An Ethnomedicinal Inventory of Plants Used for Family Planning and Sex Diseases in Samahni Valley, Pakistan

Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 7(2), April 2008, pp. 277-283

An ethnomedicinal inventory of plants used for family planning and sex diseases in Samahni valley, Pakistan

Muhammad Ishtiaq Ch* & MA Khan Laboratory of Ethnobotany and Plant Taxonomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail: [email protected]

Received 12 December 2005; revised 20 April 2007

An ethnomedicinal systematic exploration of medicinal plants of tribal area of Samahni valley was conducted. The data of ethnomedicine used by tribals for birth control and sex diseases were collected by frequent planned visits by applying semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, direct observations and biological inventories. There was a high degree of informant consensus for the species and their medicinal indications between the healers interviewed. Samahni valley is dressed up with a wide range of medicinal flora. The geographical isolation and hilly terrain has permitted the survival of folk herbal medicines still in this area. Indigenous plants are interactly associated to the culture and traditions of local people. About 36 plant species, distributed in 26 families were used to treat sexual diseases and control birth rate in Samahni valley, Pakistan. The most of these plants growing wild (55.55%) are indigenous (61.11%) and herbs (52.77%). The plant parts frequently used are seed (22.72 %), root (20.45%), fruit, leaf and whole plant (9.09%). Medications are mostly prepared as decoctions and infusions. Most of species reported here are found to control family size and treat sexual diseases. People are still dependent on medicinal plants in this rural area of Samahni valley. The study enlightens how data of ethnomedicinal inventory of medicinal plants can be used effectively at local and regional level for phytochemical and pharmacological research. Due to unplanned exploitation and acculturation, the area had resulted in loss of medicinally important plant species. It was concluded that afforestation programme followed by proper protection is need of time.

Key words: Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, Family planning, Sexual diseases Samahni valley, Pakistan

IPC Int. Cl.8: A61K36/00, A61P15/00, A61P15/02

Ethnopharmacology is the branch of knowledge of documentation and application of traditional dealing with interaction between local people and knowledge in the use of natural resources6. indigenous vegetation for curing common ailments. Ethnobotanical conservation status of Margalla Hills, The use of medicinal plants plays an important role in Islamabad, and Makran have also been reported7,8. the lives of rural people, especially in the developing Ethnobotanical studies of Balochistan province, countries of the world, which are poorly served with where a heterogeneous cultural group known as Bloch modern health facilities1. Much of world's population lives, with information of about 114 plant species depends upon traditional medicine to meet daily used by nomads and village dwellers; Kaghan valley; health requirements2. In Himalayan ranges, at least Samahni valley; Jatlan area district Mirpur; Mai 70% of medicinal plants and animal species in the Dhani Hill, Muzaffarabad; National Park Machayara region consists of wild species, 70-80% population Muzaffarabad; Babusar valley, district Diamer; depend on these traditional medicine for healthcare3. Northern areas; Dhir Kot, district Bagh are In early 1950s, up to 84% Pakistani population was reported6,9-16. Systematic explorations of traditional dependent on traditional medicine for most of their herbal medicine are urgently required in Samahni medicinal uses4. As human behavior has a direct valley, Pakistan; for its geographical, historical impact on the plant communities with which they reasons and hilly terrain (relatively isolated), where interact, these interactions are the focus of industrial development has not completely lead a ethnobotany5. Researchers have emphasized the need complete decline of traditional knowledge. Local ______people collect medicinal plants for use as home *Corresponding author remedies. The present information can serve as the 278 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 7, No. 2, APRIL 2008

foundation for further investigation as no detailed The main aim of the study was to document the ethnobotanical exploration has been carried out in this plant’s ethnomedicinal uses, used to control birth rate area so far. and cure sex diseases. Pakistan located in south Asia, has landlocked soil with plains and mountainous terrains having variable Methodology climatic habitats. Samahni valley is one the Tehsil of The survey was conducted between June 2001 and district Bhimber, Pakistan. Geographically, it is June 2003. For collection of data semi-structured located between 33.05º latitude and 74.82 º longitude. interviews, questionnaire and direct observations to It covers ca.1,270 km and has 12 towns, viz. collect data were used17. The timings for fieldwork Jandichontara, Dab, Bandala, Samahni, Chowki, were selected according to the growth and collection Bindi, Jandala, Poona, Chaai, Baroh, Haripoor and season of the plants (Figs 1-4). Household Jajooha. It has north facing and south facing high respondents were chosen through stratified sampling. mountains, with variable topography. The valley is In each town, a respondent was randomly chosen inhabited by major ethnic tribes such as Jat, Rajpoot, from at least one village. In this way, 140 household Gujar, Bokarwals, Malik, Mirza, Arrain, Syed and respondents were interviewed. Population size and its Butt (Kashmiries). The people are mainly dependent distribution, languages, ethnic affiliation, history of on agriculture and forest products (timber and herbs). For these people, the surrounding plants form an integral part of their culture and the information about the plants is passed orally from generation to generation. Ethnomedicine is the system of maintaining health and curing diseases based on folk beliefs and traditional knowledge, skills, methods and practices. The local tribes harbour the vast diversified flora, which is mainly coniferous and tropical forest. These herbal medicines are used for population (birth) control and to treat sexual diseases. Traditional Fig. 1—Management status of plants used sterilization method based on ethnomedicine is used to control population growth rate; including abortion at initial weeks, preventing conception or making the couple sterile. The tribal people also use the local herbal remedies to cure sterility, enhance the chances of conception and to cure sexual diseases like leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, menorrhagia, galactorrhoea, and regularise menses on daily basis.

As the knowledge is disappearing because of rapid socio-economic, environmental and technological changes, there is need to document and conserve Fig. 2—Status of origin of plants used through systematic studies, before it is lost forever. To date, there has been no systematic recording of local knowledge used to control birth rate and sexual diseases in Samahni valley. Systematic studies on the area are justified as they can generate concise information, which can be used to develop birth control practices and methods that are locally suitable in Samahni valley; if developed systematically, it can be a key for birth control and sex-related diseases cure resource; can also add new drugs to modern population control and sex-related pharmacopoeia. Fig. 3—Growth habit of plants used ISHTIAQ & KHAN: PLANTS USED FOR SEX DISEASES IN SAMAHNI VALLEY 279

ladies also use mixture of its bark decoction and oil of Setaria italica as conceptive tonic.

Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae), Hari booti Uses: Plant extract is taken in interval to prevent unusual vomiting in initial days of pregnancy.

Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae), Lassan Uses: The bulb extract is applied in uterus to enhance

conception and fertility. Fig. 4—Plant parts used Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae), Chulair settlement, major social groups or classes, productive Uses: Its root decoction is used thrice a day to control activities, subsistence crops, migration trends, etc. menstruation problems. Its seeds are effective in were also explored during the field work. backbone ache due to pregnancy. Questionnaire consisting of open- and closed-ended questions in face-to-face interviews were used. Some Anethum graveolense L. (Apiaceae), Soya of the farmers and local hakims (ethnomedicine Uses: Women chew the seeds after delivery for easy practitioner) were reluctant to share their treatment digestion of food and it is also useful as methods used for control family size and cure sex lactogogue. diseases. The questionnaire focused on which sex diseases are common in the community and which Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), Neem and how these herbs are used for birth control. The Uses: Leaf extract is used twice a day to stop interviews were conducted in local languages, Pahari excessive bleeding during menstrual period, while and Panjabi. The interviews were supplemented by seed oil is used as contraceptive. direct observations. Plant voucher specimens (ISL) were collected and deposited at Quaid-e-Azam Bombax ceiba L. (Bombacaceae), Simbal University herbarium, Islamabad. Data from the field Uses: Its bark extract is given for few days to cure study were reviewed and all uncompleted responses sexual diseases like hydrocoele, leucorrhoea, were excluded. This left 110 valid respondents. The gonorrhoea; flowers powder is taken by women data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively; with milk to cure menstrual disorders. responses from open-ended questions were grouped into classes that expressed similar ideas, while Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Fabaceae), percentages based on valid responses only, were Chichara calculated from closed-ended questions. So, the Uses: Halwa (a mixture of wheat flour and plant gum results are based on open- and closed- ended and oil) is given during leucorrhoea. Warm bark questionnaire methodology, ethnomedicinal study of extract is given to as haemostatic after childbirth. plant specimens after comparison with literature18,19. Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb. (Asclepiadaceae), Glut Enumeration Uses: Its raw tubers are cooked and eaten by ladies to Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet. (Malvaceae), Kangi enhance fertility and vitality. Uses: Root extract is taken orally, while crushed seeds Corchorus trilocularis L. (Tiliaceae), Kaunti mixed with egg albumin are applied externally to Uses: To cure syphilis, root decoction is used for cure syphilis. several days, while seeds are powdered and used

with Clematis sp. root extract for one month. Acacia modesta Wall. (Mimosaceae), Phulai Uses: Women are given Punjoori made with gum of Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae), Dhania the plant, Desi Ghee and Papaver (Papaver Uses: Seeds soaked in water over night is given to somniferum) seeds after child birth to give relief male to induce sterility as an effective and of labour pain and provide potency. The tribal cheaper method of population control. 280 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 7, No. 2, APRIL 2008

Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. (Capparaceae), Maimana Putrangiva roxburgii Wall. (Euphorbiaceae), Jia- Uses: The stem twig is put inside uterus for abortion, putra which occurs within 2-3hrs. Uses: A garland of fruit is put around neck of pregnant lady to produce healthy baby and then Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae), Gajar put around neck of neonate for few months to Uses: Seed decoction is used to regularise recover weakness. menstruation; high dose is abortifacient. Solanum surattense Burm. f. (Solanaceae), Mokari Echinops echinatus Roxb. (Asteraceae), Oont booti Uses: Fruit is used as abortifacient at initial stages. Uses: Roots are kept in hand for easy delivery and Two cups of soup are taken at night, while root relief of labour pain by tribal ladies. decoction is used to treat haematuria.

Euphorbia caducifolia Hains. (Euphorbiaceae), Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv (Poaceae), Kangni Danda Thor Uses: Powdered seeds mixed with ghee in form of a Uses: Root decoction is used as effective abortifacient cake are eaten to get sexual vigour and potency. at initial stages. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae), Mako Ficus bengalensis L. (Moraceae), Bar, Bargad Uses: Plant extract is taken orally as abortifacient; Uses: Five or ten drops of latex are taken with sweet foetus is discharged in short time.

(patasa) by men up to one or two months to make Tecomella undulata (Roxb.) Seem. (Bignoniaceae), semen thick and regain sexual potentiality. Rohira / Palwana Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae), Pakwari Uses: Bark powder is taken with hot milk for few Uses: Bark decoction is used to check days for abortion; seeds crushed with Pinus leaf spermatogenesis and oogenesis for few weeks to extract are taken to cure haemorrhoids.

control the population growth. Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague. ex. Turrill. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae), Gul Khaira (Apiaceae), Ajwain Uses: Root decoction is used to cure urithritis and Uses: Seed powder mixed with Gor (raw sugar) and genital irritation in male. Desi ghee (Butter) are taken orally once a day for three days for treat and regularise scanty Justicia adhatoda L. (Acanthaceae), Baiker menstruation. It is also used to clear uterus and Uses: Root decoction is taken twice daily as regularise menstrual cycle after birth. abortifacient for seven days. Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophylaceae), Bakhara Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae), Gandera Uses: Its mucilaginous infusion boiled with milk is Uses: Root extract is taken in small quantity for taken to cure sexual impotency and weakness. abortion at initial stages; high dose is poisonous. Vitis vitiginea (L.) Theob. (Vitaceae), Gangl angoor Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae), Baburi Uses: Tuber extract is taken in sexual diseases; for Uses: Seed extract is taken orally by men to increase men, it increases potency, in females it is given in sexual potency; juice, made from mixing its seed leucorrhoea and menorrhagia. extract and raw sugar is used to cure strangury. Withania coagulans (Stocks.) Dunal. (Solanaceae), Onosma bracteatum Wall. (Boraginaceae), Gao zaban Paneer dodi Uses: For relief of syphilis, whole plant decoction is Uses: Fruit infusion is used by women as taken orally; eaten by women with gum of Phulai emmenogogue and galactogogue. Leaf paste is (Acacia modesta) for one month to gain sexual applied on testis to get relief from swellings and potency. pain. Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. (Pinaceae), Chir Uses: Leaf decoction is used to cure gonorrhoea, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae), Asgand blennorhoea and as blood purifier. Its seeds Uses: Leaf extract, one cup three times a day is used called, chalkgoza are eaten to get potency and to stop blood flow from uterus after delivery. Its vigour. root powder is used to give power to body and ISHTIAQ & KHAN: PLANTS USED FOR SEX DISEASES IN SAMAHNI VALLEY 281

lumber; over dose may be abortifacient. Some sexual diseases such as hydrocoele, leucorrhoea, and times, whole plant decoction mixed with menorrhagia, while Zingiber officinalis is useful to Aspergus officinalis root, Phaeoleus mungo seeds cure of flatulence and delivery pain. Trachyspermum and silajeet stone is given to treat hydrocoele, ammi is used for regularising menses after delivery. leucorrhoea, menorrhagia. It also increases Setaria italica is good for sexual weakness; Onosma sexual potency and fertility. bracteatum, Corchorus trilocularis and Abutilon indicum are effective against syphilis; Ocimum Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Zingiberaceae), Adrak basilicum for sex-potency; Ajuga bracteosa for cure Uses: Its dried tuber powder is given after delivery as of vomiting at initial days of pregnancy, while Butea tonic to relief flatulence and delivery pain in first monosperma and Bombax ceiba are used for the two weeks. treatment of leucohrroea and hydrocele. The main attributes of plants used for birth control and sex Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight. & Arn. diseases treatment are that the plants grow wild (Rhamnaceae), Koken ber (55.55%) , are indigenous to Samahni (61.11%) and Uses: Extract of fruit powder kept over night is given are mainly herbs (52.77%). The most frequently to ladies at morning to increase oogenesis. employed plant parts are seeds (22.72 %), followed by roots (20.45%) and leaves & fruits (9.090 %), Results and discussion each. The practice of exploiting perennial plant parts, Thirty six plant species distributed in 26 families such as roots of slow growing woody species, can are used as ethnomedicine to control birth rate and result in a decline, both the size and distributions of sex-related diseases. Most of these families are populations of exploited plants species, and ultimately dicotyledons except Pinaceae (gymnosperm), results in local extinction of the populations20-22. Liliaceae and Poaceae (monocotyledons). Solanaceae Conservation of plants can be improved if the species and Apiaceae with four species each, Euphorbiaceae, selected has multiple uses23,24. Lamiaceae, Moraceae, Malvaceae two plants each, The majority of the respondents interviewed (68%) remaining families with one plant each are used for employ herbal treatment as first line of treatment. If birth control. Solanaceae and Apiaceae have the the patient does not improve, then medical practioner highest diversity of species used as ethnomedicine is consulted; while other (32%) seek proper services because they contain relatively more species than of doctor when they fell sick. Thus majority of people other families in the area. Daucus carota, Solanum mostly rely on ethnomedicine as their first line of surrattense, Solanum nigrum, Tecomella undulata and defence in the treatment of sex-related (and other) Justicia adhatoda are usually used as abortifacient to diseases and control of birth rate. Using these plants, control birth rate in initial stages, while Amaranthus the people of valley treat diseases/conditions namely; viridis, Trachyspermum ammi are used to regularise gonorrhoea, leucohrroea, menorrhagia, amenorrhoea, menstrual cycle. The tribal ladies use bark decoction blennorhoea, haematuria, urithritis, syphilis, of Acacia modesta and Setaria italica oil as hydrocoele, vomiting due to pregnancy, menstruation conceptive, while Azadirachta indica oil is effective disorders, genital irritation, swelling of testis, as contraceptive. Ficus racemosa is used to check weakness of neonate, scarcity of milk and sexual spermatogenesis and oogenesis, Coriandrum sativum impotency. Ethnomedicine practices are employed as seeds are used to check spermatogenesis. Some plants mostly infusions, powdered, decoctions and some such as Setaria italica, Tribulus terrestris, Ceropegia times applied topically. bulbosa and Ficus bengalensis are used to increase fertility both in male and female. Ziziphus Conclusion nummularia is used to increase oogenesis and There have been many studies on Ceropegia bulbosa is used by women to increase ethnomedicine25−39. There is much ethnomedicinal potency. Ficus bengalensis and Tribulus terrestris are knowledge concerning about birth control and sexual used to enhance sexual potency in men. diseases treatment within the community of Samahni For treatment tribals use Hibiscus rosa-sinensis to valley. In the study, it is recorded that 36 cure genital irritation in men. Withania somnifera, ethnomedicinal plants of 26 plant families are used by Bombax ceiba and Vitis vitiginea are used to cure tribals to cure sex-related diseases. This knowledge 282 INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 7, No. 2, APRIL 2008

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