I
Aguilera, Christina 155 Baskett, Michael 45 Ainu 146, 149 Baudrillard, Jean 18 Akasaka Norio 85 Baughman, James 58 Akatsuka Fujio 69 Bazin, Andre 75 Akira 16, 17 Beast from 20,000 Fathoms, The 6, 56, Allen, Woody 47, 49 119–20, 129 Allison, Anne 163 Bergson, Henri 29 Altman, Rick 115 Blade Runner 13–14 American International Pictures (AIP) Blood: The Last Vampire 104, 108–9 57–8 Blue Hawaii 86 angura 131, 137n11 Blue Öyster Cult 51 anime 13, 15, 16, 17, 104, 108–9, Blythe, Hal 172 132, 134, 181, 182, 184–90 Bpken Dankichi 45, 87–8, 101n11, themes in 16–17 102n26 animism 149 Borges, Jorge Luis 201 animka 187 Bradbury, Ray 56 anticapitalism 93 Brandy 155 antiwar films 44, 48, 49 bridezilla 11 Aoyagi Toshio 132, 133 Burr, Raymond 25, 55, 117, 121, 128 apocalyptic mode 194–5 Bush, George W. 140, 142 Aristophanes 142, 145 atomic bombs 10, 16, 63, 65, 106, campy 11, 133, 153, 158, 159–60 141 see also cheesy; kitsch Atomic Café, The 111 Carey, Mariah 155 Atsumi peninsula 84 Chaplin, Charlie 75, 142, 145 Aum Shinrikyp 195, 204 cheesy 2, 11, 48, 49, 111, 116, 169 see also campy; kitsch Ban Daisuke 170, 171, 175 children, see infantilization; Banks, Tyra 155 juvenilization Barabas, Samantha 171 Cholodenko, Alan 16 Barbie dolls 90, 101n18, 101n19, 19 Clonaid 149 Barry, Dave 11 cloning 149 Barrymore, Drew 155 Cohen, Lizabeth 58 Barthes, Roland 10 cold war 63, 89, 106, 113, 120, 182 Barugon 107 collectibles 46, 51, 98, 155–7, 162–3, baseball 143, 144 170, 178n5 206 I colonialism, Japanese 85, 86, 87–8, film industry 89, 93, 100, 201 Japanese 42–3 commercialism 86, 91 U.S. 57–9 consumerism 58, 83, 84, 88, 94, 95, folklore 103, 202 99–100, 154, 163, 183 frame analysis 74 cool, Japanese 153, 157, 158–62, Freud, Sigmund 26 163, 165n23 Friedman, Thomas 35 Cooper, Merian 118 fruit, tropical 86, 100n7 costumes 170–1, 187, 188 Fukunaga Takehiko 89 Craig, Tim 1 Crow’s Theatre, Toronto 132–2 gagaku 145 cute 4, 14, 15, 105, 154, 156–7, Gamera 130 158–64 Gate of Hell 42, 46 see also infantilization; juvenilization Gaudreault, Andre 76 cybernetics 29 Gekidan Riburesen 129 cyberpunk 13 genre film, see film genres G-FAN 112 Dakko-Chan 87–8, 101n9 Ghost in the Shell 193 de Certeau, Michel 169 Gibson, William 11 deCordova, Richard 68 Gigantis 61n27 dinosaurs 139, 143, 149, 150 see also Godzilla Dirlik, Arif 35 Gigantis the Fire Monster (1955) 58 Disney 159, 184, 198n14 see also Godzilla Raids Again (1955) Doraemon 131 Gillespie, John 129, 132 Dower, John 204 globalization 1, 2, 6, 7, 12, 17, 23, Doyon, Susan 132, 133 29, 34, 35, 42, 47, 139, 140, 154, Dracula 128 160, 163–4, 167, 181, 182, 196 dragons 201, 203 Godzilla drive-in theaters 58 ambiguity of 18 dubbing 43, 47, 48, 49, 59, 112, 113 as icon 2, 11, 12, 47, 51, 52, 114, see also subtitles 117, 153 in manga 64–6 Elliott, Dave 116 as metaphor 4, 7, 117 environmental concerns 54 as other 11, 16, 18, 135, 201 Erb, Cynthia 113, 114, 117, 118, 119 as pioneer 2, 3–4 exoticism 2, 47, 86, 88, 90, 93, 99, sex of 109 159, 186, 194 sound of 10, 12 exploitation films 56 transformation in 1960s 4, 59–60, 64, 83, 100 fan culture 13, 46, 154–9, 167–78, see also Godzilla films 181–2, 190, 196–7 Godzilla (1998) 2, 51 and communitas 176–7 Godzilla 1985 98, 106 fanzines 112, 189 Godzilla films female 156–8, 175 in America 52–60 and symbolic pilgrimage 177 and film industry economics 2, 52, see also otaku 55, 59 fascism 34–5 intertextuality of 5, 63 film genres 112, 113, 115–17, 118, and the Japanese empire 27, 83 119, 168 legacy of 13, 14, 15, 16, 46 I 207
in Russia 197n6, 198 n29 Gonda Yasunosuke 68 and traditional Japanese theater Goodbye Kitty 160–1, 166n28 127–8 Gorgo 119 see also Godzilla, see also under Grave of the Fireflies 13, 17 individual film titles “Gross National Cool” 1, 12, 154 Godzilla vs. Hedorah (1971) 107 Guam 95 Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (1991) 107 Godzilla, King of the Monsters (1956) Hagiwara Ryp 79 2, 25, 46, 52, 53, 54–6, 58, 105, Hanabusa Shinzp 96–7 111, 112, 121, 135 Harryhausen, Ray 56 reviews of 55 Hawai’i 86, 87, 90, 95, 167, 170–2, Godzilla against Mechagodzilla 177, 178 (2002) 108 Hayafusa Hideto 79 Godzilla, Mothra, and King Ghidorah: Hayashi Fusao 21, 22, 23–4 Giant Monsters All-Out Attack Hayek, Friedrich August 34 (2001) 107, 108, 204 headhunters 101n15 Godzilla vs. Monster Zero (1965) 71, Hearn, Lafcadio 10 110n14 Hello Kitty 12, 14–15, 46, 153–64, 181 Godzilla vs. Mothra (1964) 84, 85–6, Asian Americans and 158 93–5, 98 Hispanics and 158 Godzilla vs. Mothra (1992) 101n22 and Jesus 162 Godzilla’s Revenge (1969) 68, 75, and the “monstrous cute” 159–62 83, 106 women and 156–7 Godzilla Raids Again (1955) 63–4, 69 henshin (metamorphosis) 172 see also Gigantis the Fire Monster hentai 189 (1955) high culture, Japanese 1, 13 Godzilla: Tokyo SOS (2003) 108 hikikomori 197 Godzilla vs. the Sea Monster Hiroshima 10, 22, 28, 54, 55, 106, (1966) 106 122, 123, 203, 204 Godzilla vs. the Thing (1964) 59, 60 Hitler, Adolph 142 see also Godzilla vs. Mothra (1964) homosexuality 148 Goffman, Erving 74 Honda Ishirp 36n5, 45, 53, 66, 89, Gojira (1954) 2, 3, 4, 10, 21–3, 24, 111, 117 25, 27–8, 30–4, 41, 44–9, 54, horror films 115, 117, 119 65, 67, 76, 98, 103, 106, 111, Hotta Yoshie 89 114, 117–18, 120, 128, 135, humor 6, 60 182–3, 201 Hunt, Nathan 169 audience response to 45 hybridity 24, 77, 103–4, 109, 116, reviews of 41–2, 49n2, 54 118–19 transformation to Godzilla, King of Hyde, Lewis 104–5 the Monsters 55, 56, 121, 122–3, 135 Ichikawa Ennosuke III 143, 144 Gojira (1984), see Godzilla 1985 Ifukube Akira 34, 120 Gojira (Ohashi Yasuhiko play) 127, Igarashi, Yoshikuni 3, 4, 21, 73, 77 128–36 Ikeda, Shunsuke 170 critical response to 130–1, 133, Ikiru 45 134, 135 Inagaki Hiroshi 52 staging 132–5 infantilization 4, 88, 159, 164 translations 132, 133 see also cute; juvenilization 208 I
International Research Center for Keynesianism 34–5 Japanese Studies 148 Kikaida 167–78 Internet 161–2, 170, 184, 185, 188–9 characters 175–6 intertextuality 132, 135 plot 172–4 Iraq, U.S. invasion of 140, 142 Kiki’s Delivery Service 195 Irifuji Motoyoshi 74 Kikuchi Kan 42 Irving, Henry 128 KIKU-TV 167, 170, 178 Ise Shrine 84 Kim Jong Il 48 Ishihara Shintarp 78 King Ghidorah 107 Ishihara Yujirp 78 King Kong 6, 42, 55, 63, 83, 113, Ishinomori Shptarp 172 115, 117, 118–19, 129, 134 Israel 44 King Kong vs. Godzilla (1963) 59, Ito Daisuke 79 63–4, 83 Itp Yumiko 129 kin no tamago 97, 102n26 Ivy, Marilyn 107 Kinoshita Naoyuki 78–9 Iwabuchi Koichi 46, 164 Kinugasa Teinosuke 42 Izumi Kyoka 129 kitsch 48, 113, 157, 164 see also campy; cheesy Jameson, Frederic 169 kitsune 105 Jancovich, Mark 169 Kitsune to Uchujin 144 Japan, Western perceptions of 9, 12, Klassny zhurnal 191–2 15, 41, 43 Klinger, Barbara 113 Jenkins, Henry 169, 178 Kobayashi Masayuki 74 JN-Productions (JNP) 170, Kojiki 144, 146 171–2, 178 Kokami Shoji 132 Jpmon period 146–7 kokutai 78 juvenilization 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, Komonsol 182, 183 67–8, 74, 76, 79, 84, 114, 169 Korea 161, 165n23 see also cute; infantilization Kulikovsky, Bogdan 191 Kurata Junji 197 kabuki 128–9 Kuron ningen Namashima 143, 144, Kagawa Shigeru 53–4 149 kagura 128, 202 Kurosawa Akira 45, 52, 79 Kaijp no michi 84–5 kypgen 139, 144, 145 kaiju eiga 3, 5, 105, 113, 129, see also super kypgen 132, 134 see also under individual film titles Leong, Lawrence 134 Kamei Katsuichirp 21, 22, 23–4, 27 Levine, Joseph 54 Kamen raida 172, 173 Levi-Strauss, Claude 201 kami 105, 107 Lipinski, Tara 155 Kanegon 99–100 Loeb, Lisa 155–6 Kang Sang-Jung 78 Lord of the Rings 184 Kansas, University of 112 Lost World, The 118 kappa 105 Lourié, Eugene 119 Kawamoto Saburp 54 Lucas, George 175, 179n31 Kawamura Takeshi 132 Luckovich, Mike 51 Kawamura Taku 79 Lucky Dragon No. 5 incident 22, Kawatake Mokuami 128 36n4, 53, 65, 66, 105–6, 117, Kay, Richard 54 121–2, 203, 204 Kayama Yuzp 87 Lugosi, Bela 128 I 209
Makarov, Vyacheslav 191 Nakajima Haruo 45 manga 13, 14, 15, 64–6, 67–72, 76, Nakamura Shin’ichirp 89 81n18, 104, 108–9, 132, 134, Namiki Kyotarp 65 172, 181, 184–90, 191–6 Napier, Susan 3, 104, 181, 185 Man’ypshu 146 Nara Yoshitomo 154 Marshall Islands 122, 123 National Lampoon 162 martial arts 193 National Noh Theater 142 Masakado 129 National Russian Organization of Scouts Mashimaro 161 192 Matsuda Takechiyo 43 Nederveen Pieterse, Jan 103, 104 McEnany, Laura 56 neo-conservatism 21, 23, 34 McGray, Douglas 1, 12, 154 neo-liberalism 21, 23, 34 McLuhan, Marshall 29, 31, 33, 38n20 Neon Genesis Evangelion 16, 193 “media event” 41 Newitz, Annalee 48, 159 media systems 24, 25, 32, 40n29, Nextworld 76 114, 204 Nika 191–6 melancholy 26, 30, 33 Nikkatsu Studios 68, 78 merchandise, see collectibles Nippon Wars 132 Meyers, Mike 155 Nishitani Keiji 28 Michener, James 10 Noh 128, 137, 144, 145 military, U.S. 104, 106, 108–9, Norakuro 45, 80n5 110n14 Noriega, Chon 3, 117 Millan, Jim 133 North Korea 48 Minami Yoshikazu 95 nostalgia 6, 84, 85, 86, 98, 167–8, Miyake, Issey 144 177 Miyazaki Hayao 192 nuclear anxiety 54, 56, 117, 120–1, Mob Hit Productions, Calgary 133 139, 203 modernity 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34 nuclear testing 65, 91, 103, 105–6, monster/creature films 113, 117, 119 113, 117, 121–3, 203 monsters 104, 111, 116, 154, Nye, Joseph 12, 163 159–60, 164, 175 Moore, Mandy 155 O’Brien, Willis 118 Mpri Tomio 144 O’Callaghan, John 133 Morris, Ivan 49 Oguri 144 Morse, Terry 54 Ohashi Yasuhiko 127, 129, 133, 134 Mothra 83–4, 88, 107, 130, 132 Okinawa 27, 85, 86, 109, 110n19, Mothra (1961) 84, 89–93, 132 146, 149 mukokuseki 78 Pkpchi Kazuo 29, 31, 35 Murai Osamu 85 Okore! Rikidpzan 73, 77 Murakami Takashi 1, 4, 6, 13, 154 Pkuninushi 144 Muramatsu Tomomi 73 Omoshiro bukku 67 Musolf, Peter 51 Onoe Matsunosuke 68, 79 Musume dojoji 128 Operation Ivy 121, 122 Mutsugorp 143, 144, 146, 148–9 Osama to kypryu 139–43, 145, 146, myths 202 149 Osomatsu-kun 71 Nagasaki 22, 28, 54, 55, 106, 122, Osugi Hiroshi 113 123, 203 otaku 13, 181–2, 184–91, 196–7 Nagashima Shigeo 143, 149 see also fan culture Nagayama Yasuo 83, 89 Ptomo Katsuhiro 16 210 I
Ptsuka Eiji 173 youth culture 182–4, 196 “overcoming modernity” debate 21, Ryfle, Steve 105 22–3, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36n2 Ryukyu Islands, see Okinawa Oya Spichi 43–4 Ozawa Shigehiro 73 Sailor Moon 192 Saipan 95 Parker, Sarah Jessica 155 Sakaki Maki 81 parody 112, 131, 145 Sanrio 12, 153, 154, 155–6, 157–8, Parsons, Talcott 29, 31 162–4 Partner, Simon 96 see also Hello Kitty Peanuts, The 132 San-X 165n23 People’s Republic of China 106 Sasakibara Gp 173 perestroika 183 sashimi 148 Perrott, Dan 134 satire 140 physicality 71–2 Schoedsack, Ernest 118 “pink globalization” 154 Scholnick, Jaime 14 Pointon, Susan 15 science 10, 21, 28, 30, 31–2, 49, 57, Pokémon 15, 46, 160 149, 195, 202 Popcorn, Faith 156 science fiction films 113, 115, 116, popular culture, economic impact 119 12–3 Scott, Ridley 13 Potter, Harry 192 Sekidp o koete 45 Poulton, M. Cody 133, 136n10 Self-Defense Forces 48–9, 106 Presley, Elvis 86 Selz, Jonah 145 pro-wrestling, see wrestling Senda Akihiko 130–1, 132 Pulgasari 48 September 11, 2001 204 Pure Film Movement 68 Seven Samurai, The 42, 45 sexuality 188, 189 radio 25, 26, 32–3, 37n9, 39n22 Shigeyama Dpji 142 Raine, Michael 78 Shigeyama Sennojp 143, 144–5, 149 RanMa (Russian Animation and Manga Shigeyama Sensaku 143, 144 Club) 186, 190–1, 196 Shimada Keizp 88 Ranma 1/2 186 Shimomura Toratarp 21, 23, 24, Rashpmon 42, 43, 44, 46 28–30, 31–2, 33–4, 35 Reader, Ian 147, 195 shimpa 129, 137n10 realism 79 Shimura Takashi 45 Reger, Rob 161 shin kabuki 144 Revolutionary Girl Utena 16 Shinoda Masahiro 129 Rickels, Laurence 26 shinsaku kypgen 144 Rikidpzan 64, 65–8, 72–5, 76–9 Shin San-Ok 48 Rikidpzan no tetsuwan kyojin 65–8, Shintp 21, 84, 88, 105, 128, 202 77, 79 Shpbijin 89–90, 91 Robertson, Jennifer 78 Shogai 132 robots 172, 175 shpgekijo 131 Rodan, the Flying Monster (1956) 123 Shpnen kurabu 67 Ross, Harold 54 Shuppatsu 132 Rumsfeld, Donald 204 silkworms 95, 96–7, 101n23 Russia Simak, Clifford 9, 18 relations with Japan 190 “Since Godzilla” exhibition 113 I 211
Sobchack, Vivian 115, 117–18, 119 Tpei Animation 184 “soft power” 12, 163, 164 Tpei Studios 172 Sontag, Susan 3 Tphp Studios 2, 52, 59, 83, 87, 100, South Pacific 27, 83–8, 89, 91, 95, 111, 127 101n11, 110, 201 tokusatsu 167, 170, 172, 175, 178n1 Soviet Union 89, 106 Tokyo, firebombing of 54 spectatorship 63, 67–8, 72, 73–6, Tokyo Olympics 94 79–80 Tolkien, J.R.R. 184 Star Wars 175 Tomiyama Shpgo 47 Stoker, Bram 128 Tora-san 78 Strange, Emily 161 Torchinov, Felix 191 Strauss, Leo 23, 34 toys, see collectibles Studio Ghibli 12, 184 Trickster 103–5, 109 subtitles 43 Tsuburaya Eiji 36n5, 45, 54, 114, see also dubbing 127, 132 Sugiura Shigeru 64–6, 68–73, 76, 78, Tsuchigumo 128 79 Tsuka Kphei 129, 132 sump 78, 194 Tsumi to batsu 76 superheroes 172 Tsumura Hideo 27 super kabuki 143–4, 147 Tsutsui, William 3, 11, 18, 52, 106, super kypgen 139, 143–5, 148 129 sushi 181 tussovka 187 Susman, Warren 60 “tweens” 157 Suzuki Kantarp 48 Suzuki Shigetaka 28 Uchino Tadashi 132, 135 Sweet, Charlie 172 Ueno Toshiya 12 Swift, Jonathan 145 Ultraman 46, 130, 132 Umehara Takeshi 140, 143–50 Taco Bell 52 United Nations 114–120 Tagawa Suihp 80 United States Takara Co. 87 foreign policy 139–40 Takarada Akira 44–5 relations with Japan 89–90, 104, Takarazuka Revue Theater 145 108–9 Takeshi, Beat 47 Urusei Yatsura 17, 195 Tamaoki Benkyp 108 Urutora Q (Ultra Q) 98–100 Tanaka Tomoyuki 53, 106 U.S.-Japan Security Treaty 89 Tatsumi Takayuki 11 technology 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31 video games 132 see also science Vuitton, Louis 13 television 25–6, 31, 32–3, 35, 58, 74, 98, 100, 114, 155, 169, 172 Wakadaishp series 87 Telotte, J.P. 168 Watanabe Tamotsu 130 tengu 105 Weart, Spencer 120 Tenjiku tokubei ikoku-banashi 128–9 What’s Up Tiger Lily? 47 Tezuka Osamu 76, 77, 80n5, 102n26 Wilde, Oscar 9 Them! 56, 119 World War II 21–2, 23, 24, 30, 32, Thing from Another World, The 119 34, 41, 54, 63, 107, 122, 201, 203 Thompson, Lee 74, 77 memories of 98, 107–8 Tobin, Joseph 18 wrestling 63–4, 65–7, 72–5, 77–9 212 I yakuza 78 Yayoi period 146–7 Yamaguchi Hitomi 86 Yokkaichi 94 Yamanouchi Yasushi 29 Yokp Tadanori 142, 144 Yamato Takeru 144, 147 Yokota Air Base 104, 109 Yanagita Kunio 27, 84–6, 88, Yoshimi Shunya 41 101n23 yukai 69, 71–2 Yano, Christine 15 Yukawa Hisao 65 Yashagaike 129 Yasukuni Shrine 107 Zen 193