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Al-Shaibani-SK-1983-Phd-Thesis.Pdf THE MICROPALEONTOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC TO UPPER MIOCENE SEDIMENTS OF SERAM, EASTERN INDONESIA by Shaiban Khattab Al-Shaibani . B.Sc., Baghdad University, Iraq M.Scv Indiana University, U.S.A. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Royal School of Mines, Imperial College of Science and Technology. December, 1982 1 CONTENTS Page Abstract 9 Acknowledgements 12 Chapter I Introduction 12 The project Geographic Location of Seram 13 Previous work 13 Sample collections 21 Sample processing and method of study 32 Photography and method of presentation 3 4 Chapter 2 Tectonic evolution and regional geology of Seram ... 36 Tectonic evolution of Seram 36 Regional geology of Seram 49 Chapter 3 Revised micropaleontological determination of the age of selected stratigraphic units 53 The Nief Beds 5 3 Type Locality 33 Distribution 53 Age 53 Thickness 56 Lithology 56 Environment of deposition 57 Micropaleontological analysis 57 The Nature of the boundary between the base of the Nief Beds, the Wakuku Beds and the Saman Saman Limestone 5 8 The Miocene part of the Nief Beds 58 General remarks 58 Micropaleontological analysis 59 2 Re-evaluation of the age and the stratigraphical breaks 59 The nature of the contact between the Lower Miocene and Upper Eocene 6 4 The Eocene and Paleocene part of the Nief Beds .... 65 General remarks 65 Micropaleontological analysis 65 Re-evaluation of the age and the stratigraphical breaks 66 The Maestrichtian and Campanian part of the Nief Beds 66 General remarks 66 Micropaleontological analysis 70 Re-evaluation of the age and the stratigraphical breaks 70 The Cenomanian to Santonian in the Nief Beds 71 General remarks 71 Micropaleontological analysis 71 Re-evaluation of the age and the stratigraphical breaks 71 The Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous part of the Nief Beds 76 Remarks 76 Micropaleontological analysis and stratigraph- ical age 76 The Wakuku Beds 80 Type Locality 80 Distribution 80 Age 82 Thickness 82 Lithology 82 Environment of deposition 83 Micropaleontological analysis 83 Saman Saman Limestone 83 Type Locality 83 Distribution 83 Age 85 Thickness 85 Lithology 85 Environment of deposition 85 Micropaleontological analysis 85 3 Asinepe Limestone 87 Type Locality 87 Distribution 87 Thickness 89 Lithology 89 Environment of deposition 89 Micropaleontological analysis 89 Re-evaluation of the age 92 Chapter 4 Comparison of Micropaleontological zonations 97 Chapter 5 Systematic Micropaleontology 103 Miocene planktonic Foraminifera of the Nief Beds 105 Genus Sphaeroidinellopsis 105 Genus Globigerinatella 109 Genus Globigerina Ill Genus Globigerinoides 125 Genus Biorbulina 141 Genus Orbulina 143 Genus Globorotalia 146 Subgenus Globorotalia (Globorotalia) 148 Subgenus Globorotalia (Turborotalia) 151 Genus Hastigerina 162 Genus Dentoglobigerina 16 4 Genus Globigerinita 177 Genus Globoquadrina 184 Genus Globorotaloides 186 Genus "A" and species 1? 188 Eocene planktonic Forarainifera of the Nief Beds . 190 Genus Globigerina 190 Genus "Globigerinoides" 192 Genus Globorotalia 19 4 Subgenus Globorotalia (Acarinina) 19 4 Subgenus Globorotalia (Morozovella) 202 Subgenus Globorotalia (Truncorotaloides) .... 219 Subgenus Globorotalia (Turborotalia) 202 Genus Muricoglobigerina 226 Genus Hantkenina 233 Genus Pseudohastigerina 233 Genus Subbotina 236 4 Genus Dentoglobigerina 2 44 Genus Globigerinita 248 Paleocene planktonic Foraminifera of the Nief Beds 251 Genus Globorotalia 251 Subgenus Globorotalia (Acarinina) 251 Subgenus Globorotalia (Globorotalia) 253 Subgenus Globorotalia (Morozovella) 259 Subgenus Globorotalia (Turborotalia) 266 Genus Muricoglobigerina 276 Genus Eoglobigerina 278 Genus Subbotina 280 Upper Cretaceous planktonic Foraminifera of the Nief Beds 2 85 Genus Globotruncanella 285 Genus Rugoglobigerina 288 Genus Globotruncana 292 Genus Archaeoglobigerina 333 Genus Rotalipora 335 Genus Clavihedbergella 344 Genus Hedbergella 344 Genus Praeglobotruncana 348 Genus Schackoina 35 4 Genus Globigerinelloides 355 Genus Racemiguembelina 35 8 Genus Pseudotextularia 360 Genus Planoglobulina 36 4 Genus Heterohelix 365 Genus Gublerina 369 Upper Triassic Foraminifera of the Asinepe Limestone 371 Genus Glomospira 371 Genus Glomospirella 372 Genus Trochamina 373 Genus Planiinvoluta 374 Genus Ophthalmidium 375 Genus Galeanella 376 Genus Miliolipora 378 Genus Duotaxis 379 Genus Involutina 382 5 Genus Triasina 394 Genus "B" species 1? 397 Chapter 6 Conclusions 39 8 Bibliography 401 Plates 442 Appendix "A" (published papers) (in pocket) AL-SHAIBANI, S.K., D. ALTINER, P. BRONNIMANN, D.J. CARTER and L. ZANITTI (19 82) Triasina hantkeni MAJZON, 1954 (Foraminifere), dans le Trias Superieur de la Tethys (Europe et Asie). Archives des Sciences, Geneve, vol. 35/2 (in press). SHAIBAN K. AL-SHAIBANI, DAVID J. CARTER and LOUISETTE ZANINETTI (1982) Geological and Micropaleontological investigations in the Upper Triassic (Asinepe Limestone) of Seram, Outer Banda Arc, Indonesia (part 1). Archives des Sciences, no. 2 (in press). SHAIBAN K. AL-SHAIBANI, DAVID J. CARTER and LOUISETTE AZNINETTI (1982) Geological and Micropaleontological investigations in the Upper Triassic (Asinepe Limestone) of Seram, Outer Banda Arc, Indonesia (part 2). Revue de paleontologie, no. 3 (in press). 6 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIG. 1 Location map for Seram and the Banda Arcs, eastern Indonesia 14 FIG. 2 Location map of sample traverses in Seram .. 23 FIG. 3 Bay of Seleman Traverse 25 FIG. 4 Sapolewa River Traverse 26 FIG. 5 Isal-Wakuku River Traverse 27 FIG. 6 Sketch map of Bula Traverse 28 FIG. 7 Lola Kechil Traverse 29 FIG. 8 Nief River Traverse 30 FIG. 9 Kola River Traverse 31 FIG. 10 Schematic cross-section through the Volcanic Banda Arc, the Benioff zone, Ambon, Seram and Misool 40 FIG. 11 Geologic sketch map of Seram 47 FIG. 12 Geologic sketch map of central Seram 48 FIG. 13 Stratigraphical sections and sketch map of the Nief area of Seram 54 FIG. 14 Stratigraphical - structural section along the Bay of Seleman 55 FIG. 15 . Stratigraphical section and sketch map of the River Wakuku 81 FIG. 16 Stratigraphical - structural sections in mountain Saman Saman 86 FIG. 17 Stratigraphical - structural sections in mountain Asinepe 88 Table 1 Distribution and abundance of planktonic Foraminiferal species and other fauna in samples from the Miocene part of the Nief Beds 60 Table 2 Miocene zonation (after Blow, 1969) with the distribution of the Miocene samples 63 Table 3 Distribution and abundance of planktonic Foraminiferal species and other fauna in samples from the Eocene and Paleocene part of the Nief Beds 67 7 Table 4 Eocene and Paleocene zonation (after Blow, 1979) with the distribution of the Eocene and Paleocene samples 69 Table 5 Distribution and abundance of planktonic Foraminiferal species and other fauna in samples from the Upper Cretaceous part of the Nief Beds 72-73 Table 6 Upper Cretaceous zonation (after Pessagno, 196 7) with the distribution of the Maestrichtian, Campanian and Cenomanian samples 75 Table 7 Distribution and abundance of planktonic and benthonic Foraminifera, and other micro- fauna 1 remains in samples from the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic of the Nief Beds 77-78 Table 8 Comparison of the age and the stratigraph- ical breaks of the Nief Beds based on Audley-Charles et al. (19 79) and their re- evaluation on the present work 79 Table 9 Distribution and abundance of benthonic Foraminifera and other microfaunal remains in samples from the Wakuku Beds and Saman Saman Limestone 84 Table 10 Distribution and abundance of benthonic Foraminifera and other microfaunal remains in samples from the Asinepe Limestone (Upper Triassic) 90-91 Table 11 Upper Triassic stages with the distribution of the Triassic samples of the Asinepe Limestone 96 Table 12 Relationship of the Miocene "P/N" zones by Blow (196 9) to other zonations and the Miocene portion of the Nief Beds 99 Table 13 Relationship of the Eocene "P/N" zones by Blow (1979) to other zonations and the Eocene portion of the Nief Beds 100 8 Table 14 Relationship of the Paleocene "P/N" zones by Blow (1979) to other zonations and the Paleocene portion of the Nief Beds 101 Table 15 Relationship of the Cretaceous zonation of the Western Coastal Plain (Pessagno, 1967) to other selected areas and the Cretaceous portion of the Nief Beds 102 Range Chart 1 Stratigraphic ranges of the Miocene planktonic Foraminiferal species present in Seram 62 Range Chart 2 Stratigraphic ranges of the Eocene and Paleocene planktonic Foraminiferal species present in Seram 6 8 Range Chart 3 Stratigraphic ranges of the Cretaceous planktonic Foraminiferal species pre- sent in Seram 74 Range Chart 4 Stratigraphic ranges of the age diag- nostic Upper Triassic Foraminiferal species present in Seram 95 9 ABSTRACT The geology of Seram may be described in terms of three principal stratigraphical structural elements (Figs. 10, 11, 12): (1) Para-autochthon (Australian facies), (2) Allochthon (Asian facies), and (3) Autochthon (Post-orogenic facies). Only the first two elements are dealt with here. The Para-autochthon is interpreted as a subducted extension of northwest Australian Continental margin below the Asian Allochthon. Three stratigraphical divisions of Formation status comprise this element: (a) The Nief Beds (Late Jurassic - Late Miocene), (b) The Wakuku Beds (Early Triassic - Jurassic), and (c) The Saman Saman Limestone (Triassic). The Para- autochthon is highly deformed and imbricated. The allochthonous element is composed of
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