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Workers, Football, Neighbourhood: Schalke Between Tradition and Re-Invention

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Workers, Football, Neighbourhood: Schalke Between Tradition and Re-Invention Workers, Football, Neighbourhood: Schalke between Tradition and Re-Invention MSc European Urban Studies Bauhaus-Universität Weimar 2019 | Foreword On the next pages, you will find the results of a study project that has been looking at the neighbourhoods of Schalke & Schalke-Nord in the city of Gelsenkirchen. The study project is part of the master programme “European Urban Studies” at the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. This programme aims at researching the change of cities in Europe with a holistic approach including different disciplinary views. As it especially tries to include social and physical aspects of urban life, the programme intends to provide insights into urban life beyond the focus on urban design. Instead, with a broader understanding of urban development as being contextualized into society at large the programme wants to enable perspectives for complex challenges in cities. As an English-speaking programme, the project is realized with a particular international approach which benefits from a variety of professional and cultural experiences by the participating students. The team of this project consists of students from Brazil, Honduras, the United States, Australia, Germany, Ghana, Iceland, and Italy. Besides, disciplinary knowledge from urban planning, history, architecture, anthropology, geography, transport planning and journalism were brought into the project. We consider the discussion the situation of Schalke in the light of this diversity of perspectives as a potentially fruitful experience for both sides, the students and the people of Schalke. Nevertheless, we are well aware of the limitations given by the short period of work that was available and thereby the limited insights that have been gained. Despite this, we hope that our external view might be refreshing, and the possible irritation caused by it might be leading to more discussion – for the sake of a necessary improvement of this very remarkable neighbourhood! We would like to thank the Foundation Schalker Markt and especially Olivier Kruschinski and Michael Voregger for working with us. Also, we would like to express our thankfulness for all other persons who helped us to understand more about Schalke. It has been a rich experience for us and hopefully, this report offers some food for further thought. Weimar, 1st of August 2019 Frank Eckardt | Contents 01 | Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 02 | Urban ecline ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 03 | Footballd & dentity ........................................................................................................................................... 13 04 | Public pacei ........................................................................................................................................................ 45 05 | Urban mobilitys .................................................................................................................................................. 67 06 | Social cohesion & work opportunities in urban agriculture .......................................................... 89 07 | Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 111 08 | Recommendations ......................................................................................................................................... 113 01 | Introduction Prof. Dr. Frank Eckardt When we started this project, the football team of FC Schalke 04 started to slip into a concerning crisis. After having finished the last season as vice-champion in the Bundesliga and playing in the European Champions League, the steep fall came as a shock for the supporters and the people of Gelsenkirchen, which identify with the team so intensively. Attending one game in April 2019 gave us the chance to dive into the vivid football culture that is still attached to the club which has been set up once by coal work- ers. As we noticed further in the run of our stay in Gelsenkirchen, the symbols of S04 show how much this is not only true on days of the Bundesliga but also is part of the everyday life and identity of many people. Apparently, football is rooted into urban life beyond the Veltins Arena. Meanwhile, the football club has found a wide range of supporters from out of town and some supporters travel far to see the games. It is honest to say that the teams’ play has not been very nice to see for quite some time now; there are other factors that motivate people to stick to the club. Generally spoken, the club still embodies the lost tradition of the working class and represents something authentic in times of over-commercialized sport business. While Schalke is identified with the name of the football club by most visitors, the local origin of it – the neighbourhood of Schalke – has received less attention. When the new stadium was built in the adjacent quarter of Erle it seems, the con- nection between club and neighbourhood has increasingly been lost. With the es- tablishment of the Schalker Meile, a first step has been undertaken to relink both together. The setup of the Foundation Schalker Markt in 2018 was another step into this direction. The neighbourhood of Schalke has been declining over a long period, so far. It is visible even from a short visit that problems of all sort are accumulating here. Rot- ten down buildings and inhabitants suffering from degrees of poverty and unem- ployment far above national and even local average can be identified as the most important subjects that any policy for this deprived neighbourhood needs to ad- dress. The slow but frustratingly ongoing process of decay has left many planners, politi- cians, and citizens with perplexity, anger, resignation and despair. It is clear that in Schalke many problems become visible which need to be framed into the urban and regional transformation taking place since decades. Schalke as a quarter of Gelsenkirchen and lying in the Ruhr area is a mirror of a process that has often 1 been described as a process of transition from the coal and steel area to a service industry-oriented economy. There is already a long history on this process of post-industrialisation and many political and planning programmes have been answering on the challenges caused by this transition. The city and responsible actors in NRW have not stopped to en- gage into offering new ideas, projects, and plans to improve the situation in neigh- bourhoods like Schalke. While some of the affected cities have been coming out of this process better until now, however, it seems that Schalke has not made the progress necessary to cope with the negative effects it has on its inhabitants and the built and social environment. The situation in Schalke – and even more in Schalke-Nord – leaves therefore many questions open. For the project that is documented here, the main objective was to follow a path of research that starts with exploration of the situation in Schalke by taking different views from a variety of people into account. With a visit at the be- ginning of April, we had the chance to meet different actors and talk to citizens, to have a first-hand insight view and some own observations about life in this quarter. As outcome of this exploration, we identified subjects on which we wanted to con- tinue working. The choice of selected problems is always a crucial moment in any research project. The criteria for selection were multiple: firstly, the problem must have been indicated by persons we talked to in the explorative phase, so that it can demonstrate some relevance in real life. Secondly, we have chosen according to our expectation that we could deliver some understanding and hopefully some ide- as for further debate. Thirdly, it is necessary to see the lines between the selected topics and its place in a holistic view on the quarter. This means also that the cho- sen subjects need to be already present in the academic discourse which we wanted to look at for a deeper understanding of the urban problems addressed. The project followed thus a logic of a systematic approach, which on the one hand side explored the local situation with the qualitative methods of observation, inter- viewing, surveying, and documentation. On the other hand, it mirrored its findings in the lights of existing knowledge by comparing with similar cases elsewhere and by evaluation general knowledge on certain themes. To enable this comparative work, a contextualisation of the neighbourhood is required (as will be worked out in the next chapter). The complexity of local case studies always forces observers as us to choose a certain language on how to describe the situation. Choosing a certain discourse prepares concepts for identifying the causes of decline and potential strategies for improvement. There are dominant qualifications on how to describe Schalke al- ready. In many ways, the more public they become, the more prejudiced. Terms like “decline” or “disintegration” are politically sensitive. However, in the academic discourse terms are necessary to enable the discussion and to come to insights. In Chapter 3, the state of the art on “urban decline” in urban studies will be critically discussed and filtered with the
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