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Sod Country Report the Netherlands

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Sod Country Report the Netherlands The State of Our Democracy 2006 Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations Democracy Programme The Hague, 5 October 2006 Contents Introduction...............................................................................................................................................7 Part I Citizenship and the Constitutional State......................................................................................9 1. Nationality and Public Spirit ...........................................................................................................9 1.1 To what extent does everyone living in the territory of the Netherlands belong to the political community? To what extent can everyone acquire official citizenship?................................................ 9 1.2 To what extent are cultural differences acknowledged and minorities protected?.............................. 11 1.3 To what extent is there a consensus on the state borders and the Constitution?............................... 15 1.4 To what extent do the structure of the political institutions and the Constitution contribute to a moderation of and reconciliation between major social contrasts in society?..................................... 15 1.6 Are measures taken to counter defined problems in these areas and do they enjoy political priority and public support?............................................................................................................................. 17 1.7 Summary............................................................................................................................................. 18 2.The Constitutional State.................................................................................................................19 2.1 To what extent are the principles of the constitutional state applicable to the whole territory?........... 19 2.2 To what degree are public incumbents and civil servants subjected to the requirements of the constitutional state and to transparent rules in the exercising of their functions?............................... 21 2.3 How independent is the judicial authority of the executing authority? Ho independent is the jurisprudence of various forms of interference?.................................................................................. 21 2.4 To what degree is it ensured that citizens have access to justice, that that access is on an equal footing? And to what degree do they have a right to a fair trial and enjoy legal protection? ............21 2.6 How much trust do the citizens have in the fairness and effectiveness of the judicial?...................... 25 2.7 Which measures, if any, are taken to solve publicly identified problems in this area? What degree of political priority and public support is devoted to this?........................................................................ 28 2.8 Summary............................................................................................................................................. 29 3. Fundamental Rights.......................................................................................................................30 3.1 To what degree are citizens protected from physical violence or the threat of violence?................... 30 3.2 To what degree does equal and effective protection of the freedom of movement and residence within the territory, the freedom of speech and the freedom of assembly and association exist? ...... 32 3.3 To what degree is everyone assured of the freedom to practice religion, use one's own language or expand one's culture? ......................................................................................................................... 36 3.4 How free are individuals and groups that promote human rights of intimidation, threats and violence? ............................................................................................................................................................ 38 3.5 Which measures, if any, are taken to solve publicly identified problems in this area? What degree of political priority and public support is devoted to this?........................................................................ 39 3.6 Summary............................................................................................................................................. 40 4. Economic and Social Rights.........................................................................................................41 4.1 To what extent is access to employment or social security available to all, without distinction? ........ 41 4.2 How effectively are the primary basic needs guaranteed, including an adequate provision of food, shelter and clean water?..................................................................................................................... 44 4.3 To what extent is the health of the citizens at all stages of life protected? ......................................... 45 4.4 How comprehensive and inclusive is the right to education, including education on the rights and obligations of state citizenship? .......................................................................................................... 46 4.5 How free are trade unions and other work-related associations to coordinate and represent the interests of their members?................................................................................................................. 47 4.6 How difficult are the requirements to fulfil and how transparent are the rules for proper corporate governance? How effectively are public interest companies regulated? ............................................ 51 4.7 Which measures, if any, are taken to solve publicly identified problems in this area? What degree of political priority and public support is devoted to this?........................................................................ 52 4.8 Summary............................................................................................................................................. 52 Part II. Political Representation and Public Accountability................................................................54 5. Free and Fair Elections..................................................................................................................54 5.1 To what extent are administrative or legislative functions filled through free and general elections? How frequently do elections lead to a change in the composition of the administration?................... 54 5.2 How accessible, and on an equal footing for all citizens, are electoral registrations and voting procedures? How independent are they from state supervision and party control? To what extent are they safeguarded against intimidation and abuse?............................................................................. 57 5.3 How fair are the procedures for the registration of candidates and parties for elections? To what extent is there fair access for candidates and parties to the media and other means of communication with the voters? ................................................................................................................................... 59 5.4 To what degree does the system of elections and of political parties offer the voter a free choice? To what degree does every vote count equally? To what degree is the composition of the legislative and executive authority determined on the basis of the voters' choice?.................................................... 60 5.5 To what extent does the legislative authority reflect the social composition of the electorate? .......... 61 5.6 What is the turnout for elections? To what extent are the results of the election accepted by all political rulers at home and abroad?................................................................................................... 61 5.7 Which measures, if any, are taken to solve publicly identified problems in this area? What degree of political priority and public support is devoted to this?........................................................................ 63 5.8 Summary............................................................................................................................................. 65 6. The Democratic Role of Political Parties .....................................................................................66 6.1 How free are parties to form, to solicit members, to get involved in the public debate and to campaign?........................................................................................................................................... 66 6.2 How effective is the party system in the formation of and maintaining of the cabinet?....................... 68 6.3 How free are opposition and non-governing parties to organize themselves within the legislative authority? How effective is their contribution to the responsibility of the cabinet? ..............................66 6.4 How fair and effective are the rules that determine the party discipline in the legislative authority? .. 71 6.5 To what extent are parties effective member organisations? To what extent are members able to influence the policy of the party and candidate-selection?.................................................................. 73 6.6 To what extent does the system of party funding prevent parties being subjected to specific interests? ...........................................................................................................................................................
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