Aegyptiaca in Der Nördlichen Levante : Eine Studie Zur Kontextualisierung Und Rezeption Ägyptischer Und Ägyptisierender Objekte in Der Bronzezeit

Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch

Year: 2020

Aegyptiaca in der nördlichen Levante : Eine Studie zur Kontextualisierung und Rezeption ägyptischer und ägyptisierender Objekte in der Bronzezeit

Ahrens, Alexander

Abstract: In dieser interdisziplinären Studie untersucht Alexander Ahrens ägyptische Objekte, die in der nördlichen Levante (Libanon, Syrien und Regionen der Türkei) in Kontexten des zweiten Jahrtausends v. Chr. gefunden wurden. Er stützt sich auf Methoden der Archäologie und der soziokulturellen The- orie, um mittels einer eingehenden Analyse der Fundkontexte Strategien der Rezeption und eine damit verbundene Emulation der ägyptischen materiellen Kultur und ihrer spezifischen Motivik durch nordlevantinische Eliten zu charakterisieren. Die Studie vermittelt so ein besseres Verständnis der Komplexität und Vielfalt interkultureller Beziehungen im bronzezeitlichen östlichen Mittelmeerraum. In this interdisciplinary study, Alexander Ahrens examines Egyptian objects found in the northern Levant (covering the modern states of Lebanon, Syria, and parts of Turkey) in archaeological contexts dated to the second millennium BCE. Drawing on methods from archaeology and sociocultural theory, he provides a charac- terization of the perception and accompanying emulation of Egyptian material culture within northern Levantine elite spheres. Analyzing many of the artifacts’ find contexts, he proposes a new way to explore their ancient perception and reception through the study of archaeological and historical sources. The book thus enhances our understanding of the complexity and diversity of intercultural relations in the eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age.

Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-191319 Monograph Published Version

Originally published at: Ahrens, Alexander (2020). Aegyptiaca in der nördlichen Levante : Eine Studie zur Kontextualisierung und Rezeption ägyptischer und ägyptisierender Objekte in der Bronzezeit. Leuven, Paris, Bristol: Peeters Publishers. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 41 Series Archaeologica

Alexander Ahrens Aegyptiaca in der nördlichen Levante Eine Studie zur Kontextualisierung und Rezeption ägyptischer und ägyptisierender Objekte in der Bronzezeit

PEETERS AEGYPTIACA IN DER NÖRDLICHEN LEVANTE ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS. Series Archaeologica

Begründet von Othmar Keel Herausgegeben von Susanne Bickel, Catherine Mittermayer, Mirko Novák, Thomas C. Römer und Christoph Uehlinger

im Auftrag der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Orientalische Altertumswissenschaft und der Stiftung Bibel+Orient in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Ägyptologischen Seminar der Universität Basel, dem Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Abteilung Vorderasiatische Archäologie, der Universität Bern, dem Departement für Biblische Studien der Universität Freiburg Schweiz, dem Institut romand des sciences bibliques der Universität Lausanne, und dem Religionswissenschaftlichen Seminar der Universität Zürich.

Zum Autor

Alexander Ahrens (*1976), Studium der Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Ägyptologie, Altorientalistik und Biblischen Archäologie an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen (M.A. 2005). Stipendiat der Landes- graduiertenförderung Baden-Württemberg, Kollegiat des Graduiertenkollegs Formen von Prestige in Kulturen des Altertums an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München von 2005–2008. Mitarbeiter an der Außen- stelle Damaskus der Orient-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Institutes von 2008–2012, danach Mitarbeiter und Forschungsassistent am Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften, Abt. Vorderasiatische Archäologie, der Universität Bern von 2012–2015. Promotion im Fach Vorderasiatische Archäologie an der Universität Bern im Jahre 2013. Seit 2015 Referent an der Außenstelle Damaskus der Orient-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts. 2019 Fellow des Archaeological Institute of America am Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World an der Brown University (RI, USA). Forschungen zu verschiedenen Themenbereichen der Archäologie der bronze- und eisenzeitlichen Levante, insbesondere zum Kontakt zwischen Ägypten und den Regionen des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes in der Bronzezeit. Grabungen in Syrien, Ägypten, der Türkei und Jordanien. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 41 Series Archaeologica

Aegyptiaca in der nördlichen Levante Eine Studie zur Kontextualisierung und Rezeption ägyptischer und ägyptisierender Objekte in der Bronzezeit von

Alexander Ahrens

Peeters Leuven – Paris – Bristol, CT 2020 Die Reihe Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis veröffentlicht Monographien, thematische Sammelbände und Tagungsbände im Bereich der orientalischen Altertumswissenschaften: Bibelwissenschaften (Hebräische Bibel und Septuaginta), Ägypto- logie, Altorientalistik, Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Ikonographie und Religionsgeschichte. Herausgeberkreis und Part- nerinstitutionen bürgen für ihre akademische Qualität und interdisziplinäre Anlage. Manuskripte können einem Mit- glied des Herausgeberkreises unterbreitet werden. Ihre Prüfung obliegt dem Herausgeberkreis, der weitere, unabhängige Gutachten einholen kann. Verbreitung, Subskriptionen und Leserschaft sind weltweit; neue Bände werden, wenn immer möglich, open access (Gold oder Green) veröffentlicht. Ältere Bände sind auf dem digitalen Repository der Universität Zürich archiviert (www.zora.uzh.ch).

Kontakt: [email protected]

Überarbeitete Dissertationsschrift 2013, Universität Bern.

Die Herstellung dieser Monographie wurde dankenswerterweise unterstützt durch die Forschungs- stiftung der Universität Bern und den Fonds für Altertumswissenschaften der Universität Zürich. UniBern Forschungsstiftung Fonds für (Berne University Research Foundation) Altertumswissenschaft (Universität Zürich)

Die Open Access Publikation wurde dankenswerterweise ermöglicht durch die Schweizerische Akademie der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften.

Schweizerische Akademie für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften Académie suisse des sciences humaines et sociales Accademia svizzera di scienze umane e sociali Academia svizra da scienzas umanas e sociales Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences

Umschlagabbildung: Rana Zaher (Rana Zaher Illustration, Beirut).

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage or retrieval devices or systems, without the prior written permission from the publisher, except the quotation of brief passages for review purposes. Für Denise und Merit Hannah

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Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine aktualisierte Fassung meiner im Jahre 2013 am Institut für Archäologische Wis- senschaften der Universität Bern, Abteilung für Vorderasiatische Archäologie, eingereichten Dissertationsschrift dar. Bis 2016 erschienene Literatur konnte weitestgehend eingearbeitet werden. Bis zum Zeitpunkt der Drucklegung der vorliegenden Arbeit noch nicht publizierte Arbeiten bzw. Funde konnten naturgemäß nicht mit in die Untersuchung einbezogen werden. Obgleich jeder neue Fund die Sicht auf historische Zusammenhänge selbstredend gewinnbrin- gend komplementieren und eventuell sogar nachhaltig verändern kann, so wird die allgemeine Wirkungsweise und Bedeutung von Aegyptiaca in der nördlichen Levante in der Bronzezeit, so wie sie hier beschrieben wird, dennoch nicht zwingend an Bedeutung verlieren.1 Viele Personen an unterschiedlichen Orten haben in vielfältigster Weise bei der Fertigstellung der Arbeit geholfen und mit Rat (und Tat) zum Gelingen beigetragen. Dafür gilt allen Genannten der aufrichtigste Dank. Zuerst möchte ich mich bei meinem Doktorvater Miroslav Novák (Institut für Archäologische Wissenschaften/ IAW, Abteilung für Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Universität Bern) bedanken, der mich immer – zunächst noch an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, später dann an der Universität Bern – in freundschaftlicher und kollegialer Atmosphäre als Promovend betreute und mich jederzeit in sämtlichen Belangen tatkräftig unterstützte. Dank gilt auch dem Zweitgutachter der Arbeit, Stephan J. Seidlmayer (Freie Universität Berlin/DAI Kairo), der als Ägyptologe zudem auch darauf achtete, dass nicht allzu »einseitig« an das Thema herangegangen wurde. Walther Sallaberger (Assyriologie), Michael Roaf, Adelheid Otto (Vorderasiatische Archäologie), Günter Bur- kard, Alexandra Verbovsek (Ägyptologie), sowie Martin Zimmermann (Alte Geschichte) möchte ich herzlich für GLH$XIQDKPHLQGDVYRQGHU'HXWVFKHQ)RUVFKXQJVJHPHLQVFKDIW¿QDQ]LHUWH*UDGXLHUWHQNROOHJªFormen von Pres- tige in Kulturen des Altertums« an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München danken, dem ich von 2006ದ2008 als Kollegiat angehören durfte. Allen Mitgliedern, Stipendiaten und Kollegiaten des Graduiertenkollegs danke ich darüber hinaus für anregende und mitunter kontrovers geführte Diskussionen. Der Landesgraduiertenförderung Ba- GHQ:UWWHPEHUJ /*)%: JHEKUW]XGHPJURHU'DQNIUGDV6WLSHQGLXPGDVPLFKLQGLHVHQ-DKUHQ¿QDQ]LHOO unterstützte. Während meiner Zeit als wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter an der Außenstelle Damaskus der Orient-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts in den Jahren 2008ದ2012 hat mir die Leiterin der Außenstelle, Karin Bartl, ne- EHQPHLQHQ9HUSÀLFKWXQJHQYRU2UWLPPHUDXVUHLFKHQG=HLWIUGLH'LVVHUWDWLRQJHZlKUWXQGPLFK]XGHPLQMHGHU Hinsicht gefördert. Dafür gilt ihr mein herzlicher und aufrichtiger Dank. Zudem stellte sie mir großzügig die in dieser Untersuchung verwendete Kartenvorlage zur Verfügung, die von Thomas Urban (Dr. Urban & Partner, Archäologie

1LFKWPHKULQGLH8QWHUVXFKXQJDXIJHQRPPHQZHUGHQNRQQWHHLQ6WHPSHOVLHJHODXV7HOO$¿VLPQ|UGOLFKHQ7DIHOODQGGHVVHQ6LHJHOÀl- che den Geburtsnamen Merenptahs (19. Dynastie) aufweist, jedoch aus einem stark gestörten Fundkontext stammt und somit chrono- ORJLVFKXQGKLVWRULVFKNDXP%HOHJNUDIWEHVLW]WYJO60D]]RQL7KH([FDYDWLRQVRI7HOO$¿Vth Campaign – 2010, in: Chronique $UFKpRORJLTXHHQ6\ULH9, >@ ±¿J 7$(GHU)XQGZLUGKLHUQRFKIlOVFKOLFKHUZHLVHHLQHP+HUUVFKHUGHU Ersten Zwischenzeit zugerechnet). Das Stempelsiegel wird von Chiara Spinazzi-Lucchesi ausführlich publiziert, vgl. S. Mazzoni – G. 0LQXQQR +UVJ 7HOO$¿V 6LULD 6FDYLVXOOµDFURSROL&DPSDJQH± 6WXGLGL$UFKHRORJLD6LULDQD )ORUHQ] LP'UXFN>@ Ich danke S. Mazzoni (Florenz) für die freundliche Mitteilung. Ebenfalls nicht mehr eingehender in die Untersuchung eingebunden werden konnten die abschließende Publikation der im Text jedoch bereits teilweise erwähnten ägyptischen Funde (inkl. ägyptischer und ägyp- WLVLHUHQGHU.HUDPLN DXV7HOOHO4HঌঌDK+D]RUYJOGD]XQXQGLHDXVIKUOLFKH3UlVHQWDWLRQGHU)XQGHLQ%HQ7RUet al., Hazor VII: The 1990–2012 Excavations. The Bronze Age (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Exploration Society, 2017). Weiterhin nicht behandelt werden konnten die Beiträge von S.J. Seidlmayer und H. Kühne zu den Skarabäen und Skarabäenabdrücken aus dem, wenn auch nicht XQPLWWHOEDULP%HUHLFKGHU/HYDQWHJHOHJHQHQPLWWHODVV\ULVFKHQ7DOOâƝপণDPDG'ǌU.DWOLPPXYJOGD]X+.KQH HG 'LH=LWDGHO- OHYRQ'ǌU.DWOLPPXLQPLWWHOXQGQHXDVV\ULVFKHU=HLW %HULFKWHGHU$XVJUDEXQJ7DOOâƝপণDPDG'ǌU.DWOLPPX:LHVEDGHQLP 'UXFN =XGHPNRQQWHQLFKWPHKUHLQJHDUEHLWHWZHUGHQ..RSHW]N\7HOOHO'DEޏDDQG%\EORV1HZ&KURQRORJLFDO(YLGHQFHb / í *0LQLDFL'HSRVLWI 1RV± LQWKH2EHOLVN7HPSOHDW%\EORV$UWHIDFW0RELOLW\LQWKH0LGGOH%URQ]H $JH,±,, ±%& EHWZHHQ(J\SWDQGWKH/HYDQWb /± ,6WQNHO7KH'HFRUDWLRQRIWKH1RUWK&KDSHORI .KHQHPHWQHIHUKHGMHW:HUHW,DW'DKVKXU ,QDXJXUDO'LVVHUWDWLRQ8QLYHUVLWlW%RQQ %/DJDUFH2WKPDQ'HX[SHWLWVREMHWVDX nom d’Hatchepsout à Ougarit, in: V. Matoïan (ed.), Archéologie, patrimoine et archives. Les fouilles anciennes à Ras Shamra et à Minet HO%HLGD,,5DV6KDPUD2XJDULW/HXYHQ±0.LODQL%\EORVLQWKH/DWH%URQ]H$JH,QWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKH/HYDQWLQHDQG (J\SWLDQ:RUOGV 6WXGLHVLQWKH$UFKDHRORJ\DQG+LVWRU\RIWKH/HYDQW/HLGHQ 0(%XFN7KH$PRULWH'\QDVW\RI8JDULW +LVWRULFDO,PSOLFDWLRQVRI/LQJXLVWLFDQG$UFKDHRORJLFDO3DUDOOHOV 6WXGLHVLQWKH$UFKDHRORJ\DQG+LVWRU\RIWKH/HYDQW/HLGHQ 6&RQQRUÇWUHHWSDUDvWUH6WDWXHVUR\DOHVHWSULYpHVGHOD¿QGX0R\HQ(PSLUHHWGHOD'HX[LqPH3pULRGHLQWHUPpGLDLUH±DY J.-C. (Middle Kingdom Studies 10, London, 2020). XVIII '$1.6$*81* und Denkmaldokumentation, Berlin) im Auftrag der Außenstelle Damaskus der Orient-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts angefertigt wurde. Franziska Bloch, meiner Kollegin und in diesem Zeitraum Referentin an der Außenstelle Damaskus, danke ich für die stete Diskussionsbereitschaft und das angenehme Arbeitsklima. Sowohl dem Ersten Direktor als auch der Wissenschaftlichen Direktorin der Orient-Abteilung des Deutschen Ar- chäologischen Instituts, Ricardo Eichmann und Margarete van Ess, möchte ich ebenfalls danken. Dank gilt ebenso den Mitarbeitern und Studenten des Instituts für Archäologische Wissenschaften (IAW) der Universität Bern. Sie alle nahmen mich nach meinem Weggang aus Damaskus freundlich auf und sorgten somit auch für die Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit. Ebenso sei auch ein herzlicher Dank an Manfred Bietak (damals Kommisson für Ägypten und Levante an der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, jetzt Institut für Orientalische und Europäische Archäologie/ OREA) ausgesprochen, der die Arbeit mit Interesse verfolgt hat und mir im Verlauf meines Studiums und der vorliegenden Arbeit mehrmals tatkräftig geholfen hat. Besonderer Dank gebührt auch Fabienne Kilchör (Studio Emphase Sàrl, Lausanne), die unverzagt und mit großer Kompetenz die Verteilungskarten für mich erstellte. Rana Zaher (Rana Zaher Illustration, Beirut) erstellte die Illustration auf dem Einband des Buches. Den Bibliotheken der Vorderasiatischen Archäologie der Universitäten von Tübingen, München und Bern gebührt Dank für die Möglichkeit der Nutzung der Bestände auch bei berufsbedingter Abwesenheit, ebenso wie dies für die Ägyptologischen Institute der Universitäten München und Basel gilt. Ebenfalls bin ich den engagierten Mitarbeitern GHU%D\HULVFKHQ6WDDWVELEOLRWKHNIUGLH%HVFKDIIXQJVHOWHQHU%FKHU]X'DQNYHUSÀLFKWHW Zahlreiche weitere Personen haben sich bei der Entstehung der Arbeit in den verschiedensten Weisen verdient gemacht. Ihnen allen sei hiermit nachträglich noch einmal herzlich gedankt: David A. Aston (Wien), Pascal Attinger (Bern), Andrew Bevan (London), Maria Giovanna Biga (Rom), Vanessa Boschloos (Brüssel, Ghent), Stephen Bour- ke (Sydney), Francis Breyer (Berlin, jetzt Basel), Giorgio Buccellati (Los Angeles), Federico (»Iko«) Alexander Buc- cellati (Frankfurt, jetzt Berlin), Antonietta Catanzariti (Berkeley, jetzt Washington, D.C.), Eva von Dassow (Min- neapolis), Heike Dohmann (Berlin/Tübingen), Gabriele Elsen-Novák (Bern), Andreas Fuchs (Tübingen), Hermann Genz (Beirut), Andrea Gubisch (Berlin), Waltraud Guglielmi† (Tübingen), Mahmud al-Hamud (Damaskus), Stephen P. Harvey (New York), Sabine Hornung (Saarbrücken), Marco Iamoni (Udine), Amal Janes as-Salti (Damaskus), 0DUZDQ-DGLQL 'DPDVNXV =HLGDQ.DID¿ ,UELG 0DULO\Q.HOO\%XFFHOODWL /RV$QJHOHV .DULQ.RSHW]N\ :LHQ Christa Kuzbari (Damaskus), Christoph Kümmel (Bonn), Bérénice Lagarce-Othman (Damaskus, jetzt Paris), Chris- tine Lilyquist (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), Jens Maier (Tübingen), Valérie Matoïan (Paris), Pat- rick M. Michel (Fonds d’Archives de Maurice Dunand, Genf, jetzt Lausanne), Daniele Morandi Bonacossi (Udine), Gregor Neunert (München), Paul Newson (Beirut), Peter Pfälzner (Tübingen), Graham Philip (Durham), Frances 3LQQRFN 5RP 3KLOLSSH4XHQHW 6WUDEXUJ (OOHQ5HKP 0QVWHU:LHQ 6XVDQQH5XWLVKDXVHU %HUQ +pOqQH6D- der (Beirut), Wolfgang Schenkel (Tübingen, jetzt Wien), Thomas Schneider (Vancouver), Alexander Schütze (Mün- chen), Zsolt Simon (Budapest, jetzt München), Rachael T. Sparks (Tell Nebi Mend Publication Project, UCL Lon- don), Gunnar Sperveslage (Köln), Isabel Stünkel (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York), Ahmed F. Taraqji (DGAMS Damaskus), Konrad Volk (Tübingen), Marshall Woodworth (Beirut, jetzt Oxford) und Joumana Younes (Damaskus). Ich danke zudem allen im Abbildungsverzeichnis genannten Institutionen bzw. Personen herzlich für die Gewährung der Nutzung der hier verwendeten Abbildungen. Frau Sabine Ecklin (deleantur, Bern) ist für das Lektorat, die Arbeit am Layout und das Setzen der Druckversion der vorliegenden Arbeit herzlich zu danken. Ich danke zudem Herrn Kontantin Gnybek (Berlin) für die redaktionelle Mitarbeit und Hilfe bei der Erstellung der Indizes. Herrn Christoph Uehlinger (Zürich) und Frau Susanne Bickel (Basel) sowie dem Gremium der Herausgeber danke ich für die Aufnahme der Arbeit in die vorliegende Reihe (und für die Geduld bei der Drucklegung). Der Forschungsstiftung der Universität Bern (UniBern Forschungsstiftung) und GHP)RQGVIU$OWHUWXPVZLVVHQVFKDIWGHU8QLYHUVLWlW=ULFKELQLFKIUGLHJUR]JLJH¿QDQ]LHOOH)|UGHUXQJGXUFK EHWUlFKWOLFKH'UXFNNRVWHQ]XVFKVVH]X'DQNYHUSÀLFKWHW =DKOUHLFKH9HUSÀLFKWXQJHQGLYHUVHDQGHUHJU|HUHXQGNOHLQHUH$EOHQNXQJHQXQGQLFKW]XOHW]WDXFKGHUVHLW 2011 in Syrien herrschende Bürgerkrieg verzögerten den Abschluss dieser Arbeit immer wieder. Meiner Frau Denise Ahrens danke ich daher für ihre unendliche Geduld, teilweise äußerst ›mühevolles‹ Korrekturlesen und Hilfe bei den Satzarbeiten, sowie dafür, dass sie die Hoffnung nie aufgegeben hat. Abschließend möchte ich meinen Eltern, Rolf und Birgit Ahrens, für ihre Hilfe und ihr Vertrauen danken. Sie haben meinen nicht immer geradlinigen und einfachen :HJLQGHU$UFKlRORJLHVWHWVXQWHUVWW]HQGEHJOHLWHWRKQHVLHKlWWHGLHVH$UEHLWQLFKWHQWVWHKHQN|QQHQ Es ist mir darüber hinaus ein großes Anliegen, diese Arbeit auch den Menschen meiner »zweiten Heimat« Syrien zu widmen.

إن ﺷﺎء ﷲ !Mögen bessere Tage kommen Alexander Ahrens Berlin, im Juni 2020 3URORJ

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I Einleitung

»Es kommt mitunter nicht auf den Gegenstand, sondern auf das Auge an, das ihn behandelt« Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811)

1.1 ZUR EINFÜHRUNG

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DIESE ABSOLUTE DYNASTIEN SÜDLICHE NÖRDLICHE PERIODEN ARBEIT DATEN ÄGYPTEN LEVANTE LEVANTE (SYRIEN)

FB III–IVA 2700–2300/2200 '\Q,9í; FB III/IVA 2613–2023 FB IVA–C (alte Terminologie: '\Q;, Frühsyrisch III/IV 2023–1973 Intermediate FB IVB 2200–2000 Bronze Age/MB I) FB IVB

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6%,$% 1550/30–1400 '\Q;9,,, SB I SB I Mittelsyrisch IA Ahmose – SB IIA 1400–1300Horemhab SB IIA SB IIA Mittelsyrisch IB

SB IIB 1300–1150 '\Q;,;±;; SB IIB SB IIB Mittelsyrisch II

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PERIODE ÄGYPTISCHE KÖNIGE DYNASTIEN ABSOLUTE DATIERUNG

Altes Reich ± Erste Zwischenzeit )%,,,±,9$% ,9±; ca. 2700–2000 (u.a. Chephren, Pepi I.–II.)

Mittleres Reich MB I–IIA ;,±;,,, ca. 2000±1650 (u.a. Mentuhotep II. ± Merneferre Aja)

Hyksos (»Zweite Zwischenzeit«) MB IIB ;9±;9,, ca. 1650–1550/30 (u.a. Chayan, Ipepi, Chamudi)

SB IA Ahmose – Tuthmosis III. (Jahr 22) ;9,,, 1550/30–1450

SB IB Tuthmosis III. (Jahr 23) – Tuthmosis IV. ;9,,, 1450–1400 (1370)

SB IIA Amenhotep III. – Horemhab ;9,,, 1400 (1370)–1300

SB IIB Ramses I. – Ramses XI. ;,;±;; 1300–ca. 1100

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3.4.1.1 Exkurs: Die »Lehre für den König Merikare«: ein historischer Beleg für die Objektverbringung?

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3.4.2 ODER FLUCH? – KRITIK UND NEUE ANSÄTZE

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5.2 ZWISCHEN »ENTANGLED COMMODITIES« UND »BIOGRAPHICAL OBJECTS«: VERSUCH EINER BEDEUTUNGSBESTIMMUNG VON ÄGYPTISCHEN IMPORTEN

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5.2.1 KULTURELLER TRANSFER, TRANSKULTURATION UND »ELITE EMULATION«

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5.2.2 »THE SOCIAL LIFE OF THINGS«: OBJEKTBIOGRAFIEN UND IHRE WAHRNEHMUNG

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5.2.3 »THE POWER OF DISTANCE«: ›FREMDE‹ OBJEKTE IN ›FREMDEN KONTEXTEN‹

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5.2.4 »CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION«: DER »DEMONSTRATIVE VERBRAUCH«

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5.2.5 STATUS UND PRESTIGE: BOURDIEUS »HABITUS«

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5.3.1 DIE NÖRDLICHE LEVANTE IN DER BRONZEZEIT

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5.3.1.1 Die Frühbronzezeit: Ebla, Byblos und Ägypten?

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5.3.1.2 Die Mittelbronzezeit: Die Maribriefe und die amurritischen Herrscher

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5.3.1.3 Die Spätbronzezeit: »Direct Rule« und »Peripherie«

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5.4.2 PRODUKTIONSZEITPUNKT VS. DEPOSITIONSZEITPUNKT

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5.4.3 »THESAURIERTE ERBSTÜCKE« VS. »SEKUNDÄRE WIEDERVERWENDUNG«

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1.5.1.1.1 Steingefäß mit Inschrift des »Fürsten Ra-woser«

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1.5.1.1.2 Ein Steingefäß eines »Priesters des Nefertem«

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1.5.1.2 Skarabäen

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1.5.1.3 Zur Identität der Bestatteten im »Schatzhaus«

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1.5.2 Die spätbronzezeitlichen Tempelanlagen (T1–T3)

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1.5.2.1 Das Fragment einer ägyptischen Statue des Mittleren Reiches

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1.5.2.2 Skarabäen und Siegelringe Neben dem Fragment der ägyptischen Statue KL 78:300 konnten auch im Tempelbereich mehrere Skarabäen gefunden werden. So sind die zwei Skarabäen Nr. 73 (KL 64:554) und 75 (KL 70:87) zwar in jünger zu datierenden Fundkontexten des Tempels gefunden worden (Tempel T1)89, scheinen jedoch aus älteren Schichten zu stammen.90 Interessanterweise weisen beide Skarabäen den Thronnamen Tuthmosis’ III. auf. :lKUHQG6NDUDElXV1UMHGRFKGLHJHOlX¿JH6FKUHLEXQJMn-xpr-Ra zeigt, ist auf Nr. 75 die ältere Variante des Thronnamens Mn-xpr-kA-Ra aus der frühen Regierungszeit Tuthmosis’ III. zu lesen.91 Chronologische oder gar historische Implikationen können sich allerdings daraus nicht ergeben. Zusätzlich zu den Skarabäen wurde in Raum A des Tempelbereiches der Bauschicht T3ab der aus Karneol gefertigte Schmuck- bzw. Siegelstein KL 74:210 in Form eines »Kauroids« gefunden,GHUDXIVHLQHU6LHJHOÀlFKHGLH Hieroglyphe eines Was-Zepters aufweist (wAs).92 Die eher krude Ausführung der Hieroglyphe deutet mit einiger Wahrscheinlichkeit auf eine levantinische Produktion hin.

1.5.3 Die mittelbronzezeitlichen Tempel (T4–T5) Aus den nur partiell freigelegten mittelbronzezeitlichen Tempelanlagen T4–T5 konnten bislang keine Aegyptiaca geborgen werden.93

1.5.4 Sonstige ägyptische und ägyptisierende Funde aus dem Stadtgebiet

1.5.4.1 Skarabäen

,QGHQ)OlFKHQJUDEXQJHQGHUXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ6LHGOXQJVEHUHLFKHYRQ.ƗPLGHO/ǀ]IDQGHQVLFKGDUEHUKLQDXV ]DKOUHLFKHZHLWHUH6NDUDElHQGLHMHGRFKQLFKWLPPHUHLQZDQGIUHLHLQHUEHVWLPPWHQ6FKLFKWRGHUVSH]L¿VFKHQ)XQG- kontext zugewiesen werden können. Zweifelsfrei sind unter diesen Skarabäen auch mittelbronzezeitliche Typen zu LGHQWL¿]LHUHQ94 Ob es sich dabei im Einzelnen aber um genuine ägyptische Importe oder lokal levantinische Produk- tionen handelt, lässt sich für die Funde nicht mit Sicherheit abschließend sagen.95 Die neuen Ausgrabungen vor Ort haben erneut auch Skarabäen erbracht. Es handelt sich dabei um einen Skarab- äus aus Amethyst, der wie fast alle aus diesem Material gefertigten Skarabäen in der Levante keinerlei Basisgravur aufweist,96 und einen Skarabäus aus Steatit mit Volutenmuster.97 Beide Skarabäen wurden in Fundkontexten der frühen Spätbronzezeit gefunden (SB I),98 datieren typologisch jedoch in die zweite Hälfte der Mittelbronzezeit und dürften zudem lokale levantinische Produktionen darstellen.

1.5.4.2 Gestempelte Amphorenhenkel und Skarabäenabdrücke Als lokal levantinisch sind ebenfalls die Belege von Skarabäenabdrücken auf Amphorenhenkeln und Tonverschlüs- sen, die vor Ort gefunden wurden,99 zu betrachten. Da zudem in Ägypten selbst das Stempeln von Gefäßhenkeln

89 Skarabäus Nr. 73 wurde auf dem Fußboden in Raum H des Tempels T1 gefunden, Skarabäus Nr. 75 unter Raum L des Tempels T1a bzw. EHUGHUGHP%DXVWDGLXP7EHQWVSUHFKHQGHQ%HJHKXQJVÀlFKHQ|UGOLFKGHV7HPSHOV7YJOGD]XDXVIKUOLFKDXFK.KQH±6DOMH 131–133. 90 Zu den Fundkontexten, vgl. Kühne – Salje 1996, 131–132 (Nr. 73), 133 (Nr. 75). Eine eventuelle frühere Verbringung dieser Skarabäen aus dem Tempelbereich ist nicht zuletzt auch durch die Parallelen der Skarabäen im »Schatzhaus« wahrscheinlich (siehe dazu bereits oben, 3.4.1.2). 91 Zum älteren Thronnamen Tuthmosis’ III., vgl. Uphill 1961. 92 Metzger 1993, 137 (Nr. 19), Taf. 65.6, Taf. 161; Kühne – Salje 1996, 118 (Nr. 64). Der Ring wurde auf der Bank 037 gefunden. 93 Vgl. dazu Metzger 2012. 94 So mit Sicherheit die Skarabäen KL 72:270, KL 64:385, KL 67:225, KL 70:347 (mit Siegelring aus Bronze) und KL 67:239, die mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit in die späte Mittelbronzezeit (»Hyksos-Zeit«) zu datieren sind, vgl. Kühne – Salje 1996, 134–146; vgl. auch Boschloos 2013. 95 Einige der gestempelten Amphorenhenkel stammen aus dem Palastbereich bzw. dem »Schatzhaus« (so die Gefäßhenkel KL 79:1; KL 74:611; KL 74:609). Auch hier ist die Menge der mittelbronzezeitlichen Skarabäen auffällig. Eine lokal levantinische Produktion kann darüber hinaus jedoch für viele der Skarabäen angenommen werden, vgl. Kühne – Salje 1996; Boschloos 2013. 96 Heinz et al.¿JG)QU=XGHQPLWWHOEURQ]H]HLWOLFKHQ6NDUDElHQDXVGHP0DWHULDO$PHWK\VWLP%HUHLFKGHU/H- vante, vgl. Tufnell 1984, 39; Keel 1995, 142–143. 97 Heinz et al.¿JH)QU 5FNHQ26HLWHH.RSIG 98 Heinz et al. 2010, 44 (beide Skarabäen wurden im Bereich des Hauses 1 gefunden). 99 Kühne – Salje 1996, 153–162. 9,5(*,21(1%',(%(4$ޏ$(%(1( nicht belegt ist,NDQQGDYRQDXVJHJDQJHQZHUGHQGDVVHVVLFKEHLGHQLQ.ƗPLGHO/ǀ]JHIXQGHQHQ([HPSODUHQ XPOHYDQWLQLVFKH$PSKRUHQKDQGHOWGLHVHKUZDKUVFKHLQOLFKDXV5HJLRQHQGHVQRUGOHYDQWLQLVFKHQ.VWHQEHUHLFKV VWDPPHQ,QWHUHVVDQWHUZHLVHLVWKLHUHLQJURHU$QWHLOPLWWHOEURQ]H]HLWOLFKHU6NDUDElHQE]Z6NDUDElHQDEGUFNH]X NRQVWDWLHUHQ 'LHQHXHQ$XVJUDEXQJHQNRQQWHQ]XGHPGUHLZHLWHUHPLWWHOEURQ]H]HLWOLFKH6NDUDElHQDEGUFNHDXIORNDOHU.HUD- PLNHUEULQJHQ(VKDQGHOWVLFKGDEHLXPGHQXQJHZ|KQOLFKHQ$EGUXFNHLQHV6NDUDElXVPLW]HQWUDOHP'MHG3IHLOHU +d XQGÀDQNLHUHQGHQ$QFK=HLFKHQ anx DXIGHU,QQHQVHLWHHLQHV6FKDOHQERGHQVDXVGHU9HUIOOXQJGHV5DXPHV des spätmittelbronzezeitlichen Palastes,VRZLHXPGLHOHLGHUQXUVFKOHFKWHUKDOWHQHQ$EGUFNHDXI$PSKRUHQKHQ- keln, die einmal zwei nb=HLFKHQXQGHLQPDOYHUPXWOLFKMHGRFKXQVLFKHU]ZHLsA=HLFKHQDXIZHLVHQ Alle drei $EGUFNHVLQGPLWKRKHU:DKUVFKHLQOLFKNHLWXUVSUQJOLFKPLWORNDOOHYDQWLQLVFKHQ3URGXNWLRQHQDXVJHIKUWZRUGHQ nicht mit lJ\SWLVFKHQ,PSRUWHQ

1.5.4.3 Elfenbeine

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1.5.4.5 Ägyptisierende Keramik

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2.4.1 Eine Statue Djefai-Hapis (12. Dynastie)154

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3.4.1 Fragment einer Statue (kniender Nao- oder Stelophor) der Ramessidenzeit

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2.5.1.2.1 Die Sphinx der Ita

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2.5.1.2.2 Eine fragmentierte Kniestatue (Mittleres Reich)

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2.5.1.3 Ein Steingefäßfragment Senwosrets I. im Ostteil des Königspalastes

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2.5.1.4 Kalzit-Alabastergefäßfragmente im Ostteil des Königspalastes

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2.5.1.5 Ein Skarabäus aus Raum T im Ostteil des Königspalastes

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2.5.1.6 Ägyptisierende Glyptik aus dem Palastbereich

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2.5.1.7 Steingefäße aus dem Korridor AQ

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2.5.1.8 Die Königsgruft und ihre Vorkammer

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2.5.1.9 Ägyptische Steingefäße mit hieroglyphischen Inschriften aus der Königsgruft

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2.5.1.9.1 Steingefäß mit Inschrift Amenemhets III. (12. Dynastie)

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2.5.1.9.5 Ahmes-Nefertari und Neferperet

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2.5.1.10.1 Zoomorphes Schminkgefäß in Form eines hockenden Affens287

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2.5.1.10.2 Schminkgefäß mit abgesetzten Standfüßen297

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2.5.1.10.3 Figurine eines Flusspferdes aus Fayence304

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2.5.1.10.4 Das Steingefäß der Prinzessin Itakayet der 12. Dynastie312

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2.5.1.10.5 Ein Skarabäus der königlichen Gemahlin Ahmes-Nefertari320

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2.5.1.10.6 Ein Gefäß (Becher) aus Obsidian mit Goldbeschlägen325

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2.5.1.10.7 Weitere ägyptische und ägyptisierende Steingefäße aus Gruft VII333

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2.5.1.10.8 Bemerkung zum Zeitpunkt der Verbringung einiger der Objekte aus Gruft VII

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2.5.1.11 Ein Tonverschluss mit dem Thronnamen Amenhoteps IV./Echnatons (18. Dynastie)335

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2.5.1.13 Tonverschlüsse mit Skarabäenabdrücken aus dem zentralen Palastbereich (Raum AL)

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2.5.1.14 Ein Skarabäenabdruck mit dem Namen Horemhabs aus dem zentralen Palastbereich?

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2.5.1.14.1 Horemhab in der nördlichen Levante

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2.5.1.14.2 Schlussbetrachtung

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2.5.2 Ein Siegelverschluss aus dem »Ostpalast«

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2.5.3 Der »Unterstadtpalast«

2.5.3.1 Ein Skarabäus Amenhoteps III.

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2.5.3.2 Eine Hathormaske levantinischer Produktion

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2.5.4 Unklare Fundkontexte

2.5.4.1 Der Torso einer Privatstatue des Mittleren Reiches

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2.5.4.3 Ein mittelbronzezeitlicher Skarabäus aus der Grabungsstelle D

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2.5.4.4 Ein spätmittelbronzezeitlicher Skarabäus (Bereich Raum F)

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2.5.4.5 Ein Skarabäus aus Grabungsbereich T/»Ostpalast«

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3.6.1 Funde im Bereich der Zitadelle (Tell)

3.6.1.1 Ein Dolchgriff aus Elfenbein (Bauschicht H4)

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3.6.1.2 Ein Fragment eines Porphyr-Steingefäßes (Bauschicht H3)

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3.6.1.3 Zwei Kalzit-Alabastersteingefäße (Bauschicht H2)

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2.5.1 »Palast P« (»Nordpalast«/»Zeremonialpalast«)

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2.5.3 Die Grabanlagen unter Palast Q

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2.5.3.1 Grab A – »Tomba della Principessa«

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2.5.3.2 Grab B – » Tomba del Signore dei Capridi«

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2.5.3.3 Grab C – »Tomba delle Cisterne«

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2.6 Ägyptische XQGlJ\SWLVLHUHQGH2EMHNWHDXVGHQ*UlEHUQ$±&

2.6.1 Grab A – »Tomba della Principessa«

2.6.1.1 Steingefäße

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2.6.2 Grab B – »Tomba del Signore dei Capridi«

2.6.2.1 Steingefäße

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2.6.2.2 Die Silberschale des »Immeya«

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2.6.2.3 Die sog. »Zeremonialkeule des Hotepibre«

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1.5.4 Der Palast der Schicht IV (»Niqmepa-Palast«) und Vorgängerbauten (Schichten V/VI)

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1.5.4.1 Steingefäße aus dem »Niqmepa-Palast«

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1.5.4.2 Ägyptisierende Siegelabrollungen aus dem »Niqmepa-Palast«

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4.1.1.3 Ägyptische Keramik (spätes Mittleres Reich–Zweite Zwischenzeit)

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4.1.2 Weitere Befunde und Funde der Mittel- und Spätbronzezeit

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4.1.2.1 Tempelgebäude (?) der späten Mittelbronzezeit/frühen Spätbronzezeit

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4.1.2.2 Das »Tawosret Building« (»Sunken Room«/»Underground Building«)

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4.1.2.2.1 Das fragmentiertes Fayencegefäß mit Kartuschen der Königin Tauseret (19. Dynastie)

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4.1.2.2.2 Skarabäus S/2073/523

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5.2.1 Skarabäen

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5.2.2 »Tropfenförmiges Alabastron«

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5.2.3 Steingefäß mit Kartuschen Ramses’ II. Unter den spätbronzezeitlichen Funden der Grabkammer 1 fand sich zudem ein Kalzit-Alabastergefäß (Maße des Ge- fäßes: 28,5 × 15,5 cm), das die Kartuschen, d.h. Thron- und Eigenname des Pharaos Ramses II. trägt (Ra-msj-sw mrj Jmn Wsr-mAa.t-Ra-stp-n-Ra; 19. Dynastie; ca. 1303–1213 v. Chr.).1918QWHUEHLGHQ.DUWXVFKHQEH¿QGHWVLFKMHZHLOV eine nbw-Hieroglyphe (»Gold«), nur über dem Thronnamen ist eine Federkrone platziert; unterhalb des Gefäßrandes verläuft ein Lotosfries (Abb. F.5).192 'DV*HIlNDQQW\SRORJLVFKGHQVRJª'URS-DUV©]XJHZLHVHQZHUGHQGHUHQ)RUPELVDQGDV(QGHGHV1HXHQ 5HLFKHVYHUOlXIWEHVRQGHUVKlX¿JDEHULQGHU5DPHVVLGHQ]HLWEHOHJWLVW –20. Dynastie).193 Es handelt sich mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit um einen ägyptischen Import. Weiterführende Aussagen können aufgrund des fehlenden )XQGNRQWH[WHVQLFKWJHWURIIHQZHUGHQ194

5.3 6vQHO)ƯO 6vQHO)ƯOKHXWHHLQQ|UGOLFKHU9RURUWGHVPRGHUQHQ%HLUXWOLHJWXQPLWWHOEDUQ|UGOLFKGHV1DKUDO%HLUXWGDEHLFD NPYRQGHU.VWHHQWIHUQWLQGHQZHVWOLFKHQ$XVOlXIHUQGHV/LEDQRQJHELUJHV,P-DKUZXUGHKLHUHLQPLWWHO- EURQ]H]HLWOLFKHV)HOVNDPPHUJUDEHQWGHFNW 0DHîP+|KHPD[P GDV]DKOUHLFKH%HLJDEHQHQWKLHOW195 $QJDEHQ]XU$Q]DKOGHU%HVWDWWHWHQOLHJHQQLFKWYRU8QWHUGHQ%HLJDEHQEH¿QGHWVLFKHLQJURHV.RQYROXWYRQ PLWWHOEURQ]H]HLWOLFKHU.HUDPLNGDUXQWHUQHEHQORNDOHQ.HUDPLNIRUPHQDXFK9HUWUHWHUQGHUª/HYDQWLQH3DLQWHG Ware«196 und »Tell el-Yahudiyeh«-Keramik.197'DUEHUKLQDXVZXUGHQPHKUHUH0HWDOOREMHNWH±b[WH6SHHUVSLW]HQ und ein Dolch –198VRZLHVHFKV6NDUDElHQJHIXQGHQGLHDOOHORNDOOHYDQWLQLVFKH3URGXNWLRQHQGDUVWHOOHQ199 Insgesamt GDWLHUWGDV0DWHULDOLQGLHhEHUJDQJV]HLWYRQGHU0%,=HLW]XU0%,,$=HLW GKVSlWH–frühe 13. Dynastie; ca. 1750–1700 v. Chr.).200

5.4 Sphinx des Pharaos Amenemhet IV. (12. Dynastie)

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191 Saidah 1993–1994, pl. 23, 1:1–5; Ward 1993–1994, 211–212, pl. II: 3–5. 192 Ward 1993–1994, pl. II: 5. 193 Sparks 2007, 55–57, 320: 502. 194 Ward 1993–1994, 212. 195 =XP*UDEYJO&KpKDE 196 &KpKDE¿JDದE¿JD 197 &KpKDE¿JDದFGD]XQXQDXFK$VWRQ±%LHWDN 198 &KpKDE¿JDದd. 199 &KpKDE¿J–12. 200 :HLQVWHLQ )Q *HUVWHQEOLWK'DVFDNPVGOLFKYRQ%HLUXW]XORNDOLVLHUHQGHVSlWEURQ]H]HLWOLFKH*UDEYRQ*KD- ULIHK DXFK*DULIp GHVVHQ,QYHQWDULP$UFKlRORJLVFKHQ0XVHXPGHU$PHULFDQ8QLYHUVLW\%HLUXWGHSRQLHUWLVWXQGLQGHQ=HLWUDXPYRQ 1400–Y&KUGDWLHUWHQWKLHOWRIIHQEDUNHLQHlJ\SWLVFKHQRGHUlJ\SWLVLHUHQGHQ2EMHNWH E]ZGLHVHVLQGQLFKWEHNDQQWRGHUGHP*UDE JHVLFKHUW]X]XZHLVHQ YJOGD]X:RROOH\EEHV–183. 201 =XP)XQGGHV6SKLQ[YJO+DOO'XQDQG&KpKDEDXFK)LQNEHLQHU±6DGHU 202 'HS$QFLHQW(J\SW 6XGDQ5HJLVWUDWLRQQXPEHU%0 203 =XP6SKLQ[YJO)D\SOD±E AEGYPTIACA IN DER NÖRDLICHEN LEVANTE

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6.2 Forschungsgeschichte

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6.9.1 Die »Dépôts d’Offrandes«

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6.9.1.1 Aegyptiaca der »Dépôts d’Offrandes« im Bereich des Obliskentempels

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6.10.1 Grab I (Abišemu [I.]?)

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6.10.1.1 Ägyptische und ägyptisierende Funde aus Grab I

6.10.1.1.1 Obsidianbecher mit dem Thronnamen Amenemhets III.

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6.10.1.1.2 Mittelbronzezeitliche ägyptische Steingefäße aus Grab I

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6.10.1.1.3 Ein »ägyptischer« Sarg in Grab I?

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6.10.1.1.4 Lokal gefertigte ägyptisierende Objekte aus Grab I

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6.10.2 Grab II (Ibšemuabi, Sohn des Abišemu)

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6.10.2.1 Ägyptische und ägyptisierende Funde aus Grab II

6.10.2.1.1 Obsidianschatulle mit Thronnamen Amenemhets IV.

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6.10.2.1.2 Steingefäß mit Thronnamen eines Amenemhet (Amenemhet IV.?)

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6.10.2.1.3 Ägyptisierendes Pektoral mit dem Namen Ibšemuabis

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6.10.2.1.4 Sichelschwert mit hieroglyphischer Inschrift

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6.10.2.1.5 Mittelbronzezeitliche ägyptische Steingefäße aus Grab II

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6.10.2.1.6 Lokal gefertigte ägyptisierende Objekte aus Grab II

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6.10.3 Grab III (unbekannt; Yakin-ilu?, Rinti?)

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6.10.3.1 Mittelbronzezeitliche ägyptische Steingefäße aus Grab III

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6.10.5 *UDE,9 (QWLQ

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6.10.5.1 Ägyptische und ägyptisierende Funde aus Grab IV

6.10.5.1.1 6WHLQJHIlPLWKLHURJO\SKLVFKHU,QVFKULIWGHV(QWLQ

6.10.5.1.2 Weiteres mittelbronzezeitliches ägyptisches Steingefäß aus Grab IV

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6.10.6 Gräber VI–IX

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6.10.6.1 Grab VI

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6.10.6.2 Grab VII

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6.10.6.3 Grab VIII

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6.10.6.4 Grab IX

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6.12.1 Aegyptiaca aus dem Grab V

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6.5.1.4.1 Zu den chronologischen Implikationen des Fundkontextes der Karneolperle

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6.5.2 Aegyptiaca der Mittelbronzezeit aus dem Stadtbereich: Skarabäen und Steingefäße

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6.6.1.1 Die Stele des Mami (19. Dynastie)

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6.6.1.2 Ein weiteres Stelenfragment der 19. Dynastie

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6.6.2 Aegyptiaca aus dem Königspalast: Vorbemerkung

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6.6.3 Der Königspalast

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6.6.3.1 Steingefäße des Neuen Reiches aus dem Königspalast

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6.6.3.1.1 Amenhotep III.

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6.6.3.1.2 Amenhotep IV./Echnaton

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6.6.3.1.3 Könige der späten 18. und frühen 19. Dynastie

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6.6.3.1.4 Ramses II.

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6.6.3.1.5 Die sog. »Hochzeitsvase des Niqmaddu«

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6.6.3.2 Ein Gedenkskarabäus Amenhoteps III.

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6.6.3.3 Ein Fragment einer Elfenbeinintarsie mit dem Thronnamen des Semenchkare

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6.6.4 Aegyptiaca aus dem »Maison aux Albâtres«

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6.6.5 Zwei Steingefäße mit dem Eigennamen Horemhabs aus dem »Maison de Rašapabu«

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6.6.6 Der Sockel einer Statue aus dem »Maison de Yabninou« (»Südpalast«/»Kleiner Palast«)

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6.6.7 Ein Schwert mit Kartuschen Merenptahs aus dem »Maison de l’Armurier«

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6.6.8 Das »Haus des Urtenu«

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6.6.8.1 Ein Skarabäenabdruck Ramses’ II. aus dem Bereich des »Hauses des Urtenu« Unlängst publiziert wurde ein Tonverschluss mit einem Skarabäen- oder Siegelringabdruck, der den Thronnamen Ramses’ II trägt, MHGRFKEHUHLWVVFKRQJHIXQGHQZXUGH 56'DPDVNXV'2 185 Der Abdruck wur-

6.6.8.2 Tontafel des Merenptah

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6.6.8.3 Tontafel des Schatzmeisters Beia

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6.6.8.4 Zusammenfassung

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6.6.9 Skarabäen der Spätbronzezeit

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6.6.10 Sonstiges: Eine ägyptische Statue aus dem »Bâtiment aux piliers«

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7 5Ɩ6,%1+Ɩ1, 5$â8"

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7.1.1 Aegyptiaca aus dem Nordpalast

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1.1.1 Ein Skarabäus mit Kartusche Tuthmosis’ I.

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1.1.2 Ein Goldskarabäus mit dem Namen Nefertitis (spätes 14. Jh. v. Chr.)

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2 DAS SCHIFFSWRACK VON KAP GELIDONIYA (SPÄTES 13. JH. V. CHR.)

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»Immer hat Geschichte zwei Komponenten: Das, was geschehen ist, und den, der das Geschehene von seinem Orte in der Zeit sieht und zu verstehen sucht.« Golo Mann (1909–1994)

7.1 ZUR REZEPTION VON AEGYPTIACA IN DER NÖRDLICHEN LEVANTE

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7.1.1 STATUS UND MACHTPRÄSENTATION DER ELITEN DURCH AEGYPTIACA

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7.2.1 FRÜHDYNASTISCHE ZEIT UND ALTES REICH [FB I–IVA/B]

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7.2.2 DIE ERSTE ZWISCHENZEIT (7.–11. DYNASTIE) [FB IVB–MB I]

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7.2.3 DAS MITTLERE REICH (12.–FRÜHE 13. DYNASTIE) (MB I)

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- -

ORBIS BIBLICUS ET ORIENTALIS

(available volumes – volumes disponibles – lieferbare Bände)

Bickel S., Schroer S., Schurte R., Uehlinger C. (eds), Bilder als Quellen. Images as Sources. Studies on Ancient Near Eastern Artefacts and the Bible Inspired by the Work of Othmar Keel, 2007, XLVI-560 p. + XXXIV pl. 25.1a Lattke M., Die Oden Salomos in ihrer Bedeutung für Neues Testament und Gnosis. Band Ia: Der syrische Text der Edition in Estrangela. Faksimile des griechischen Papyrus Bodmer XI, 1980, 64 p. 25.3 Lattke M., Die Oden Salomos in ihrer Bedeutung für Neues Testament und Gnosis. Band III: Forschungsgeschichtliche Bibliographie 1799- 1984 mit kritischen Anmerkungen. Mit einem Beitrag von Majella Franzmann: A Study of the Odes of Solomon with Reference to French Scholarship 1909-1980, 1986, XXXIV-478 p. 25.4 Lattke M., Die Oden Salomos in ihrer Bedeutung für Neues Testament und Gnosis. Band IV, 1998, XII-272 p. 46 Hornung E., Der ägyptische Mythos von der Himmelskuh. Eine Ätiologie des Unvollkommenen. Dritte Auflage, 1982, XII-133 p. 50.2 Barthélemy D., Critique textuelle de l’Ancien Testament. Tome 2: Isaïe, Jérémie, Lamentations , 1986, XVIII-*71-1013 p. 50.3 Barthélemy D., Critique textuelle de l’Ancien Testament. Tome 3: Ézéchiel, Daniel et les 12 Prophètes, 1992, CCXLII-1150 p. 50.4 Barthélemy D., Critique textuelle de l’Ancien Testament. Tome 4: Psaumes, 2005, XLVIII-931 p. 50.5 Barthélemy D., Critique textuelle de l’Ancien Testament. Tome 5: Job, Proverbes, Qohélet et Cantique des Cantiques, 2015, XXVIII-974 p. 55 Frei P., Koch K., Reichsidee und Reichsorganisation im Perserreich. Zweite, bearbeitete und stark erweiterte Auflage, 1996, 337 p. 61 Engel H., Die Susanna-Erzählung. Einleitung, Übersetzung und Kommentar zum Septuaginta- Text und zur Theodotion-Bearbeitung, 1985, 205 p. 75 Schulman A.R., Ceremonial Execution and Public Rewards. Some Historical Scenes on New Kingdom Private Stelae, 1988, XXX-223 p. + 35 fig. + 6 pl. 77 Utzschneider H., Das Heiligtum und das Gesetz. 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