DOCSLIB.ORG

<I>Scutellastra Flexuosa</I>

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
<I>Scutellastra Flexuosa</I> BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 81(2): 219–234, 2007 REPRODUCTION, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC LIMPET SCUTELLASTRA FLEXUOSA David R. Lindberg ABSTRACT Scutellastra flexuosa (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834) was studied at Temae islet reef on Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia between 1998 and 2001 to compare and contrast the respective roles of deep phyletic history with recent adaptations in shaping its current ecological and life history characteristics. Most of the charac- ters examined are consistent with related specialist species and are therefore deter- mined by ancestry. These characteristics include habitat restriction, algal gardening, local distribution, home site fidelity, adult/juvenile differentiation, and protandric hermaphroditism. The only character that appears autapomorphic and a possible adaptation to its proximal setting is its small body size. Large body size is often as- sociated with species that maintain and defend territories. However, the variance in size in clades with and without territorial species presents a more complex picture. The putative size reduction of S. flexuosa has not affected many of the specialized traits shared within its lineage and it remains a classic territorial taxon albeit in miniature. The phyletic pattern that emerges here is one of a clade dominated by specialist species that gave rise to generalist species that in turn gave rise to another group of specialists with identical traits albeit in different habitats. Studies of the evolution of life history characteristics of marine invertebrates have produced a large body of empirical data and theoretical interpretations. Many recent studies of the evolution of life history traits have become grounded in phylogenet- ic analysis (e.g., McHugh and Fong, 2002; Kupriyanova, 2003; Meyer, 2003; Collin, 2004; Kohler et al., 2004; Byrne, 2006; Glenner and Hebsgaard, 2006); a trend that is a welcomed alternative to the former practice of using current taxonomic classi- fications to parse traits. In some cases, the results and interpretations of these more recent studies have corroborated earlier work, while in others they have suggested alternative hypotheses. Patellogastropod limpets (or “true” limpets) have long been studied in a broad ar- ray of biological disciplines. Because of their intertidal occurrence, they were some of the first and remain one of the commonest taxa manipulated in ecological studies (e.g., Jones, 1948; Lodge, 1948; Underwood, 1979; Branch, 1981; Hawkins and Hart- noll, 1983). They have served as physiological “guinea pigs” in studies of desiccation and growth (e.g., Wolcott, 1973; Branch, 1974b, 1975a; Parry, 1978; Creese, 1981; Lowell, 1984; Niu et al., 1998; Gray and Hodgson, 2004). They also have a long and illustrious record as model organisms in life history studies, especially with regard to reproductive cycles and hermaphrodism (e.g., Orton, 1919; Dodd, 1956; Orton et al., 1956; Fritchman, 1961; Rao, 1973; Branch, 1974a; Wright and Lindberg, 1982; Wright, 1988; Creese et al., 1990; Le Quesne and Hawkins, 2006). However, the dis- tributions of these life history characters have seldom been explored except for quick comparisons or corroborations of similarities (and differences) with “other limpets” in another region or genus. Here I report the results of a multi-year study of the patellogastropod limpet Scutel- lastra flexuosa (Quoy and Gaimard, 1834) on Moorea, Society Islands, French Poly- nesia. Scutellastra flexuosa is often a common member of the algal ridge community Bulletin of Marine Science 219 © 2007 Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science of the University of Miami 220 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 81, NO. 2, 2007 where it experiences the full intensity of reef-crest wave action. Unlike most other patellogastropod faunas found in high-energy environments (Branch, 1976; Lind- berg, 1988), S. flexuosa is the only patellogastropod species to occur there. Therefore, it presents an opportunity to compare the roles of phyletic history and recent adapta- tions in shaping its ecology and life history uncomplicated by the co-occurrence of closely related taxa and interactions. To compare the ecological and life history characteristics S. flexuosa with other patellid species a standardized list of ecological and life history characters was used. This list was developed by George M. Branch (1975b) during his study of intraspecific competition in southern African Patella spp. Branch was especially interested in the role of migration, differentiation, and territorial behavior and when he scored his study taxa he found that they sorted into two distinct categories with few interme- diates. Branch termed these groups “migratory” and “non-migratory”, but they also denote groupings of characters commonly associated with distinguishing generalist (migratory) and specialist (non-migratory) species. Scutellastra flexuosa was scored for these traits and the characters examined on a phylogenetic tree to determine character distribution and to separate shared historical characters (pleisomorphy) from new unique characters (autapomorphy) that might represent more recent and local adaptation (Irschick et al., 2005). Materials and Methods The study site was located on the Temae islet reef along the northeast shore of Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia (17°38´S, 149°27´W) (Fig. 1A–C). This location was selected because of the close proximity of the barrier reef to the coast and ease of access to a typically difficult habitat in which to conduct intertidal observations. Mean tidal range is < 0.25 m and low tides occur between 0530 and 0600 daily (NOAA, 2005). Scutellastra flexuosa occurs in patches on the algal ridge that gently slopes towards the ocean side of the reef crest (Fig. 1D). Limpets associated with these patches were observed yearly between 1998 and 2001; except for 1999 when surf conditions prohibited access to the site (Table 1). In addition to general observations, 17 0.25 m2 quadrats were arbitrarily located within patches and the limpets within these quadrats collected, measured, and sexed. Photoquadrats of both before and after removal were also taken and the removed limpets individually located in the quadrat by mapping their position prior to their removal (Table 1). General observations of S. flexuosa were photo-documented and used to score this species in Branch’s (1975b) matrix. Characteristics.—Branch (1975b) categorized nine “behaviors” of 11 patellid taxa from southern Africa. Each behavior was assigned one of four states represent by the symbols , , , or was scored as unknown ? (Table 2). The solid circles represented “migratory” or gen- eralist characteristics while the open squares represented “non-migratory” or specialist char- acteristics. The size of the symbol represented well-developed and poorly developed traits. Scutellastra flexuosa was scored for these behaviors based on observations of the animals at Temae. To quantify Branch’s (1975b) symbolic representation each symbol was assigned a value between −1 and 1: = −1.0, = −0.5, = 1.0, and = 0.5. Data for Scutellastra argenvil- lei (Krauss, 1848), Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758), Cymbula miniata (Born, 1758), and Helcion concolor (Krauss, 1848) were updated from Bustamante et al. (1995), Ridgway et al. (1999, 2000), and G. Branch (pers. comm., University of Cape Town, 2007). Median, mean, and standard deviations were then calculated for each species. Phylogeny.—A molecular phylogeny was constructed by reanalyzing 16s rRNA sequence data first presented and analyzed by Koufopanou et al. (1999). AdditionalS. flexuosasequenc - es were provided by C. Meyer, and additional Cellana spp. sequence data were obtained from LINDBERG: REPRODUCTION, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC LIMPET 221 Figure 1. Location of study area. (A) Global position of Moorea, Society Islands, French Poly- nesia (17°38´S, 149°27´W). (B) Topographic hi-resolution map of Moorea showing location of Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research Station (diamond) and regional setting of study area along the northeastern coast. Map provided by the Moorea GIS Consortium. (C) Insert from box on (B) showing Temae islet reef area and location of study area. (D) Transect across barrier reef and reef flat at Temae islet reef illustrating geomorphological and biological zonation of the study area and habitat of Scutellastra flexuosa. Redrawn from Galzin and Pointier (1985). Reeb (1995), Simison (2000), and Begovic (2004). The dataset was subjected to maximum parsimony analysis using PAUP* Ver. 4.0b10 (Swofford, 1998). All characters were equally weighted and unordered. The tree-bisection-reconnection (TBR) branch-swapping algorithm was used with a random addition sequence (500 replicates), and one tree was held at each step during stepwise addition. Results Scutellastra flexuosa densities at Temae ranged between 5 and 48 individuals per 0.25 m2 with an average density of 20.4 limpets per 0.25 m2. Sex ratios in the indi- vidual quadrats were highly variable with a mean ratio of approximately 5 males for every 2 females (0.38) (Table 1). There was no correlation between density and sex ratio (r2 = 0.0453). Females were most common in the larger size classes (m = 28.59 mm ± SD = 4.70), while males averaged 23.70 mm in length ± SD = 4.70, and indeterminate individuals averaged 16.36 mm in length (SD = 6.00). The size frequency distribution ofS. flexu- 222 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 81, NO. 2, 2007 Table 1. Sampling data and summary
Load more

Recommended publications
  • JMS 70 1 031-041 Eyh003 FINAL
    PHYLOGENY AND HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF LIMPETS OF THE ORDER PATELLOGASTROPODA BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES TOMOYUKI NAKANO AND TOMOWO OZAWA Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602,Japan (Received 29 March 2003; accepted 6June 2003) ABSTRACT Using new and previously published sequences of two mitochondrial genes (fragments of 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA; total 700 sites), we constructed a molecular phylogeny for 86 extant species, covering a major part of the order Patellogastropoda. There were 35 lottiid, one acmaeid, five nacellid and two patellid species from the western and northern Pacific; and 34 patellid, six nacellid and three lottiid species from the Atlantic, southern Africa, Antarctica and Australia. Emarginula foveolata fujitai (Fissurellidae) was used as the outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic trees, the species fall into two major clades with high bootstrap support, designated here as (A) a clade of southern Tethyan origin consisting of superfamily Patelloidea and (B) a clade of tropical Tethyan origin consisting of the Acmaeoidea. Clades A and B were further divided into three and six subclades, respectively, which correspond with geographical distributions of species in the following genus or genera: (AÍ) north­ eastern Atlantic (Patella ); (A2) southern Africa and Australasia ( Scutellastra , Cymbula-and Helcion)', (A3) Antarctic, western Pacific, Australasia ( Nacella and Cellana); (BÍ) western to northwestern Pacific (.Patelloida); (B2) northern Pacific and northeastern Atlantic ( Lottia); (B3) northern Pacific (Lottia and Yayoiacmea); (B4) northwestern Pacific ( Nipponacmea); (B5) northern Pacific (Acmaea-’ânà Niveotectura) and (B6) northeastern Atlantic ( Tectura). Approximate divergence times were estimated using geo­ logical events and the fossil record to determine a reference date.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Large Body Size in Abalones (Haliotis): Patterns and Implications
    Paleobiology, 31(4), 2005, pp. 591±606 Evolution of large body size in abalones (Haliotis): patterns and implications James A. Estes, David R. Lindberg, and Charlie Wray Abstract.ÐKelps and other ¯eshy macroalgaeÐdominant reef-inhabiting organisms in cool seasÐ may have radiated extensively following late Cenozoic polar cooling, thus triggering a chain of evolutionary change in the trophic ecology of nearshore temperate ecosystems. We explore this hypothesis through an analysis of body size in the abalones (Gastropoda; Haliotidae), a widely distributed group in modern oceans that displays a broad range of body sizes and contains fossil representatives from the late Cretaceous (60±75 Ma). Geographic analysis of maximum shell length in living abalones showed that small-bodied species, while most common in the Tropics, have a cosmopolitan distribution, whereas large-bodied species occur exclusively in cold-water ecosys- tems dominated by kelps and other macroalgae. The phylogeography of body size evolution in extant abalones was assessed by constructing a molecular phylogeny in a mix of large and small species obtained from different regions of the world. This analysis demonstrates that small body size is the plesiomorphic state and largeness has likely arisen at least twice. Finally, we compiled data on shell length from the fossil record to determine how (slowly or suddenly) and when large body size arose in the abalones. These data indicate that large body size appears suddenly at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Our ®ndings support the view that ¯eshy-algal dominated ecosys- tems radiated rapidly in the coastal oceans with the onset of the most recent glacial age.
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny of the Patellogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
    ^03 Marine Biology (2000) 137: 183-194 ® Spnnger-Verlag 2000 M. G. Harasevvych A. G. McArthur A molecular phylogeny of the Patellogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Received: 5 February 1999 /Accepted: 16 May 2000 Abstract Phylogenetic analyses of partiaJ J8S rDNA formia" than between the Patellogastropoda and sequences from species representing all living families of Orthogastropoda. Partial 18S sequences support the the order Patellogastropoda, most other major gastro- inclusion of the family Neolepetopsidae within the su- pod groups (Cocculiniformia, Neritopsma, Vetigastro- perfamily Acmaeoidea, and refute its previously hy- poda, Caenogastropoda, Heterobranchia, but not pothesized position as sister group to the remaining Neomphalina), and two additional classes of the phylum living Patellogastropoda. This region of the Í8S rDNA Mollusca (Cephalopoda, Polyplacophora) confirm that gene diverges at widely differing rates, spanning an order Patellogastropoda comprises a robust clade with high of magnitude among patellogastropod lineages, and statistical support. The sequences are characterized by therefore does not provide meaningful resolution of the the presence of several insertions and deletions that are relationships among higher taxa of patellogastropods. unique to, and ubiquitous among, patellogastropods. Data from one or more genes that evolve more uni- However, this portion of the 18S gene is insufficiently formly and more rapidly than the ISSrDNA gene informative to provide robust support for the mono- (possibly one or more
    [Show full text]
  • The Limpet Form in Gastropods: Evolution, Distribution, and Implications for the Comparative Study of History
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title The limpet form in gastropods: Evolution, distribution, and implications for the comparative study of history Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8p93f8z8 Journal Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120(1) ISSN 0024-4066 Author Vermeij, GJ Publication Date 2017 DOI 10.1111/bij.12883 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2016, , – . With 1 figure. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2017, 120 , 22–37. With 1 figures 2 G. J. VERMEIJ A B The limpet form in gastropods: evolution, distribution, and implications for the comparative study of history GEERAT J. VERMEIJ* Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA,USA C D Received 19 April 2015; revised 30 June 2016; accepted for publication 30 June 2016 The limpet form – a cap-shaped or slipper-shaped univalved shell – convergently evolved in many gastropod lineages, but questions remain about when, how often, and under which circumstances it originated. Except for some predation-resistant limpets in shallow-water marine environments, limpets are not well adapted to intense competition and predation, leading to the prediction that they originated in refugial habitats where exposure to predators and competitors is low. A survey of fossil and living limpets indicates that the limpet form evolved independently in at least 54 lineages, with particularly frequent origins in early-diverging gastropod clades, as well as in Neritimorpha and Heterobranchia. There are at least 14 origins in freshwater and 10 in the deep sea, E F with known times ranging from the Cambrian to the Neogene.
    [Show full text]
  • Caracterización Biológica Del Molusco Protegido Patella Ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 (Gastropoda: Patellidae): Bases Para Su Gestión Y Conservación
    CARACTERIZACIÓN BIOLÓGICA DEL MOLUSCO PROTEGIDO PATELLA FERRUGINEA GMELIN, 1791 (GASTROPODA: PATELLIDAE): BASES PARA SU GESTIÓN Y CONSERVACIÓN. LABORATORIO DE BIOLOGÍA MARINA- UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA Free Espinosa Torre D. JOSÉ MANUEL GUERRA GARCÍA, PROFESOR AYUDANTE DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE FISIOLOGÍA Y ZOOLOGÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA, D. DARREN FA, SUBDIRECTOR DEL ‘GIBRALTAR MUSEUM’ Y D. JOSÉ CARLOS GARCÍA GÓMEZ, PROFESOR TITULAR DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE FISIOLOGÍA Y ZOOLOGÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SEVILLA CERTIFICAN QUE: D. FREE ESPINOSA TORRE, licenciado en Biología, ha realizado bajo su dirección y en el Departamento de Fisiología y Zoología de la Universidad de Sevilla, la memoria titulada “Caracterización biológica del molusco protegido Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 (Gastropoda: Patellidae): bases para su gestión y conservación”, reuniendo el mismo las condiciones necesarias para optar al grado de doctor. Sevilla, 24 de octubre de 2005 Vº Bº de los directores: Fdo. José Manuel Guerra García Fdo. Darren Fa Fdo. José Carlos García Gómez El interesado: Fdo. Free Espinosa Torre A toda mi familia “Ingenuity and inventiveness in the development of methods have been very successful in finding ways to extract signals from the intrinsic noise of the system.” A. J. UNDERWOOD “Patella ferruginea lineis pullis angulatis undulative cingulique albis picta intus lactea; itriis elevatis nodolis, margine plicato.” GMELIN, 1791 AGRADECIMIENTOS Resulta extraño escribir estas líneas después de todo este tiempo, ya que representa el final de un trabajo que no hubiera sido posible sin la ayuda de todas las personas que a continuación citaré, pido disculpas de antemano si olvidase a alguien, espero que sepa perdonarme. En primer lugar quisiera agradecer a mis directores de tesis José Manuel Guerra García, Darren Fa y José Carlos García Gómez por haberme ayudado a completar este camino, dándome primero la oportunidad de realizar esta tesis y apoyándome en todo momento durante su desarrollo y por ser además unos buenos amigos.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum
    a Proceedings of the United States National Museum SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION • WASHINGTON, D.C. Volume 121 1967 Number 3579 VALID ZOOLOGICAL NAMES OF THE PORTLAND CATALOGUE By Harald a. Rehder Research Curator, Division of Mollusks Introduction An outstanding patroness of the arts and sciences in eighteenth- century England was Lady Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, Duchess of Portland, wife of William, Second Duke of Portland. At Bulstrode in Buckinghamshire, magnificent summer residence of the Dukes of Portland, and in her London house in Whitehall, Lady Margaret— widow for the last 23 years of her life— entertained gentlemen in- terested in her extensive collection of natural history and objets d'art. Among these visitors were Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, pupil of Linnaeus. As her own particular interest was in conchology, she received from both of these men many specimens of shells gathered on Captain Cook's voyages. Apparently Solander spent considerable time working on the conchological collection, for his manuscript on descriptions of new shells was based largely on the "Portland Museum." When Lady Margaret died in 1785, her "Museum" was sold at auction. The task of preparing the collection for sale and compiling the sales catalogue fell to the Reverend John Lightfoot (1735-1788). For many years librarian and chaplain to the Duchess and scientif- 1 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. 121 ically inclined with a special leaning toward botany and conchology, he was well acquainted with the collection. It is not surprising he went to considerable trouble to give names and figure references to so many of the mollusks and other invertebrates that he listed.
    [Show full text]
  • Patellid Limpets: an Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores
    Chapter 4 Patellid Limpets: An Overview of the Biology and Conservation of Keystone Species of the Rocky Shores Paulo Henriques, João Delgado and Ricardo Sousa Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/67862 Abstract This work reviews a broad spectrum of subjects associated to Patellid limpets’ biology such as growth, reproduction, and recruitment, also the consequences of commercial exploitation on the stocks and the effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the biology and populational dynamics of these intertidal grazers. Knowledge of limpets’ biological traits plays an important role in providing proper background for their effective man- agement. This chapter focuses on determining the effect of biotic and abiotic factors that influence these biological characteristics and associated geographical patterns. Human exploitation of limpets is one of the main causes of disturbance in the intertidal ecosys- tem and has occurred since prehistorical times resulting in direct and indirect alterations in the abundance and size structure of the target populations. The implementation of MPAs has been shown to result in greater biomass, abundance, and size of limpets and to counter other negative anthropogenic effects. However, inefficient planning and lack of surveillance hinder the accomplishment of the conservation purpose of MPAs. Inclusive conservation approaches involving all the stakeholders could guarantee future success of conservation strategies and sustainable exploitation. This review also aims to estab- lish how beneficial MPAs are in enhancing recruitment and yield of adjacent exploited populations. Keywords: Patellidae, limpets, fisheries, MPAs, conservation 1. Introduction The Patellidae are one of the most successful families of gastropods that inhabit the rocky shores from the supratidal to the subtidal, a marine habitat subject to some of the most © 2017 The Author(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Johannes Thiele and His Contributions to Zoology. Part 2. Genus-Group Names (Mollusca)
    NEMOURIA Occasional Papers of the Delaware Museum of Natural History NUMBER 39 SEPTEMBER 30, 1991 JOHANNES THIELE AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY. PART 2. GENUS-GROUP NAMES (MOLLUSCA) Kenneth J. Boss 1 and Rudiger Bieler2 ABSTRACT. This is the second part of a series on the German zoologist Johannes Thiele (1860-1935) and comprises a critical listing of the genus-group taxa which he described as new to malacology. Each of these names is accompanied by author and bibliographic references, original status, type-species with its original binominal spelling and bibliographic source and some data on subsequent taxonomic placements. Thiele introduced a total of 291 such names in the Phylum Mollusca, distributed as follows: 11 Aplacophora; 39 Polyplacophora; 200 Gastropoda (138 Prosobranchia; 20 Opisthobranchia and 42 Pulmonata); 31 Bivalvia; 10 Cephalopoda; there were no new scaphopod or monoplacophoran names. Of these, later authors recognized as valid 85 at the generic level, 110 at the subgeneric level; 71 are considered to be synonyms, and the remaining 25 are unjustified emendations or errors. INTRODUCTION As part of a series on the scientific contributions of Johannes Thiele, the eminent German zoologist, we provide here an alphabetical listing and analysis of all the genus-group taxa introduced by him in his publications on mollusks as delineated by Bieler & Boss (1989). A total of 291 names is included in the following format: (1) genus-group name; (2) author(s); (3) year of publication; (4) condensed bibliographic reference; (5) original status as given by Thiele; (6) subsequent status 1Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Serial Publication Cambridge, Massachussetts 02138, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Diet and Habitat Use by the African Black Oystercatcher Haematopus Moquini in De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa
    Scott et al.: Diet and habitatContributed use of PapersAfrican Black Oystercatcher 1 DIET AND HABITAT USE BY THE AFRICAN BLACK OYSTERCATCHER HAEMATOPUS MOQUINI IN DE HOOP NATURE RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA H. ANN SCOTT1,3, W. RICHARD J. DEAN2, & LAURENCE H. WATSON1 1Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George Campus, P Bag X6531, George 6530 South Africa 2Percy FitzPatrick Institute, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7701 South Africa 3Present address: PO Box 2604, Swakopmund, Namibia ([email protected]) Received 9 December 2009, accepted 17 June 2010 SUMMARY SCOTT, H.A., DEAN, W.R.J. & WATSON, L.H. 2012. Diet and habitat use by the African Black Oystercatcher Haematopus moquini in De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa. Marine Ornithology 40: 1–10. A study of the diet and habitat used by African Black Oystercatchers Haematopus moquini at De Hoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa, showed that the area is important as a mainland habitat for the birds. Within the study site, the central sector, with rocky/mixed habitat and extensive wave-cut platforms, was a particularly important oystercatcher habitat, even though human use of this area was high. This positive association was apparently linked to the diversity of potential food items and the abundance of large brown mussel Perna perna, the major prey. In contrast, the diversity of prey species was lower in mixed/sandy habitat where the dominant prey was white mussel Donax serra. The diversity of prey (28 species) for the combined study area is higher than that recorded at any one site for the African Black Oystercatcher previously.
    [Show full text]
  • Chitons and Gastropods (Haliotidae Through Adeorbidae) from the Western Pacific Islands
    Chitons and Gastropods (Haliotidae Through Adeorbidae) From the Western Pacific Islands GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 531 Chitons and Gastropods (Haliotidae Through Adeorbidae) From the Western Pacific Islands By HARRY S. LADD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 531 Description and preliminary paleoecologic in­ terpretations of fossil moll usks from seven island groups UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library ut' Oongivw, catalog-curd Xo. GS 66-257 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.25 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ________________ __ - 1 Paleontology Continued Introduction - 1 Paleoecology ____ 11 Area and localities 1 Faunal relations _ 15 Purpose and scope ____ .. - 1 Systematic paleontology . 20 Earlier references to fossil mollusks _______ ______ 3 Chitons ________ - 21 Palau ____________________________- 3 Schizochitonidae _ _ 21 Mariana Islands ___________________ 3 Chitonidae _______________ ______ 23 Marshall Islands __________ _ _ 3 Acanthochitonidae _ ___ 24 Ellice Islands _____________________ 3 Gastropods ______ 25 Funafuti ________________________. 3 Haliotidae _ 25 Scissurellidae .. 26 New Hebrides _____________________ 3 Fissurellidae ________ 27 Fiji ______________________________ 4 Patellidae __________________-_ 32 Tonga ____________________________ 5 Trochidae ____________-__ - 33 Collections __________________________ 5 Stomatellidae ________ . 41 Acknowledgments _______-_______________ 6 Angariidae (Delphinulidae) 42 Geology ________________________________ 6 Turbinidae _______ - 43 Stratigraphy _________. 6 Phasianellidae ________ _ _ 53 Eocene ____________. Neritopsidae ______________ _ 55 Oligocene ____________ Neritidae _______________________- 55 Miocene ___________. Littorinidae _ 59 Iravadiidae ________________ ___ 59 Post-Miocene ________. Rissoidae ______________________ 60 Pliocene ________.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical and Biomechanical Analysis of Integration and Dissociation in Molluscan Feeding, with Special Emphasis on the True Limpets (Patellogastropoda: Gastropoda)
    Historical and biomechanical analysis of integration and dissociation in molluscan feeding, with special emphasis on the true limpets (Patellogastropoda: Gastropoda) by Robert Guralnick 1 and Krister Smith2 1 Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140 USA email: [email protected] 2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA ABSTRACT Modifications of the molluscan feeding apparatus have long been recognized as a crucial feature in molluscan diversification, related to the important process of gathering energy from the envirornment. An ecologically and evolutionarily significant dichotomy in molluscan feeding kinematics is whether radular teeth flex laterally (flexoglossate) or do not (stereoglossate). In this study, we use a combination of phylogenetic inference and biomechanical modeling to understand the transformational and causal basis for flexure or lack thereof. We also determine whether structural subsystems making up the feeding system are structurally, functionally, and evolutionary integrated or dissociated. Regarding evolutionary dissociation, statistical analysis of state changes revealed by the phylogenetic analysis shows that radular and cartilage subsystems evolved independently. Regarding kinematics, the phylogenetic analysis shows that flexure arose at the base of the Mollusca and lack of flexure is a derived condition in one gastropod clade, the Patellogastropoda. Significantly, radular morphology shows no change at the node where kinematics become stereoglossate. However, acquisition of stereoglossy in the Patellogastropoda is correlated with the structural dissociation of the subradular membrane and underlying cartilages. Correlation is not causality, so we present a biomechanical model explaining the structural conditions necessary for the plesiomorphic kinematic state (flexoglossy).
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary 3
    TROPICAL NATURAL HISTORY Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Editor: SOMSAK PANHA ([email protected]) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, THAILAND Consulting Editor: FRED NAGGS, The Natural History Museum, UK Associate Editors: PONGCHAI HARNYUTTANAKORN, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND WICHASE KHONSUE, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND KUMTHORN THIRAKHUPT, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND Assistant Editors: NONTIVITCH TANDAVANIJ, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND PIYOROS TONGKERD, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND CHIRASAK SUTCHARIT, Chulalongkorn University, THAILAND Editorial Board TAKAHIRO ASAMI, Shinshu University, JAPAN DON L. MOLL, Southwest Missouri State University, USA VISUT BAIMAI, Mahidol University, THAILAND PHAIBUL NAIYANETR, Chulalongkorn University, BERNARD R. BAUM, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research THAILAND Centre, CANADA PETER K.L. NG, National University of Singapore, ARTHUR E. BOGAN, North Corolina State Museum of SINGAPORE Natural Sciences, USA BENJAMIN P. OLDROYD, The University of Sydney, THAWEESAKDI BOONKERD, Chulalongkorn University, AUSTRALIA THAILAND HIDETOSHI OTA, Museum of Human and Nature, University WARREN Y. BROCKELMAN, Mahidol University, of Hyogo, JAPAN THAILAND PETER C.H. PRITCHARD, Chelonian Research Institute, JOHN B. BURCH, University of Michigan, USA USA PRANOM CHANTARANOTHAI, Khon Kaen University, DANIEL ROGERS, University of Adelaide, AUSTRALIA THAILAND DAVID A. SIMPSON, Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens,
    [Show full text]