Vol. XXXI. IVo. a FEBRUARY, 11

COVER DESIGN. Drawing by Walter H. Kilham. Page FRONTISPIECE. PORTRAIT OF WALTER COOK, PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS.

THE WORK OF KILHAM & HOPKINS , . Herbert Croly 97 Illustrated by Photographs and Drawings.

A TRIP IN ASIA MINOR , , , . Gorham P. Stevens 129 . THE STUDENT'S SIDE TRAVEL IN CONNECTION WITH ATHENS AND CONSTANTINOPLE. Illustrated by Photographs and Drawings.

EUROPEAN VERSUS AMERICAN COLOR WINDOWS . Joseph Lauber 139 Illustrated by Photographs and Drawings.

^ . EARLY AMERICAN CHURCHES . . , > Aymar Embury II 153 NORTH AND CENTER CHURCHES IN NEW HAVEN, CONN.; CHRIST CHURCH AND POHICK MEETING HOUSE, NEAR ALEXANDRIA, VA. Illustrations from Photographs.

PLANNING FOR SEATTLE'S FUTURE . Chas. Mulford Robinson 165 A REVIEW OF THE REPORT. Illustrated by Drawings.

PORTFOLIO OF CURRENT ARCHITECTURE . , . 171 THE FORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS . 185 THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS; THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION, ETC. Illustrations from Portraits of Geo. B. Post, Irving K. Porid, Ralph Adams Cram. NOTES AND COMMENTS 197

Published by THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD COMPANY

. . . CLINTON W. SWEET Vice-President . HARRY W. DESMOND

. . . FRED W. DODGE Secretary . . . FRANKLIN T. MILLER HARRY W. DESMOND Editor RUSSELL F. WHITEHEAD .... Associate Editor RALPH REINHOLD Business Manager 11-15 EAST TWENTY-FOURTH STREET. NEW YORK CITY

Subscription (Yearly) $3.00. Published Monthly

Copyright, 1912, by "THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD COMPANY." All rights reserved. Entered May 22. 1902. as second-class matter. Post Office at New York. N. Y. Act of Congress of March ?d, 1879 WALTER COOK, ARCHITECT, OF NEW YORK. 1 'RESIDENT OP THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS. H ARCHiTECTVRAL RECORD FEBRUARY, 1912

VOLUME XXXI NUMBER II

. THE WORK OF KILHAM &, HOPKINS, . r* _ _ _MJ mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm TT ARCHITECTS, OF ^?r^ BOSTON, MASS. . . -BY' HER.BER.T CR.OLY

THE ARCHITECTURE of New England, their training are not allowed free ex- like its life, has within certain limits pression. New York may become in pursued its own way, independently of part Frenchified Boston, never. the rest of the country. It has on the The root of the special characteristics whole passed through the same phases of New England is, of course, economic. as has American architecture in its gen- The local economic opportunities, which eral movement but it has never account for the fortunes ; gone huge which to the same extremes, and it has pre- have been made in New York and in served a certain continuity of its own. the Middle West have not existed in It has always been true to its name. It New England. The industry of that has always been the most English of the part of the country has always been or- various local divisions of the United ganized in comparatively small units and States. It has preserved the English tra- escaped to a considerable extent the pas- dition with fewer changes in politics and sion for combination, which possessed law. It has preserved in architecture, if the rest of the country. There is a -great not the English tradition, at least an deal of wealth in New England, but it English homeliness and unpretentious- is distributed into a larger number of ness. Boston remains the most English smaller fortunes, and this general condi- of American cities the most English tion has had a very considerable effect and at the same time the most Irish. upon building and architecture. The The alien influences enter in the shape Bostonian who builds is usually mod- of Italians and Jews, but their effect is erate in his ambitions. He has built sky- not overwhelming as it is in New York. scrapers but not too many of them, and And the alien influence enters in archi- they must not be too high. He has built tecture under the guise of young men handsome country houses, but if a coun- too trained in France : but the results of try place becomes big, handsome THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

and pretentious in the landscape of New ings, gardens, plans for real estate de- England its owner is usually a Western velopment and factories. But none of millionaire. New England belongs to their buildings individually has been very the industrial middle class, not to the in- large or called for the expenditure of dustrial barons and if a New a considerable sum of dukes ; and, very money. Englander does become a high industrial Throughout their career they have lived aristocrat, he is more likely to disguise up to a high standard of excellence in t'he fact than parade it. their work, but they have not, on the The general condition has had its ef- other hand, made any peculiarly indivi- fect, not only on architecture, but on its dual contribution to American architect- ure. practice. The prominent Boston firm of They have added to the stock of New architects is likely to have a larger num- England buildings a large number of ber of, on the whole, smaller buildings structures which have served admirably to design. These smaller buildings may the purpose for which they were erected well be distributed among a much larger and which have given prolonged anc variety of types. He is more likely to renewed life to sound local traditions. build up his clientele among his college In the collection of Messrs. Kilham &: acquaintances or present associates. Per- Hopkins' work, published herewith, their sonal reasons, rather than the advertise- schools look more numerous and more ment which his work receives has, per- conspicuous than any other single class haps, more to do with an architect's suc- of building, and certainly there is non.> cess. The general standard demanded of their work for which its authors de- of an architect is probably higher than it serve to be more cordially congratulated. is in the but there are The school intended for the ac- elsewhere country ; building also fewer examples of really distin- commodation of a thousand or mor? guished design. The atmosphere is not pupils is not an easy architectural prob- one which encourages originality or any lem. The building must, of course, be architectural achievement. and it conform t ) very daring spacious large ; must Of course, certain obvious exceptions to practical requirements as severe and rigi 1 as this general tendency, such as Richard- those which determine a warehouse : son, will jump to the mind of every one. it must at the same time have some meas - But on the whole Boston architects tend ure of attractiveness and dignity in its to confine even their excellences within appearance; and all these conditiors certain limits. Their work is character- must usually be met out of a by n D - ized chiefly by good sense, simplicity, so- means abundant appropriation. The n briety, self-restraint and conscientious suit is, necessarily, a compromise. Tre attention to detail both in construction highest standards either of constructic n and in design. or of design cannot prevail under such conditions an architect v In these respects Messrs. Kilham & ; and must sho Hopkins are fairly typical of the better his good sense and good faith in makir ^ contemporary architectural practice. Both the compromise something more than a members of the firm received their train- hodge-podge of conflicting expedients. ing at the Massachusetts Institute of An architect of a large New Englai d Technology. Both of them passed school has, however, the advantage of a through their apprenticeships in the of- certain established type from which 'ie fice of a prominent Boston architectural cannot very widely depart, and this ty >e firm. Since their association they have represents an acceptable working coi i- done a large amount of work and have promise among the divergent practic al established an excellent connection; but and aesthetic requirements. The infl i- the work and the connection is almost ence of the work done for the city >f entirely local local, that is, not in the Boston can be plainly seen in the sch( ol sense of being confined to Boston, but in houses which Kilham & Hopkins ha /e confined to built in the of cil the sense of being New Eng- neighborhood that v ; land. Their work has been very varied. but their buildings are among the b st It has included schools, churches, dwell- representatives of the type. The amoi nt IK

II'mM ,0 W 1OO THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. of their appropriations were such that way, to which access is to be had through they could not make the structures tech- to the open air. Such a method nically fireproof; but they succeeded "of construction is so nearly safe that none the less in making for practical it may be doubted whether the addi- purposes almost as good as fireproof tional outlay required by making it abso- buildings. They are of solid brick lutely fireproof would really be worth masonry construction, because the 'archi- the spending. In the reaction against tects found it convenient and expeditious dangerous and flimsy methods of con- not to call in too many sub-contractors struction, American engineers have tend- and different classes of mechanics. The ed to demand a standard of fireproofing

Second Floor Plan. Third Floor Plan. SALEM HIGH SCHOOL. Salem, Mass. Kilham & Hopkins, Archite -ts. floor-beams are, however, not steel, but which makes construction extremel ex- wood; yet, in this respect they are just pensive and adds an unnecessary bi rde as fireproof as the better class of French to public and private building. it is building which rarely, if ever, burns characteristic of the good sense an 1 theB down. At worst a fire would spread very thriftiness prevailing in New En ;1ancB slowly in such a building, and the size that the fair workable compromise of aB of the exits would give the school chil- slow-burning construction should hav

ASSEMBLY HALL FROM THE STAGE

MAIN LOBBY, THE SALEM HIGH SCHOOL, SALEM, MASS. IO2 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. result of adding together a large number The necessary limitations of the fore- of rooms, substantially equal in size, and going plan do not leave very much op- provided with substantially the same portunity for well-scaled design. The amount of air and light. The plan, con- dimensions of the building are consider- sequently, becomes of necessity pretty able, its openings numerous and large, well standardized. The depth of the build- and its cost necessarily moderate. In the ing is usually confined to two rooms, with West a tendency has existed to give large a corridor between them, and this unit schools a semi-monumental character, can be duplicated just as far as the build- but any such attempt is out of keeping, ing plot will allow. If the lot is spacious both with the plan of a school and its and square, the long, shallow buildings purpose. Wherever possible, a school

MAIN ENTRANCE HAVERHILL, HIGH SCHOOL. Haverhill, Mass. Kilham & Hopkins, Architec ts. may be arranged around a court. If it building should be made pleasing end is but still but it not be i in- rectangular, fairly deep, wings dignified ; should made may be added at either end. The only posing. It is, however, extremely d tfi- additional complication called for by the cult to make buildings as large as th >se plan is an assembly hall large enough to illustrated herewith pleasant to look at accommodate at one time all or almost and inviting to enter. Their dimensi >ns all the pupils in the school. In some are out of keeping with the charac er, instances, these halls are so situated that which has usually been associated v ith they can be given direct and immediate collegiate and other educational buildir gs. exits to the street and thus be used to Under such conditions the best comf ro- accommodate meetings held on behalf of mise seems to be to accept the limitati >ns local civic purposes. franklv and to give the exterior of the

THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. IO4

of confined as they were to brick by large school a simplicity and economy But, and considerations of Messrs. Kil- effect analogous to the simplicity economy, have made their school economy of the school room. ham & Hopkins as could without Something of this kind is what Messrs, houses attractive they of Kilham & Hopkins have done, and done any sacrifice practical requirements.

very well. If they had been able to use They suggest unmistakably a co n- stone rather than brick, they might have munal or a social function for the bui d- obtained an increase of dignity without ings, but a function to which any arc li- any loss of simplicity or propriety. There tectural display would have been as < In- is always something incongruous, at least noxious as any suggestion of extra a- to the writer, in the use of brick for gance. The characteristic of the desii ns any very large building except one de- are frankness, simplicity, under- rat'.er voted to exclusively business purposes. than over-ornamentation, and with all io6 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

SECOND FLOOR PLAN. just a sufficient suggestion that the build- building a not entirely successful attempt ings are dedicated to a liberal rather than was made to group the windows, wh le to a merely practical purpose. the wall was broken by a heavy course of Perhaps the least successful of these terra cotta between the first and seco:id in is the Shurtleff stories. At the same the architects buildings design time, ; School in Chelsea. In the fagade of this did not try to emphasize the entrances.

FIRST FLOOR PLAN. WILLIAMS SCHOOL BROOKLINE, MASS. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. THE WORK OF KILHAM & HOPKINS. I07

WILLIAMS SCHOOL, BROOKLINE, MASS. Kilharn & Hopkins, Architects. which were situated in the angles formed buildings. The High School in Salem is by the wings, and look unnecessarily in- a decided improvement upon the Shurt- significant. One has only to compare leff School. There is a centrally situated the fagade of this building with the draw- entrance, approached from the street level ing of the fagade of the addition to the by several flights of steps, and this en- same school in order to appreciate how trance is merely the middle of a strong much the architects had gained in their and discreetly ornamented vertical divi- mastery of the problem in the interval sion of the fagade, in which the openings between the construction of the two have been grouped in the interest of a

THE MICHAEL DRISCOLL SCHOOL. Brookline, Mass. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. WHCN JCWOCLUOUJfE. 15 C2DM J A55CMPJY UALL WILL OCTUPV CMTI PotznoN

SECOND FLOOR PLAN. SCHOOL BUILDING, MILTON, MASS. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. THE WORK OF KILHAM & HOPKINS. 109

NEW FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, Hyde Park, Mass. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. more interesting and substantial effect. on a very competent and workmanlike One still gets the sense of too many terra piece of design. cotta lines, and the entrance itself might Still better is the Williams School in have been somewhat heavier, as the Chelsea. The elements of this fagade crowning feature of an imposing stair- are substantially the same as those of way; but these are only slight blemishes the Salem High School; but the treat-

THE UNITARIAN CHURCH, MARBLEHEAD, MASS. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. no THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

Wherever a school building, however, becomes less institutional-looking in size and appearance, an opportunity is af- forded of putting more feeling into the design, and whenever Kilham. & Hopkins have enjoyed such an opportunity, they have taken advantage of it. The two- story school at Milton is, I think, actual- ly more attractive than any of the above- this increased mentioned buildings ; and attractiveness is doubtless due, partly, to the fewer elements in the design and its consequently increased simplicity, and partly because the size of the building, coupled with the unpretentiousness of its CHURCH AT CHELSEA, MASS. treatment, gives it a semi-domestic as- Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. ment is somewhat better in detail. In spite of its larger dimensions and its re- morseless array of windows, the building makes, I think, a more pleasing impres- sion, chiefly because the central division of the facade and the entrances are bet- ter managed. The same general idea has received a further development in the Haverhill High School, which is the largest and naturally the most institu- tional-looking of all these buildings. In this case the central division of the fagade is still more elaborate and dig- nified, and the triply arched entrance has been very skillfully designed as an archi- tectural setting for Michaelangelo's figure of "The Thinker." SIMPLEX ELECTRICAL CO. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects.

7 pect. In the case of the Michael i . Driscoll School, in Brookline, the sen i- domestic or collegiate effect becomes si ill more conspicuous. In this building t ic architect had real wall-spaces and a re )f to manipulate, and the result is assurt il- ly most attractive. Indeed, the wriier knows of few schools in this counlrv that are more attractive. There are three churches designed >y Kilham & Hopkins which are illustralecl cannot wishi herewith ; and one help ig that they were more numerous, for ill three are full of character. Of the thr >e, perhaps the most interesting is the lil:le Unitarian Church at Marblehead. FIR*E STATION BEVERLY, MASS. The building is an idiomatic and De- Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. lightful adaptation of the old N 'W THE WORK OF KILHAM & HOPKINS. Ill

England meeting-house, which in this in- Of particular interest are the four stance has obtained increased propriety dwellings situated near Boston in the and charm from its modest dimensions. suburbs. They constitute an excellent The other two churches are also small, but they are all the better, because they are small. They are really late English Gothic chapels, with all the massive depth and stretch of wall appropriate to the type. They are designed with lively feeling for the ar- chitectural values inherent in this phase of Gothic, which is semi-domestic in character and which associates religion with moral piety rather than with the peculiar rites and ceremonies of any particular church. As in the case of practically all American architects who have not specialized in a par- ticular class of building, the largest single division of Messrs. Kilham & Hopkins' work consists of domestic buildings. The houses are of many kinds. They include the Beacon Street residence, the spacious country house, surrounded by gardens and grounds, the suburban coun- try house, and the unpreten- tious bungalow. None of the houses compare in elaboration and expense with those which are built by New York archi- tects with a standing corres- ponding to that of Kilham & Hopkins; but they are the more typical for that reason. They are the homes of aver- age well-to-do Americans, not of people whose needs and tastes are very exceptional. The consequence is that these dwellings, both individually and in the mass, are some- what lacking in distinction; but, if they do not inspire any great aesthetic enthusiasm, they certainly fill one with most thorough respect for both their owners and archi- THE C. N. WALLACE HOUSE, tects. Boston, Mass. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects.

t

. v a 02

2 , -.,'^f^j.**-,?. '>/H4 n6 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

are so much solution of the problem of the suburban These four dwellings residence both in its economic and alike, and they are all so good, that one knows which to The aesthetic aspect. In the first place they scarcely prefer. in Brookline is all contain a very large amount of habit- Duer house distinguished it be because its runs at able space, so arranged that can facade right angles because it is a built at a comparatively small cost and to the street, and plaster can be heated with the least possible ex- instead of a wooden building. Its more substantial material it an pense. That is, they are all three-story gives perhaps while its location buildings with a maximum number of added dignity permits convenient rooms, arranged over a foun- of a more attractive treatment of the dation of minimum extent. In the second grounds. The Painter house at Newton,

MOUSE ron C MAPI r* P V-tm r i 39. - AT ip^wi

FLOOR PLANS HOUSE FOR CHARLES P. SEARLE, ESQ. Ipswich, Mass. Kilham & Hopkins, Architect . place they all create an effect of homeli- on the other hand, is distinguished by ness, comfort and ease, but the homeli- the fact that it is situated further b ick ness is not without good taste and dis- from the street than usual and m )re tinction, and the ease carries no sugges- above grade. The house of Mr. R. A. tion of waste and extravagance. Final- Stewart in Brookline is also somew lat of ly, they all belong architecturally to the above grade and is, in the opinion very satisfactory type of New England the writer, a shade pleasanter in appt ar- Colonial town house which is at any ance than are the other members of his

rate, for New England, the best type to group. Its peculiarity consists in pyr . Hi- which a suburban house can conform. It lda! roof, with dormers on four sides in- awakens grateful associations, and it is stead of two. The relation between the eminently practical and appropriate. dormer and the brick chimney on the tn THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

SECOND FLOOR PLAN.

CHAMBER. "BLITHEWOLD," PROPERTY OP WM. L. McKEE, ESQ. Bristol, R. I. Kilham & Hopkins, Arch tects.l > H *> ^ w a H

*H CO 3G O H

E _ I2O THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

PRESIDENT FINLEY'S BUNGALOW AT TANWORTH, N. H. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects.

GATE LODGE FOR E. A. CLARK, ESQ. Jamaica Plain, Mass. Kilham & Hopkins, Archit cts. THE WORK OF KILHAM & HOPKINS. 121

short side of the building is bad; but, type of plan and design, covering the apart from this blemish, there is some- standard requirements, should be worked thing exceptionally compact and neat out, and this typical solution of the prob- about the whole design. The fore-court lem should be varied in each case to meet would probably have looked better in case either special conditions or the special the picket fence and the wall could have tastes of particular clients. The architect been continued the terrace but as is enabled in this to obtain a along ; way com- it stands it is very attractive. The dis- paratively complete mastery of one type, tinguishing feature of the house of Mr. and his work becomes firmer in general B. F. Pitman in Brookline is the enclo- design and more delicate in detail. Of sure of the grounds by a very well-de- course, the varying tastes of different signed picket fence which is so success- clients frequently interfere with any such

Photo by Thomas Sears. GARAGE, COMBINED WITH COACHMAN'S AND CHAUFFEUR'S COTTAGES. Bristol, R. I. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects.

ful that its omission in case of some of continuity of type, but the architects the other houses is bound to cause regret. themselves too often fail to understand A suburban house is nearly always im- that they gain more from gradually im- proved in appearance by the architectural proving a single typical model than they enclosure of the grounds, and it is a pity do by experimenting with many models. that so many Americans dislike the idea If Messrs. Kilham & Hopkins' schools of such enclosure. and suburban houses illustrate their As a rule, architects would tend to im- ability to provide an excellent typical so- prove the quality of their work in case lution for certain standard architectural they would more frequently adopt the problems, their country houses exhibit course followed by Messrs. Kilham & their talent in a much more versatile as- their Hopkins in designing these suburban pect. Probably the best of country houses. Wherever possible, a certain houses is that of Mr. Chas. P. Searle.

RECEPTION ROOM RESIDENCE OF WM. L. McKEE, ESQ. BOSTON, MASS. KILHAM & HOPKINS, ARCHITECTS. ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. 124 THE

iawuL kr>i CIVIL r.ioi/it.iii.i'j CAIMM. I.M.T. r,t*AJ .* LfUlXUJIhtll

SUMMER SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENGINEERING MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OP TECHNOLOGY. Gardner Lake, Maine. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects.

SKETCH OP SUMMER HOUSE. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects.

FARM BUILDINGS FOR REV. WM. M. CRANE, RICHMOND, MASSACHUSETTS. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. THE WORK OF K1LHAM & HOPKINS. 125 situated at Ipswich, Mass. This is a One of the severest tests to which an thoroughly good example of an Italian architect can be put is that of designing villa with a formal treatment of the a house for himself. Their responsibility grounds immediately around the house. for their own houses is complete and ex- The photograph of this villa does not do clusive. Mr. Hopkins stands the test it entire justice, because the terrace is remarkably well. His house and garden not furnished with the bay trees and at Dover, Mass., is full of charm. The other of habitation which it needs is and has signs ; garden particularly delightful but these deficiencies can easily be sup-- been carefully arranged so as to take plied. Italian villas are not very numer- advantage of the trees and masses of ous on the Massachusetts coast, and this foliage already growing on the site. It is one of the best. Less successful is consists in a sort of a mall, terminating the more elaborate house of Mr. W. T. in a pool, and surrounded by a screen of McKee at Bristol, Rhode Island. The foliage and a welter of flowers. The combination of the heavy masonry of treatment combines formality and in- the lower story with the stucco of the formality in a way that requires the ut-

RESIDENCE OP JAMES C. HOPKINS, ARCHITECT. Dover, Mass. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. story above is not very good. Presum- most tact and real feeling for natural ably, the architects did not have as much values. The garden of Mrs. W. Scott their own way as they would like in the Fitz at Manchester, Mass., is more for- design of this house. From the samples mal, but its object again is to enhance given of the interior one may infer that the value of certain natural advantages its rooms are both handsome and very enjoyed by the site. In all Kilham & well designed. Indeed, that particular Hopkins' work there is to be recognized type of dwelling very often furnishes the an instinctive sense of architectural pro- architect with the opportunity of design- priety which gives each particular design ing a series of spacious and handsome firm ground of its own on which to apartments. Attention should be called stand. If they are never very daring, also to the delicacy and discretion of neither are they ever unintelligent, per- some of Messrs. Kilham & Hopkins' verse or malapropos. They have accom- a other interiors particularly the recep- plished a large volume and great variety tion room of the house on Common- of work and have done all competently, sense. wealth Avenue, in Boston. tastefully and with admirable good ria M M H Q OQ

HHof >

Gardener's Cottage and Part of Garden. ESTATE OF MRS. W. SCOTT FITZ MANCHESTER, MASS. Kilham & Hopkins, Architects. A TRIP IN ASIA MINOR. THE STVDENTS 51DE TR.AV- EL IN CONNECTION WITH ATHENS ^CONSTANTINOPLE BY COR.HAM PHILLIPS STEVENS

MOST OF THE BOATS from Athens to ander the Great, an obscure Ephesian, Constantinople touch at Smyrna; and, if called Erostratos, wishing to make his one stops over ten days at the latter port, name immortal, succeeded in burning the ancient Greek cities of Ephesus, this wonderful temple to the ground. Magnesia, Priene, Miletus, Didyma and The outraged Ephesians passed a decree Pergamon may -be visited with compara- forbidding anyone to mention his name tive ease. The architect, especially, will under pain of death the best way of find continual use for his camera and assuring him of immortality, for this sketch book. name has become generally accepted in My friend and I arrived in Smyrna on designating those who commit a sense- the 28th of April and started for Ephe- less act in the hope of becoming famous. sus the following morning. For two and In Roman times also Ephesus played a half hours the train passed through a an important part. Here St. Paul stayed fertile country, with ruins of Roman some time witness his Epistles to the acqueducts, Turkish mosques and me- Ephesians. There are well preserved diaeval castles scattered over the land- ruins of a stadium, a theatre (Fig. i), scape. Ephesus, originally situated on a extensive baths, an odeion (intended for gulf, but, owing to the receding of the musical performances), a library, mar- sea now about four miles inland, was kets, etc., all of the Roman period.. The one of the famous Ionic cities of ancient Austrians were excavating this part of Greek times. The temple of Ephesus. the city. the Artemision, was considered one of In addition to a large castle, dating the seven wonders of the world. This back to Byzantine times, there are ruins the English have excavated, and they of fourteen mosques a silent testi- have found wonderful sculptural and monial to the importance of the city in architectural fragments (now preserved early Turkish times. The Selim mosque in the British Museum). The steps of of 1375 is a chef d'ouvre of Turkish the temple were some ten feet below the work. present surface of the earth and in such All that Ephesus can boast of ^ to-day a marshy locality that powerful steam is a small village near the railroad sta- pumps were at work keeping the exca- tion; and in no other ruins of Asia vation free from water. The archaeolo- Minor can one better read the history of gist in charge was bed-ridden with a big, proud city a history in which the malaria brought on by the unhealthy last drama has been played and at which condition the he the the of an- of neighborhood ; yet archaeologists, biographers graciously received us and saw that the tiquity, are busily working. architect attached to his expedition It was only an hour and a half by should show us the interesting things rail from Ephesus to Magnesia; but that had been found. In 356 B. C. and here, although there was much of in- on the very night of the birth of Alex- terest to be seen, we will not detain the THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. 1 3o

reader, as the character of the "finds" After riding three hours we reached and the general layout of the city were the site of Priene, a wonderful example similar to those of Priene. of a Hellenistic provincial town of about After Magnesia we pushed on to 4,000 inhabitants. The city was built Sokia, one hour more, where we reached on terraces rising from the valley of the end of the railroad. Here we hired the Mseander, with a lofty acropolis horses. We were advised to take ad- crowning all. The river twists in the vantage of an armed courier who was plain at one's feet and finally reaches traveling in our direction, as there were the sea, which, here too, has receded a brigands in the mountains along our number of miles since antiquity. The route who had occasionally been known walls about the city were over six feet to descend upon lone travelers. This we thick, all of squared stones. The streets did accordingly, and the brigands (if were methodically laid out at right there were any) stayed at a respectful angles to one another, and in many

FIG. 1. THEATRE AT EPHESUS.

distance. The route to Priene lay along places this had necessitated much n ck the valley of the Mseander, and out in cutting. The principal streets were fr >m the fertile plains we could see nomadic twenty to twenty-three feet wide, ; nd herdsmen picturesquely dressed in flow- their drainage was carefully lool ed ing robes of bright colors, all of them after. The private houses, all of wh ch mounted and carrying rifles to protect had been uncovered, revealed the f ict their property. Their tents were scat- that Greek houses of this (Hellenisuc)] tered over the plain, and occasionally we period were very similar to those of caught glimpses of their wives and chil- Pompeii in wall decoration, in the o >en see dren. What was of special interest interior courts for light and air ( were the herds of camels, young and old; Fig. 2) and in furniture. a baby 'camel frisking about on his native In the centre of the town was the hearth is a sight worth going a long way market place an open square, 426 eet s des to see. by 316 feet, surrounded on three A TRIP IN ASIA MINOR.

with deep Doric colonnades, while on young athletes used to box and wrestle, the fourth side, the east side, was a and where they bathed (Fig. 3). sanctuary of Asklepios, consisting of an The stone walls were still covered with Ionic temple in a court of its own. The the names of these young fellows, just open part of the square was embellished where each one had rudely cut his name with altars, statues, exhedrse and trees. so many years ago. Back of the colonnade on the north side Priene has been excavated in a mas- of the square were the law courts and terly way by the Germans, and trav- the bouleuterion (a building elers are hospitably given devoted to the meeting of lodgings in a house which the town officials and to pub- the excavators lived in lic gatherings). On another while operations were in terrace to the north was a progress. I must not for- temple dedicated to Athena get to say that the man an Ionic temple with six who looked after the ex- columns on the front and cavations was an ex-brig- eleven on the side. The and, but a man who had theatre, open to the sky, like proved himself thoroughly all Greek theatres, was es- OPE.K reliable. The Miletus was within pecially well preserved. -I COURT sight stadium, being situated on of Priene, lying across the the slope of the hill, had valley at about a distance seats only on the side -4 of ten miles. The Msean- toward the Acropolis, leav- der overflows its banks in |ing an unobstructed view spring, so that in March and jover the plain and avoid- April one crosses by boat. ing the expensive construc- We found the waters still tion of seats where the high in places and were 10 2.0 30 MO FT .land fell The three hours on horse back away. gym- I nasium, too, was exceeding- in making the journey. FIG. 2. HOUSE AT We could Miletus was within jly interesting. PRIENE. sight Isee the rooms where the of Priene, lying on the

FIG. 3. BATHING ROOM GYMNASIUM AT PRIENE. THE RECORD. 132 ARCHITECTURAL

ten Ionic columns, 64 feet high across the front and rear, and a double row of twenty-one columns along the sides. The top step measured 360 feet by 163 feet. The bases of the columns on the front presented the peculiarity of five different types, the arrangement being that similar types occupied symmetrical positions with regard to the axis of the temple (Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10). In fact, this interesting variety was char- acteristic of many other parts of this huge temple. To go to Pergamon one is obliged to start afresh from Smyrna. Our trip back to the latter place was uneventful, except that we met two friends who had just been arrested in: Aiden, a town on the route to Sardisji and this happened in the following way:

FIG. 5. MOSQUE AT MILETUS. They were both archaeologists, an 1, as were about they poking town, the} saw|j some Greek built into coast. Here, too, the sea has left inscriptions theji wall of a so knocked for it five miles inland; but one can still court; they see where the ancient harbor was located. permission to enter, but without ary re-l suit at first. The city passed through almost every Now, archaeologists are;j a head was thrusl possible vicissitude oppression by ty- persistent. Finally out of an and a shri rants, capture by the Persians, subjuga- upper window, rent the air. Soon a number tion in turn by the Athenians, the Spar- tans, Alexander the Great, the Romans and the Barbarians; finally a Byzantine state was overwhelmed by the Moham- medans. The theatre of Roman times is still fairly well preserved, and its front- age of 466 feet speaks for itself. The market place, bouleuterion, baths, sta- dium, streets at right angles to each other, town walls and gates all recall Priene, but on a more magnificent scale. The mosque, built in 1501, is a jewel of Turkish work (Figs. 4 and 5). Our next ancient site was Didyma a rival of Delphi in the worship of Apollo. Passing out from Miletus to the south, we followed an ancient sacred road, which skirted the sea for some distance, and reached the little village of Didyma after three hours of delight- ful riding. Up to the present, the temple, excavated by the French, has to see the Ger- been the only thing ; mans are now excavating the site more 20 30 40 r thoroughly. vast was never The temple complete- FIG. 4. PLAN OF MOSQUE AT M

double of 1 '. S.. ly finished. It had a row Measured and Drawn by G. A TRIP IN ASIA MINOR. 133

tr td < ;> -. ffl ? H 0) CC

- 3- O O M "g 134 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

Turkish soldiers were on the scene, and not run every day, we found it more my two friends were forthwith arrested convenient to go by rail. It was a hard and carried before the governor of the day, eight hours in the train and then town. It took some time for our archae- our six hours' carriage drive. In or- ologists to explain their actions, as they der to save time, we ate our dinner in did not speak Turkish, and the Turks the carriage carriage is too dignified a spoke nothing else. But, at the end of word to use here, for our pumpkin-seed two hours a Greek interpreter was shaped wagon had no seats and no found, and the mystery cleared up. My springs. We were thoughtfully given friends had tried to enter the harem be- rugs to sit upon, however. The roads to the himself. As were in a state and it longing governor frightful ; required soon as he found out what nationality no slight degree of skill to drink from

FIG. 7. BASE FROM DIDYMA.

in they were and what they had been look- a bottle while the wagon was rrotionf ing for, the governor detailed a soldier We rattled into Pergamon at hal pa to take them wherever they might want twelve at night. to go, and, further, instructed this body- Pergamon is about twenty-five mile guard not to pass a cafe without insist- inland and is picturesquely si uate ing upon their taking a cup of Turkish among the mountains. It was no tint coffee. the time of Attains I. (241-197 >. C. From Smyrna Pergamon is reached that it became an important pla< e, tl" either by boat and then a three or four little kingdom then playing mu h tl hours' drive, or rail and a same role that Switzerland does carriage by o-daj

< six hours' carriage drive. It is really Under Eumenes II. (197-159 B. !.) tfi

: nd tl quicker by boat, but, as the latter did city reached its high water mark, A TRIP IN ASIA MINOR.

FIG. 8. BASE FROM DIDTMA.

FIG. 9. BASE FROM DIDTMA. 136 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. arts and sciences* blossomed forth in tained the palace of the Pergamese an astonishing fashion, its schools of kings, and nearby was a Doric temple painting and sculpture being particular- of Athena. Then came the library and ly famous. The little kingdom was final- at the extreme north were the royal gar- ly absorbed by the Roman Empire, and dens with a beautiful view over the its history from then on was similar to plain. Returning along the west side that of the other cities of Asia Minor. of the acropolis one visited first a temple To-day it is a flourishing town of 20,000 of Trajan of the Corinthian order and inhabitants, half Greek, half Turkish. raised on a lofty terrace, then the Greek In ancient times the poorer quarters theatre with its seats resting on the of the city lay at the foot of a lofty slope and with a removable stage in the it is this latter which has middle of a narrow acropolis ; only comparative terrace,

FIG. 10. BASE PROM DIDYMA. been so far excavated, again by the Ger- 720 feet long, which was bordered \ ith mans. The general scheme of the colonnades where the theatre-goers t x>k was a series of terraces shelter it s a acropolis sup- when rained ; and there w; ported by lofty retaining walls and con- charming small Ionic temple at the n< irth nected by a zig-zag paved road, 16 feet end of this same terrace. wide. After passing through a propy- The Roman remains in the lower city at laea the south of the acropolis, one are extensive, but so far unexcavatec . It entered a market place; then, on the happened to be St. George's Day v hen next terrace, came the famous great altar we were looking at these ruins. St. con- - of Zeus.f The following terrace George's Day is very carefully obse ved by the Greeks, as it is the "Saint's ] >ay" *The royal library numbered 200,000 volumes. It was later carried to Alexandria by Antonius. of King George of Greece. The me ;hod (This altar has been reconstructed in the Per- Museum at Berlin. Three sides of the tie gamon between the gods and giants : the fourt! side basement are decorated with a continuous band is pierced with steps. Above the basement is an of in and a feet sculpture, high relief, seven half Ionic colonnade surrounding the actual sac ificial high and about 420 feet long, representing a bat- altar. A TRIP IN ASIA MINOR. 137 of "celebrating" at Pergamon is as fo3- distance, especially as we saw guns fired lows: Parties of about a dozen men, in a horizontal position as they lay mounted and armed with guns, ride across the saddles. We thought that the single file through the Greek quarter of processions must have been much longer the town. They are preceded by drum- at the start. mers and flute players making a dole- This Asia Minor trip could have been ful noise, only slightly suggestive of an prolonged to advantage : we found that air. The procession stops at every ten days at least were required for travel- house occupied by a Greek sympathizer, ing and seeing the principal things in and those on horseback are offered wine, these places. I am sure that those who and in acknowledgment they shoot off may take this trip in connection with their guns. Some of the men were reel- Athens and Constantinople will feel ful- ing in their saddles, so we kept at a ly repaid for their time and trouble. CHURCH OP TRIEL (SEINE-BT-OISB). JESUS AT THE HOUSE OF SIMON. Influence of the Renaissance Clearly Seen. EVR.OPLAN VERSVS AMERICAN j. COLOR. WINDOWS b Y JOSEPH L A V B L R,

SOME TWO YEARS AGO discussion arose more the fashion than before in certain in the columns of a New York daily rela- quarters to decry American art and the tive to the merits or demerits of what is use of the rich pot metal and opal glass known as the American method versus with which Mr. La Farge was identified, the European or conventional art of one firm even advertising "No opalescent Stained Glass. This discussion was pre- glass used in this establishment," thus cipitated by the decision of the authori- giving the impression that there must be ties of the Cathedral of St. John the something particularly venomous about Divine to have, at least in Belmont it. As this finds preference with most Chapel, only windows of European de- American artists, the objection is reiter- sign and make; the reason given, if I re- ated that neither our glass nor our de- member rightly, being that the latter work signs are sufficiently "ecclesiastic" nor was more ecclesiastic and traditional "traditional." It would be of interest to than the American. This decision came know just what these critics understand like a blow to most of our artists who by these terms in art, particularly their had made a study of the subject and definition of "traditional." The latter who felt that an American cathedral must be rather perplexing, as the art of should be adorned by the best of Ameri- Glass underwent such radical changes in can art. It naturally provoked a storm its course from the twelfth to the seven- of protest from a number of artists, teenth century. Do they advocate a re- some of whom had followed the lead turn to the healthy methods and rich, full of La Farge, and even from the master quality achieved by the mediaeval work- himself. Seeing an advantage for them- ers or the return to the decadent period selves, some people who had been most of the seventeenth century? If the for- responsible for the commercial exploita- mer, that was achieved here as far back tion of the art availed themselves of the as thirty years ago, to which reference the noticed this will be made later. When we as opportunity ; newspapers inquire and the discussion was ended. All of this to what they understand by "ecclesiastic," was interesting enough to those of us we are shown the modern English win- who had worked for years in glass, but dow, therefore we will have to subject how much of it, we wondered, was clear that to some scrutiny. Before we do to the layman? As several great ecclesi- this, however, let us skip lightly over the astical structures in various parts of the centuries without trying to weary the country are nearing completion, a more reader. thorough review of the subject seems The glass of the twelfth century was timely. very far from what manufacturers to-day Since the man to whom all American would call perfect. The metallic oxides artists owe so much, John La Farge, has were mixed with the silicates in the melt- passed away a man who was foremost ing pot in a primitive way (on that ac- in to this the the establishment of an art which had count called "pot metal" day) ; become wholly commonplace and "shop- color permeated the body of the glass, but py," on a firm artistic basis, and who in most cases was unevenly fluxed, the has produced works in glass not equalled same piece showing variations of shade it has become to of uneven by any generation from dark light ; thickness, 140 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

in cases bubbly and striated. The clear worked side by side, there was now an utter glass was anything but clear, being of a divorce between the glazier and the horny, nebulous transparency varying "artist"; lead lines were considered a from greenish to grayish in tint. Now necessary evil and were used sparingly this may seem very unpromising material and played little or no part in the de- to the but artist can realize all this layman, any sign ; signifying a speedy demor- the possibilities of the variations of tone alization. The sincere, simple religious and texture and the vibration of light feeling, no matter how crudely ex- through such medium. How cleverly pressed, which was so characteristic of these men used the material we all know the was ; early times, lost; heraldry, por- add to this, richness of design and full traiture, scenes from the life of the leading, using enamel (verifiable pig- donor became prevalent, as one of our ment) not so much for the sake of detail illustrations shows. The incident from as to further increase the vibration of the scriptures which served as an excuse light, and despite their limited range of for placing an exploitation of the donor's color you have the secret. Time has also vanities in a church was relegated to a improved these windows; note the irri- small unimportant section. All this with descence of some ordinary window panes a clever, not to say brilliant, misuse of in very old houses exposed to the sun, the material. Even in the Jesse-Tree and, (is this rank heresy?) the dirt of windows which in a genealogy loving ages, for it is astonishing how much time were to demonstrate the descent of toning down a color window will stand, Christ from Jesse, the father of David, and also how much some of the old win- donors were fond of having their por- dows have lost by scientific cleaning. traits inserted among the ancestors. And Art was emerging from the dark ages this was not as late as the seventeenth throughout which the monkish tradition century, in this later period the work prevailed that flesh was the devil and had became thoroughly flamboyant. to be subjugated; of course the nude was The art, if it could still be called such, not studied, consequently the draped fig- struggled on in a feeble way until men ure lacked but the use which like Morris reality ; Burne-Jones and appeared was made of the figure as they on the scene, who if they did not improve drew it in the decorative scheme of a methods to any great extent at least dig- window, withal telling its story, was ad- nified it with a spiritual quality of de- mirable. In the following centuries the sign. drawing of the figure improved greatly, It was not until we began to emerge but gradually. With the greater skill in from our artistic dark ages, say about painting, the fundamental principles the time of the Centennial Exposition governing glass were lost sight of, the perhaps a little later that several of our latter also becoming more mechanically artists became interested in the possibili- perfect, which was not an unmixed bless- ties of glass. It was the period known ing, however, as we shall see. as the American Renaissance; a band of Let us consider these conditions a mo- young enthusiasts had returned from ment as they have such a direct bearing their studies in Europe, and, finding on modern work. Each art and mode of the Academy intolerant of new ideas, expression has its advantages and limita- founded the then virile association, The tions and the of American Artists. But these ; when we overstep ignore Society latter we invite disaster. So it was in were mostly painters of pictures and only this case: skill and dexterity in the ap- passively interested in the decorative arts. plication of stain and pigment on glass Somewhat apart from these, however, had reached a marvellous degree of per- there was a small group to whom decora- fection, with the result that men no long- tion was a fine art of the first order er thought in relation to glass, but pig- foremost among them being John L? a became a a born a thinkei ment ; window entirely paint- Farge, colorist, deep where in former times but far ahead of his Francis La er's proposition ; time; the artist and the craftsman were one, or throp, fresh from the influence of Ro EUROPEAN VERSUS AMERICAN COLOR WINDOWS. 141 setti and Morris, F. D. Millet, Maitland "shoppy," a more synthetic quality and Armstrong, and Louis C. Tiffany, the a greater joyousness of color might be latter imaginative, with strong decora- achieved. He made a few small win- tive color but with more or less of a ten- dows with such material as he could se- dency toward the exotic and oriental. cure, using slabs of onyx and alabaster William Morris Hunt had completed where the available glass would not do; his decorations for the all this with rare artistic skill Albany Capitol ; but he re- but never became interested in glass, so alized that if glass was to regain the im- far as I know. Besides these, architects portance of the mediaeval period and be like Richardson, Hunt, and Post, with suitable to modern conditions the old their artistic natures and strong person- relation between artist and artisan had to alities, were naturally interested. Such be re-established, and then we had to go

FROM THE ABBEY OF JARCY. (Twelfth or Thirteenth Century.) Aside from the primitive drawing the lead was used very intelligently. a group in such a time could not be ig- back to first principles and make our own nored, and, to come back to our subject glass. A series of experiments was en- of glass, experiments were soon under tered into which led to the making of way to better conditions which were then splendid pot metal, also the invention of at their worst. what is now known as opalescent glass; La Farge realized perhaps more than the advantages claimed for the latter anyone else that glass was the medium being these : a greater fire and richness, par excellence for color, no pigment on a greater depth where necessary, with canvas rivalling it; also that, as the flashes of brilliancy, a flowing together stained and painted window of that time, of pure color tints in the glass instead the commercial metal or of on the in made of pot pigment glass ; great beauty ''cathedral" glass, was poor, thin and the semi-transparent whites and a con- garish, also exceedingly formal and sequent range of mellow light tints never 142 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. achieved before. But it was soon per- this is troublesome and costly, but is it ceived that this was essentially an artist's not worth while? the result being- in- medium; as the flow of color and the finitely more handsome and decorative blending of tints could not be absolutely than the painted window. The futility of controlled in the molten state, rare artis- trying to achieve a deep, rich, and chro- tic judgment had to be used in its selec- matic quality in the painted method is tion. When unskill fully used, the result best exemplified in St. Bartholomew's was apt to be as distressing as it was Church, New York; the pigment here has otherwise beautiful, and the fact that the been applied very heavily and pattern medium has largely passed out of the scratched into it with the idea of pro- hands of the artist to-day and is brutal- ducing vibrating shafts of light. The ized for gain is responsible for /the more net result of these windows, however, is or less discredited name it is given in a heavy, hot muddiness of color, lacking some quarters. Our artists did not stop translucency and making the church dark with the development of a greater color as night. as started The orchestration ; they had from English author, Mr. Lewis F. first principles in the making of their Day, who, in his excellent treatise on his- glass, they did the same in regard to lead toric glass deplores the lavish use of lines. The early artists did not consider painting and urges a return to sound these an evil but a distinct asset in giv- conditions, has this to say: to their forms in the later his- skill of the later ing vigor ; "The astonishing pic- toric period the lead line was avoided as torial glass painters goes only to prove much as possible, pigment and stain be- the futility of their endeavor. What the ing relied on mostly for form. But the brothers Crabeth of Gouda and Linan modern European window makers sinned Gontier of Troyes could not do, glas^ even more; besides using the lead painters may well despair of doing. I sparingly as outline, they made a point is in the nature of things that color upon of using it directly across forms; this, I the surface of glass cannot have the am told, is to give the window a knowing limpid depth and luminosity of color sus and antique flavor. We never find this pended, as it were, in the glass itself, done in the best old work for its own and that to deepen the color of the glas ; sake either their of not it is to dull it. Enamel ; pieces glass were by painting. upon large enough or, being broken, had to be color (called pigment in this article) i; patched that way. The lead map of even by comparison with pot metal poor, thin a Burne-Jones window with all its and garish. Painted shadow is heav) , spirituality of conception has the appear- lacking at once the translucency of glas- ance of irregularly laid stone work. Our and the transparency of shadow, for it- men, therefore, decided to use the lead depth is only obtained by the density of intelligently, defining and accentuating the opaque pigment used." form. The liberal use of it became a But, more than all this, it is reco - necessity in an art in which so little use nized that besides technical excellence, i made of its use in to hold its as a fire was applied pigment ; window, high place the separation of lights, half-tones and and decorative art must rise above tre shadows giving a crispness and carrying hackneyed and stereotype sort of thing : n amount of folds both as to and power which no painted vogue conception desigr ; - or stencilled pattern can ever have. To furthermore, the position and surrounc use a lead in this wise meant study, how- ings of the work must be carefully coi - line and a sidered to a thin wii - ever ; must meet line, drawing ; place and glaring must be made with the exigencies of dow facing a congregation, as sometim s glass always in view. In light windows happens, is nothing short of a crin e in which the lead shows more than in the against their eyesight, not to. mentu n deeper toned, a most careful lead draw- aesthetic considerations. This seems o is in order so that even were the obvious, and this mistake is ma' e ing ; yet window made in clear glass the arrange- time and again. ment would be handsome. Of course all In mediaeval days, when few peoj le WINDOW OF KING ST. LOUIS, CHURCH OF SAINT-SAENS. (FIFTEENTH CENTURY.) Not the slightest attention was paid to uniformity of scale of the figures, the main object being to achieve a decorative effect. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. 144

PROM THE ABBEY OF JARCY. Twelfth or Early Thirteenth Century. Strong and ingenious lead design, agai ist a light background, giving a maximum of light without sacrificing color. EUROPEAN VERSUS AMERICAN COLOR WINDOWS. 145 could read or write, the church window to be placed in a church in Lynn, thus a sort of Bible was Primer depicting not setting up the first glass easel in the lat- one but incidents from the many Scrip- ter's atelier. Nearly all of these men tures or the lives of the saints. It is to worked individually later. Besides these, the infinite credit of the artists of those moreover, nearly all the artists who have that could weave these themes days they essayed mural painting have worked in into a rich and agreeable pattern. In our this medium some time or other ; more as and generation the singleness of a labor day of love, I should say, because, theme is preferred, excepting in large compared with painting, it is a decidedly spaces. Besides this, when we enter a art. All underpaid in all, a group of church, the world with its thou- leaving men and women, who, if their interest sand distractions behind, we prefer to could be maintained and, acting in con- enter a sphere where restfulness instead cert, would exercise a strong influence. of glitter prevails; where the windows While they have neglected this, thus are reverential works of art, beautiful forming no American school, and have and harmonious in color, us on leading permitted representatives of business in- to contemplation and where mere terests to speak in behalf of the art pub- prettiness, sham and triviality do not licly, they have at least avoided manner- exist, nor where fads, or affected isms, and that is more than can be said archaicisms flourish. (I mention the lat- of the English school of to-day. I have ter, because an architect seriously told seen a great number of English glass me that the only way to draw figures for cartoons from different establishments, glass was in the Byzantine manner, stiff and they all look alike to me. The men and rigid, with toes pointing down and have all been trained to do a certain attenuated limbs.) Although we have thing a certain way. The same turn of suffered greatly from the infliction of the the wrist, the same treatment of drapery, factory product, both domestic and im- of foliage, of interpretation of Gothic ported, so many excellent works have ornament, done, been created by American artists that very prettily very clever, but of color. Even we cannot here enumerate them. To men- rarely suggestive the work of as talented a man as tion only a few who have been identified Holiday shows that influence; the multiplicity of for some time with the medium : At the pretty little detail clever brush time Mr. La Farge was constructing the suggesting work in enamel and not Battle Window and executing the decora- painting, glass, thus the tions of the Cornelius Vanderbilt house detracting from bigness the work otherwise have. (1883) there were with him a corps of might Is this then the manner of young men; as I remember them they doing things which our were Theodore Robinson, Will H. Low, friends call "ecclesiastic"? is not 'Confined John Humphreys Johnston, Sidney Surely, religious feeling to and the Continent as our Smith, Roger Riordan, W. B. Van England ; churches are the Ingen, George Rose, and the writer. F. bravely meeting prob- lems our modern shall D. Millet and Francis Lathrop had pre- facing civilization, the artist alone be a viously been associated with him in the reactionary, denying all and be content to follow the decoration of Trinity Church, Boston. In progress, art of a no another group were Louis C. Tiffany, period longer virile instead of Maitland Armstrong, Samuel Coleman, making the experience of the best medi- Lockwood de Forest, and F. D. Millet. aeval workers his own and expressing According to the last named gentleman himself as a man of to-day? the two windows which he made for Har- As the American artist is striving to vard Memorial Hall, one for Mr. Joseph see things in a big way, insisting more on H. Choate, were produced about this the essentials than on things unimportant, time, and, as Mr. Tiffany expressed the and duly mindful of the relation of his idea that a window could be made with- work to the structure, shall that count out painting, Mr. Millet made the first against him? There are some people so two "Mosaic" windows for Mr. Tiffany curiously constituted, to whom any figure 146 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

which has human in- One very serious terest, which looks as objection to opal glass though it had life, has been made by seems very unchurch- architects and artists ly. In very many alike, which must be cases, formalism and noted. Many an archi- symbolism spell only tect, not being conver- bad art. We have sant with the tech- all seen perfectly nique of glass, has atrocious things pass found to his distress muster with church that the outside ap- authorities because pearance of some win- certain standard sym- dows clashed con- bols were correct and siderably with the the artist's limitations color of his struc- passed for profundity ture and has there- and close and intimate fore condemned opal love and understand- glass in toto. A ing of the primitives. word as to technique

I do not wish to be is needed here. . In misunderstood though the construction of as advocating license a window it is often instead of breadth of necessary to "place," serious that to design ; very is, overlay mistakes have been the already cut ;md made in ignoring all leaded window v/ith the conditions of the another glass in the structure, even going same manner as a so far as to remove painter glazes a pic- u 1 1 i o s m n from a ture, to secure greater perpendicular Gothic harmony. Sometimes window in order to the mistake is made of permit a lateral or plating on the outside a sprawling composi- of the window, and as tion. this "plating" is isu- In the last few ally in fairly large a number of years pieces, and opal j lass painted church win- has an entirelv dif- dows have been 1 e r e n t appear mce made in this coun- with the light fa ling i. those try; made by on it than whe i it business houses were is seen by tran: mit- i more or less in the ted light, it stam s to English m a n n e r, reason that if such and light glittering. outside plating is The individual artists used without r ;fer- who essayed this man- ence to the cok r of ner whether concious- the building, it is a or ly unconsciously, grave m i s t a k . I achieved a fuller chro- have yet to s e a matic chord something richly cut and It aded~ like the better Ameri- ENGLISH WINDOW. window in whic i can window, lacking By Selwyn Image. necessarily 1 a i g e however its limpid- Note the Block-Like Leading of pieces, such as >ack- ity of color. Drapery, Etc. grounds, were usec JESSIE TREE WINDOW. From Cathedral of Antun. CHAMPIGNY-SUR-VEUDE. (Sixteenth Century.) (Sixteenth Century.) The figures of the ancestors are Christ appearing to Magdeline (upper lights) probably portraits of the donors. Battle scene and portraits (lower lights) RECORD. 148 THE ARCHITECTURAL

than a cheaply made, inartistic opal glass window the latter medium to ; seeming rebel against unskillful use. Owing to the fact that workmen and artisans are necessary factors in the construction of a window, it has with many come to be looked upon as an article of manufac- ture, with the result that the artist has to a large extent been eliminated, and, where unavoidable, been employed by the in that con- maker ; case, however, rarely sulted in the construction of the work. For the best interests of the art, condi- tions should have been exactly reversed.

ENGLISH THE BLOCK-LIKE TREATMENT OF THE RECEDING WATERS SUG- GESTING A SUBWAY. with any degree of judgment and which had no outside plating, look badly from the street. As quantities of opal glass are now exported to European makers to be used chiefly for exterior "plating" to give their painted windows more body, the same objection will hold in regard to these. If one may generalize, the broad distinction between modern European work and ours, leaving out the question of conception and design seems to be this: The former, as a rule, has abun- dance of painted detail, of which a pro- fusion is necessary to give life to the evenly colored glass; it is good and academic in drawing, but lacking in tone and is apt to look thin and spotty at a distance. The American artist is less academic in drawing but more individual, striving for deeper, fuller color har- monies and tonality. Such work never goes to pieces at a distance, but is im- proved thereby. There is always a demand for figure windows of a low cost. This is de- plorable, but as long as it continues to exist, the painted one is to be preferred in such case, as even the ordinary trade opalescent window is more costly than the other. A superficial result and a mass easier to in of detail are much achieve CENTRAL PANEL OF CHANCEL W NDO 1 the painted method, and less offensive DESIGNED BY FRANCIS LATH] lOP. ENGLISH WINDOW IN CEMETERY CHAPEL, DORCHESTER. BY CHRISTOPHER W. WHALL,. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

Most artists here have learned that it is construction of a window, from first to as important for them to thoroughly su- last, as it is to apply their touch to a pervise and take an active part in the canvas personally. About two years ago the writer put this question to Mr. La Farge : "Recently I have stated that although our art in glass is only some thirty years young, it

WINDOW IN CHURCH OF THE "LEADING" PLAN FOR WINDOW ASCENSION, NEW YORK CITY. CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION, N. By the author, showing the American man- ner of designing leads. By the author. EUROPEAN VERSUS AMERICAN COLOR WINDOWS. is already on the verge of decadence own country is slow to give it official owing the meretricious methods which recognition. Up to date our otherwise have invaded it. Do you agree with me wonderfully well equipped Metropolitan in that?" "Quite so," he replied, "but Museum has no masterpiece in glass by there is hope; it lies in the enlighten- any American artist. It has a rather bad ment of our public; they will learn that example of mediaeval glass and some every work of art in its final analysis de- modern French by Merson, which latter pends on the personal equation." must be regarded as an object lesson of In most of the European establish- what glass should not be: while precise and academic in it is as thin ments the methods to-day have become drawing, and are uninteresting as a colored draw- stereotyped and mannered ; they pre- weakly on tissue the cisely the same which they followed in ing paper. Fortunately, Worcester Museum has La the middle of the last century. Ask acquired either Mr. Calvin or Wright, who will Farge's beautiful "peacock window." But the where this mas- tell you that there the highest priced man people's museums, ters work will have to be seen are is the one who makes the sketch on churches like in Boston which the order is secured. Another Trinity and Ascension Church in New makes the cartoon, another the tracings, York; they cannot but one another cuts the glass, and different men help impress deeply. Very distinguished work has also been paint the flesh, lay the mat for shading, made others take it all in by ; all, a paint the filials and crockets, and so on, high standard has been set and our artists each man to his own essential part. Of have that can de- course a man painting only filials and abundantly proven they in a manner a crockets ought to do them very well, but sign dignified befitting house of worship, can work in either when all this is put together, is it art? medium, preferring on the whole, how- Even Burne-Jones submitted to this ever, the American method and glass, re- dead-levelling process. On my last visit garding the latter as a distinct contribu- to him I said : "Our Sir Ed- countrymen, tion to the art. ward, have always taken the greatest in- Far from feeling hopeless, I am sure terest in your work and admired it, only there is a great future for the art so it seems to has a some- your glass, me, and that the splendidly begun ; provided what commercial Burne- appearance." artists themselves do not lose heart and Jones replied : "I have been dimly aware hope, it will come through the appreci- for it of that, but can't account ; have ation by the public of these facts : That never been quite satisfied with the ap- every window of the best periods in the pearance of windows." "I am aware my great cathedrals was intended as a work of the great demands on time, I your of art and is original, not a thing re- went and that on, suppose, therefore, and that it was con- hashed again again ; you turn over to your drawing your ceived in the spirit of its time; that each friend, the window and trust to maker, was considered for its particular purpose, his skill. Has it ever occurred to you place, and medium and that individual to to the and go glass shop yourself responsibility as well as credit should at- the whole superintend thing, arranging tach to a window as well as to a painting. lead lines, do own your your painting As Goethe says of us : if necessary, selecting your own glass, "Amerika, du hast es besser and, have to suit going further, glass Als Unser Continent, das alte, your own purposes made? Your win- Hast keine verfallene Schlosser dows would then have the same indi- Und keine Basalte. vidual character which your paintings Dich stort nicht im Innern have." "No, I have never thought of Zu lebendiger Zeit that; perhaps you are right," he replied. Unniitzes Erinnern In conclusion I will add that while ef- Und vergeblicher Streit." forts of American artists in this direc- We may regard this as an omen for tion are being appreciated in Europe, our the free development of a beautiful art. CENTER CHURCH, NEW HAVEN, CONN EAR.LY AMERICAN CHVR.CHES PART rn NOR.TH & CENTER. CHVRCHE5 IN NEW HAVEN, CONN.~ CHRJST CHVR.CH &, POHICK MEETING HOVSE NEAR. ALEXANDRIA, VA. ' BY AYMAR. EM5VR.Y D

THE MOST DELIGHTFUL FEATURE of New followed St. Martin's-in-the-Fields in Haven is the green with the three old London, built in 1726 by James Gibbs, churches which form a beautiful com- but Center Church shows a number of position and curiously enough the Gothic variations from the design of its pro- Episcopal Church was built at the same totype, and in general these variations time as its two Classic Puritan brothers have improved the building. James and was designed by the architect of one Gibbs' church was built entirely of stone, of them. The congregation of Center while the tower, cornice, etc., of the Church was the oldest of the three, and Center Church were of wood, permitting the building was the fourth to be erected lighter and more graceful proportions. on the site where in 1640 the first set- Unfortunately, in 1845 tne red brick of tlers built for their leader and minister, the structure and the white woodwork John Devenport, the first meeting house. of the cornice and ornamental parts were The present church, together with North painted a dull lead color, destroying most Church and Trinity Church was built of the effect. At this time also the in- during the war of 1812 and finished in terior of the church was quite extensive- 1814 or 1815. The architect of the Cen- ly remodeled, a low dome was introduced ter Church was Ithiel Towne, and of and possibly the reredos. added. The the other two, David Hoadly. I have framing of the steeple is a very ingeni- been fortunate enough to discover rather ous one, each story thereof being an in- more regarding the architects of these dependent structure from the one below two churches than I have been able to and continued down to the brick tower. do of the others, chiefly through the David Hoadly, the architect of North courtesy of one of Mr. Hoadly's de- Church and Center Church, was born scendants, himself an architect, and a in 1774 at Waterbury, Conn. His archi- few words about them may be of in- tecture was self-taught or gathered from terest. Ithiel Towne, who designed practical experience, either with the Center Church, was the first architect architects or contractors (who possibly resident in both of the New Haven ; he came there, combined qualities) Congre- I believe, from Hartford in 1810 and gational Meeting House at Waterbury, died there in 1844. Among his other built in 1792, and at Milford and Nor- prominent buildings were the Old State folk, Conn. In 1814 he moved with his House on the green, the Salisbury family to New Haven, built the North House on State Street, Christ Church in Congregational Church, Trinity Church Hartford, and the Merchants' Exchange and the Tontine Hotel, the Sar- in New York, afterwards used as the gent house and other houses at New either the architect or Custom House ; this was not the well- Haven, and was known building on Wall Street now oc- assisted the architect of the Old State cupied by the National City Bank, but House (now the City Hall) at Hartford. its predecessor. In his design for the He died in July, 1839. While the fol- Center Church he is supposed to have lowing does not concern the North 154 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

Church, it may be of interest to archi- requesting him to communicate with the tects and antiquarians. When the Sar- Commander of His Majesty's fleet to gent house was torn down not a very permit the free transportation of the great while ago to make room for the materials for these churches. The fol- new New Haven Library, the follow- lowing letter, addressed to Mr. John ing inscription was found on a tablet in Kingsbury of Waterbury from his broth- the foundation walls : "I have caused er, at this time Secretary of the State of this beautiful building to be erected for Connecticut, will be of interest: your use as well as for mine, & have New London, Conn., igth July, 1814. taken much pains to accommodate you Dear Brother: for which you will never pay, & being Your letter by Mr. Hoadley of Water- no relative of mine I demand that you bury I received, since which a flag has assemble your friends together on every been sent on board of one of His Maj- 26th day of May in honor of the inde- esty's ships, and I have this day received pendence of South America, it being on an answer by a Flag from his Majesty's that day in the year 1810 that the in- Ship Superb, with an open letter, ad- habitants of Buenos Ayres established a dressed to his Excellency John Cotton free government. Smith, which I shall forward to him im- "David Hoadly, Architect mediately by mail. The contents of fie "L. Butler, Mason open letter are as follows: "In compli- "D. Ritter, Script." ance to your request in favor of the It may be said in explanation of this Wardens and Vestrymen of Trinity curious inscription that Mr. Sargent was Church in New Haven, the Ships under a good friend of Mr. Hoadly and had my orders will be directed not to molest been the American Consul-General at any vessels that on examination prove to Buenos Ayres when the Revolution oc- be literally engaged in conveying from curred, and the inscription is indicative the Connecticut the materials in question of the very general interest taken in the to New Haven for the purposes of ere:t- United States in the rebellion against ing a Church." Spanish rule in South America and their It will be most proper in my opinion rejoicing over its successor. It is also for Mr. Hoadley to wait on his Excel- interesting to note that Hoadly signed lency Governor Smith and receive from himself "architect," although it is prob- him a certified copy of the permit from able that his function, as in the case of Captain Paget. Give my love to yc ur many of the other early American archi- children and accept of this from your tects, included at least some of the duties friend and brother now the contractor's, and that he was Jacob Kingsbury very truly an architect in feeling as well "John Kingsbury, Esq." as ability is indicated by his feeling that Waterbury. - the interest and love an architect puts in The blockading fleet, by the way, ^ as his works, the "pains," as he calls it, in command of Commodore Hardy, he cannot be repaid by mere money but same Hardy who received Nelson's ly- only by appreciation. The building of ing words. these three churches was difficult, since North Church at the present tim< is the lumber for them was obtained largely the more striking in appearance of the from the Connecticut River, down which two buildings, although its spire vas. it was floated in rafts and was then purposely made lower than that of the transported by boat to New Haven. As Center Church in order that the tl ree this was in war time and there was a might compose together with the Cei ter very strict blockade of the Sound points, Church the dominant mass, as befi ted the progress of the buildings was con- its age and importance in the histon of siderably impeded, so much so in fact the settlement. The North Church i > at that the work at one time was stopped the present time painted a lively md altogether. The architect, Mr. Hoadly, agreeable combination of buff and wl ite, applied to the Governor of Connecticut and the tower of this church, as we'l as p

UH tf > M

OH NORTH CHURCH (UNITED) NEW HAVEN, CONN. 158 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. in the Center Church, is plainly marked North Church is apsidal, while in the as starting from the ground and not rest- Center Church it is applied against a flat ing on the pediment. The interiors of wall. These churches have been as a the two churches are in motive a good whole, both in exterior and interior, very deal alike; each has a flat dome, pos- slightly changed since their construction sibly not part of the original design, and and remain immensely interesting and in- the motives around the pulpit are similar structive examples of early American in both churches, although that in the architecture.

CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA AND POHICK CHURCH,

Near Alexandria, Virginia

THESE TWO CHURCHES resemble each the division of the parish, it was deter- other in appearance, were built near mined to build a new church, or rather together and at about the same date. two churches, one at Falls Church and Their associations therefore are much the other at Alexandria. The architect alike, and their history touches perhaps selected was one James Wren, reputed the lives of more great men intimately to be a descendant of Sir Christopher than does that of any other church in Wren, and the contract was given to America. The original parish in which James Parsons, a builder, in the sum of both these churches stand was the parish six hundred pounds sterling. The church of Truro, and the Pohick congregation was built of brick and roofed with junip- was the original one in that part of the er shingles, the order used in the decora- parish and was the parish church of the tion of the pulpit and tables for the Com- Mt. Vernon household, the first of the mandments and the Creed being Ionic, Washingtons intimately connected with from which apparently the volutes have the church and it was now been lost the remainder of the being Augustine, ; he who nominated the first lay leader. building is supposed to have been de- From that time on the family took a signed in the Tuscan style. The gallery in the church on the in the interior was about 1800 prominent part ; added 25th of October, 1752, George Washing- and the spire somewhat later, the actual ton and George William Fairfax were date not being known to me, the orig- appointed church wardens for the ensu- inal appearance of the church being prac- ing year. The original church structure tically that of the Pohick church. It was a frame one, erected before 1732; seems that even in those days contrac- but this became inadequate, and in Octo- tors were not without their difficulties ber, 1764, Truro parish was divided be- for the building in 1772 was not com- tween the Pohick church and the congre- pleted and the original contractor tie gation now known as Christ Church, clined to proceed with the work. Colone Alexandria, George Washington becom- John Carlisle then agreed to complete ing a vestry man in both parishes. One the work for the additional amount o question which has vexed the ecclesias- two hundred and twenty pounds, an< tical antiquaries is settled by the accounts the church was finished and dedicated 01 of Pohick Church, and this is as to February 27, 1773. The pews were thei whether surplices were or were not worn sold to the members of the church in the accounts pre-Revolutionary days ; George Washington paying thirty-si: of Pohick church show that surplices pounds ten shillings for his, which, b

- were bought in 1756. the way, remains the only pew in th Alexandria was at that day quite a church in its original condition, the othe prosperous little town, and in 1765, after old square pews having been cut up int > CHRIST CHURCH, ALEXANDRIA, VA. tf CHRIST CHURCH AND POHICK CHURCH. 161 the present day or "slip" type. The pres- French, whose contract was for the ent building of Pohick Church was amount of 887 pounds. The specifica- started four years after the Alexandria tions were known as "terms of agree- Church and completed at about the same ment," and the contractor was then date. At the time of the building of known as the "undertaker." Possibly, this new church there was some discus- terms of disagreement might better de- sion as to whether the old site should fine specifications, although the contrac- be reoccupied, or whether a new site tor's former title might unhappily often should be chosen. Many people wished be employed to-day with truth. to preserve the old site, especially since From the time of completion the his- it was surrounded by a churchyard in tory of the two churches was sadly un- which the dead of the parish had been like; Christ Church continued to grow for long buried. When this discussion in wealth and in physical condition, arose, Washington at once made a sur- while Pohick Church was much neg- vey of the parish and made a map, mark- lected and in 1837 was in a very bad ing thereon the residences of the parish- state of repair. During the Civil War ioners the church was "the invaders carried off at their ; accordingly military placed at the centre of population. The pleasure any of its interior woodwork construction of the new church was for private purposes," and all that re- placed in the hands of a building com- mained of the original woodwork at the mittee of five, which contains some very close of the Civil War was the cornice distinguished names : George Washing- around the ceiling. From the conclu- ton, George William Fairfax, Daniel sion of the Civil War until 1874 no ser- McCarty and Edward Payne. The wily vices were held there, but at the latter Mr. Washington saved the architect's date a wealthy New Yorker collected commission by making the drawings him- sufficient money from New York and self, and it is reported they were drawn Philadelphia to put the church in good on white with India ink no true restoration paper ; tracing condition, although cloth was, of course, in those days un- was attempted. Beside the Revolution- known. This building, although some- ary worthies who attended these two what smaller than the Alexandria churches were many of the prominent Church, was of very similar design, and Southerners who figured in the great it is probable that Washington as a War of the Rebellion and were members vestryman of both churches had access of the parish, among them that great to the plans of Christ Church and copied leader whose career, except as to its suc- them with the necessary reductions in cess, was so singularly like that of Wash- size. The contractor was one Daniel ington ; General Robert E. Lee.

PLANNING FOR. SEATTLE'S FVTVR.E A REVIEW OF THE R.EPOR.T BY CHAS. MVLFORD ROBINSON

LATE IN THE AUTUMN of 1911 there ap- public addresses prior to 1909, no tang- peared, in the Plan of Seattle, one of the ible steps were taken until, early in that most thoroughgoing and elaborately is- year, the local chapter of the American sued studies of municipal development Institute of Architects effected a meeting which has yet been published in the of representatives from the various im- United States. Perhaps in some respects provement clubs and commercial organi- it meets the ideals of true city planning zations in Seattle. At that meeting the more nearly than does any other. When Municipal Plans League was organized. it is added that the active interest of the The exposition caused a considerable in- Washington State Chapter of the A. I. A. terruption in the League's activities dur- furnished the initial steps leading to the ing the Summer; but in the Fall a com- making of this study, there appears its mittee, representing the League, the further and special claim to the interest Chamber of Commerce, the Commercial of architects. Finally, in spite of an ex- Club and the chapter of architects, pre- traordinary amount of unpaid local work, pared an amendment to the city charter the preparation of the report involved an designed to create and finance a Munici- actual money expenditure of $50,000 an pal Plans Commission. This was pre- amount which puts it in a class in which, sented to the voters at the regular elec- to date, are only, perhaps, Mr. Burnham's tion, March 8, 1910, and became a law elaborate "Plan of Chicago," the Wash- by the largest majority ever cast for an ington plans, and the still incomplete amendment to the charter of the city. studies for Pittsburgh. Clearly the Plan The Commission as thus created was of Seattle invites attention. charged with the duty of procuring As one goes through the report, one is "plans for the arrangement of the city impressed by two distinct aspects of it. with a view to such expansion as may One is the answer to the question, how, meet probable future demands." The on the initiative of architects, Seattle was expected nature of these demands was able to secure a study of such magnitude, then specifically indicated. The Commis- made not by architects or even by local sion was to consist of twenty-one citi- men. but by an outside civil engineer zens of Seattle. Three should be mem- for the report is the work of Virgil C. bers of the City Council, elected by that other is the itself a of the of Bogue. The report body ; one, member Board its recommendations and conclusions, and Public Works, elected by its members; its is a where main laid. Of the one, Commissioner ; one, a ; emphasis County two that which is of most member of the Board of Education and aspects, gen- ; eral significance and appeal is the story one, a Park Commissioner, each elected of how the report was obtained. We by his confreres. The rest of the mem- shall take that first, as also is chrono- bers were to be the I up appointed by mayor,

I logically fitting. from nominations made from their own While the desirability of a City Plan number by a long list of organizations had been urged by certain individuals in and interests. It was required that all i66 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

members should serve without pay and Seattle in September, 1910, and with that absence from meetings for a period just a year for his work, operations were of more than thirty days without excuse immediately commenced, and every facil- should mean forfeiture of office. The ity was put at his disposal. The Commis- Commission was authorized to employ sion's financial statement shows that, from one to three city planning experts aside from the retainer and expenses of and was to be furnished suitable quar- the expert, some twenty-four thousand ters and engineering and clerical assist- dollars were expended for the engineer- ance. To finance it, there was created ing force alone during the next twelve a "Municipal Plans Commission Fund," months. This is of interest as illustrat- which should be the proceeds of a tax ing the thoroughness with which the levy of one-quarter of a mill in the year work was undertaken. 1910. Expenses must not exceed the Now, with regard to the plans them- proceeds of the levy and were to cease selves : It was resolved, after -consider- entirely after September 30, 1911. able debate, that the plan should embrace Following the election, the appoint- an area of about 150 square miles, which, ments were duly made; the Commission at the average density of population in met and organized, and thereafter held such American cities as might be fairly regular meetings every other week, be- compared to Seattle, would provide for a sides a large number of special meetings. population of slightly over a million in- At many of these, delegations were re- habitants. This insured a reasonably ceived for the discussion of particular long look ahead. aspects or phases of the work and on After an introductory chapter, wh ch some occasions so much interest was is largely historical, Mr. Bogue discusses manifested that the larger halls of the his subject under the following heads: Chamber of Commerce or of the Com- Arterial highways, civic centre, park mercial Club had to be used. Thus the improvements, municipal decorations, plans were not the result of star cham- harbor improvements, Port of Seattle, ber conferences, but every citizen had a future development of the central waler- chance to bring forward his pet ideas front, transportation. It will be per- and plead for them. This fact undoubted- ceived that the harbor and waterfront ly added greatly to the public confidence receive special emphasis in the Table of in the plans and to the popular interest Contents, and this becomes more marced in them. as one turns the pages. For, while f c ur- Very soon after the appointment of teen pages are allowed to suffice for the Commission, it selected Virgil C. highways, exclusive of forty in an \p- Bogue as the expert upon whom would pendix, ten for the elaborate civic cer tre, be placed the responsibility for the draw- seven for parks since these had t een ing of the plans. Mr. Bogue had built pretty fully covered in an earlier repo t the most difficult portions of the North- and six for municipal decorations, the ern Pacific Railroad, the mountain sec- harbor, port and waterfront have a i )tal tions of the Trans-Andean Railway in of seventy pages and sixteen out of the retained in a which are fo ded Peru ; had been consulting nineteen large maps capacity on various projects in Mexico, at the back of the book. No doubt this New Zealand, Alaska and several other predominance of a phase of city plan ling countries been chief for n uch ; had engineer which has not heretofore had - some years of the Union Pacific Rail- emphasis in American work was ery road, and had had considerable munici- natural on the part of a man of Mr. pal experience as consulting engineer to Bogue's attainments, with special q lali- Mayor Strong of New York. He had fications to discuss it; very likel} its also been retained in waterfront work in prominence is justified, in Seattle's ex- Tacoma and Seattle. Thus his attain- pectation of becoming a great port; and ments were well known locally, and at probably its emphasis is in accord vvith the same time were such as to justify what had been the wish of the Muni :ipal much faith in his ability. He arrived in Plans Commission when it selected Mr. PLANNING FOR SEATTLE'S FUTURE. I67

Bogue to make the studies. But it is so seem not at all wise to place the Civic striking a feature of the reoort whether Centre, with the large open space that the latter be judged by itself or in com- is a feature of it, at the point which parison with others that no review can gives promise of being the most con- fail to speak of it, especially in an archi- gested and, therefore, the most valuable tectural journal where the recommenda- to retail trade in the city. tions in this portion of the report invite But in the discussion of the Civic but little attention. Centre it appears that other influential In platting the highways the conclu- factors, besides that "logic" of the situa- sion was reached that "the lines of heavy tion to which reference has just been travel in Seattle would, in the main, al- made, determined its location. Unex- ways be north and south." Though pectedly, the "question of economy" the city's site is exceedingly irregular, proves to have been one. Because of careful surveys and study revealed the recent regrading, the suggested site is possibility of laying out arterial streets now "without buildings requiring pur- of convenient location with grades sel- chase under condemnation proceedings.

PLAN OP CIVIC CENTER PROJECT SEATTLE, WASHINGTON.

dom exceeding three per cent. The lo- This eliminates a requirement hardly to cating of these streets is undoubtedly one be elsewhere escaped. Furthermore, the of the most valuable contributions of the location is still at the verge of a rapidly Seattle plan. "It was found," says the expanding business area and is, conse- report, "that the lines of main arterial quently, obtainable at a comparatively highways tended to cross or approach low figure, probably not to exceed, at each other near Fourth Avenue and present valuation, $3,500,000, including Blanchard Street," and it was found, fur- the new streets, avenues and plazas im- ther, that the centre of population was mediately connected therewith." Even very close to that corner. "The logical this figure could be ultimately much re- outcome of careful study was a decision duced, through the sale of the present that the Civic Centre should be placed public building sites. Moreover, it is at Fourth Avenue and Blanchard Street." claimed that as the proposed location is This is an exceedingly interesting state- where the stream of business and traffic ment, for to many city planners it will must inevitably divide, owing to the 1 68 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

near presence of Lake Union, and the the latter will close the vista outward divided streams assume different char- from the Centre by this avenue, while acters, it would nowhere else be pos- the Civic Centre itself will offer an in- sible, in the business area, to spiring view as one from the probable emerges " obtain "the amount of land necessary to station. Another will be 'Olympic provide for a centre of suitable ampli- Mall', whose axis pierces the loftiest tude on practical grades, without inter- peak of the Olympic Range. It will ference with the natural flow of public serve as approach from the sea and at and private activities." These are cer- the shore end will some time be embel- considerations lished with a water tainly very important ; monumental gate." but it is interesting to find Mr. Bogue Finally, in lacking a sense of enclosure, still returning, with abounding confidence, the Civic Centre promises an impressive to the "logicalness" of locating the Civic air of spaciousness, though with no great Centre "at a natural conflux of arteries," actual area as compared with centres that and "at the natural junction point of a have been planned for other cities. But future rapid transit system." It is prop- that the space will be sufficient is sug- er, however, to add the author's promise gested by Mr. Bogue's emphasis on the that such location will help to relieve value of the proposed arrangement ii congestion, and that, from what may giving' distance from which the public be called the scenic standpoint, he be- buildings may be effectively seen and in lieves the site to be all that could be de- his rather novel comment, that a Civic sired. He says : Centre "should embrace an area sufficient "By a happy circumstance, the loca- to accommodate, on great occasions, larg e tion lies upon a natural eminence, so gatherings of citizens. It should," he that by a slight change of grade the says, "afford ample space for the accom- land will fall away gradually to the north, modation of pageants and for the form il south and west, while to the east occurs reception of delegations from other cities a more perceptible drop, of approximate- or foreign countries." ly fifty feet, to a proposed market-place The chapter on Municipal Decorations, on Westlake Avenue." The buildings, though largely dealing with street inter- constructed upon it will be "visible from sections and concourses, includes a dis- all the environing hills and from the cussion of building height. This is i i- harbor and Puget Sound. To appreciate teresting as another important contrib i- its full significance, one has but to re- tion to the education which we Ameri- gard its inspiring possibilities from the cans are now generally receiving on tie surrounding heights or from just be- subject. That it is not true that busi- * * * yond the immediate harbor line. ness in Seattle demands now, or will Not less impressive would be the view soon demand, very high buildings, is within and from the Centre itself. De- evidenced, Mr. Bogue believes, by tne tached from structures of more ordinary fact that "the great cities of Europe a id character by a circumferential thorough- South America those whose population fare, its noble buildings would emphasize approaches or exceeds a million hi ve the natural and exceptional beauty and grown to their present size and have con- dignity of their environments." The de- ducted a commerce equal to that of c ur " tails of the are not cities without the plan very clearly largest skyscrape ; given in the text; but, briefly, it appears and by the fact that "all the buildii gs to contemplate an ellipse penetrated by of over twelve stories in height in he great avenues converging on a central city of New York" could be placed in a point, where there will be a shaft and certain limited portion of Seattle's pi es- monument. In the arcs between these ent business district, where to-day he converging avenues the public buildings average height of the buildings is ass will be located. One street will be the than four stories. "Skyscrapers," he broad, parked Central Avenue, leading says, "do not by any means denote the direct and at no great distance to the highest civic development, rather do t icy new Union Station, so that the tower of exemplify the utter lack of consid< ra- PLANNING FOR SEATTLE'S FUTURE. 169

VIEW INTO CIVIC CENTER OLYMPIC MALL, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. tion for the better life of the city." He estingly put in the statement that "the cost suggests that the height of Seattle build- of transporting five tons by wagon will ings "should be fixed at an elevation pro- cover transportation of fifty tons by rail portionate to the open area, and, if pos- or five hundred tons by water;" and the sible, a similarity of treatment as to the following quotations give suggestion of of stories should be the of view with which this height regulated ; point part especially should a uniform height of of the planning was undertaken : "Com- cornice line be established for the build- mercially speaking, when a city ceases ings in the Civic Centre." He urges also preparation for the future, it ceases to * * * "the desirability of using light colored grow. Seattle's greatest com- * * * building material." mercial asset is her harbor. Coming to the chapters on port, water- Unless a seaport city speedily emphasizes front and transportation improvements, its natural advantages, it will encounter we come to an exhaustive discussion of the danger of being outstripped by some * * * matters *0f exceeding importance in the less favored rival. Every judi- Seattle Plan but hardly inviting review cious investment in harbor improvements here. But a significant condition is inter- should tend to decrease rather than to in-

CENTRAL AVE., LOOKING NORTH TO CENTRAL STATION, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

crease the tax rate." The recommenda- it be undertaken or that money be ex- tions put forward in this part of the re- pended thereon. On the other hand, port are urged with great earnestness, whenever in the minds of the people con- and appeal is made for an immediate be- ditions do require the fulfillment of any ginning of the work. In response to portion of the plan and funds are voted this appeal, the matter goes before the therefor by them, it may be entered up- people, for adoption or rejection, in on with every assurance of its perma- March. Those who know the Seattle nent character and lasting utility." These spirit, who read this report, and who are remarks, which happily apply with equal familiar with the great things the city force to any well-made city plan, are ad- has already done can hardly doubt the mirably put, as is also the following: outcome. "In the development of the plan the Com- In presenting the report, the Municipal mission has come to a forceful apprecia- Plans Commission emphasizes the point tion of the fact that the diverse interests that the plan is elastic; that its mere and activities, and the various sections, adoption "does not require any expen- of the city are so interwoven as to make diture whatever; nor does its adoption a simplified general plan a necessity." exclude changes and improvements not Unfortunately, of the handsome edi- specifically provided for therein." The tion of this report it was possible to Commission adds: "Its adoption means print only five hundred copies, so that simply the acceptance of it as a plan of comparatively few have found their way action, a method of procedure, and that, out of Seattle. This edition, in common when changes and developments are in- with most of its kind, is profusely illus-

itiated by the people, authorized by their trated. Not only, however, are many of : vote and ordered by the City Council, the pictures beautiful, but they are ex- they shall be made systematically. It ceptionally well chosen to illustrate aid means the ultimate saving of vast sums enforce the text. In fact, the Plan of which, in the absence of a uniform sys- Seattle makes such interesting contritu- tem, would be wasted. If the need for tion to the general subject of city plan- the fulfillment of any portion of the plan ning that a larger, even if cheaper, edi- not the fact that it is can be is does arise, em- tion, which widely circulated, , bodied in the plan does not require that much to be desired.

THE NEW BUILDING FOR THE BANKERS' TRUST CO., NEW YORK CITY. TROWBRIDGE & LIVINGSTON, ARCH'TS. PERSPECTIVE OF THE NEW OAKLAND CITY HALL, OAKLAND, CAL. PALMER & HORNBOSTEL, ARCH'TS. NEW CANAAN TOWN HALL, NEW CANAAN, CONN. 1 L"J I Edgar A. Josselyn, Architect. TOWN HALL AT HUNTINGTON. LONG ISLAND. PEABODY, WILSON & BROWN, ARCHITECTS. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

Ground Plan. TOWN HALL AT HUNTINGTON, L. I. Peabody, Wilson & Brown, Architects. ENTRANCE DETAIL TOWN HALL AT HUNTINGTON, LONG ISLAND. PEABODY, WILSON & BROWN, ARCH'TS.

"JOURNEY'S END" HOUSE OF MR. HAYDEN, LEXINGTON, MASS.

ENTRANCE DETAIL RESIDENCE OF CARL Photograph by Wurts irother SCHULTZ PETRASCH, ESQ., AT MT. KISCO, N. Y. LUDLOW & VALENTINE, ARCH'TS.

IRVING K. POND, ARCHITECT, OF CHICAGO. THE RETIRING PRESIDENT OF TK 03 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS. JHE FORTY-FIFTH ANNVAL CONVENTION OF THE AMERICAN IN5TITVTE OF ARCHITECTS THE PRESIDENT'S ADDR.E55

THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHI- Although the by-laws give the Board of TECTS is assembled once again in con- Directors almost unlimited authority to vention. It is the function of this as- act for the Institute between conventions, semblage through pronouncements and it in reality seldom does act in other carefully considered enactments to min- than its executive and judicial capacity. ister to the welfare of the Institute, and Officers, boards and committees find suffi- incidentally, in so doing minister to the cient exercise for their powers in per- well being of the profession at large, forming the duties prescribed in consti- for the status of the entire archi- tution and by-laws, and in trying to carry tectural profession in America is de- out the expressed will of the Institute. termined by the pulse beat of the Ameri- In short, officers, boards or committees can Institute of Architects. A realiza- do not make laws or rules for the Insti- tion of this fact must fill the Institute tute, but the Institute in convention members with a certain sense of respon- makes the laws or rules, and officers, sibility. boards or committees endeavor to put Let us hope that the deliberations of them into execution. the forty-fifth convention may be con- Let this be remembered in discussing ducted with the same idea of advancing the questions which arise or in commentr ethical and aesthetic standards and in ing on the activities of any executive the same spirit of mutual concession and branch of the Institute. harmony which prevailed in San Fran- The committees of the Institute de- cisco last year. Animated and forceful serve the most grateful recognition. The debates are to be welcomed for their in- time and energy spent by many commit- vigorating and clarifying qualities, but tees in carrying out the will of the Insti- the many-sided problems which are liable tute is exceedingly great, and only the to seek solution at this time should be initiated can appreciate the continuing discussed altogether upon their, merits, sacrifice. The committee chairmen of without personal animus, and respectful necessity bear the brunt, but their labors consideration should be paid any idea may be lightened by sympathetic support which is advanced for the general good. within the committee. Therefore, for Ideas and not individuals or committees the good of the cause, may your presi- rule in the American Institute of Archi- dent suggest that hereafter any commit- tects. Too often when the activities of teeman who feels the shroud of apathy the -Institute have been under considera- drawing around him, or one who, by ill tion, both in convention and in public health, is incapacitated, or one who for and private discussion, it has been as- any reason cannot come to his task with sumed that the officers or the board or clean hands, should resign and let active, the committees were trying out some spe- pure blood fill the place. cial scheme of their own, whereas in fact Under our expanding conditions com- they were endeavoring solely to carry mittee work is bound to become more out the instructions of the convention. and more complicated and burdensome to

[EDITOR'S NOTE. The convention for 1911 was held on December 12th, 13th, and 14th at the New Willard Hotel Washington, D. C., and was presided over by President Irving K. Pond. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD wishes to give the widest publicity to the purposes of the In- stitute, and to .ioin with its members in an endeavor to supply reliable information to all those interested in architecture the Architect, the Owner and the Builder. We feel that the following papers and reports will be read by thousands and that a better understanding between architect and client cannot help be established.] 1 86 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. the individual, and therefore it seems to gest to him that under the rule of com- your president that the office of the secre- mon decency he has no right to play one tary not only, and as speedily as possible, architect as a pawn against another, or should be put upon a modern business seek to command the highest technical basis, but should be equipped to be the and professional skill at a price at which centre of committee operations, all mate- the scantiest and most indifferent service rial being gathered by subordinates in cannot begin honestly. the office, formulated and disposed under The operations of the code to date the direction of the various committee would seem to indicate that the public heads. This means increased expendi- recognizes their worth and inherent jus- ture, but in no other manner, it would tice to a wider extent than does the pro- seem, can the growing committee work fession even, for in a multitude of in- be prosecuted to the relief of the indi- stances clients, upon seeing the code, vidual and the welfare of the Institute. have voluntarily modified their program, It seems desirable at this time to reaffirm while in more than one instance an "un- certain of the principles for which the professional" competition has been con- Institute stands, that the willful perver- ducted because the architect involved did sions of many and the ignorance of few, not attempt to familiarize the client with mainly outside of, though sometimes the code, or because the architect in- within the organization, may not serve volved did not wish a fair competition, to lessen the good influence the Insti- relying on "personality" and "pull" to tute seeks to exert. land the prize. The American Institute of Architects Another principle on which the Insti- stands as guardian of the interests of the tute firmly rests is that in its membership client and the community quite as much shall be included only men of the fullest as the welfare of the individual practi- moral and intellectual stature, men who tioner and the profession generally. Its will not betray their client, men who will codes are to protect the client as well as not try to deceive themselves, men who the architect. Its fundamental ethical hold the welfare of the community para- principle is based upon the idea of jus- mount to their own or their clients' indi- tice and fair dealing as between man and vidual interest, men who know the valu* man, be they architect and client or of beauty and decency as a commune 1 architect and architect a asset and are to sacrifice; ; -upon recog- willing make nition of individual rights and individual for the ideal, men who know that thi duties. If schedules are established, it is relationship between personal moralit/ not that the architect may have a lever and the power to create ideal beauty i i with which to pry loose undeserved the individual is very intimate, men wh ) money from the client but that both know that the capacity to appreciate ide; 1 client and architect may have an authori- beauty rests upon a groundwork of broa 1 tative basis on which to compute values. culture and deep sentiment rather tha i If codes of ethics are formulated, it is upon commercial success. The defectic i that the unthinking and morally untu- from its ranks of men wanting in tre tored may know what always instictively above qualities cannot permanently ( r has guided the actions of unselfish and long, if at all, cripple the work of .i\ e fair-minded men and themselves be Institute, even though in popular est - guided. mation they hold an exalted place in tl e - If competition codes have been put in- profession. The strength of the Ame to effect, it is not that the rights of the ican Institute of Architects lies not n client be interfered with, or the liberty the number but in the moral and artist c of the architect be limited, but that the calibre of its members. duties of each under the premises may Personally, your president would h; il be made manifest, and if the schedule the time when the correct apprehensic n and canons of ethics are incorporated in and application of the ethics of busine ^s the competition code, it again is not to and of competitions and of the set ru !e curtail the right of the client, but to sug- shall be as a matter of subconscious pc r- GEORGE B. POST, ARCHITECT, OP NEW YORK CITY, RECIPIENT OF THE GOLD MEDAL, OF THE A. I. A., PRESENTED DEC. 13, 1911. 1 88 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

formance in the mind of the practitioner the American Institute of Architects is and the period of the Institute reunions not a monopoly, for it does not contain be given up to the cultivation of the all the morally-minded and technically- social amenities and the development of skilled members of the profession. In- the sociological, ethical and aesthetic deed, there are many outsiders who con- plans of architectural art. Personally, sider themselves ethically and aesthetical- your president would rather in this, his ly superior to any individual and cpllec- final address, consider the aspect of our tive exhibit the Institute can make. The^ American civilization and the possibili- aesthetic phase may be ignored now, but ties of its adequate expression in archi- how do they square the ethical? Their tecture, but the reports from various position seems to be that of one who committees of the board indicate that rises early, surreptitiously reads his certain ethical questions are ripe for dis- neighbor's newspaper and returns it cussion and cannot be ignored by the properly folded to the door stoop, enjoy- president at this time, and he, therefore, ing the fruits of the neighbor's toil with- without arguing the case, suggests, and out sharing the cost. Less than one-fifth he hopes needlessly, that the convention of the number of so-called practicing consider seriously, unimpassionately and architects of the United States are in the impersonally all phases of the matter be- Institute, and this little one-fifth asks to fore changing radically the essential ideas be permitted to turn over to the big four- underlying any code of the Institute. fifths the work of any client who does Consider carefully if a backward moral not desire to play fair. At the same time will result from the con- the Institute in no to in- step change ; way presumes sider if in any sense just relations be- terfere with the rights of individual con- tween man and man will be impaired. tract on the part of one of its members. Whatever has tendered to impede health- This attitude hardly smacks of monopoly ful action may well be cut away, but con- or of trade unionism. The Institute is sider carefully before touching the vital not unfair when it suggests yes, in- parts. sists that at least the minimum rate pre- If any phase of the competition code, vail in competitions. Ignoring the great so-called, comes under consideration, economic waste involved in competitions, please remember that individuals, many for which the client never can compen- of them, and chapters even, have come sate, the minimum rate is none too large into the Institute knowing the full mean- for the service of men of Institute calibre, ing and bearing of that code and intend- whether in the Institute or not, and it is ing to live up to it, and let this fact have fully within the province of the Insti- weight with the older members. Re- tute as an altruistic body to aid a man member, too, that great municipalities in the establishment of his right and in are favorable to it, one at least having the accomplishment of his duties. A man introduced it into its charter. may have a legal right to sell himself Remember that great corporations and for less than the value his creator in- institutions have considered it favorably, tended should be placed upon him but and that only politics and ignorance have he has no moral right, and no body of condemned it in principle and let this morally-minded men is going to organize fact count in your deliberations. Clear to aid and abet him in his self prostitu- up ambiguities in all the codes but main- tion. The Institute has saved many 2 tain all standards of fairness and justice man from himself. Your president de in personal dealing. plores again the seeming necessity foi Some little time since the American referring to these matters of profession- Institute of Architects was jocularly de- al ethics which should long ago hav< nominated a "gigantic trust." In some stirred minds and consciences to sub quarters this "soft impeachment" was conscious activity and have not. regarded seriously so seriously, indeed, Your president had the honor to repre that your president was asked to refute sent the Institute at the Ninth Inter the charge in print. Certain it is that national Congress of Architects in Ronii CONVENTION OF AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS. 189

being also one of those delegated to forward step we take aids them, as every represent the government of the United advance they make reacts as a direct States. Matters pertaining to the con- benefit to us. gress are fully set forth in the committee Your president cannot refrain from re- reports. It also was the good fortune of ferring at this time to the loss which not your president to be present at the Coun- only he personally, but the whole Insti- cil dinner and at the opening session of tute, sustained in the untimely death of the Royal Institute of British Architects John M. Carrere. Especial mention of where he had the honor to second the Carrere's enthusiastic work and unselfish vote of thanks to President Leonard service to the Institute was made in the Stokes for his excellent inaugural ad- president's address one short year ago. dress. The cordial reception of your To-day he is not with us, but his gentle president shows the high esteem in which spirit is upon us as a benediction. The your Institute is held. Messages of Institute has lost a power, and every kindest regard were given to your presi- member has lost a friend. dent to transmit to this body. The The program is so full that your problems which the Royal Institute of president refrains from further in- British Architects are called upon to truding upon the time of the con- solve much resemble our own, and everv vention. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON

EDUCATION, A. I. A. RALPH ADAMS CRAM, Chairman

SOME FOUR OR FIVE YEARS ago this com- leges apparently fail to appreciate the mittee began a systematic study of edu- importance not only of a complete archi- cational conditions in America as these tectural department, but also of general to architecture in the courses in the fine arts for the whole apply ; beginning it devoted itself to the development of undergraduate body. Second, that there what, with unjustifiable assurance, per- is apparently a very complete lack of in- haps, may be called a philosophy of terest among architects as to the kind architectural education it initiated of education is or ; then and quantity that may a more careful scrutiny of scholastic be offered by the recognized schools or facts and a preliminary effort to make other agencies of training. these facts fit its theories, or, when such On the other hand, let it be said at correspondence seemed impossible, to once that both these statements must be modify the facts themselves rather than qualified by testimony of an encourag- abandon its preconceived and tenderly ing nature; in no case are any of the cherished opinions. During the past organized schools of architecture found year more than ever before it has ap- to be hide-bound or unfriendly, all are plied itself to correspondence and inves- ready to receive suggestions and to act tigation, and in this process it has had on them when they justify themselves borne in upon itself two facts of salient or when such action is materially pos- significance; first, that while definite sible, while the cold and almost unbrok- steps have been taken in at least one en silence that was the sole reply re- university toward making the more ceived by the committee to its circular strictly architectural training a graduate letter sent to every member of the Insti- course, many degrees in architecture still tute, and the response from the presi- represent courses that embrace too little dents of chapters to the letter sent training in those branches of study that them (a response cordial only by con- tend to the broader development of the trast), were mitigated by the enthusias- students, and in many localities the col- tic and grateful letters received from THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. i go one or two unanticipated sources, and was the first to accept our suggestions by the active interest that has developed and establish definite courses for extra- at several widely isolated points. collegiate students in applied mathe- In spite of this, however, we are still matics, construction, history, ornament impressed with the loss that follows and design. These were given under from a too great individualism in edu- university auspices in the building of cation and the singularly languid inter- the Society of Engineers, downtown, est in educational matters that marks the and were surprisingly successful, except profession as a whole, and this year we in the case of the history course, which are about to try an experiment, nothing acquired no popularity whatever. This less, indeed, than an educational confer- committee was convinced that extension ence on the first evening of this con- work, to fulfill all its possibilities, should vention, to which we have asked each be downtown, near the architectural of- chapter to send a delegate, in the hope fices, but the cost was very great and, that so we may take a first step toward as a matter of fact, the many students co-ordinating the educational interests saw no objection to going uptown to of the country, eliciting direct state- University Heights, therefore this year ments from the several sections as to the courses are being given at Columbia, conditions, desires and possibilities, and and are as last year except that the stimulating interest in this fundamental general course in history has been omit- and vastly important consideration. ted and its place taken by detailed his- We believe the results of this confer- torical courses; ancient architecture this ence may be of interest, but they can season, to be followed by mediseva be available only for the use of the com- architecture next year. The work no\\ mittee of next year, and since the con- provided by Columbia covers practical- ference itself may safely serve as a ly all the first and second year work in safety-valve for the theories of this the architectural department of the co - committee and its conferees, it is not lege, the courses being properly called necessary this year for us to burden the "extension" courses; there are eleven convention with them, rather we may courses in all, with a total registration : pass at once to a categorical considera- of 134, many individual students, o tion of the concrete facts that we have course, being registered several times ; to report to the Institute. the fees range from $5 to $20 for each And first as to the circular letters course. Elementary drawing is natural- emitted by this committee; these were ly the most popular, with twenty- fou considered both eloquent and stimulat- students; history the least desired, for ing (by the committee itself), yet four only six have entered in the two courses responses only were received to the let- offered, a sad commentary on the ideals ter to members, one from Seattle, one and the breadth of view of the arch - from South Carolina (very appreciative tectural draughtsman. and encouraging) and two from Phila- In Philadelphia, last year, the Univej - delphia, one from without the Institute sity of Pennsylvania, at the instigation being a request for information in re- of this committee, instituted classes in to facilities for architectural mathematics and this the; e gard study history ; year in that city. The letter to presidents of courses are being continued, with tl e chapters has been fully answered by addition of the whole matter of archi-

Philadelphia, Washington, D. C., Los tectural design, which, carried on : o Angeles and Pittsburgh Boston, New long and successfully by the T-Squa e York and Detroit being also fully re- Club, has now been surrendered to tl e ported on by members of this commit- university, where the students get tie tee. It has been acknowledged and re- benefit of the college faculty and t! e ferred to committees by Colorado and library. Illinois. "The rest is silence." In Boston all efforts to get hold >f It may be remembered from our re- some of the funds available for exte i- port of last year that Columbia College sion work have thus far failed, and it RALPH ADAMS CRAM, ARCHITECT, OF BOSTON, MASS. CHAIRMAN OF THE COM- MITTEE ON EDUCATION, A. I. A. THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. 1 92 has remained for the Architectural Club ering those problems in geometry, de- to shoulder the whole responsibility, as scriptive geometry and trigonometry it has done in the past, and finance it which lead most directly to the prob- from its own exchequer, with some as- lems the draughtsman will have to solve of in the office the construction course is sistance from the Boston Society ; Architects, and certain members of the elementary, dealing not with mathemati- profession. Except in name and its lack cal questions so much as with methods of official support, this is practically uni- of construction and the characteristics of the best of materials the course is broad versity extension work and ; history most highly organized quality, although and comprehensive, illustrated with lan- not strictly speaking extension work, as tern slides and showing the principal the courses are not identical with courses steps in the development of the several given in any college and do not count styles and ending with a practical dem- toward any established degree. The onstration by examples of ancient and activities are enormous, the registration modern work, of the application of prec- equally so; the instructors are the pick edent to actual problems. In contrast to of the Harvard and Technology Facul- the experience of Columbia, it is inter- ties, including Professor Warren and M. esting to note that this course began

Duquesne : the enthusiasm quite unex- with a registration of 16, and has sine; ampled. There are courses in architec- increased to 25. tural drawing, design (four sub-clas- In Los Angeles the local Architec- ses), mathematics, construction and his- tural Club maintains four classes, viz., tory; there. is also a life class. Follow- out-of-door sketching, construction, ing the suggestion of this committee, it drawing from the life and design, the has divided its classes into four groups, latter admitting to competition for an so that all students are expected to ac- annual scholarship of $1,000. quire education instead of indulging in In Detroit there is no architectural there education of the kind are conside '- specialization ; are, first, prelimin- we and mathematics or- but the School of ary design ; second, ing, new Design msy der problems, drawing from casts, con- possibly initiate such courses. The struction; third, Class B plan problems, University of Michigan has announced drawing from life and history; fourth, its readiness to give extension courses - Class A plan problems, drawing from in architecture in Detroit whenever the e life and history. Every student taking is a demand for them. a design course is expected to take the In Pittsburgh and Chicago we find no other courses in the group, and are so need for extension courses in addition doing in almost every case. to the work already being accomplish* d The first is to all several local In Seattle a 1- group open comers ; by agencies. the three other groups to members of vances have been made toward draught s- the club. Each suppplementary course men, but they fail to respond to the c f- comprises twenty-five lectures, and the fers of instruction at night in design fees for the whole first and the allied courses of t ic are, group, $8 study ; for non-members or $2 for club mem- State University is not inclined to ren- bers, and for the other three groups, der any assistance, and nothing is bei ig ranging from $2 to $12 a course in ad- done. In Denver only very limited dition to the usual club dues. The total architectural education is provided by registration is 194, there being over 100 the State University, such as there is individual students. being merely an adjunct of the engine r- The design problems are carried on ing department and without the dir c- under the competition rules of the So- tion of any professor of architecture, or of Beaux Arts Architects the of a of a ed. ciety ; even graduate recogni; mathematics, construction and history school of architecture. An advan< ed course are laid out on the assumption course has been under considerati >n, that little outside work can be expected and may possibly be put into effect n xt (none being required), the mathematics year. is distinctly "applied mathematics," cov- From Washington, D. C., we recer ed CONVENTION OF AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS. 193 a most thorough and altogether admir- Institute licensing for architects, we can able on local conditions a our of last report ; special only repeat argument year, committee investigated the question ful- viz., that in the opinion of this commit- ly, noted the inefficiency of several tee a man should be tried, tested and agencies of evening instruction, the "admitted to practice" by his peers, i. e., creditable work in design carried on by the American Institute of Architects, the Architectural Club, the unfortunate precisely as a lawyer is admitted to the abandonment of a regular department bar by his peers. Until this is possible in Geo. Washington University through we would like to see Institute member- pressure of material considerations, and ship accepted by all licensing boards as offered specific suggestions to its chap- satisfactory evidence of fitness to prac- ter as to what it could and should do tice, as is now done in New Jersey and in co-operation with the Architectural Colorado, if this can be shown to cause Club in its educational work, the giving no confusion through the acceptance of of talks on the general conduct of the two standards which may or may not be architectural professions and the imme- on a par with each other. We believe diate concentration of its efforts toward that in the main the licensing boards are establishing a chain of. architecture in composed largely, if not entirely, of such a way as to use to best advantage architects, and that it is of the utmost the various educational opportunities of importance that where this is not so the the city. If all chapters would appoint laws should be properly amended and committees that would analyze local that all possible precautions should conditions in this thorough manner and everywhere be taken to insure the ap- present definite plans of action in as pointment to these boards of none but forceful a way much would be accom- men of the highest professional stand- plished. ing. From Columbia, South Carolina, this This committee has been deeply and committee received one of its most en- unfavorably impressed for many years couraging and appreciative letters. At by the lack of knowledge of the most the University of South Carolina a class rudimentary architectural ideas, and a in architecture has been carried on for corresponding contempt and disregard four years, with considerable success. therefor, exhibited by many engineers, The university authorities are keenly as well as those of eminence and inter- alive to the desirability of a regular national reputation as those of more course in architecture, but no funds are modest attainments. In some instances available. An evening class open to all this ignorance and contempt are appar- students and local draughtsmen has been ently complete and have resulted (in started, and the first steps taken toward cases that have come under the observa- the establishing of general educational tion of members of the committee) in courses in architecture. mutilated architecture and, in the end, The question of a graded plan of actual loss of efficiency in certain struc- credits in architectural study was re- tures, and a very real financial loss. In ferred to this committee by the last con- one instance a group of architects was vention since the called to do it could ; then Architectural upon what toward League has published its revised and redeeming artistically an engineering amplified schedule, and we commend project already structurally complete; this to the attention of members, with- the engineering here was wilful in its out analysis or criticism, both of which, defiance of all architecural laws of plan- we believe, lie rather within the province ning, and the result was both ugly and of the same professional educators. Such a plan extravagant ; subsequently may well be initiated and blocked out group of architects had the initiative in by architects, but the technical discus- a similar project, and the contrast be- sion is a matter for those to conduct to tween the two results was notable whom would fall the duty of putting even by the strictly utilitarian owners. the plan in operation. As a matter of fact, the training of an As to the matter of State licensing vs. architect gives him a singularly broad 9% 194 THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD

and comprehensive vision, while that of general and architectural, literature, is so intensive it and Latin or to structural the engineer frequent- philosophy ; ly produces what one distinguished col- engineering, without a compensating lege president has denominated "mere study of that civilization, both past and narrow-minded specialists." present, that should condition all he With this in mind, this committee does. We have found that in the ex- opened negotiations with the several tension courses that now exist except schools of engineering, and at the time in the case of Boston lectures on his- this formulated had received are the least this for report was tory popular ; year, answers from Washington University, example, New York could produce only St. Louis, the University of Illinois, one man to take ancient architectural Ohio State University, the University of history in the evening classes^ and but California, Massachusetts Institute of five for the mediaeval history, while Technology, and Cornell. Our recom- twenty-four students took architectural mendations were to the effect that joint drawing. This is all very natural, for problems should be given for both engi- the driving motive is quick increase of neering and architectural students with pay, but it means, if continued in, sim- such reciprocal instruction as would ply one thing, and that is an overplus make such joint work possible, the idea of clever but essentially ignorant being that every architectural student draughtsmen, who will remain such to should have a definite minimum of struc- the end of their days, and a dearth of tural and engineering education, every men of sufficient cultivation and intel- student in engineering a definite mini- ligence to become efficient practitioners mum of architectural and cultural train- of architecture. Apart from the schools, ing. All the correspondents stated it as also, the architect himself may have a their opinion that the idea was a good hand either in perpetuating an evil, o." one. establishing a good. We are all prone, This matter is one of greater impor- for commercial reasons, to drive a man.

tance than appears on the surface. For who is particularly able in one lim , several generations all education in straight along that narrow line, with i America has tended toward "free elec- look neither to the right or left. If h; tives," high specialization, "bread and makes catchy sketches, he is forced t) butter" courses, the object of which was sketch himself into the grave of water/ to make the student a wage-earning ani- deliquescence; if he is a good detaikr mal at the earliest moment and in the of Georgian or Gothic ornament, re line of narrow, intensive activity. The hammers at it from year to year exactly result has had its limitations so far as as the man behind the machine in a the making of character and the devel- shoe factory puts on heels for eigl t opment of culture and education are con- hours a day, year after year, until h s cerned. Within five years an amazing brain is atrophied, and he assaults tl e change has revealed itself, and now the motor man or the elevator boy "to c ;- pendulum swings back again toward cape," as Chesterton says, "from tie broader and more liberal culture, with hell of bare existence." a certain amount of faculty authority Such a course may be in line with t ic taking the place of aft uncertain amount principles of "efficiency" in office ma i- of undergraduate license. We cannot agement, and profitable for the arcl i- lag behind this great reform, which is tect, though this committee is inclined to one of the most significant and encour- doubt it, but no one can claim that it aging events of recent times. Our is quite fair to the draughtsman. L; st schools must see to it that every archi- year we laid stress on the very real ol li- tectural student is first of all an edu- gation that rests on the employer to ee cated gentleman, in the old sense of the that his men have all possible opportu li- phrase; that he does not give all 1 is time ties for outside study, and that they re to design problems or rendering exer- urged to take advantage of all such >p- to the both offered them this ^ve cises, exclusion of history, portunities ; year CONVENTION OF AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS. 195 add to this a recommendation for mercy his employees, his clients, his fellow to the specialized draughtsman, and a architects, the public and the American plea that so far as possible he be given Institute of Architects. opportunities to develop on lines other It has come to our attention that in than those which capacity or accident some of the schools no consideration have laid down for him. After all there whatever is given to modeling; now in was a certain rough generosity and jus- the opinion of the committee this is a tice as well as a strong sporting ele- very regrettable fact. Not only is sculp- ment in the custom of the late Joseph ture so intimately allied with architec- Pulitzer, of suddenly transposing the ture that it would appear almost neces- Wall Street and society editors, in giv- sary that some slight practice should be ing the baseball editor the music criti- given in its elements, but it is demon- cisms for a month, and in intrusting to strated that modeling is the best pos- the political prophet the religious func- sible method whereby students may be tions of the week. The element of brought to think in three dimensions humor the results as rather than two a state of mind prevented being ; which hard on the public as would a similar is the foundation of architectural ideas. shake-up in an architect's office, for All the great architects of the Quattro- humor is not a marked characteristic cento and the Cinquecento to go no of the average client. We do not urge further back were sculptors as well as measures so drastic or so revolutionary, architects, sometimes sculptors before we only urge that the natural right of they became architects. We recognize the draughtsman to life, liberty and the drawing from life as an essential part of pursuit of happiness which simply architectural training. This committee means that the man who has drawn is disposed to prolong this to its logi- nothing but classical mouldings for four cal conclusion and to urge on the sev- years would like a chance at a set of eral schools that, in graduate courses at quarter scale plans now and then least, practice in modeling should be should be regarded by the architect and continued to the point where the student cheerfully conceded. is given practice in modeling the human Two other matters have been consid- figure in the round. ered by this committee, that of definite We have no further light en the ques- teaching in the several architectural tion of the formal relations of draughts- schools of the rudiments of professional men to the institute, and can only re- ethics and the nature and function of iterate our statement of last year to the the institute, and that of the relation effect tfyat some form of such relation- of juniors and draughtsmen thereto. ship is, in our opinion, most important. Columbia and Pennsylvania already We referred to three possibilities in our have such definite ethical teaching, and last report; junior membership in the Cornell also, though perhaps not quite several chapters, a junior body asso- so out ciated with but not an of formally worked ; the others cov- integral part er the ground in a measure, and in an the institute, and membership in the indirect way. In the opinion of this Architectural League, which might bear committee such teaching is not only of the same relationship to the institute the the utmost value, but it cannot achieve Architectural Association bears to the its full effect until it is given directly, Royal Institute of British Architects. and treated as a matter of importance We still give our conditional approval equal to design, construction and mathe- to the last of these schemes in prin- matics. We urge, therefore, on all the ciple at least but the question, while schools, consideration of the question one of vital and pressing importance, is whether it is not well for them to pro- so complex in its ramification that it vide specifically in their curricula for a requires more extended study. regular, even if brief, course, in archi- Finally, and lest we should break our tectural practice, as this manifests itself record of infallibility in the production through the relations of an architect to of tenuous theories and possibly im- ARCHITECTURAL RECORD. 196 THE practical principles, we desire to say a Everywhere the architect finds himself word as to that education of the public engaged in a preliminary and some- which should be a corollary to the edu- times losing battle in defense of the cation of the architect. A public right simplest principles of artistic integrity in instinct or trained in matters of art and professional dignity and rectitude. will act as the demand which, accord- Is it not clear, therefore, that to re- ing to a law of economics, is sure to store the balance, something more should produce the supply, but conversely a be done towards general education of trained body of architects is by no the public? In many of the great State means sure to breed a trained apprecia- universities that are such an enormous tion. We have in America the best power in this country, there are evi- and most efficient group of architectural dences of a movement towards the es- schools, by and large, to be found any- tablishment of schools of architecture. where in the world. Each may perhaps Instead of giving this movement a be bettered in one way or another, in general approval, let us rather urge effi- minor ways, but the great question that cient and comprehensive departments of is really before us is not the improve- the Fine Arts, not for the benefit of ment of the schools, or the increase of specialists, but for the general student their numbers, for while certain sections body. Let us use such influence as of the country might well support a first we have towards ensuring the inclusion class school, we are strongly opposed to in this broader curriculum of a proper the multiplication of those that are sec- study of the Fine Arts, not as in them- ond rate it is not the of the selves of intensive ; raising examples specializa- many schools of this class to a rank of tion, but as an essential part of all civili- first until and future not as importance, every college and zation, past, present ; university has its own school of archi- technical and historical courses, but ir tecture, it is rather the education of the the light of that true philosophy oi public or to speak reasonably and not aesthetics that sees art as an essentia in hyperbole a portion of the public, part of a well rounded man and of the to a point where they will understand civilization he creates; as one of the what architecture is, what it represents truest tests and exemplars of the his and what the of architecture of and of their contri profession tory any peoples is and stands for. Of course, there are bution to civilization, and as a cultural certain types of civilization that produce study that cannot be eliminated from as a by-product just this artistic appre- any adequate education. With this ai ciation, this comprehension of art and a foundation in any college, the ste > demand for it as a mode of self-expres- towards a professional school of archi- sion; there are other types which do tecture would be easy, but in the mear - nothing of the kind, and unfortunately time the good that could be done in i\\i our own appear to belong to this lat- building up of a few centres of artist j ter class. How far we can fight an appreciation amongst the people woul 1 established type of civilization, impos- be incalculable, and we cannot tco ing on it from without a new set of strongly insist on the point that schoo s ideas, is a debatable question. We have of architecture, however good, fail ( f tried the experiment and after many their full effect unless the men th( y modes with, it must be confessed, rather train find themselves when they gradu- indifferent results. Our municipal and ate and begin to practice, in touch, n >t State governments seem to be generally with scoffing or indifferent materialisi s, averse to artistic ideals in any form, but with a people needing art o in one or except two singularly favored express a best that is really in the .1. communities. Our colleges and church- and clamorous for artists of all kin Is es are indeed a new but in a seeing light, to do the work ; not, woi d, the great financial powers are, if any- with barbarians, but with civiliz :d thing, following a retrograde course. men. NOTES AND O MMENTS

The announcement, The leading editorial has been quite incon- in the latest issue of the "Town Re- CHICAGO spicuously made in the AN Planning of the country, view" is a seriously in- press ILL-CHOSEN RAILROAD that the Illinois Central tended, but really rather TERMINALS. Railroad and the South SITE. amusing, account of the Park Commissioners of artistic objections to Chicago have made a the selected site for the VII contract which practically insures the carry- King Edward Memorial Statue. This ing out of the plan for grouping the Chicago site is the Piccadilly end of the Broad Walk passenger terminals, is really the most im- in Green Park, London, and it was chosen portant item of city planning and architec- because it would place the statue in close tural news which has been given out for connection with Buckingham Palace and the some time. It means that the great lake neighboring parks apparently without much front project can be realized as planned, that thought of the artistic handicaps which the site involve. Twelfth street, terminating in the vista of might The Broad Walk was the new station of the Illinois Central, will constructed primarily to afford a vistral view be widened into a nobly proportioned boule- from Piccadilly across Green Park to the vard on which will front new terminals for Queen Victoria Memorial, and thus it will a dozen railroads, and that there will be be exceedingly difficult, to say the least, to undertaken for the whole improvement a put a statue in it without either making total expenditure figured roughly at not less the statue markedly subordinate, or else de- than a hundred millions and possibly far ex- feating the purpose of the Walk. To be ceeding that amount. With some modifica- sure, King Edward did have a subordinate tions which are not very radical this will be position most of his life; but it seems rather a realization of an important and well known rough on him to perpetuate that phase of his career in part of the Burnham plan, and it will lend the Memorial Statue. Further- to Chicago an air of grandeur, and efficiency more, it is scarcely conceivable that if a statue is raised to him in the Broad it and beauty, just where these things are now Walk could do else than face the statue of particularly lacking, and where they will be greater the Mother. other would most in evidence to strangers. Chicago has Queen Any position be if else. But in so done a number of big things and done them disrespectful, nothing doing, it would turn its back on Piccadilly, well; but for the most part they are not presenting an unfortunate spectacle to the located where the stranger sees them with- crowds whom it most should interest. And out making special trips for the purpose or all the time, even at this sacrifice of any where he gets any benefit from them. The pretensions of its own, it would be blocking great benefit of the work now to be under- the Piccadilly view of the Queen Victoria taken will be of course to the people of Memorial, which the Broad Walk was de- Chicago, but it will be one in which every signed to insure. The instance offers a stranger may share. It lags not years many striking illustration of the complexities behind the and New York im- Washington which beset the placing of urban sculpture, provements in terminals, but in its passenger lightheartedly as the task is often under- scope it will far outdo them. taken. 198

These wise words on ments as they pay their rent. Tenants never civic art are included in own their houses, the ownership remaining FOUNDATIONS a paper by Edward T. in the society, for it is held to be often a drawback to to OF CIVIC Hartman, the secretary a workingman have a house of the Massachusetts on his hands for which he must find a pur- Civic League. They do chaser if he desires to move. On the other not state quite all the hand, his interest in the welfare of the so- truth; but they state ciety is assured through his ownership of much of it which it is well, and sadly neces- shares. If he moves away, his investment sary, to emphasize: "Beauty cannot easily is returned to him, and thus he can leave at be engrafted upon rottenness. People are thort notice. The income on the share capi- beginning to see that in a town in which tal is limited, so that outside shareholders every house is of good design and in which may not be tempted to "sweat" the land; maintenance work is carefully looked after but any profits that accrue after the pay- there are those elements of art which, when ment of the limited interest may be divided combined, make for a beautiful community. among tenant members as a rent bonus. The town of Bournville, in England, ... is Very interesting also, from a pictorial stand- beautiful in all its parts. Civic art has point, is the statement that it is not do- never been heard of there, as a problem sired "to scatter our small holders' houses within itself, simply because it has always in isolation in the fields; but rather, to carry been looked upon as an inherent part in the out the mediaeval plan of a central hamlet development of the community. The people from which the holdings radiate. Men and of Bournville have not had to try to 'graft women, as well in the country as the town, impossible stone acanthus leaves' upon store- hate isolation, and one of the points >n box architecture, upon unpaved streets, and which will depend the success of the Smitll upon neglected backyards. Outdoor art is Holdings movement will be this of the po- a part of the constructive work of the com- sition of the cottages. munity. It is only when we make mistakes in work that our fundamental we have to go The limit of building back and try to make good other pro- by height variously i n- cesses." TWO posed by the cities of the United States and INTERESTING Very interesting, while a discussion of tie Americans are talking TOPICS. construction of pul lie about the improvement convenience CO-OPERATIVE stations ire ; of is the country life, the two striking fu- RURAL, arrival from of England tures of the Fourth Annual Report of Ha rt- HOUSING. some circulars describ- ford's official Commission on the City P.1 in. a formed ing recently Each is of interest to architects, and the it- Rural Co-partnership tie which pamphlet contains them renders] Housing Association. to When one comes data available which otherwise is not c >n- think of it, the development is an entirely veniently at hand. natural one. Garden cities and Garden The inquiry as to building height o di- suburbs, which are proving so popular a suc- nances was undertaken at the request of the cess beyond the are for sea, predicated, all Hartford Municipal Art Society. The re- their garden features, on city life. The well sults are tabulated with some detail, sc as known and successful Ten- Co-partnership to show exactly the restrictions imposed It ants' Societies as Baling, Hampstead, and is enough, perhaps, to say here that eac: of Bournville make use of these city-created the following cities is listed as imposing in communities. There remains the problem of one way or another, a limit beyond w iicM rural housing, and it is not that surprising no building in the city shall be construct ^d ] the plans so successfully appled for cheap though towers and spires are sometimes ex-ut- given trial in the country. side the fire limits), . Cleveland, Denver, Los Briefly, the now society, fully organized, is Angeles, Louisville (outside the fire dis- designed to consist of a of group tenant trict), Portland, Ore., Providence,. Roche ster members and of outside shareholders, who and San Francisco. The list is not om- develop land in the interests of those who plete, for Chicago at least is omitted; but live upon it. Tenant are members required even as it is, it is very representative and to take up at least five one-pound shares, will surprise most persons by its lengt . which, however, be may paid for in install- The extended and interestingly illusti ited NOTES AND COMMENTS. 199 discussion of public convenience stations is even the exacting measure of values, the contributed by Frederick L,. Ford. It is in- street could be widened without injury to cluded in the pamphlet in accordance with the owners and lessees of buildings. In the Commission's resolve to include here- cases with the additional story, as thus pro- after, in each year's report, a "monograph portioned, would no tenesrpth OU5fi cb- on some live municipal function, in order portioned, would not present a satisfactory that the reports may not only be more in- appearance, he suggests that building be teresting to the public, but so that a per- allowed over the whole roof area for a license manent record may be made of the best fee which would go far toward paying for practice in each city of handling the numer- the arcading on the ground floor. It is in- ous and vexatious problems which are con- teresting to note that the limitation of tinually arising." It would be difficult to building height has unexpectedly, and some- think of any phase of the public convenience what humorously, a value in the possibili- station, outside of its most strictly technical ties of bargaining for the limit's extension; aspects, which is not covered by this most and the plan, thus developed, certainly comprehensive, readable and instructive sur- sounds feasible. Yet this objection, or criti- vey. While American cities were slow to ac- cism, is perhaps legitimate. If the existing cept the idea of public convenience stations, limit of height was not chosen arbitrarily, the movement now has such a hold that the but with a regard for the proportion it bears discussion is very pertinent. to the street's width and to the capacity of the street, would not permission to add a Boston is one of the story destroy that proportion and add a cities which imposes a probable increase of traffic so nearly com- ARCADING limit of height beyond mensurate with the gain in traffic capacity which buildings shall as to counteract most of the relief that the WITHOUT not rise. Boston has arcading is designed to offer? In street COST. also some very narrow widening, as in most other things, it is streets which are sad- pretty difficult to get something for nothing. ly overcrowded, and which, therefore, it is desired to widen. The The building of homes most prominent of these is Washington HOUSE for workingmen on Sirret, the principal retail thoroughfare, on steep hillsides is the which important new buildings are being BUILDING subject of the Novem- constructed. Naturally, they are con- ON ber Bulletin of the and stone Civic Com- structed at the street line, every HILLSIDES. Pittsburgh added to their walls makes more difficult the mission. The sugges- widening of the street. J. Randolph Cool- tions are the outcome of idge, putting all these matters together, has two years' study by architects, builders, real evolved a scheme for widening which the estate men and others, who, noting the con- mnyor has endorsed as much more prac- gestion, excessively high land values and tical and satisfactory than the various pro- rents in the little level land about the man- jects for elevated walks and sub-sidewalks ufacturing sections, have looked with envy fthat heretofore have been brought forward. on the opportunity bafflingly offered by the It is said he will ask the legislature to unused, steep and unsightly hillsides. The 'authorize it. In common with many other typical Pittsburgh hillside, says the report, persons, it appears, Mr. Coolidge believed is about 50 per cent, grade. It is proposed that the only plan of relief now practicable to build streets along the sides of such hills on Washington Street would be the arcading on grades of from six to eight per cent. of the street fronts of the ground floors an These streets will, of course, form a series action which means the sacrifice of precious of terraces up the side of the hill, and it is space and which therefore suggested heavy proposed to vary the distance between these payments for damages. Finding, however, terraces from the width of four houses, 92 on investigation, that rentals in the upper feet, to the depth of only a single house, 32 stories on Washington Street are about one- feet. When the distance is 92 feet, it is pro- quarter as much per square foot as on the posed to build a steplike series of houses, ground floor, Mr. Coolidge has proposed four in a row, connecting street with street. that the height limit on that street be raised Between the backs of such rows of houses fifteen feet and that owners be allowed to there will be left a space of twenty-six add four times as much space above the feet, extending in terraces from street to present height limit as would be taken for street. At the fronts of the houses, there the arcade. Thus, no space being lost by will be flights of steps, connecting street 2OO THE ARCHITECTURAL RECORD.

with street, and giving entrance at two dif- dress contains a number of interesting ferent levels to each house. The houses are thoughts. He cautioned the town planning planned to be only one room deep, so that artist against forgetting "the purpose of every room opens on a good air space. As, that which he is creating" and imagining however, the houses are three stories high, that it is his duty "to create something

each can contain a kitchen and laundry, a beautiful which the citizens . may with an living room, two bedrooms and a bath. The effort make use of, instead of creating some- end houses can be entered from the regular thing useful and expressing it in beautiful form." street; the middle houses from the steps. Of course, he remarked, "it is not to It is suggested that in going up, the rail- enough satisfy the use, and trust that road can be left at the upper street; in go- by chance beauty will result." Use and fit- ness will dictate certain ing down, at the lower, so doing away with lines of develop- but it is seldom in any necessity for climbing steps. Where the ment, the town planner's that these will distance between streets is only 32 feet, the work be exact lines; rather, houses would be built in rows, and each they will usually be limits of deviation, house would have an entrance from both within which the useful purpose requires that he must while in the which streets, such ease of entrance and the ex- keep, scope afford as ceptional airiness making these houses the they him he has the opportunity to the for which most desirable on the hill. Furthermore, it produce beauty he strives "The art," said Mr. Unwin "is no: is pointed out that the foundation walls of further,

in . the houses will be retaining walls for the complete itself. The town planner bu lays down the creates the hill. Those running parallel to the streets general design, He must th; will hold back the hill above, while those at opportunities. depend upon architects who come after him to fill in th<: right angles will be heavier and will buttress details and take of the the retaining walls, besides supporting sills advantage oppor- tunities he has created. He will be able t > and rafters of the houses. It is suggested a greater or less extent to influence the re- that the top of the hill be reserved as park sult the of main or playground. To test the practicability of by determining position buildings, and sometimes by fixing frontage the plan, for it is absolutely novel, the lines and limiting the height and character scheme was concretely applied to a given of the buildings, but at best he must leave hill, and with complete success according to all detail out of his count; he can deal the committee's report. only with main masses. It is by the handling ( f these masses of and the The "Architectural building disposition of the or voids I Association Journal" spaces between them, y bringing all the masses and spaces into - TOWN (England) has publish- pr< portion with each and the whole in o PLANNING ed in full the paper other, proper relation to the site so as to e which was recently produ< AND an and alon j, read before the Asso- organic composition, by this that town can " ARCHITECTURE. ciation by Raymond planning produce its .effect Unwin, and the discus- The artistic limitations of town planning, and its on sion which followed it. Mr. Unwin's theme dependence the architect, ha e seldom was the place of the formal and the in- had so clear and satisfactory a formal in town planning design, and the ad- statement.

I