there expre sed-that is to say, questions "solely Nations. within the domestic jurisdiction" of the parties. Mr. LODGE. I hope the amendment proposed by the Senator l\fr. LODGE. Mr. President, if the Senator will allow me, from Nevada will be voted down. I am quite ready to vote. there is one important difference, and that is that under the Mr. HARRISON. Mr. President, while the Senator is on his League of Nations there was a reference to the council. feet may I inquire if the reservation which he has offered re l\lr. WALSH of Montana. Oh, yes; there was a reference lates to the declaration which the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. for adjustment to the council, and in this case there is a ref HITCHCOCK] brought to the attention of the Senate on Friday erence to representatives of the four powers interested. That last, just before the .resolution of ratification wa voted on, at is the essential difference between the two; but the point is which time the Senator from Massachusetts called for the regu that the Senator from :Massachusetts insisted that some power lar order? other than the United States represented upon the council of Mr. LODGE. Yes; it was ruled out. the League of Nations would insist, for instance, that the sub· Mr. HITCHCOOK. And the Senator from Massa·chusetts said ject of immigration was not a domestic question, but was an it was no part of the treaty, that it should not be offered, and international question, and that therefore the subject of immi prevented us from taking a vote on it. Is that the same matter gration from the oriental countries to this country might that is now offered? become a matter for adjudication before the c'ouncil. Mr. LODGE. I did call for the regular order, and it was It was stoutly contended that it had been determined over ruled out of order at that time, of course. and over again by the Supreme Court of the United States, the Mr. HARRISON. It was ruled out of order at that time? opinion having been produced here in the course' of the debate, Mr. LODGE. It was. that such a question was dome tic in its character and was not . Mr. LENROOT. Und~r the rules of the Senate. an international question, as well as that it had been treated Mr. LODGE. Under the rules of the Senate, of course. as a domestic question in practically all international confer- ,4616 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. Thl.A.RCH 27, ence ·; but argument of that character did not prevail at all. should say, "This is a. domestic questi 1\Ir. LENROOT. No; I beg the Senator's pardon. If he will considered for days; after trying to slip it out -of the treaty, as examine tbe RECORD, be will find that there was not one. was attempted the other day ; after voting down a reservation 1\Ir. PITTl\-lAN. That, however, is not what I wished to say. on Saturd~y of similar import to that I have offered to-day, Mr. President, in my mind fundamentally there is a great you vote It down, you will lend every encouragement to the difference between the four-power pact and the League of Na Japanese Government and the Japanese people to keep up this tion . I am not going to argue that; it is an endle s subject, as futile quarrel which threatens war if there is anything on earth I know ; but I uo not think this country was in any such danger which does threaten war. of being discriminated against by a body that.embraced as many Mr. LENROOT. Mr. President, just one word. The Senator nations as that did as it is in danger of being discriminated from Nevada [Mr. PITTMAN] questioned the accuracy of my: against in this particular four-power pact. statement that the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. HITCHCOCK] Here is Japan, for instance, who bases her cause of complaint did not call attention to this declaration until after the treaty against the United States entirely on these very domestic ques had passed beyond the stage of amendment. On page 4406 of tions. She is one of·the four powers that will decide what is a the RECORD it appears that the Senator from Nebraska did not domestic question under international law. There is Great call attention to this declaration until the treaty had passed Britain, which is chiefly interested in not having to go to the beyond the stage of amendment or reservation, and the questiom. defense of Japan. She is not interested in our domestic affairs. before the Senate was the adoption of the resolution of ratifi.. France is in the same position. They have concocted this cation. scheme for the purpose, as they say, of preventing war, and yet l\fr. ROBINSON. Mr. President, the statement just made by they know that the only chance of war between any of the four the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. LENROOT] implies that the powers in the Pacific is one between Japan and the United Senators in charge of this treaty did. not know· of the existence States, and they know that the possible causes of such a war of thi declaration while the treaty was passing through the are all domestic. We are deliberately entering into a four amendatory stage. It implies that notwithstanding the fact power pact, when the only cause of war we know of now be that when the President sent the four-power treaty to the tween any of the powers will arise out of questions solely con Senate that treaty was accompanied by a declaration explana cerning our domestic affairs, and yet we slur ov-er t!:lese provi- tory of it and was printed with it as if it were a part of it. ions affecting such questions. We know that immigration, the In the very first speech made in oppositiou to the treaty I right of citizenship for Japanese subjects, and the right to own had the honor to point out that for some unaccountable reason Land in this country are the causes, if there are any causes, an explanatory declaration made at the time or prior to the which threaten war between Japan and the United States. Yet time the treaty itself wa signed had not been incorporated in we are willing to leave the determination of such questions in the body of the treaty. At that time no Senator here was of doubt. We are afraid now to say what we think. We are the opinion that the Senate was not to be permitted to pass going to wait until the question is rai ed in a conference of upon the explaBatory declaration and either advise and consent those powers, and when it is raised the Senator from Wisconsin to its ratification or refuse to do so. will say, "Well, we are not going to permit that question to be When the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. HITcHcocK] pointed considered." They would have a right to say, "That was called out the fact that the declaration had not been read in the to your attention when you were ratifying these treaties, and Senate, and that the Senate had not passed upon it, if the why did you not say specifically then that you were not going matter bad taken that course by oversight; if it had been true to permit these particular questions to be considered? You that the Senator from Wisconsin [l\Ir. LENROOT] either did not left it to be determined subsequently as to what constitutes know of the existence of the declaration or had overlooked its domestic questions in international law. You did not say, 'We existence; if it had been true that the Senator from Massachu alone will decide what questions under international law are setts [Mr. LODGE] had forgotten about it and failed to present our domestic affairs,'" nnd by refusing to so say that, you leave it to the Senate for that rea on, not the slightest difficulty would ~t to the conference of the four power to decide. have been encountered, under the rules of the Senate, in taking When you ball a chance to state definitely that the United such action as would have enabled either the Senator from Wis States alone would determine this question, and voted it uown, consin or the Senator from Massachusetts to present the decla you could not later object to a full consideration of such ques ration to the Senate and have it voted upon. The fact is that tion by the four powers, and probably by three votes to your one for some reason, unexplained and unascertainable, it was the they woufd determine whether or not certain questions were policy of the Senator from "Massachusetts not to have the decla domestic questions under international law. ration pas ed upon by the Senate at that time. There .is no comparison between the obvious danger of mis Are we children that we should listen with great considera understandings under thi four-power pact and misunderstand tion to the statement that the explanatory declaration now ings unuer a learue of nations in which there are a great many offered to the supplementary treaty by the Senator from Massa neutral nations, di interested nations, nation which have nev-er chusetts as a reservation was not considered in connection with sought other people's territory, nations whose whole cour e has the four-power treaty becau e the Senator from l\fassachusetts been fair and honorable and high. and those associated with him, in presenting the treaty to the I can not understand why the Senators on the other side who Senate, had overlooked the necessity for presenting it? They thought this was so essential when the question was to be de were of the opinion then that·it was not a part of the treaty termined by practically all the civilized countries of the world and that the Senate hould not have the opportunity of passing are now o carele s and negligent that they will not take this upon it. Ko other conclu ion can be justified in the mind of opportunity, when the question i raised, of telling Japan once anyone familiar with the procedure the Senate has followed and for all, " This question is settleu. There is no use of you during the consideration of the four-power treaty. keeping up your anger against the United States becau e of Overnight the Senator from l\Ia sachusetts has reversed him her pas ing laws against your ubjects becoming citizens of the self. He has decided that the declaration should be given the United States. We will never agree to it, no matter how many statu of a treaty and should be incorporated in the supple powers join you." mentary agreement. If it bad been incorporated in the four We might just as well now tell Japan that if the States of power treaty Japan, in ratifying the same, would of necessity this Union see fit to prevent Japanese subjects from owning .real ratify the interpretation of that treaty carried in the declara property in tho. e States, they have a right to do it, and this tion. If she elects to do so, she will be at liberty, under the Federal Government does not intend to interfere with it, by decision the Senate is now taking, to ratify the four-power treaty or in any other way, and in fact that we are going to us treaty anu reject the declaration incorporated in the reserva tain those States in such acts if they think their social condi tion offered by the Senator from 1\Ias. achusetts. This would tions require it. be accomplished by Japan rejecting the supplemental treaty. We might just as well tell Japan now that if the people of For some reason the Washington conference dealt with the the States want to separate their children in the public schools real controversies between the United States and Japan with from the Japanese, this Federal Government is not going to great re erve. It did not seek to work out to a final conclusion interfere with them, by treaty or in· any other way, but that it is the one controversy which bas imperiled the harmonious ac going to sustain those States. cord between this Nation and the Japanese Empire. It may · That is the way to stop the causes of war between the United have been impossible to find a solution for that question, but if States and Japan. Japan has never threatened Canada or the question remains to harass in the future as it has annoyed Australia by reason of similar acts. It is constantly threatening and vexed in · the past what wholesome re ult wm be accom the United States because of the pusillanimous conduct of the plished by entering into a four-power pact concerning the peace administrators of the Federal Government. You have an op in regard to islands in a remote region of the Pacific Ocean? portunity now to end ~ the trouble, and if you end it now force Now we have an opportunity to make clear beyond diSI1Ute fully and strongly, you will not hear any more about it; but if the attitude of the GoYernment of the Uniteu States, that the you do not, if, after considering this question as it has been questions defined in the amendment to the re. ervation proposed ' • ·' 46.18 CONGRESSlON AL RECORD~SEN ATE. MARCH 27, by the Senator from Nevada, admittedly domestic q,uestions, was of a domestic nature. He has sought to convey to the will not be. submitted by the United States to a conference of Senate the imp,re sion that Senators on this side of the aisle other powers. Jlfow is the time to say that it is the policy of voted against having the United States judge for itself. this Government to resen-e unto itself the exclusive right to ~ha~ ~~ apsolutely_J.~co_!!~t , ~.. Jl~_!gance with the record. determine those questions. If you will do that,- and :tapail It 1s. true Uial when lhe reservation which 1he Senator from agrees to the tr~aty, you will have accomplished something. If Massachusetts [Mr LoDGE] offered was pending in tbe Senate you refuse to do it, you will not have laid the ghost which has the Democrats, with one or two exceptions, voted against it, frightened, if it has not teFrorized, a beautiful, prosperous, but it was n-ot on the ground of the immigration question, It glorious section of the United States. was because there was a ridieulous element in that re ervation, Underlying the question of Japanese land ownership, Japanese and I regret somewhat that the Senator -from -Nevada '[Ml.., immigration, and race equality, as asserted by Japan, are in PrrTMAN] has incorporated that ili the -resei.~ation now- pre: stincts and convictions that can neither be influenced nor domi sented. For instance, that resel"vation provided not only that nated by senatorial action. You can not drive from the breasts the United Si!\tes r~rved to itseli domestic questions, such as of the people who live in the beautiful State of California the immigrationt the tariff, labtn·, and questions that were purely conviction that for themselves, under their constitution and domestic, but it included, as the reservation now offered by the law , they will determine who shall own real property in Senator from Nevada includes~ a statement that traffic in women California. - and children was a question entirely domestic. · 1\lr. PITTMAN. l\1r. President-- Tllat was what we objected to at that time, because this 'Ihe VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Arkansas country has for years entered into treaties- with other countries yield to the Senator from Nevada? to restrict and prohibit international traffic in women and l\1r. ROBINSON. I yield. . children, and it is not a domestic question when it comes to l\Ir. PITTMAN. It i n0t only the State of California, but an internati?nal traffic. It was a great evil ; it was only; sup a number of other Western States have adopted similar laws pressed by mternational agreements, and it was tho e agree and there are more pending. As this blight bas consumed the ments which were to be placed under the- jurisdiction of the richest valleys of California, it is moving eastward all the League of Nations, just as otl1er inte1-national ag_Teements were time. It has commenced to affect the people all over the West. to be. It was for that reason we voted against the reservation. It is going to affect them more and more, because it i& a notori Moreove1·, I call the attention of the Senator from Wiscen ous fact that the o-called gentlemen's agreement with Japan sin that the matter did not rest there, and he ought to remem with regard to immigration is a fraud on this Government. ber that. I myself offered a reservation which covered the Eve.ry day of the world one can meet Japanese laborers right in subje(."t, and 36 Democrats voted for it, all the Democrats except the city of Washington, for instance, wha can not speak more two voting foi it, and every Republican voting against it. It than two or three words of the English language, and some of read as follows : them will admit they have only been in the United States six .4. That the United States is not required and hereby declines to sub months. '!'hat can be ascertained right down here at the Japa- mlt to the league, its CQunci.l oT .assemb:'.Y, for decision. r~:>port, or recom mendation, any matter wh1ch 1t considers to be a domestic questi-on nese employment bureau. ~uc-h as im'!Jigratlon, labor, tariff, or other- matters relating to itli There is nothing to prevent them coming in under the gentle-. mternal aJfaus. men's agreement. They are not proillbited from going into I can re-ad to the SenatOl:, if he desires-, the names of Demo Mexico, and when they get into Mexico the-y are- outside of the jurisdiction of the Japanese Government. They walk across the crats who voted for that reservation. Mr. LENROOT. l\lr. President-- border of the United States as they ee fit. It is getting worse lUr. HITCHCOCK. And I can read to him the names of all the time. No part oi this country is going to submit to. it tho e who voted against it, including the Senator from Wiscon It finally. is acute now only in the Western States, but it is sin himself. I yield to the Senator from Wisconsin. going to be acute el ewhere. We might as well settle- this q11es tion, and have done with it now, because there are going to be 1\fr. LENROOT. Did the Senatdr at that time think the mea ures brought before Congre absolutely excluding the Japa reservation proposed by him was necessary for the protection nese from this country. It may be the cause of a lot of trouble, of· the United States? but I say we should fix it now while dealing with this question, Mr. HITCHCOCK. Tbe fact that I offered it indicated that I tb.ought it was wise, and as long as the question had been and let them understand it, instead of putting the trouble upon raised whether· or not that matter could be decided by the posterity. council, I was willing, and every Democrat in the Senate was Mr. ROBINSON. Mr. President, the Senator from .Jevada is willing, to have it definitely stated, just as we now contend right when he states that the question to which I have been that the United States· should be the sole and only judge of addre ing myself is not confined to the State of California. I whether- a question presented is domestic or nc:>t. I ask the wa using California as an illustration, for in that State the Senator whether he is not misrepresenting us in that par situation, as re pecting conflict between Japanese claims to the ticular? right of land ownership and the as.8ertion of their claims, bus ~1r. LENROOT. No; because I was just going to a k the been more acute than perhaps in any other State. Instead of Senator another question. Did he not vote for the Versailles solving the problem we are merely. prolonging and postponing it treaty without that or any other reser-vation?' and making the final solution more difficult. l\lr. HITCHCOCK. I ca t a great many votes, and r was If the 'Vashington conference and the treaties negotiated ready to take the Versailles treaty. through its instrumentality have engendered in the minds of the representatives of Japan the be-lief that through these l\Ir. LENROOT. Without any reservation? treaties or otherwise she is to be given he-r way, and her citi Mr. HITCHCOCK. Without any reservation. zens permitte 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4619 we hatl a r(}ll call on it, and the Democratic Senators went on Mr. President, admitting for the purpo. e of the di cussion record in favor of it, and yet the Senator does not withdraw his that that would include questions of jurisdiction, wbich is by charge that the Democrats did not stand for that position then no means clear, what does it mean? It means that if a con just as they stand for it now. troversy were submitted to the council of the league whicll the Mr. LENROOT. Certainly hot, because the Senator aban· United States insisted involved a domestic question and not an doned that position when he voted for the Versailles treaty international question, and every one of the seven powers rep without that reservation. resented upon the council, exclusive of the United States and Mr. IDTCHCOOK. No; this was after the vote to which the the other party to the controversy, said we were wrong about Senator referred. This was the last position taken, and it was it, that it was, in fact, an international and not a domestic ques my position at that time. tion, what then? Then the United States agrees, assuming, of Now, Mr. President, another thing. It seems to become an eourse, that the clause referred to includes question of juris i sue here as to whether or not I offered as a.n amendment to diction, that it will not go to war with the other country ; that the treaty pending on Friday what is now offered as a re erva is all. tion by the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LonGE]. I would We are not going to go to war with any country of which I like to know when I llad an opportunity to offer it. I rose here can think on a<:count of any tadff question.; and I scai>cely and called attention to the fact before the vote had come~ before think we would care to wage war with any country on the the treaty had beeen ratified, that a very important part of question of the traffic in women and children; but, of cour e, the treaty bad been dropped out, had_beeen ignored, and had there is a possibility that we :might become involved in war not been acted on. with some country on such a question as immigration. How I supposed when I called attention to the fact that the great ever, so far as human intelligence can forecast the future, there constitutional lawyer from Wisconsin or the eminent scholar is not a chance of our getting into war with any country except state man from Ma., achu etts would take the proper par Japan on that question, and we are never going to go to war liamentary course to have it acted on. It would not have with Japan on account of any question of immigration. We are been difficult. All that was required was a motion to recommit perfectly satisfied with the situation as it stands. We are it to the committee, vote on it in committee, and report it back entitled, if we care to do so, to exclude Japanese from this to the Senate, and that would have ended it. It could b.ave country. We have no treaty that we shall not do so. We been handled in 15 minutes, or at least in half an hour. But ha\e a "gentlemen's agreement" that Japan will not allow instead of that these great statesmen, constitutional and other Japanese to come here. The situation is perfectly satisfactory wise, in ic.ted on pu bing it through, until they have found to us. So far as that element is concerned, we are not going themselves in such a muddle tl1at they are now forced, after to make war upon Japan. If Japan should choose to enact two days of debate, to come in and, pre ent as a reservation the a provision of law to the effect that no white people shall be very thing that they undertook to laugh out of court as a part admitted as immigrants to Japan for commercial purposes, the of the treaty. United States would not utter a word by way of prote t. I shall vote for tlle re ervation, but I can not consider that Japan has that kind of a law now, in substance, and it is per it puts the United States in the po ilion that we would be in fectly s~tisfactory to us. In other words, we are not going to if it were incorporated as a part of the treaty. As pre ented make war upon Japan, howeYer much she may be disposed to it is au admi ioo to Japan that the declaration is not a part make war upon us upon any question of immigration. of the treaty which we are upposed to have ratified on Friday, So, l\Ir. President, we might say that such a possibility is so and Japan can go on and ratify the treaty with the four article remote that the illustration to which the Senator from Wiscon ratified . by the Senate on Friday, a.nd Japan can do as he sin has invited our attention can not be regarded by statesmen pleases with regard to the ratification of the supplementary as worthy of any consideration. For all practical purposes the treaty. Japan can do more than that. Japan can decline to two occupy identically the same situation. It was, however, accept the re ervation which is now presented for ratification. deemed necessary by the esteemed Senator from Ma sachu etts Japan can decline to accept there ervation and leave you hang and hi. associates upon the other side of the Chamber to put ing between heaven and earth as to whether you will accept that limitation upon the covenant. Now, they think it is not it without a reservation. . nece ·ary to attach it to the pending treaty. What is the dif Mr. McCORMICK. Japan can declin~ to accept any of the ference? The Versailles t:r·eaty was framed and presented by treaties. a Democratic President, while the treaty now before us was Mr. HITCHCOCK. Yes; but Japan will not. Japan will be framed and presented by a Republican President. That is all very eager to accept the four-power treaty. the difference between the two propositions. Why dissimulate l\Ir. McCORMICK. Oh, I do not doubt it. about it? Why seek to escape from the perfectly obviQus con l\1r. HITCHCOCK. Yes; she will accept it, becau ·e by tbe clusion that the thing is right or wrong a& it comes from a four-pow.er treaty she gets the United States as an ally, be Democratic or a Republican President? cau e by the four-power treaty she gets a guaranty practically l\Ir. ROBINSON. l\lr. President, I ask for the yeas and nays of the support, moml if not armed, of the United States in the on tlte amendment. possessions which she holds in the Pacific Ocean. Mr. TOWNSEND. Mr. President, what is the que tion on Japan will be very sure to ratify tl1at treaty, but when it which the vote is to be taken? comes to ratifying the treaty which we are to act upon to-day The VICE PRESIDENT, The pending question is on the she may or she may not accept it. If she accepts it, she may or adoption of the amendment of the Senator from Nevada [Mr. he may not accept our reservation, or she may in accepting Pll"ni~']. the treaty specifically say that she declines to accept our re er The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Assistant Secretary vation.. Thus we are leaving this great question, which in oroceeded to call the roll. Japan is a great national question, the great question of con - l\1r. HARRIS (when his name was called). l\laking the trover y with the United States, iu a state of uncertainty. same announcement as heretofore with reference to the transfer o, while I shall vote for the re ervation now offered by the of my pair with the Senator from Oklahoma [l\lr. HARRELD] Senator from l\Ia achusetts after two days, in which his mind to the Senator from Missouri [Mr. REFJ>], I 1ote "yea." ha gradually reached a point where he thought he had to do 1\lr. HARRISO~ (when his name was called). I tran&fer my something, I shall vote for it with the feeling that it is a weak pair with the junior Senator from W.est Virgjnia [.Mr. ELKINs] substitute for what would have been a conclusive provision in to the senior Senator from Texas [1\lr. CULBERSON] and vote ·the original treaty. "yea." SEVERAL SENA'TORS. Vote! Mr. UNDERWOOD (when 1\Ir. HEFLIN's name was called). Mr. WALSH of Montana. Mr. President, just a word touch I wish to ·say that my colleague [Mr. I{EFLIN] is absent from ing the attenuated distinction which the Senator from Wis the city on business of the Senate. He is paired with the junim.· consin [Mr. LENBOOT] fincls to ~-xi t between the entertainment Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. PEPPER]. I ask that this an by the ·council of the League of Nations of a question said to be nouncement may stand for the day. a domestic question and the entertainment of a like question Mr. NEW (when his name was called). I ha\e a pair with by a conference called under the provisions of the four-power the junior Senator from Tennessee [1\fr . .McKELLAR]. On this pact. question I am informed he would vote as I am about to vote, I wish to remind the Senator just exactly what the provisions therefore I feel at liberty to vote, and vote " nay."'' of the covenant of the League of Nations are in the particular 1\lr. STERLING (when his name was called). Making the to _which he has referred. He must, of course, have referred same announcement as to my pair and its transfer as on the to thi clause of article 15 of the covenant, namely: former vote, I vote "nay." If a report by the collllcil is unanimously agreed to by the members - The roll call was concluded. thereof other tban tbe representatives of one or more of the parties to the the dispute, the members of tbe league agree that they will not go to 1\lr. FERNALD. I have a pair with senior Senator from war with any party to the dispute which complies with tbe recommenda New Mexico [l\Ir. JoNEs]. If he were present he would vote tions of tbe report. as I am about to vote. I therefore \Ote "nay." 4620 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SE~ATE. 1\f..illCH 27, Mr. EDGE. I inquire if th S nator from Oklahoma [Mr. The VICE PRESIDENT. No; it i on the adoption of the OwEN] ha ·roted? reservation offered by the Senator from MaJ.:achu ·ett . The VICE PRESIDENT. He has not. The reservation was agreed to. l\Ir. EDGE. I have a general pair' with that Senator. I am The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will ,_tate the reso informed that if present he would vote as I propo e to vote on lution of ratification as amended. all matter relating to the treaty now under consideration. The Assistant Secretary read as follows: Ther fore I shall take the liberty. of vqting. I vote "nay." . Resol!:ea (t1co-thirds of the Senators vrese11 t coneurrinu thereitl), :Mr. CARA\V'AY. I have pair with the junior ""Senator from That the Senate advise and consent to the ratification of Executive 0, Sixty-seventh CongresR, second session, a:n agreement between the lllinoi [1\Ir. McKINLEY]. I am unable to obtain a transfer of United States, the Briti h Empire, France, and Japan, supplementary that pair. If permitted to vote, I sh_ould vote" yea." to the treaty between the same four power relating to their insular Mr. HEPPARD. The senior enator from Texas [Mr. CUL possessions and insular dominions, and defining the application of the term "insular possessions and insular dominions" as relating to Japan, m:&soN] is unavoidably absent and is paired by transfer witlr signed at Washington February 6, 1922, subject to the following re - the enator from We t Virginia [Mr. ELKINS]. If present, ervation and under tanding, which i ""hereby made a part and condition the enior Senator from Texas would vote "yea" on the pend of this resolution of ratification and which repeats the declaration of intent and tmderstanding made by the representative of the pow r ing amendment and would also have voted "yea " on the so signatori~s of the four-power treaty relating to their insular po es ion called Robinson amendment. and insular dominions in the Pacific Ocean. The result was announced-yeas 21, nays 49, as. follows: 1. That the four-power treaty relating to Pacific possessions shaU apply to the mandated islands in the Pacific Ocean : Prodded, however, · YEAS-21. That the makin~: of the treaty shall not be deemed to be an asst>nt on Ashurst Hat-ris Robinson Trammell the part of the United States of Ame1·ica to the mandates and shall not Brous ard Harrison hE>ppard ·wal h, Ma, . preclude agreements between the United States of America and the Fletcher Johnson hields Watson, Ga. mandatory powers, re~pectively, in relation to the mandated island . l!"'rance La. Follette Simmons 2. That the controversies to which the second paragraph of article 1 Gerry Overman Stanley of the four-power treaty relating to Pacific pos ession refer hall not Pittman wanson be taken to embrace question which, according to principles of inter Gl s national law, lie exclusively.. within the dome tic jurisdiction of the N YS-49. respective powers. nau FrelinghuyRen Myers Sutherland Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, the treaty l1as to be reporteu Bursum Goodin a Nelson Townsend Calder Hale New Unflerwood to the Senate, does it not? Cameron Jones, Wash. Oddie Wadswor·th 1\fr. JOHNSON. Is the que tion now on the ratification of Capper Kellogg Page Walsh, Mont. the treaty? Colt Keyes Phipps Warren Cummins Lenroo.t Poindexter Watson, lnd. The VICE PRESIDENT. That is the next question we hall Curtis Lodge Pomerene Weller be reaching. . Dial McCormick Rawson Williams l\Ir. JOHNSON. Mr. Presi<:lent I want to say just a sentence Dillingham 1\IcCumher Shortridge Willis Edge McLean Smoot in regard to the ratification of this treaty. Ernst McNary Spencer I yote for the ratification of this treaty, but I do o because it Fernald l\Ioses Sterling mod.ifie and. minimizes the four-power treaty. I would not vote NOT VOTING-26. for it if it· were an independent instrument; but I vote for it Borah Harreld McKellar Pepper solelv and alone because it minimizes the other treaty. Bran<.legee Heflin McKinley Ranst.lell l\11:. ARHURST. 1\Ir. President, before the roll is called I de Caraway Hitchcock · Newberry Reed Crow Jones, N.Mex. Nicholson Smitl.l sire to tate that in voting for this treaty I do o becaus it Culbersou Kendrick Norbeck Stanfield tends to sterilize the quadruple alliance. duPont King Norris Several SENATORS. Yote! Elkins Ladd Owen Mr. LODGE. I ask that the treaty may be reported to th So Mr. PITTMAN's amendment to the reservation offered by Senate and submitted to a vote, unle ·s it has been reported to Mr. LoDGE was rejected. the Senate. If so, the fact escaped me. Mr. ROBINSON. Mr. President, I offer as an amendment to The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair is of the opinion tllat it the reservation propo ed by the Senator from Ma sachusetts has not yet been reported to the Senate. [Mr. LoDGE] a reservation whi~h was voted on when the four The treaty, with the resolution of ratification, as amended, power treaty was under con ideration. was reported to the Senate and the amendment was concurred This reservation expresse the understanding of the United in. State that the parties to the four-power treaty will respect the The VICE PRESIDENT. The question now is on agreeing to rights and po sessions of ther nations, and will refrain from the resolution of ratification, as amended. The Secretary will aggre sive acts themselves. It lso provides that if a dispute call the roll. which is not settled by diplomacy arises between any one of the The A.ssi tant Secretary proceeded to call the roll. four powers and an utside nation, all nation claiming an in Mr. CA.RAW.A.Y (when his name was called). I have a pair terest in the controversy hall be permitted to participate in a with the junior Senator from Illinois [Mr. McKINLEY] ; bu ~ s conference called to ettle the controversy. he would vote on this question as I expect to vote, I am at lii}- · In view of the fact that the enator from l\Ia · achusetts a erty to vote. I vote "yea." . , day or two ago did not ee fit to incorporate in the four-power 1\lr. SHEPPARD (when Mt:. CULBERSON name was called). treaty the declaration wQJ.ch he now pre ent a · a re ervation The enior Senator from Texas [Mr. CULBER. ON] is tmavoidubly to this treaty, I express· the hope that he ''"ill recede from the absent. If he .were present, he would Yote "yea.'' po ition heretofore taken, and ccept this very wholeNome reser Mr. EDGE {when his name was called). l\Iaking the arne vation, which will relieve me from much anxiety in regard to announcement as before, I vote " yea.'' the ffect of the four-power treaty and the treaty upplementary 1\Ir. FERNALD (when his name was called). Making the to it. same -announcement as before, I vote " yea." I ask that the reservation may be tated. 1\Ir. HARRISON (when his name wa · called). I have a gen The VICE PRESIDENT. The reservation will be stated. eral pair witb the juniol' Senator from West Yirotnia [1\lr. The ASSISTANT SECRETARY. It is proposed to add, at the end ELKINS]. I understand that if he were pre. .·ent he would Yote of the re ervation offered y the enator ftom l\Ia sachusetts as I intend to yote, so I am at liberty to vote. I vote "yea." [Mr. LoDGE] to the reselution of ratification of ~:Executive 0," Mr. GERRY (when l\Ir·. HEFLIN's name was called). Th th following : junior Senator from Alabama [Mr. HEFLIN] is n ce nrily lle And the United tates understands that each of the high contracting tained on busine ~ of the Senate. If pre~ent, he would vote p rti s will respect the rights nd po session of all other nation , and re.fr in from all acts or aggression against any other power · or powers. "yea." If there hould develop between any of the high contracting parties l\lr. McCOR:\IICK (when his name was called). I have and ny other power or powers a controversy which i not atisfactorily tanding pair with the Senator from Wyoming [1\Ir. KENDRICK]. ettled by diplomacy nd i. likel.v to affect the harmonious accord However. as his vote upon this que tion. as upon other., to-day, existing etween any party or parties to thi compact and ny other power r powers, the high contracting parties hall Invite all power. would be like my own, in accordance. with my under tanding claiming an interest in the controver. y to a joint conferf'nce to which with him I am at liberty to vote. · I Yote "yea." the whole ubject will be r ferred for consideration and adju tment. Mr. NEW (when his name was culled). , Repeating my pr - The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on the amendment viou ·announcement, I Yote "yea." offered by the enator from Arkan a ' [.Mr. RoBIN •oN] to tlle l\lr. BROUSSARD {when Mr. RAN DELL' name wa· called). re ervation offered by the nator from Mas acbu tt . The senior Senator from Louisiana [Mr. RA.N DELL] i detained Tne amendment to the reservation wa r·ejected. on busine s of the Senate. If present, he would. vote "yea." The VICE PRESIDENT. Til question now i on the reserva l\lr. STERLING {when his name was called). I am inf rm I tion ffered by the ,_ nntor from Massachusett . that my pair, if pre..,ent, would Tote a I intend to Yote n tl1is Mr. HARRISON. Mr. Pr :.;id nt, i tbi question on the que. tion. Therefore I a ill at liberty to v te. I vote "yen.'' ratification of the upplem ntal treaty? 1 The roll cull was concluded. 1922. CONGRESSION.._~L RECORD-_ SENATE. 4621 Mr. CURTIS. I have been requested to announce that the Amendment numbered 8 : That the House rec de from its dis St>nator from Connecticut [~Ir. BRANDEOEE], the Senator from agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 8, and Pennsylvania [~lr. Cnow], the Senator from Delaware [l\Ir. Du agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the Po -T], the Senator from West Virginia [1\fr. ELKINs], the Sen sum proposed insert " $3,600 " ; and the Senate agree to the ator from Oklahoma [1\fr. HARRELD], the Senator from North same. Dakota [Mr. LADD], the Senator from Illinois [Mr. McKINLEY], Amendment numbered 9: That the Hau e recede from its dis the Senator from Michigan [1\Ir. NEWBERRY], the S~ator from agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 9, anll Colorado [l\lr. NICHOLSON], the Senator from South Dakota agree to the s..1me with an amendment as follows: In lien of the [Mr. ~ORBECK], the Senator from Nebra ka [Mr. NoRRIS], the sum propo ed insert " $19,900 " ; and the Senate agree to the Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. PEPPER], and the Senator same. from Oregon [l\Ir. STANF IELD]; if present, would vote "yea" on Amendment numbered 12: That the House recede from its dis this question. agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 12, and l\Ir. GERRY. I desire to announce that the Senator from agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the \\7yoming [1\Ir. KENDRICK] is absent on official busine s, and the sum proposed insert " $13,500 " ; an_d the Senate agree to the Senator from New Mexico (1\fr . .JoNEs] is unavoidably absent. same. If pre ent they•wauld· vote "yea.' · Amendment numbered 14: That the House recede from its dis The roll call resul'ted-yeas 73, llllYS 0, as follows: agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 14, and YEAS--73. agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the Ashurst Gerry Moses Spencer sum proposed insert "$17,100 "; and the Senate agree to the Ball Glass Myers Stanley same. Brous ard Gooding Nelson Sterling Bm:um Hale New Sutherland AmeRdment numbered 15: That the House recede from its dis Calder Harris Oddie Swanson agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 15, and Cameron Harrison Overman ' Townsend Capper Hitchcock Owen Trammell agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the Caraway Johnson Page Underwood sum proposed insert "$14,520 "; and the Senate agree to the Colt Jones, Wash. Phipps Wadsworth same. Cummins Kellogg Pittman WaJsh, Mass. Curtis Keyes Poindexter Walsh, Mont. Amendment numbered 16: That the House recede from its dis Dial King Pomerene Warren agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 16, and Dillingham La l<'ollette Rawson Watson, Ind. agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the Edge Lenroot Robinson Weller sum proposed insert " $600 " ; and the Senate agree to the same. ]~rust Lodge Sheppard Williams Fernald McCormick Shields Willis Amendment numbered 17 : That the House recede from its di - Fletcher McCumber Shortridge agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 17, and Ji~rance McLean Simmons agree to the arne with amendment follows: In lieu of the li'relinghuy en McNary Smoot an as sum proposed insert " $18,120 " ; and the Senate a o-ree to the :NOT VOTING-23. same. Borah Harreld McKinley Ran~dell Brandegee Heflin Newberry Reed Amendment number 21: That the House recede from its dis Crow Jones, N.Mex. Nicholson Smith agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 21, and Culberson Kendrick Norpeck Stanfield agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the du Pont Ladd Norris Watson, Ga. Elkins McKellar Pepper sum proposed inseit "$14,000"; and the Senate agree to the The VICE PRESIDENT. On this question the yeas are 73 same. and the nays none. Two-thirds of the Senators present having ~-l.mendment numbered 22: That the House recede from its voted in the affirmative, the resolution of ratification as disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 22, and amended is agreed to and the treaty is ratified. _ agree to the same with an amendment as follow : In lieu of the sum proposed, insert " $17,600 " ; and the Senate agree to the NAVAL ARMAMENT TREATY. same. :Mr. LODGE. I desire to call up the treaty on the limitation Ameddment numbered 24: That the' House recede from its of naval armament, which I will ask to have read by title. disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 24, and The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will read the treaty agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of by title. the sum vroposed, insert " $450" ; and the Senate agree to the The ASS! TANT SEC.&ETARY: same. Executive L. Treaty between the United States, tbe British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan, agreeing to a limitation of naval armament. Amendment numbered 25 : That the House recede from its fr. LODGE. I hall not ask to have the treaty read to-night, disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 25,,and but I wished to bring it before the Senate, so that it would be agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu of the unfinished business. the sum proposed, insert "$15,490 "; and the Senate agree to the same. INTERIOR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIONS-CONFERENCE REPORT (S. DOC. NO. 174). Amendment numbered 26: That the House recede from its • CONGI~ESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. ~lARCH 27 . 4622 ' '~ Vnucou1er, Spokane, and Seattle, Washington"; and the Sen Mr. \>VARREN. Mr. President, this is a partial report. There ate agree to the same. were a great many differences, probably over a hundred. There Amendment numbered 42: That the House recede from its are quite a large number yet undisposed of, some of them of di...;agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 42, and rather a serious nature,'which will provoke some debate, without · agree to the same with an amendment, as follows : In lieu of doubt, unless we send it back on the theory that it must go back the sum proposed insert "$525,000 "; and the Senate agree to anyway. I therefore move the adoption of the report. the same. Mr. McNARY. Before the motion is put, I de ire to inquire Amendment numbered 81: That the House recede from its of the cl1airman of the committee what action the Senate con disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 81, ferees took with regard to the -appropriation for the national and agree to the same with an amendment, as follows: Restore park in Arizona? the matter stricken out by said amendment, amended to read as · Mr. WARREN. That has gone to the House among the items follows: " For the continued investigation of the feasibility of unacted on, except to have it sent back. irrigation, water storage, and related problems on the Colorado 1\Ir. McNARY. There has been no decision upon it? Ri"\"er and investigation of water sources of said liver, $100,- 1\fr. W ARREX. No decision whate,er. 000"; and the Senate agree to the same. Mr. 1\!cNARY. It would not be proper at this time to move Amendment numbered 83 : That the House recede from its that the Senate conferees insist on the amendment? disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 83, and 1\lr. WARREN. I hardly think at this tage that would be agree to the same with an amendment, as follows : In lieu of the proper. I judge there will be more or less inquiry, and perhaps sum proposed, insert "$325,000 " ; and the Senate agree to the I had better let the matter go over until to-morrow and have same. it printed in the meantime. Amendment numbered 85 : That the House recede from its The VICE PRESIDENT. The conference_report will go over disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 85, and and be printed. agree to the same with an amendment, as follows: In lieu ot As in legislative session, the sum proposed, insert "$225,000 " ; and the Senate agree to PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. the same. Amendment numbered 86 : That the House recede from its l\Ir. ODDIE presentetl a telegram in the nature of a petition di.:agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 86, from the Public Sen·ice Commission of Nevada, praying for the and agree to the same with an amendment, as follows : In lieu repeal of sections 13 and 15a of the transportation act of 1920, of the sum proposed, insert "$1,450,940"; and the Senate agree which was referred to the Committee on Interstate Commerce. to the same. l\lr. MOSES presented a resolution adopted by the Hampton Amendment numbered 89: That the House recede from its Falls (N.H.) Grange, favoring the sharing by union labor in the disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 89, and matters of deflation of wages ancl increase in working hours as agree to the same with an amendment, as follow : In lieu of essential to the welfare-of New Hampshire so as to conform to tile sum proposed, insert" $65,500"; and the Senate agree to the existing agricultural conditions, which was referred to the Com mittee on Education and Labor. same. Amendment numbered 90: That the House recede from its 1\lr. LODGE presented petitions of members of the congrega disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 90, tion of the Union EYangelical Church, of Three Rivers: and sun and agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu dry citizens o( Andover and· Groton, in the State of Massachu of the sum proposed insert "$178,700"; and the Senate agree setts, praying for the ratification of the treaties prepared by the Conference on Limitation of Armament, which were ordered to the same. to lie on the table. Amendment numbered 93: That the House recede from its He also presented the following resolutions of the Legislature disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 93, and of l\1assaclm efts, which were referred to the Committee on the agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of Judiciary: the matter inserted by said amendment insert the following: TBII COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS, "including not to exceed $19,000 for reconstruction a'nd im In the year one thousand nine lumdt·ed a-nd ttcenty-two. provement of about 4 miles of entrance road, $22,000 " ; and Resolutions in favor of an amendment of the Constitution of the United the Senate agree to the same. States giving Congress power to regulate the hours of labor· of women Amendment numbered 94: That the House recede from its and minors. Resolved, That the General Court of Massachusetts, believing that disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 94, and there is inJustice, . both to industries and labor, by reason of the lack of agree to the same with an amendment a,s follows : In lieu of uniformity in the laws of the several States respectiDg the hours of the ·urn proposed insert " $43,000 " ; and the Senate agree to the labor of women and minors, respectfully petitions the Congres of the United States that Congress propose an amendment to the Constitution same. of the United States giving it power to regulate the hours of labor of Amendment numbered 96 : 'rhat the Honse recede from its women and minors and to make the same uniform throughout the United States: and be it further di ·agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 96, and Resolt·efl, That certified copies of these re olutions be ent by the agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of secretary of the Commonwealth to the Presiding Officers of both the matter inserted by said amendment insert the following: branches of Congress and to each of the Senators a'nd Repre entatives in Congress from Massachusetts. " for continuing the widening of the Nisqually Glacier to Para In bouse of representatives, adopted March 8. 1922. djse Valley Road, $21,800 "; and the Senate agree to tile same. In senate, adopted in concurrence March 13, 1922. Amendment numbered 9'L: That the House recede from its A true copy. Atttst: F. W. COOK, dLagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 97, and Secretary of the Commonwealth. agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu of the sum proposed insert "$106,800"; and the Senate agree to Mr. FRANCE pre ented the following resolution of the Legis the .,arne. lature of Maryland, which was referred to the Committee on Amendment numbered 100: That the Hou e recede from its Agriculture and Forestry: SEi\'ATE OF MARl"LAND, disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 100, Februa,·y 23. 1922. and agree to the same with an amendment as follows : In lieu Joint resolution introduced, read first time, and referred to the com of tile sum proposed insert "$37,000"; and the Senate agree mittee on agriculture and labor. to tile same. Whereas the development of the farm implement and machinery bu ·i ness in the United States 1:1as resulted in the production. of vast num Amendment numbered 103 : That the House recede from its bers of differing types and sizes of such labor-saving devices : and dLngreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 103, Whereas manufacture and di tribution of uch a great multiplicity of and agree to the same with an amendment a's follows : In lieu types and models of farm implements and machinery re ult in a vast economic waste through duplication of plant operating co. t . adverti . of the sum propo ed insert " $78,000 " ; .and the Senate ag1,·ee ing costs, and selling expense and adds to the price which the farmel' · to the same. must pay for farm machinery and implements of all kinds ; arid ·The committee of conference have not agreed upon amend Whereas during the recent war the War Industries Board made suu stantial strides toward the standardization of certain kind and tvp e1:1 ment. numbered 43, 47, 50, ?1, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 70, 71, 72, of farm implements and machinery with. consequent economic advantage 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80,82, 91,112, and 113. to both manufacturer and the farmer : Therefore be it F. E. WARREN, Resol'Ved by the Senate ot the State ot Ma,-,yland. • That the Joint Com mission of Agricultural Inquiry of the United State be requested and CHARLES CURTIS, urged to investigate the feasibility of causing all forms and typ of LEE s. OVERMAN I farm implements and machinery to be tandardized o as to eliminate Manage1·s on th'e part of tile Senate. uneconomic duplication and waste and the con equent enhancement in cost of production and distribution of such implements and machinery ; LOUIS C. CRAMTON, and be it further . BURTON L. FRENCH, ResoZt:ecl, That a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the cbail'man of the Joint Commission of Agricultural Inquiry of the United ~tate ::; 0. D. CARTER, and to the chairman of the Committees on Agricultut·e in the United Managers on the part of the House. States Senate and House of Representative . • 1922. - CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE. 4623 REPORTS OF CO:Ml!ITTEE 0~ MILITARY AFFAIRS. construing the expression ~ all employees in the classified Mr. \V ADS WORTH, from the Committee on 1\lilitary Affairs, civil service of the United States," as used in section 1 of the to which \Yere referred the following bills, reported them each act of May 22, 1920, entitled "An act for the retirement of without amendment and submitted reports thereQn: employee~ in the clas ified civil service, and for other pur A bill (S. 3307) authorizing the Secretary of War to transfer poses." to the city of Springfield, l\lass., certain streets within the REPORT OF THE ALASKAN ENGINEERING COMMISSION. Springfield Armory Military Resenation, 1\fass., and for other The. VICE PRESIDENT laid·before the Senate the following purposes (Rept. 578); and message from the President of the United States, which was A bill (H. R 10297) to extend the limitations of time upon read, and, with the accompanying report, referred to the Com the .i snance of medals of honor, distinguished service crosses, mittee on Territories and Insular Possessions : and distinguished service medals to persons who served in the To the Congress ot the United States: Army of the United States during the. 'Vorld War (Rept: No. 577) . I transmit herewith for the consideration of the Congress the report of the Alaskan Engineering Commission for the period BILLS A -n JOINT RESOLUTIONS INTRODUCED. from January 1 to December 31, 1920. Bills and joint resolutions were introduced, read the first WARREN G. HARDING. !:lme, and, by unanimous consent, the second time, and referred THE WHITE HOUSE, March 2"1, 1922. a follows: By 1\lr. 1'\EW: EXECUTIVE SESSION. A bill ( S. 33-!2) granting an increase of pension to Louisa l\!r. LODGE. I move that the Senate proceed to the con White (with accornpan~ · ing papers) ; to the Committee on sideration of executive bu ines in closed S" ion. Pensions. The motion was agreed to, and the Senate proceeded to the By l\lr. l\:IcNARY: consideration of executive business. After 10 minutes spent in A bill (S. 3343) for the relief of Lincoln County, Oreg.; to executive session the doors were reopened. tl1e Committee on Claims. - RECESS. By 1\Ir. BALL: l\Ir. LODGE. I move that the Senate take a reces until to A bill ( S. 33-!4) to authorize the widenin~ of Fourth Street morrow at 12 o'clock. south of Cedar Street N\V., in the District of Columbia, and The motion was agreed to; and (at 6 o'clock p. rn.) the Sen for other purpo es; and . ate in open executive ses ion took a reces until to-morrow, A bill ( S. 3345) changing the name of Keokuk Street in the Tuesday, l\larch 28, 1922, at 12 o'(jlock mer.idian. cbunty of Washington, D. C., to l\lilitary Road; to the Com mittee on the Di~trict of Columbia. · By l\Ir. BALL (by request : NOMINATIONS. A bill (S. 33-!6) to amend section 1180 of the act entitled "An act to establish a code of laws in the Di trict of Columbia"; Exec·utive nominations 1·eceived by the Senate March 21 (legis to the Committee on the District of Columbia. lative day of Marcl~ 16), 1922. By l\Ir. FRANCE : UNDERSECRETARY OF STATE. A bill (S. 3347) to provide surgical or medical treatment for William Phillips, of Massachusetts, now envoy ertraonlinary the men of the Army, National Guard, Navy, l\farine Corps, and minister plenipotentiary to the Netherland and Ltu:em Coast Guard, Public Health Service, and Coast and Geodetic burg, to be Undersecretary of State. Survey who· have been honorably di charged from the service; to the Committee on l\[ilitary Affairs. ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE. By Mr. OWEN: Leland Ha&rison, of Illinois, now a secretary of embassy or A bill ( S. 33-!8) conferring jurisdiction upon the Court of legation of Class 1, assigned to the Department of State, to be Claims to renuer tinal judgment on any claims of the Cherokee Assistant Secretary of mate. Nation ngainst the United States in relation to tribal lands, APPRAISER OF MERCHANDISE. funds, or property; to the Committee on Indian Affairs. Genevieve Cline to be appraiser of merchandise in customs By 1\Ir. 1\TEW: collection district No. 41, with headquarters at Cle,·eland, Ohio, A joint resolution ( S . .J. Res. 183) recognizing title of Lieu in place of Joseph Pelcinski. tenant Colonel l\Iears as a commissioned officer; to the Commit- tee on l\1ilitary Affairs. · REGISTER OF THE LAND OFFICE. Ry Mr. FRANCE: Arthur Wellington Doland, of Washington, to be register of A joint resolution (S. J . Res. 184) authorizing the President the land office at Spokane, Wash., v~ce John L. Wiley, resigned. to send the \Vorld War Foreign Debt Commission or a repre RECEIVER OF PUBLIC 1\fONEYS. sen ta th·e or repre enta tives of said commis ion or other com mi ·sion~rs or delegates · whom be may select to represent him Frank Adelbert Savage, of Washington, to be receiver of pub· to the International Economic Conference to be held at Genoa; lic moneys at Spokane, Wash., vice William F. Page, resigned. to the Committee on Foreign Relations. PROliOTIONS IN 'fHE NAVY. AMENDMENTS OF WAR DEPARTMENT APPROPRIATIO~ BILL. Lieut. Commander Cleon W. Mauldin to be a commander in Mr. CUl\Il\IINS submitted an amendment proposing to ap the Navy from the 11th day of February, 1921. propriate $350,000 for the preparation for historical purposes The following-named lieutenant commanders to be command· of certain documents an(] information concern~ng officers anll ers in the Navy from the 3d day of June, 1921 : soldiers from the several States and tl;le District of Columbia Christopher R. P. Rodgers. who were in the military ervice of the - nited States during the William A. Hall. \Vorld War, etc., intended to be proposed by him to House bill Lieut. Commander Charles 1\f. Austin to be a commander in 10871, the \Var Departrnent appropr~tion bill, which was re the Navy from the 12th day of October, 1921. ferred to the Committee on Appropriations and orde1·ect to IJe Lieut. Commander John P. Miller to be a commander in the printed. Navy from the 2d day of December, 1921. . He also ubmitted an amendment providing that approprm Lieut. Commander Harry L. Pence to be a commander in the tions or allotments for general irnprovelllent or maintenance Navy from the 20th day of December, 1921. 1 shall hereafter be available for the dredging of channels to The following-named lieutenant commanders to be command· landing 'places when atisfactory evidence is submitted by the ers in the Navy from the 31st day of December, 1921: localities concerned that such chann-els will be used by com Andrew S. Hickey. Aubrey W. Fitcl1. merce to an extent commensurate with the cost and that ot11er Reuben L. Walker. Robert V. Lowe. landing places are not economically available to erve the same Wilfred E. Clarke. Hamilton F. Glo-v-er. B. · localities or industrie~. etc., intended to be proposed by him to Edwin "T oodworth. House bill 10871, the War Department appropriation bill, which The following-named lieutenant commanders to be command· was referred to the Committee on .Appropriations and ordered ers in the Navy from the 1st day of February, 1922: to be printed. Guy E. Baker. PRESIDENTIAL APPROVAL. William ·w. Bradley, jr. The following-named lieutenant commanders to be command· A message from the President of the United States, by Mr. ers in the Navy from the 11th day of Fcl>ruary, 1922 : Latta, one of his secretaries. announced that on l\larch 27, Miles A. Libbey. 1922, the President had approved and signed the act ( S. 3265) Raymond A. Spruance. LXII-292 :1624 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD....__..SENATE. }lARCH 27, Lieut. Francis Qogs,vell to be a lieutenant commander in the Surg. Frederick G. Abeken to be a medical inspector in the Navy from the 8th day of June, 1920. Navy, With the rank of commanuer, from the lOth day of_No- 'lrhe following-named lieutenants to be lieutenant commandenJ vember, 1921. in the Navy from the~ day af June, 192·1: Passed Asst. Surg. William W. Hargrave to be a surgeon in Preston B. Haines. Marion n Robertson. · the Navy, with the rank of lieutenant commander, from the 3d Ernest L. Gunther. James M. Doyle. day of Jnne, 1921. · Frederick C. Sherman. Elmer D. Langworthy. Asst. Surg. Maurice S. l\1athis to be a passed assistant sur- Leslie L. Jordan. Frederick G. Reinicke. geon in the Navy, with the rank of lieutenant, frQom the 1st. day The following--named lieutenants to be lieutenant' commanders of July, 1920. in the Navy from the 1st day of July, 1921: Asst. Dental Surg; Edward A. Hyland to be a passed assist- Elmer K. Niles. ant dental surgeon in the Navy, with the rank of lieutenant, Scott B. Macfarlane. from the· 1st day of July, 1920. · Lieut. Romuald P. P. Meclewski to be a lieutenant commander Asst. Dental Surg. Clarence E. Garcia to be a passed assist- in the Navy from the 12th day of August, 1921. ant dental surgeon in the Navy, with the rank of lieutenant, Lieut. Herbert R. Hein to be a lieutenant conimander in the from the 1st day of January, 1921. · Navy n·om tile 21st day of October, 1921. Paym~ster Frederick B. Colby to be a pay inspector in the Lieut. Ole 0. Hagen to be a lieutenant commander in the Navy Navy, mth the rank of commander, from the 7th day of July, from the 2d day of December, 1921. 1921. Lieut. Robert H. Skelton to be a -lieutenant commander in the Passed Asst. Paymaster Arthur H. Mayo to be a paymaster in Navy from the 23d day of December, 1921. the Navy, with the rank of lieutenant commander, from the 3d The following-named lie11tenants to be lieutenant commanders day of June, 1921. . in the Navy from the 28th day of December, 1921: Passed Asst. Paymaster Samuel R. White, jr., to be a pay- Alfred G. Zimerma.nn. master in the Navy, with the rank of lieutenant commander, Roger W. Paine. from the 21st day of October, 1921. . Milton H. Anderson. Naval Constructor Edward C. Hammer, jr., to be a naval con- The following-named lieutenants to be lieutenant commanders structor in the Navy, with the rank of commander, from the in the Navy from the 31st day of December, 1921: · 16th day of Nov~tmber, 1921. Oliver L. Wolfard. Ellis s. Stone. · Assistant Civil Engineer Henry F. Bruns to be a civil engi- Francis S. Craven~ Morris D. Gilmore. neer in the Navy, with the rank of lieutenant, from the 2d day; George 1\f. Lowry. William E. Baughman. of December, 1921. - · .. John A. Fletcher. Bernhard H. Bieri. The following-named machinists to be chief machinists in Oscar C. Badger. Thomas s. King, 2d. the Navy to rank with but afte.J ensign from _the 28th day of Robert K. Awtrey. HowardS. Jeans. Dec~mber, 1920: Scott D.l\1cCaughey. Daniel J. Callaghan. W1ll Mueller. Frank J. Lowry. Thomas Baxter. Patrick H. Cassidy. Aylmer L. Morgan, jr. Thomas s. McCloy. The following-named ·machinists to be chief machinists in the Lyell St. Louis Pamperin. George B. ABbe. Navy to rank with but after ensign from the. 3Uth day of No- Harold R. Keller. Erie L. Ba.rr. vember, 1921: · · John C. Thorn. Ralph F. Wood. George C. Martin. Paul M. Bates. Walters. Davidson. George Keeser. , . John W. Reeves, jr. HeRry J' ..Sbields. Lieut. (Junior Grade) Evan G. Hanson to be lieutenant in the Guysbert B. Vroom. Robert P. Hinrichs. Navy from the 1st day of July, 1920. Glenn F. Howell. N-orman L. Kirk. Lieut. (Junior Grade) George C. Cummings to be a lieuten· Francis M. Collier. Pat Buchanan. ant in the Navy from the 1st d-ay of October, 1920. William F. Callaway. Wallaee B. Phillips. Ensign George C. Cummings to be a lieutenant (junior grade): Franz B.l\Ielendy. Frederick L. Riefkehl. in the Navy from the 30th day of September, 1920. , Joseph R. 1\Iann, jr. John W. Gates. Ensign Herbert R. Sobel to be a lieutenant (junior grade) in William C. Barnes. Harvey S. Haislip. the Navy from the 29th day of December, 1920. The following-named lieutenants to be lieutenant commanders Passed Asst. Paymaster Eaton C. Edwards to be a paymaster in the Navy from the 1st day of January, 1922: in tl'le Navy, with the rank of lieutenant commander, from the Charles G. 1\IcCord. 21st clay of October, 1921. Ralph C. Lawder. PosTMASTERS. Robert P. l\iolte11, j1·. ALASKA. Lieut. William J. Butler to be a lieutenant commander in the William L. Barber to be postmaster at Fort Yukon, Alaska. Navy n·om the 2d day of January, 1922. Offi ):, i J Lieut. (Junior Grade) :flenry F. Floyd to be a lieutenant in ce uecame pres dential anuary 1, 1922. the Navy from the 1st day of July, 1919. IDAHO. Lieut. (Juni()r Grade) Henry P. Samson to be a lieutenant in William F. McCullough to be postmaster at l\1ullan, Idaho, the Navy from the 6th day of Jun~, 192(}. . in place of Josephine Ervin, resignep. Lieut. (Junior Grade) William H. Porter, jr., to be a. lieuten- fLLINOIS. ant in tile Navy from the 6th day of December, 1920. Victor F. Boltenstern t() be postmaster at Cambridge, ·rn., in The following-named lieutenants.. (junior grade! to be lieu- place of C. H. Hunt. Incumbent's commission expired Febru- tenants in the Navy from the 1st day of July, 1920: ary 4, 1922. • Simon P. Fullinwider, jr. INDIANA. · ; Arthur B. McCrary. H.arry C. Watts to be pOstmaster at Aurora, Ind., in place of Lie1:1t. (Junior Grade) WilliamS. Heatb to· be· a lieutenant in M. E. 1Ialoney. Incumbent's commission expired January 24, the Navy from the 1st day of January, 1!;)21. 1922. The following-named li~utenants (junior g_rade) to be lieu- Orpheus 1\I. Dickey to be postmaster at Shoals, Ind., in place tenants in the Navy from the 1st day of July, 19-20': of J. P. ·Hawkins. Incumbent's commission e-x;pired July 21, Peter K. Fi chler. Smith D~ A. Cobb. 192 1 1 H~J,rry K. Leventen. Charles G. 1\Ioore7 jr. ' IOWA. Lieut. (Junior Grade) Herbert R. Sobel to be a lieutenant in the Navy from the 30th day of December, 1920. Lou. ~~ · :Brink to be postmaster at Clarence, Iowa., in place of The following-named ensigns to be lieutenants (junior grade) W. F. McCarty. Incumbent's commission expired January 24, in Johnthe Navy o. Huse. from the 1st day of July, 1920: 1922.Oscar J. Houstman to be postmaster at Olin, Iowa, in place of Joseph s. lves. F. W. Miller. Incumbent's commission expired January 24, James L. Wisenbaker. , :1922. KANSAS. Ensign Arthur. B. McCrary to be a lieutenant (julliO NEW JERSEY. CONFIRMATIONS. Milton A. Whyard to be postmaster at Englewood, N. J., E:temttive no1111inati01'is con {inned by the Senate March 21 (legis in place of T. C. Birtwhlstle. Incumbent's commission expired lative day of March 16), 1922. January 24, 1922. UNITED STATES MARSHAL • .John R. Allaire to be po ·tmaster at Farmingdale, N. J., in .J. Ray Ward to be United States mar hal for the district of place of A. A. Yard, resigned. Utah. NEW YORK. PROMOTIONS IN THE ARMY. Allen T: Wel1s to be postmaster at Pottersville, N. Y. Office Curtis William Otwell to be colonel, Corps of Engineers. became presidential October 1, 1921. Charles Sydney Hammond to be captain, Corps of Engineers. August P. Lenz to be postmaster at Thendara, N. Y. Office Willis Richardson Slaughter to be captain, Ordnance Depart- became presidential .January 1, 1921. ment. Abram L. Van Horne to be postmaster at Fultonville, N. Y., James Henry Beals Bogman to be captain, Signal Corps. in place of William Van Alstyne. Incumbent's commission ex John Sanderson Crawford to be first lieutenant, Infantry. pi red .January 24, 1922. Carlton Culley Starkes to be captain, Medical Corps. Charles R. Merrill to be postmaster at Homer, N. Y., in Ira Frederick Peak to be captain, Medical Corps. place of S. F. Andrews. Incumbent's commission expired .July PHILIPPINE SCOUTS. 21, 1921. 1'o be fit·st lieutenants. Clarence D. Tarbell to be postmaster at Ithaca, N. Y., in place Harry Allen Sanford. Harry Abbey Mosher. of B. F. Lent. Incumbent's commission expired April 27, 1920. Earl Wells. Roscoe Bonham. NORTH CAROLINA. John Willett Smith. Oscar Blair Tudor. .John .J. Buffaloe to be postmaster at .Jackson, -N. C., in place POSTMASTERS • of .J . .J. Buffaloe. Incumbent's commission expired .January 24, ALABAMA'. 1922. - Anthony J. Bowab, Atmore. OKL~AHOM.A, Emory l!"'olmar, Troy. Blanche Probu. to he postmaster at Dacoma, Okla. Office COLORADO. became presidential April 1, 1921. Anna B. Danford, Haswell. George A. Strouse to be postmaster at Billings, Okla., in GEORGIA. place of P. H. ~IcKeown, resigned. James E. Mathis, Stockton. PENNSYLVANIA. George R. Burton, White Plains. Elmer E. Brunner to be postmaster at Yorkhaven, Pa. Office LOUISI.AN .A, became presidential January 1, 1921. Ella Farr, Gilliam. SOUTH DAKOTA. MICHIGAN. Samuel E. La\vver to be postmaster at Canova, S. Dak., in Fred L. Wright, Bad Axe. place of S. E. Laurer, to correct name. r ORTH CAROLIN .A, l\Ietha A. Scbnaidt to be postrua. ter at Menno, S. Dak., in Robert F. Blevins, Jefferson. place of Dennis Foley, resigned. Charlie L. Walters, Mayodan. TENNESSEE. OHIO. Rennie G. Connelly to be postmaster at Lyles, Tenn. Office Orlow H. Wertenberger, Leroy. became presidential .January 1, 1921. John C. Caldwell, Oxford. TEXAS. Florence S. Van Gorder, Warren. Benjamin E. Westwood, Youngstown. Martha A. Luccock to be postmaster at Keene, Tex. Office became presidential July 1, 1920. OKLAHOMA. Alice Crow to be postmaster at Kountze, Tex. Office be .John E. T. Clark, Coalgate. came presidential October 1, 1920. James E. Elliott, Duncan. Arthur H. O'Kelley to be postmaster at Atlanta, Tex., in Joseph J. Atteberry, Gould. place of F. R. Blaydes. Incumbent's commission expired Au Onie L. Tapp, Marlow. gu! t 25, 1920. PENNSYLVANIA, G. Lafayette Hardca tle to be postmaster at Lexington, Tex., Arthur A. Butz, Alburtis. in place of .J. W. Hardcastle, deceased. Christian D. Doerr, Colver. Daniel I. Dudley to be postmaster at Plano, Tex., in place Vera Ritchey, Dunlo. of J. A. Crow, resigned. John S. Windle, Fernwood. VIRGINIA. George F. Grill, Pen Mar. Olive E. Sargent to be postmaster at Riverton, Va. O.ffice be Anna B. McCully, Ramey. came presidential April 1, 1921. Mary P. McCardell, Westover. RHODE ISLAND, WASHINGTON. Samuel Seabury, 2d, Tiverton. William W. Campbell to be postmaster at Colville, Wash., in William .J. Clemence, Washington. place of C. :M. Durland. Incumbent's commission expired Jan SOUTH CAROLINA, uary 24, 1922. Lewis Murphy to be postmaster at Republic, Wash., in place of Francis B. Gaffney, Gaffney. J. F. May. Incumbent's commission expired January 24, 1922. Edward V. Truesdale, Kershaw. TENNESSEE, WEST VIRGINIA. John H. McKenzie, Manchester. Daniel A. .Jackson to be postmaster at Rowlesburg, W. Va., in William B. Harlan, Pruden. place of J. J. Dunn. Incumbent's commission expired June 2, Curtis K. Burton, Puryear. 1920. . UTAH; Marion I. .Jackson to be postmaster at Ward, w. Va., in place Julius S. Dalley, Kanab. of W. B. Crookshanks, removed. Gussie Harkness, Scofield. WISCONSIN. VIRGINIA. Bert E. Fredrick to be postmaster at .Augusta, Wis., in place Harry L . .Johnson, Belle Haven. of B. E. Fredrick. Incumbent's commission expired January 24, Sydney B. Elliott, Belle Meade. 1922. Roland L. Somers, Bloxom. Henry C. Scheller to be postmaster at Cecil, Wis., in place of William .J. Ivey, Catlett. C. J. Peterman, removecl. · Grief C. Giles, Chatham. Orrin W. Groot to be postmaster at Elmwoou, Wis., in place James 0. Huff, Cheriton. of J. L. Groot. Incumbent's commission expired September 8, Thomas J. Wilson, Clifton Forge. 1921. . Jessie M. Martin, Concord Depot. ,4626 CONGRESSIONAL R.ECORD-HOUSE. 1\{AR.CH 27, Henry H. Hardenbergh, Fredericks Hall. unanimous con ent that this be transferred. It is for public Ida Valley, Grundy. purposes only. Silverius C. Hall, Hallwood. 1\tr. WALSH. It is a county matter. Ruth E. Brown, Hamilton. Mr. RAKER. Yes; it is a county matter. John W. Gibbs, Howardsville. The SPEAKER. Is there objection? · Arthur P. Bundick, Kellar. There was no objection. Thomas L. Woolfolk, Louisa. SENATE JOINT RESOLUTIOl 160. William R. Berry, Meherrin. John l\1. Anderson, athalie. 1\lr. GARNER. l\11·: Speaker, if I may have tbe attention of Hannah Y. Smith. New.port. the gentleman from Wyoming. In view of the gentleman's Raymond D. Williams, .Pembroke. program outlined for to-day, I want to call the Speaker's atten l\Iyron B. Bickers, Stanardsville. tion to a point of order made on Senate joint resolution 1GO James R. l\liller, Strasburg. at the time it was z:eported from the Committee on Wa·ys and Frank L. Sch-ofield, University of 'Richmom:l (late Richmond 'M-eans. rt occurs to me tha.t the point of order is well taken; College). that is to say, if. it is not a reyenue bill, it can be considered in John R. Brittingham, Wachaprea.:,