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Observation of Tropical Cyclone Formation, Growth and Dissipation by SAPHIR Sensor Proceedings of International Union of Radio Science – 3rd Regional Conference on Radio Science 2017 Observation of Tropical Cyclone Formation, Growth and Dissipation by SAPHIR Sensor Vasudha.MP1, G. Raju2 1Research Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (Ph:+91-8050158928; e-mail: [email protected]) 2Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering School of Engineering and Technology, Jain University, Bangalore, India. ABSTRACT A critical study of origin and development of Tropical Cyclone (TC) and its intensity is essential for understanding now casting and/or forecasting weather/climate. Evaluation of TC Growth and dissipation also helps in understanding physical properties of earth surface such as land surface emissivity and ocean surface temperature. In this paper a study of i) Genesis, growth/development of TC intensity and ii) Critical analysis of variations in measurement by different wavelengths of Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie (SAPHIR) microwave sounder sensors with special reference to the Ashobaa cyclone observed in the Arabian Sea during 2015, and its impact on Indian subcontinent is made by using the SAPHIR Brightness Temperature (TB) patterns at 183±11.0 GHz is relatively more sensitive to ocean. In addition a comparative evaluation of the capabilities of all six channels of SAPHIR in measuring TC development is made with an intention to assess the best channel suitable for detection of TC and its intensity variations. Further, evaluation of capabilities of TB measured by SAPHIR sounder made in our study confirms that orbit position of Megha-Tropiques satellite with more frequent sampling (4-6 times/day) is useful for supporting forecasting and now-casting of tropical cyclone genesis to dissipation and its effects on land. Keywords: Brightness Temperature, Wind Speed, T-Number, Tropical Cyclone, SAPHIR 1. INTRODUCTION Meteorology Department (IMD) relating to tracking TC Tropical cyclone is one of the major natural events intensity [3] is also made. which cause variation in pre-monsoon and post-mansoon SAPHIR images of cyclone region show a climatic condition, besides causing physical disasters and prominent eye encircled by the eye wall and spiral bands of variation in weather phenomena. Forecasting TC genesis convection as defined in Dvorak method and is found useful and TC intensity tracking is essential to analyze climatic for analyzing tropical cyclone genesis and its development condition and atmospheric humidity variation. Tropical followed by its dissipation [12]. The forecasts of cyclone cyclones, has strong impact on atmospheric humidity, indicating its accurate eye location and intensity at 24-hr climate and vegetation. Tropical cyclone over North Indian and/or 48-hr time-steps are useful for all rehabilitation Ocean had caused remarkable variation in monsoon and measures. Our discussion will highlight the importance of climatic condition of Indian sub-continent, besides causing SAPHIR repetitive i.e., 4-6 times in a day in the tropics physical disaster like storm surge, tides, floods, heavy regions with 10km X 10km nadir resolution measurement in rainfall, damages to property and the like. Hence the all atmospheric conditions. It is also seen that BOB region is knowledge about variation of atmospheric humidity due to more prone to tropical cyclone formation than AS region. tropical cyclone is necessary. Satellite data are well Our observation highlights the fact that, i)The SAPHIR is considered to study and understand cyclone-genesis and its well suited for the observation of tropical cyclones because development. Observations of (i) TC genesis and intensities, its measurements are not significantly affected by the ice (ii) Atmospheric humidity and (iii) Land surface emissivity clouds that cover tropical storms. ii)Channel six is best using microwave and/or infrared images obtained by suited for studying tropical cyclone life cycle. sounder onboard satellites enables us to obtain almost real time information relating to the said parameters. Among the 2. BACKGROUND various satellite missions useful to these activities, the For the past four decades passive microwave sensor Advance Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) sensors on missions such as SEASAT, Special Sensor Microwave NOAA satellite and SAPHIR sensor on Megha-Tropiques Imager (SSMI), Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS), satellite with 10km resolution have been considered for our Humidity Sounder for Brazil (HSB), AMSU- A & B, studies [1][16]. The channel-wise TB values have been SAPHIR have been used for oceanographic applications. obtained from the level-1 data over the Bay of Bengal SAPHIR aboard Indian satellite mission is launched for (BOB) region and Arabian Sea (AS) region from ISRO and profiling the atmospheric humidity. Here we made a briefly ICARE data and services center [14]. Channel-wise study of the ocean surface and land features using SAPHIR measured brightness temperature from SAPHIR, relating to data. SAPHIR onboard Megha-Tropiques (MT) satellite has selected cyclone formed in AS and BOB basin has-been a good spatial resolution of 10 to 20 km and a swath of observed and were used to estimate center positions and ~2060 km. Megha-Tropiques carrying SAPHIR sounder intensities of tropical cyclones by the Dvorak method. A was launched in near-circular inclined orbit of 20 degrees on brief comparison of the data provided by the Indian 12 October 2011 [1] and SAPHIR has been providing high-quality data related to ocean surface, atmospheric Proceedings of International Union of Radio Science – 3rd Regional Conference on Radio Science 2017 humidity profile [2] and land-related estimation of two quasi-independent intensity determination application [13]. Its unique features are: (i) frequent and of TC developed a method to observe by using visible and simultaneous observations (up to 6 times a day) and (ii) IR satellite imagery and the same was popularly adopted as good spatial sampling. By using brightness temperature, Dvorak Technique [12]. AMSU sounder data can be used SAPHIR measures the vertical distribution of atmospheric for analysis of TC features. Demuth. JL (2004) [4] water-vapor (from surface to 12 km height) [9]. Although formulated TC intensity and proposed algorithms for wind SAPHIR is primarily meant for atmospheric humidity radii estimation by using AMSU data. Timothy. L and S. profile studies, it has shown interesting results Velden (2007) [12] based on rigorous statistical and demonstrating the possibilities of detection, tracking empirical analysis developed an algorithm to improve movement of the features over the ocean surface. A number pattern recognition which introduced three major changes in of such tropical cyclones have been studied ever since automated storm center determination methodology. C. Megha-Tropiques launch till 2015 (Keila, Thane, Nilam, Balaji, et.al. 2014 [6] again utilized satellite-measured Phailin, Hudhud, Nilofar and Ashobaa). The data from radiances from SAPHIR available in the form of segmented SAPHIR sounder have also compared well with INSAT-3D level-1 data from ICARE Data and Services Center and sounder [3] as well as Indian Meteorological Department then, calculated near-surface rain (NSR) rates with special (IMD) [16] data of the cyclones. This paper brings out a reference to precipitating systems, during the life timeof vivid picture of cyclonic features as observed over a period Tropical cyclones namely (i) cyclone Neelam and (ii) from (from: 0300 UTC 8 June 2015 up to -1200 UTC 12 cyclone Phailin. Shuuji N and others [9], an improved June 2015). The paper also highlights the potentiality of version of dvorak technique for analyzing center positions SAPHIR in studying land features [13]. Dvorak intensity of tropical cyclones using this microwave imagery (from the estimation is the basic step in i) locating TC eye center; ii) AMSR-E system on board the Aqua) analysis is developed. TABLE I. Comparison of SAPHIR, AMSU-B, INSAT-3D and MHS Specifications Features SAPHIR AMSU-B INSAT-3D MHS Orbital Inclination 200 980 820 E 550 No. of Sounding 6 3 5 2 Channels 6000 X 6000 km for 160 Swath Width ~2060 km ~2300 km ~2134 km min Max incidence angle 50.40 58.50 - 49.440 Pixel size across 10-22.7 km 20-64 km 10 km X 40 km 16 km track Pixel size along 10-14.5 km 16-27 km 10km 27.10 km track No. of pixel/scan 10 km E-W every 0.1 182 90 90 line1 sec. Polarization Horizontal Horizontal Linear – Vertical Horizontal 183.31± 0.2 12.66 µm 183.31±1.1 Central Frequency / 183.299 12.02 µm 183.31±2.8 183.311±1.0 Central Wavelength 183.299 7.43 µm 183.31±4.2 183.311±3.0 (GHz/µm ) 183.299 7.02 µm 183.31±6.8 6.51 µm 183.31±11.0 2.35; 1.45; 1.36; 1.06; 0.7; NEΔT (K) 0.3; 0.15; 0.2; 0.2; 0.2. 0.51; 0.4 1.38; 1.03; 1.10 0.6. Fig. 1(a). SAPHIR Scanning Geometry Fig. 1(b). Weighting Function of SAPHIR & AMSU-B 2 Proceedings of International Union of Radio Science – 3rd Regional Conference on Radio Science 2017 3. SENSOR DETAILS sampling of L1A (180 pixels) data brightness temperature to The SAPHIR is the only instrument as on date produce de-correlated non-overlapping 130 pixels for all which can provide atmospheric humidity profile using six channels. channels with high temporal receptivity. It is ranging from 4.2. Tropical Cyclone Tracking by Intensity Estimation surface 1000 hpa to the stratosphere 86 hpa (layer 1: 1000 – (i) Dvorak technique (TC eye detection and 850 hpa; layer 2: 850 – 700 hpa; layer 3: 700 – 550 hpa; tracking method) has been adopted to detect and track TC layer 4: 550 – 400 hpa; layer 5: 400 – 250 hpa; layer 6: 250 Ashobaa from brightness temperature data as – 100 hpa), as compared to 3 layers of AMSU-B and derived/obtained from all the six channels of SAPHIR.
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