The Politics of Cosmopolitanism in Contemporary Spanish American Literature: Elena Poniatowska, Mario Vargas Llosa, and Jorge Volpi Within a Disputed Tradition

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The Politics of Cosmopolitanism in Contemporary Spanish American Literature: Elena Poniatowska, Mario Vargas Llosa, and Jorge Volpi Within a Disputed Tradition The Politics of Cosmopolitanism in Contemporary Spanish American Literature: Elena Poniatowska, Mario Vargas Llosa, and Jorge Volpi Within a Disputed Tradition Annik Bilodeau Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy degree in Spanish Modern Languages and Literatures Faculty of Arts University of Ottawa © Annik Bilodeau, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 ii Abstract This dissertation asserts that the tortuous relationship Spanish American literature had with cosmopolitanism since the Wars of Independence reached a turning point towards the end of the second half of the twentieth century. While the literary production of the nineteenth and most of the twentieth century was centred on the Spanish American nation and the continent, contemporary literature has become increasingly deterritorialized, and has begun to present narrative worlds and discuss issues that transcend this circumscribed universe. The discerning of this articulation of global issues in contemporary literature – which I contend is predicated on the concept of cosmopolitanism – is the primary objective of this investigation. The five novels examined here are Elena Poniatowska’s La “Flor de Lis” (1988), Mario Vargas Llosa’s El Paraíso en la otra esquina (2003) and El sueño del celta (2010), and Jorge Volpi’s El fin de la locura (2003) and No será la Tierra (2006). This study aims to describe and assess an evolving perspective on the treatment of cosmopolitanism in Spanish America. I trace the shift from the previous generations’ main preoccupation with aesthetic cosmopolitanism, which sought to engage Latin American literary discourse with the Western canon, to what I identify as the current political implication of the concept. To this end, I show that whereas mid- twentieth century authors displaced cosmopolitanism in favour of more politically expedient concepts, authors now plot it in their novels as a means of discussing issues of identity and citizenship in an increasingly globalized world. iii Résumé Cette dissertation soutient que la relation complexe qu’entretenait la littérature hispano- américaine avec le cosmopolitisme depuis les Guerres d’indépendance a atteint un point tournant à la fin de la deuxième moitié du vingtième siècle. Alors que la littérature du dix-neuvième et d’une bonne partie du vingtième siècle visait à représenter la nation et le continent, la littérature contemporaine se déterritorialise de plus en plus en exploitant des univers narratifs et en débattant des problématiques qui transcendent cette appartenance culturelle. L’objectif principal de cette recherche est la mise en lumière de l’articulation de problématiques globales dans la littérature contemporaine – que je soutiens être déterminée par le cosmopolitisme. Les cinq romans qui forment le corpus à l’étude sont La “Flor de Lis” (1988), de Elena Poniatowska, El Paraíso en la otra esquina (2003) et El sueño del celta (2010), de Mario Vargas Llosa, et El fin de la locura (2003) et No será la Tierra (2006), de Jorge Volpi. L’analyse de ces ouvrages permet de décrire et d’évaluer la transformation de la perspective du cosmopolitisme en Amérique hispanique. Je mets en évidence le déplacement de l’intérêt du cosmopolitisme dit esthétique, que les générations précédentes adoptaient afin d’établir un dialogue avec la tradition occidentale, vers l’exploitation politique actuelle du concept. À cet effet, je démontre que les auteurs de la première moitié du vingtième siècle remplaçaient le cosmopolitisme par des concepts plus politiquement signifiants pour leur communauté, concepts que les auteurs contemporains vont remplacer par le cosmopolitisme, en faisant ainsi un thème essentiel de leurs romans. Le cosmopolitisme devient donc un prisme à travers lequel ils abordent les problématiques identitaires et citoyennes dans un monde de moins en moins régi par des frontières. iv Table of Contents Abstract ii Résumé iii Acknowledgements – Remerciements vi Chapter 1 – A modo de introducción – Cosmopolitan Reading 1 Theorizing Cosmopolitanism 5 Chapter 2 – Cosmopolitanism in Spanish American Literature 23 Cosmopolitanism and Mestizaje 26 Cosmopolitanism and Modernity 32 Cosmopolitanism and Modernismo 36 Cosmopolitanism and the Avant-Garde 41 Cosmopolitanism and the Boom 48 Rooted Cosmopolitanism 58 Chapter 3 – Elena Poniatowska’s La “Flor de Lis” – Straddling the Divide Between Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: The Advent of Transculturation in Spanish America 65 Chapter 4 – Mario Vargas Llosa – Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism in the Global Era 95 El Paraíso en la otra esquina – Cosmopolitanism and Internationalism 112 El sueño del celta – The Fate of the Cosmopolitan Patriot 131 Conclusion 154 Chapter 5 – Jorge Volpi – Cosmopolitanism in the Age of the End of History 165 El fin de la locura – Cosmopolitanism and the Global Intellectual 182 No será la Tierra – The Fate of Cosmopolitanism in the Neo-liberal World Order 203 Conclusion 219 Conclusion 229 Works Cited 247 v À mes parents, qui ont nourri mon goût pour la lecture. Tout est parti de là. vi Acknowledgements – Remerciements Bien que seul mon nom apparaisse comme auteure de cette dissertation, plusieurs personnes ont contribué, de près ou de loin, à sa production. Sachez que même si votre nom n’apparaît pas ici, votre rôle n’en fut pas moins important. Merci d’avoir contribué à ma réflexion au cours des dernières années. First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Jorge Carlos Guerrero. Thank you for helping me find my voice, and for challenging me up until the very end of this process, to a point where I was sure I could not be challenged any further. Your guidance has been invaluable, both in my development as a scholar and as a teacher. Your patience and persistence, continuous guidance, and valuable feedback throughout this journey have made me the scholar I am today. I feel extremely fortunate to have had the chance to work with you. I am very grateful to the other members of my thesis committee, Dr. Rosalía Cornejo- Parriego and Dr. Jörg Esleben. Thank you for your time, comments, and suggestions, but also for the hard questions that prompted me to broaden my research and explore various avenues. Thank you for teaching me the art of synthesis and concision, and for your help in making this investigation a more cohesive project. This degree would not have been possible without the support of different funding bodies. I would like to express my gratitude to the University of Ottawa, the Province of Ontario, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for their support through the Admission and Excellence Scholarships, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, and the SSHRC Doctoral Fellowship. I would also like to thank the members of the Department of Modern Languages and Literatures who have helped me navigate the logistics and administrative side of completing a Ph.D.: Manon Lavallée-Pratte, Harry Kisoka, and Philippe Villeneuve. vii Quisiera también agradecerle al Profesor Luis Abanto su tiempo y dedicación a lo largo de los últimos años. Gracias por tener siempre su puerta abierta para mí. Mon intérêt pour la littérature ne date pas d’hier, mais c’est durant mes deux ans d’études collégiales que la possibilité de transformer un passe-temps en carrière s’est concrétisée. Je dois ce cadeau (empoisonné?) à Martin Poulin, qui, même après mon départ de sa classe – il y a maintenant près de dix ans ! – a toujours été présent pour me forcer à me remettre en question. Martin, il y a un peu de toi dans cette thèse. Je tiens aussi à remercier mes parents, Réjane Baillargeon et Férial Bilodeau. Merci de m’avoir appuyé dans tous mes choix depuis que je suis toute petite. (Je le suis encore, parfois.) Merci de m’avoir lu des histoires – et de m’en raconter encore –, merci d’avoir cru en ma décision d’étudier en lettres, merci de m’avoir procuré un havre de paix au cours des cinq dernières années, un endroit où déconnecter de ma recherche et reconnecter avec la vie. Je ne me serais sans doute pas rendue aussi loin sans vous. Un dernier merci, et non le moindre, à mon copain, Julien Labrosse. À ce stade-ci, je crois qu’il est nécessaire de préciser: merci de m’avoir enduré. Je n’aurais pas terminé cette dissertation sans toi. Merci d’avoir été fier de moi dans les moments où je voyais tout en noir. Merci pour les synonymes. Merci d’y avoir cru plus que moi, plusieurs fois. J’y crois aujourd’hui. 1 Chapter 1 – A modo de introducción – Cosmopolitan Reading Throughout the twentieth century, Latin America had a contentious relationship with foreign, sometimes imperial, influences. It is thus unsurprising that for years the continent’s nationalist intelligentsia has rejected the influence of one of the most European concepts of all, cosmopolitanism, a charged philosophical and political concept. Derived from the extraordinarily ambitious proposition of world citizenship, cosmopolitanism results from the combination of the terms in its compound name (cosmos – universe, and polites – citizen). Cosmopolitanism urges us “to recognize the equal, and unconditional, worth of all human beings, a worth grounded in reason and moral capacity, rather than on traits that depend on fortuitous natural or social arrangements” (Nussbaum, “The Worth of Human Dignity” 31), and thus sets the ground for a universal fraternity, in which one would pledge allegiance to humanity as a whole, while also embracing one’s community. In Latin America, the concept has undergone different interpretations and experienced diverse incarnations. Current articulations of cosmopolitanism are particularly relevant in the study of the continent, for they serve to deconstruct the dichotomy that pits cosmopolitanism against nationalism. Recent scholars, such as Anthony Kwame Appiah and Will Kymlicka, advocate for a rooted cosmopolitanism, in which the cosmopolitan patriot is able to reconcile his love and responsibilities for his birth nation with a universal commitment.
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