A BOTANICAL INVENTORY 0F SANDHILL WOODLOT, WITH EMPHASIS 0N PHENDLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THIS AND OTHER CENTRAL MICHIGAN WOODLOTS
Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY DARLENE MARIE VALASEK 1 9 72
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HM ——._.‘__._,____ ~ ABSTRACT
A BOTANICAL INVENTORY OF SANDHILL WOODLOT, WITH EMPHASIS ON PHENOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THIS AND OTHER CENTRAL MICHIGAN WOODLOTS.
by Darlene Marie Valasek
Sandhill Woodlot, Ingham County, Michigan is a Maple—
Beech association within the Water Quality Research Area,
Michigan State University Campus. A botanical inventory of
Sandhill Woodlot was conducted from April through October,
1971. The woody vegetation was analyzed using 350 point- quarter samples along 13 transect lines. Density, basal area, relative dominance, frequency, and importance value were tabulated for encountered species. A phenology study of selected woody and herbaceous species was conducted and results tabulated.
A total of 255 species of vascular plants were collected at various stages of development. Each is listed with its distribution, frequency, and flowering time. A BOTANICAL INVENTORY OF SANDHILL WOODLOT, WITH EMPHASIS ON PHENOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THIS AND OTHER CENTRAL MICHIGAN WOODLOTS.
By
Darlene Marie Valasek
A THESIS
Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology
1972 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my appreciation to my major professor, Dr. John H. Beaman for helping me in the selection of a problem and to my committee members,
Dr. Stephen N. Stephenson, Dr. William Tai, and Dr. Clarence
Mellinger for their helpful suggestions. I would like to express my deepest and sincerest gratitude to Dr. Stephenson for his guidance, his encouragement, and especially for acting as my committee chairman in Dr. Beaman's absence.
I would also like to express my appreciation to
Mr. Thomas S. McMullen for his encouragement throughout the thesis preparation and for his assistance with the woody vegetation analysis and to Mrs. Ilona I. Lagoni for her assistance as typist.
I am indebted to Dr. William B. Drew and the depart-
ment of Botany and Plant Pathology for finacinal assistance
that made several aspects of my research possible.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ii
LIST OF TABLES. . iv
LIST OF FIGURES .
INTRODUCTION ...
PHYSICAL SETTING.
CLIMATE O O O O O
HABITATS. . . . .
West-Central Cattail Marsh. . 10 East-Central Vernal Pond. . . 10 Northeastern Vernal Ponds . . 11 Felton Drain Flood Plain. . . ll East-Central Zanthoxylum Thick 12 Southwestern Poplar Stand . . 12 Advanced Old Field Succession 12 Central Upland Forest . . . . 13 Edges . . . . 13
Forest. 1H Northern Dry Upland ooooomoooo
FOREST STRUCTURE...... 1H
PHENOLOGY ...... 19
DISCUSSION...... 20
CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS. H0
LITERATURE CITED...... 58
iii LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Table of numbers of families, genera, and species found in four local woodlots.
II. Density, basal area, relative dominance, frequency, and importance values of 26 woody species two inches or greater d.b.h. encountered at 350-point-quarters in Sandhill Woodlot. 17
III. Phenograms of nine selected woody species . . 2Q
IV. Phenograms of nine selected woody species . . 26
V. Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 28
VI. Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 30
VII. Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 32
VIII. Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 3M
IX. Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 36
Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 38
iv TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Physical setting map of Sandhill . . . .
Soil map of Sandhill Woodlot ......
T0pographic map of Sandhill Woodlot. . .
Key to the woody plants phenograms . . . 22
Key to the herbaceous plants phenograms. 28 INTRODUCTION
Sandhill Woodlot is part of the Water Quality
Research Area under the management of the Institute of
Water Research, Michigan State University. The area is the
site of a wastewater and nutrient recycling project involv—
ing both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The terrestrial
ecosystem constitutes an area of approximately 300 acres representing a broad array of soil types as well as vegeta—
tion types. Sandhill Woodlot constitutes about an acres
of the terrestrial ecosystem.
Sandhill Woodlot is a Maple—Beech association
dominated by Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Fagus
grandifolia, Prunus serotina, and Ulmus spp. The spring
flora is richest in the moister portions of the woods
where aquatic and semi-aquatic plants are common. The
edges and areas of advanced old field succession contain an
abundance of Compositae in the late summer and fall.
The canopy is dense throughout most of the woods.
The forest floor is almost entirely shaded after full
leaf expansion. Secondary growth consists of saplings of
the major woody species. Acer saccharum saplings are the
most abundant. Dead trees and decaying logs are common throughout
the woods. Ulmus americana constitutes a major portion of
the dead trees due to the affect of the Dutch Elm Disease.
Most of the living elms are saplings which have grown
since the initial Dutch Elm Disease epidemic in the 1960's.
The decaying logs provide excellent habitats for a wide
variety of fungi and mosses.
The woodlot also supports an interesting fauna
including several white-tailed deer. The cattail marsh
in the central portion of the woods provides a habitat for
many aquatic invertebrates.
PHYSICAL SETTING
Sandhill Woodlot (fig. 1) is located in the south—
central one—third of Section 6, T3N, le of the Michigan
Meridian, Ingham County, on the Michigan State University
Campus, immediately north of Sandhill Road and just south
of I-96. It is bordered on the east in part and on the
west by old fields. The southern one-half of the eastern
edge is bordered by Felton Drain, a drainage ditch running
north and south through the Water Quality Research Area.
The Woodlot, which was purchased by Michigan State
University from the Lott and Wieland families in the early
1960's, is located on three major soil types (fig. 2).
The drained portions are either Spinks loamy sand or
Miami loam. The imperfectly drained portions are Conover Figure l.--Physical setting map of Sandhill Woodlot s [ 0 ° III ... II I t. :3“=?.=‘=- "‘ =.=‘ --=. ’I I \\ \ 1r, 1 \\ \\ \i 1 \X :. 1 n II: , .§\ II a II: \\ II \ 1 “e ' 2 3‘ 1 ‘ ““e I (i. \ I 'II ‘ < 1| 4 I \ ‘t A- I " K\‘. I:
3 ‘ i, I
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5 II I ' I :=::===::=--=::---- IT 8 ('3 [1” I ' #
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II O ' - .. w II. ,/ SANDHILL I' 0 WOODLOT
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Figure 2.—-Soil map of Sandhill Woodlot
snuomu. WOODLOT
80“ "up
......
IOGMY sand Ziggy; spinks 1 3°," “My loam ...... @Mlami loam Conovor loam WP" sandy loam Brookston loam
......
......
Flguro z
soils. The land surface slopes (generally) toward Felton
Drain and Sandhill Road. The topographic map (fig. 3) shows that the highest point in the woodlot is at an elevation of 889.1 feet which slopes downward to an elevation of 850.0 feet at Felton Drain.
CLIMATE
The average annual precipitation for the East Lansing-
Lanaing area for the period l9u0—1969 was 78.u9 cm., with a maximum of 100.9H cm. in 19H? and a minimum of 51.92 cm. in
1962. The greatest monthly rainfall occurs in the spring and summer, and the least in the winter months. For the same period, the average daily temperature was 8.5° C with an average daily minimum of 3.3° C and an average daily maximum of 13.8° C. The highest average daily maximum occurred in July and the lowest average daily minimum occurred in February. (Data from the National Oceanic and
AtmOSpheric Administration, Environmental Data Service,
State Climatologist, East Lansing.)
HABITATS
The Woodlot contains a diverse array of habitats.
The habitats that are periodically inundated are richer than the upland habitats. The Woodlot can be divided into ten major habitats. Each is listed below with a brief Figure 3.--T0pographic map of Sandhill Woodlot
SANDHILL WOODLO'I’
. Topographic Map
Figure 3
10
description and a list of distinctive species. They are
listed in decreasing order of wetness.
West-Central Cattail Marsh. The pond is of sufficient
size to cause a break in the forest canOpy. Acer
saccharinum, Populus deltoides, Carpinus caroliniana,
Corylus americana and Prunus serotina are among the
woody species located at the periphery of the pond.
The pond, which is filled throughout the year, contains
Lemna minor, L. trisulca, and two aquatic liverworts,
Riccia fluitans and Ricciocarpus natans. Cephalanthus
occidentalis, Typha latifolia, Iris virginica var.
shrevei, Veronica scutellata, Sium suave, Scirpus
cyperinus, and several species of Carex grow in or
along the edges of the pond. Ferns, especially
Adiantum pedatum, Polystichum acrostichoides, and
Athyrium asplenoides, are abundant at the periphery
of the pond. The pond also contains a wide variety
of both vertebrate and invertebrate fauna. As the
pond recedes in late summer and fall, a substantial
flora of semi—aquatic plants cover the exposed sub-
strate.
East—central vernal EQDd- The pond, which is filled
until early summer, contains Lemna minor and Spirodela
polyrhiza in limited quantity. Symplocarpus foetidus,
Caltha palustris, Iris virginica var. shrevei, Cardamine
douglassii, g. bulbosa, Lilium michiganense, Impatiens
ll
noli-tangere, Onoclea sensibilis, Laportea canadensis, and Phalaris arundinacea are common. Woody species,
dominated by Acer saccharinum, are sparsely distributed
in the vicinity of the pond. Very little light reaches the surface of the water due to the dense
canOpy cover. After the pond water has disappeared, very little vegetation develops on the exposed sub-
strate.
Northeastern Vernal ponds. The ponds are filled only
in the spring but the soil remains moist throughout the
year. The numerous dead trees in this habitat are
abundantly covered with mosses and fungi. The dominant
tree species are Aggr saccharinum and Fraxinus 22523.
Cephalanthus occidentalis is common in several of the
ponds. Cardamine douglassii and Arisaema triphyllum
are abundant. Laportea canadensis is found in some of
the lower areas.
Felton Drain flood plain. The poorly drained soils,
the low elevation, and the occasional flooding of Felton
Drain cause this habitat to remain moist throughout
the year. The flora of the habitat reflects an
ability to tolerate moisture. The dominant woody
Species are Fraxinus nigra, Ulmus rubra, Quercus
macrocarpa, Acer saccharinum, and Populus deltoides.
12
Sambucus canadensis, Vitus riparia, Viburnum acerifolium,
and V, trilobum are common. Representatives of the
Umbelliferae, Sanicula trifoliata, Cryptotaenia canadensis, OsmorEiza claytonii, and Angelica atropurpurea, are the dominant herbaceous components.
Mosses, including Sphagnum, and fungi, particularly
Calvatia gigantea, are common.
East—central Zanthoxylum thicket. The vegetation is dominated by a dense thicket of Zanthoxylum americanum.
An occasional tree species projects above this lower
canopy. The herbaceous layer is sparse. Phlox divaricata Trillium grandiflorum, and Geranium maculatum are the most common herbs.
Southwestern poplar stand. The dominant woody species
of this habitat is P0pulus tremuloides. The understory
is made up of Cornus alternifolia, Viburnum acerifolium,
V. trilobum, and V. prunifolium. The herbaceous layer
is very sparse.
Advanced old field succession. The woody species of
this habitat are dominated by saplings and Rhus
typhina. The spring ground cover is dominated by
Claytonia virginica, Erythronium americanum, Viola
sororia, and V. canadensis. The summer herbs are
13
grasses and old field succeSsional species of the
Compositae.
Central upland forest. This habitat is the most
homogeneous portion of the woods. The woody species are dominated by Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana,
Fagus grandifolia, Prunus serotina, and Ulmus spp.
There is an abundance of saplings largely of Acer
saccharum. Saplings of Ulmus thomasii are quite
common. In late April, the forest floor is a lush carpet of Claytonia virginica, Isopyrum biternatum,
Dicentra canadensis, D. cucullaria, and Erythronium
americanum. Dentaria laciniata, Erigenia bulbosa,
Sanguinaria canadensis, and Carex plantaginea are
common. Growing in the abundant litter is the fungus
Sarcosypha coccinea. Flowering slightly later is
Trillium grandiflorum which occurs in abundance.
Common in the late spring and summer are Geranium maculatum, Osmorjdza_ claytonii, Phlox divaricata,
Viola canadensis,_V. Sororia, V. pubescens var.
eriocarpa, Sanicula trifoliata, Hydrophyllum virginianum
and Geum canadensis.
Edge .' The edges of the woods serve as an ecotone
between the forest and the old fields and contain
species common to both. Most of the old field succession- 1%
a1 species found in this habitat fall into one of two
families, the Compositae or the Gramineae.
10. Northern dry upland forest. This is the driest habitat
of the woods and the most sparsely populated. The
dominant trees are Fagus grandifolia and Acer saccharum
which are represented by large trees and very few
saplings. The understory is poorly developed. Most
of the herbaceous species are grasses and Hydrophyllum
virginiana. Epifagus virginiana, Liriodendron tulipifera,
and Eaggx trifolius are unique to this habitat. The
northwestern corner was disturbed by the formation of
a road and a rock pile. The introduction of some old
field successional species as Arctium miggs and
Cirsium vulgare has resulted.
FOREST STRUCTURE
Flanders (1971) in his study of colonial species of
spring ephemerals calculated coefficients of similarity for five local woodlots (Hudson, Toumey, Sandhill, Baker, and
Bear Lake). The structure of Sandhill was most similar to
that of Baker although Sandhill was less diverse. Toumey was much less diverse than Sandhill. An analysis of woody vegetation and an enumeration of vascular species found in
Sanford Natural Area was conducted by Beaman (1970).
Schneider (1966) conducted a 100% inventory of Toumey 15
Woodlot over a 20 year period. Table I is a summary of the number of vascular plant families, genera, and species found in these woodlots. Data for Bear Lake and Hudson
Woodlots was not available.
TABLE I.
Woodlot Families Genera Species BakerA 76 176 260
Sandhill 73 175 255 SanfordB 87 221 ans
TourneyC 27 30 ---
A Totals from an incomplete checklist compiled by Warren D. Stevens.
B Species no longer found in Sanford subtracted from total reported.
C Recorded for 1960.
In late September and early October, 1971, the
occurrence and distribution of tree species in Sandhill
Woodlot was analyzed using the point-quarter method
(Cottam and Curtis, 1956). Data for individuals two inches
or greater d.b.h. were recorded at 350 randomly distributed
points along thirteen regularly spaced transect lines (of. fig. 1). The transect lines were spaced at 200 yard
intervals starting 100 yards from the northern and southern
boundaries. The 350 points were randomly spaced along the 16
thirteen transect lines starting at the western end of each successive line. The points fell no closer than 10 feet and no further than 100 feet apart which resulted in considerable overlap of individual point sample spheres along some portions of the transect lines. The data is summarized in Table II. Relative density, relative domin- ance, and relative frequency were summed to obtain the importance value for each species.
Sandhill is a younger woodlot than Sanford or
Toumey, a virgin stand. Small portions are still in ad- vanced old field succession. The trees, on the average, have a smaller d.b.h. One of the largest trees in Sandhill is a Fagus grandifolia with a d.b.h. of 36 inches. Other large trees include a 30-inch Acer saccharinum, a 2H—inch
Acer saccharinum, a 21-inch Quercus rubra var. borealis, an 18-inch Fraxinus americana, a 15-inch Prunus serotina,
a l2-inch Qgercus alba, a 10.5-inch Tilia americana, and
an 8.5-inch Ulmus rubra. Most trees averaged about 6
inches d.b.h.
Acer saccharum is unquestionably the dominant tree
in both Sanford and Toumey. The densities of all other species are considerably lower than that of Acer saccharum.
This species is also dominant in Sandhill Woodlot, but is closely followed by several other important Species.
The densities of most Sanford species and the dominant
Toumey species are greater than those of Sandhill. My study TABLE II.
Density, basal area, relative dominance, frequency, and importance values of 26 woody species two inches or greater d.b.h. encountered at 350 point-quarters in Sandhill Woodlot.
Density ‘Basal area —Relative Species (individuals per acre dominance Frequency Importance per acre) (sq. ft.) (%) (%) value
Acer saccharum 76.0 38.0 35.3 H5.7 73.0 Fraxinus americana 55.9 11.9 11.0 ”8.0 41.5 H MMJMOJNNJLDNLDQJ’MFHFNHOOOO E‘ CO H
Fagus grandifolia 35.H o 26.0 37.2 :NMI—IMI‘LONONr—IOOOOOOOOOOOO :l'NMr-ICOLOJNOr-Ir—IOOOOOOOOOOOO
Prunus serotina 36.1 .00. 26.8 23.9 Ulmus americana 28.1 20.2 18.3 Ostrya virginiana 25.9 19.1 17.2 Ulmus rubra 19.3 17.0 13.9 r-I H :mOr-Ir-Izrmommboz-wmmmmm
Acer nigrum 13.7 oo 11.1 JUDHCDLDJ'J'LDJr-‘INr-IOOOOOO Acer saccharinum 9.5 11.1 17 HOLDLDd'J'J'd’r-IHHOOOOOO COWLDFGDIDLOOQDLOJ'FJJNNN r-I
Quercus rubra 10.3 o r—I N mmmmr-Imcooimr—Icnjcommm H o Tilia americana 0.0... CDLDLDO)(0I'\HN:—IOOOOOO
Ulmus thomasii‘ 0.... Quercus macrocarpa
Populus deltoides o CC. Populus tremuloides O Carpinus caroliniana O Rhus typhina O O O... 0.0... Quercus alba O... Crataegus punctata Acer rubrum Malusgpumila
O. Carya cordiformis 0.. Cornus aIternifolia O Corylus americana O O Crataegus macrosperma O Viburnum prunifolium
18
excluded individuals between 1 and 2 inches d.b.h.
This may be a factor since Schneider (1966) recorded
208.2 of his H00.3 Acer saccharum individuals for 1960 in
this category. Even if individuals of this size were included in the Sandhill study, the density of a species would still be significantly lower than those of Sanford and Toumey. Some species are as common or even more so in Sandhill. Prunus serotina is considerably more abundant in Sandhill than it is in the other woodlots.
A few of the trees, Acer saccharinum and Quercus
£2223 var. borealis, have high importance values but low frequencies. Both of these species are largely repre- sented by individuals of considerable basal area although they each have a unique distribution pattern. 5233 saccharinum is restricted in distribution to wetter habitats, thus being distributed along Felton Drain and near the vernal ponds where it replaces Acer saccharum as
the dominant. Quercus £2223 var. borealis is evenly distributed through the woods with only a slightly higher frequency of occurrence along the edges. It is infrequent, however, when compared to the dominant
Species of the woods. Tilia americana occurs throughout
the woods but is represented by a high frequency of young trees, thus giving it a high frequency but a low importance value. Most of the important trees are found in both upland and lowland areas, but they may be more abundant in some areas than in others. 19
PHENOLOGY
Phenology is the study of relationships between various physical factors of the environment and seasonal changes in growth and development during the life cycles of plants and animals (Newman and Beard 1962). In plants, these life cycle phases include germination or initiation of seasonal growth, leaf development, flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, senescence, and leaf-fall or die-back.
These events are genetically controlled for each individual species. Environmental factors (light, moisture, and temperature) influence the onset of the phases. The onset of a phase and/or the length of occurence of a phase may vary slightly from year to year corresponding to changes in these environmental factors. Taylor (1969) in his Oak Ridge phenology study found as much as a month's difference in the onset of flowering. A phenology study would need to be conducted over a period of several years before an accurate account of the species' life cycle could be formulated. Jackson (1966) suggested that a study of plants growing in a wide spectrum of environ- mental conditions over a period of one year would give comparable results. I have used this technique in my phenology study. Individuals were selected from various localities in the central and southern portions of the woods. The individuals were observed every two days and stage of development recorded. 20
West and Wein (1971) prOposed a method of more precisely recording stages of the plant's phenOphase.
This technique, however, demands, as a prerequisite, an understanding of the normal course of deve10pment of the plant under observation. A minimum of one year of studying deveIOpment is required to establish a set of precise, feasible stages. Due to a time limitation, I resorted to using a more generalized set of phenological stages for my study. Expansion of buds, vegetative and reproductive growth, flowering, fruit development, seed dispersal, senescence, and leaf color change and leaf loss were observed for 18 species of woody plants.’ These data are summarized in Tables III and-IV. Vegetative and reproductive growth, flowering, fruit development, seed dispersal, senescence, and yellowing and death were recorded for #5 species of herbaceous plants. These data are summarized in Tables V through IX. The slanting lines in the phenograms indicate overlap of stages and do not necessarily indicate a quantitative measure of the number of plants at a particular stage of develop- ment.
DISCUSSION
The cold temperatures of early April delayed the growing season by about a week as compared to the previous two years. McWilliams and Ludwig (1972) noted the late flowering periods of plants in the Matthaei Botanical 21
Figure u.--Key to the woody plants phenograms 22
WOODY P LANT 8 KEY
00 O Buds expanding .0 O
Vegetative and reproductive growth
Flowering
Fruit development
Seed dispersal
Senescence
Leaf color change and loss
23
Table III.--Phenograms of nine selected woody species Acer rubrum
Acer saccharinum
Garya cordiformis
Euonymus obovatus
Lindera benzoin
g- A Horus D ’I . D ‘ 4 ‘vs .2 — . -- ,, 2’ .1, C 1--- a a . . .. 7
' ~ (: ‘ r i A ' g .0 .9 ' ' ’f ..- - - ° ' ' ‘ " ' ' .m P c. I I . ‘i'f ' ' ‘7 n n - - - ' ' I ...... O. I... «... ' ~ a . I runus . 7‘...... - -H“"' --- .....u'... .o' ' ..2"..‘-If-“ii I" l»"' w 1'. ‘4 (:W’ ‘ '-’ ‘ j: ’3
. ‘I:. {$5.1 r ’1‘ r'. '2' ,..€293:m,«.»‘* {I q!_ ' ‘.'l a se rotl . n a ... . - __., .,,.«,_.‘.,._.;.,_. ,_ _
Rhus typhina 25
Table IV.--Phenograms of nine selected woody species Ilibos cynoshati ...... MI occident."s ,_: I '7 “II ' :ESw’x‘gjfiwi
Rubus st rigosus
8 I. - ’ ' ' ...: ," ). : I” . my “44.! 1" \“v, '. " ‘ 1",, ~ my . d Iscolor . gr . m
Sambucus canadensis
Sambucus pubens
Tlfia americana
Toxicodendron radicans
V'ltis ripmfla
27
Figure 5.--Key to the herbaceous plants phenograms 28
HERBACEOUS PLANTS KEY
Vegetative and re productive growth
Flowering
Fruit development
Seed dispersal
Senescence
Yellowing' and dying
29
Table V.--Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 30
Actaea Pachypoda
Allluln trlcoccum
Ange Ilic a .3:3:1:3:3.i:.;‘ 99090 J fo’e’e’e‘ at ropu rpm-ea .:.:.:.:«.-.~~ I I *I
Ant a nu a ria plantaginifolla
Arisaema trlphyllum
Ascle‘pias Syriaca
caltha palustris
cardamlne bulbosa
Cardamine douglassfl
31
Table VII.—-Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 32 carox Illantaginoa
Gaulophyllum
thalltroidos
Claytonia
virginica
'Dentarla laclnlata
Dicentra
canadensls
Dicentra
cucullarla ..II___.I
Erlgenla
hulbon .II___.I
Erythronia
amorican um .JI___I.
Fragarla vlrginlana A u {I J A s o
33
Table VIII.--Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 3‘4
Galium alparine
Geranium maculatum
Geum canadensis
Hepatic: acutfloha
Hydrophyllum virginianum
Impatiens noli-tangere lrls virginiana
Isopyrum
biternatum
Iitella diphylla
35
Table IX.--Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 36
Monotro pa
unitlora
Osmorhiza claytonii
Phryma
Ieptostachya
Podophyllum
peltatum
Polygonat um pubescans
Ranunculue abortlvus llanunculus septentrionalis
Sanguinaria canadensis
Sanicula gregaria
37
Table X.--Phenograms of nine selected herbaceous species 38
trifoliata
SUBVO
PEGOMOBR
Iloxlcaulus
Symplocarpus Ioetldus
Trillium
d
f
I
.8
a
r n
r
o u
Viola
Vlola
Viola
I
8
o
0 HI
r a 39
Gardens, Ann Arbor in 1971 as compared to the previous two years. They attributed much of this to below average precipitation. The warm, moist conditions of April 11 and 12 initiated the growing season. Growing occurred most rapidly after warm, moist weather. The frosts of
October 7 through 11 ended the 1971 growing season.
Spring ephemerals completed their life cycles before complete canOpy expansion. Since many of these planfia flower before full vegetative growth has been completed, growth continues during fruit development.
Food materials produced at this time are transported to
Specialized food storage organs such as bulbs, corms, or rhizomes to be used the following spring in flower
O initiation. Some species as Erythronium americanum
must deve10p a bulb of a sufficient size before the plant will flower. Allium triccocum (of. Table V) produces
an extensive vegetative growth in the early spring and then dies back with the spring ephemerals. In the summer growth resumes and the plant develops inflorescences to complete the reproductive portion of the life cycle.
Isopyrum biternatum (of. Table VII), a spring ephemeral, resumes vegetative growth in late summer after dying back at canopy closure. The food produced is stored in nodule-like structures on the roots of the organism.
In many portions of the woods several species of the same genus grow sympatrically, thus facilitating hybridization. In many cases the time of pollen shed and HO
stigmatic receptivity of the two species do not overlap.
This is exemplified by Dicentra canadensis and D. cucullaria
(of. Table VI) and Sambucus pubens and S. canadensis
(cf. Table IV). The slight overlap of flowering time of some species occasionally results in hybrids. This is a common occurance with Cardamine bulbosa and C. douglassii.
Most of the species of the phylogenetically advanced families such as the Compositae, flower later in the growing season than the more primitive families such as the Ranunculaceae. Seed and fruit development occurs at a more rapid rate in these plants so they may complete their life cycle before the onset of severe frosts.
CHECKLIST OF VASCULAR PLANTS
The following checklist includes the vascular plants which occur in the woodlot. Most species were collected in more than one stage of development. All collection numbers are Valasek Collections unless designated other- wise. Collections sited are deposited in the Beal—
Darlington Herbarium of Michigan State University.
Flowering dates of the angiosperms are based on specimens in the Beal-Darlington Herbarium from the southern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan.
The systematic arrangement is as follows: Pterido- phyte and gymnosperm higher taxa, Cronquist et a1. (1966);
Pteridophyte and gymnosperm families, Melchior and N1
Werdermann (195H); Angiosperms, Cronquist (1968); Genera and species of each family, alphabetical.
The checklist includes 73 families, 175 genera, and 255 species. The largest families are the Compositae with 16 genera and 21 species and the Gramineae with 13 genera and 19 species. The largest genus is 92235 with 16 species. H2
EQUISETOPHYTA (Horsetails)
Equisetaceae (horsetail family)
Equisetum arvense L. Horsetail. 556, 683. Along the drainage ditch and pond edges. E. h ale L. Scouring rush. 603, 658. Along the drainage ditch.
POLYPODIOPHYTA (Ferns)
Ophioglossaceae (Adder's tongue Family)
Botr chium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake fern. 62%, 772. Scattered through the woods.
Polypodiaceae (Polypody Family)
Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair fern. 636. Infre- quently scattered through the woods. Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) Desv. Lady fern. 637, 851, 878} Erequent in the central portion. .A. pycnocarpon (Soreng.) Tidest. Narrow-leaved spleen- wort. 856. Central portion. A. thelygteroides (Michx.) Dev. Silvery spleenwort. 7 , . entral portion. Cystgpteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. Fragile fern. 68A. SE portion. Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. Muell.) Watt. Spinulose shield—fern. 630. Scattered through the woods. Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive fern. 615. Near the vernal pofids. Polystrichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas fern. 638. Scatteréd through the woods. Thelypteris hexagonOptera (Michx.) Weatherby. Broad beech-fern. 877. E-central portion. 2. noveboracensis (L.) Niewwl. New York fern. 826. N—central portion near the vernal pond.
PINOPHYTA (Gymnosperms)
Pinaceae (Pine Family)
Pinus sylvestris L. Scotch pine. 797. Single tree along the edge of the E-central portion.
MAGNOLIOPHYTA (Angiosperms)
MAGNOLIATAE (Dicotyledons)
MAGNOLIDAE
Magnoliaceae (Magnolia Family) H3
Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip—pOplar. 888. Few saplings in the NWPcorner. Flowering in June.
Lauraceae (Laurel Family)
Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume, Spicebush. 509, 512, 809, 850, 883. Scattered through the woods in low areas. Flowering in April.
Ranunculaceae (Crowfoot Family)
Actaea pachypoda Ell. White Baneberry. 599, 835. Scattered through the woods. Flowering May-June. Anemone qginquefolia var. interior Fern. Wood anemone. 802. Near the vernal pond in the E-central portion. Flowering April-May. Caltha palustris L. March marigold. 663, 537. Vernal pond in the E-central portion. Flowering April-June. Hepatica acutiloba DC. Liverleaf. 508, 686, 936. Patchesiin the SE and central portions. Flowering April—May. . Iso rum "' atum (Raf.) T. 8 G. False Rue-anemone. 58;, 51 2‘5” , Q, 896, Flanders 251. Abundantly scattered through the woods. Flowering April-May. Ranunculus abortivus L. Small—flowered crowfoot. , . Scattered through the woods. Flowering May-June. R. recurvatus Poi. 60A, 7H6. Scattered through the woods. Flowering’May-June. R. sceleratus L. Cursed crowfoot. 939. Pond in the W-central portion. Flowering May-June. Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. 8 Lall. Purple meadow-rue. 651. Secentral portion. Flowering June-July. T. dioicum L. Meadow rue. 690. SE portion. Flowering ApriI-May.
Berberidaceae (Barberry Family)
Berberis thunbergii DC. Japanese barberry. 597. ’Central portion. Flowering April-May. Caulo h llum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh. 530, T92. Scattered through the woods. Flowering April-May. Podophyllum peltatum L. May-apple. 600, 770. Scattered through the woods in patches. Flowering in May.
MeniSpermaceae (Moonseed Family)
Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed. 859. Central por- tion. Flowering June-July. Papaveraceae (POppy Family) nu
Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot. 505, 582. Scattered through the woods in patches. Flowering in April-May.
Fumariaceae (Fumatory Family)
Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel-corn. Bil, 526, Flanders 2H5, 2V8. Abundantly scattered through the woods in patches. Flowering
Q. cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches. 507, 5T8, 55I, Flanders 2H6. Scattered through the woods in patches. Flowering April-May.
HAMAMELIDAE
Hamamelidaceae (Witch—hazel Family)
Hamamelis virginiana L. Witch-hazel. 922. Infrequent in the central portion. Flowering September—October.
Ulmaceae (Elm Family)
Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. 88V E-central portion. Flowering in May. Ulmus americana L. American elm. 566, 57k, 855. Scattered through the woods. Flowering in April. 2. rubra Muhl. Slippery or red elm. 905. Scattered the woods. Flowering in April-May. U. thomasii Sarg. Rock elm. 520, 629. Scattered through tHe woods. Flowering April—May.
Moraceae (Mulberry Family)
Morus alba L. var. tatarica (L.) Ser. White mulberry. 689, 800, 9H6. few trees along the E—central edge. Flowering in May.
Urticaceae (Nettle Family)
Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. Wood—nettle. 858. Dense colonies in the moist area. Flowering June-August. Urtica gracillis Ait. Nettle. 928. Near the vernal ponds in the central portion. Flowering July-August. Juglandaceae (Walnut Family)
Car a cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. Bitternut hickory. BEE. Scattered through the woods. Flowering in May. 9. ovalis (wangenh.) Sarg. Pignut hickory. 920. SW portion. Flowering May-June. Ju lans nigra L. Black walnut. 796, 919, 921. Infrequent in the SW portion. Flowering in May. H5
Fagaceae (Beech Family)
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech. 570, 799, 9A5. One of the dominant trees of the woods. Flowering in May. 93ercus alba L. White oak. 9H2. Scattered through the woods. Flowering in May. macrocarpa Michx. Mossy-cup or bur oak. 699, 915. Scattered through the woods. Flowering in May. ‘9. muehlenbergii. Engelm. Chestnut oak. 913. E-central portion. Flowering May-June. Q. rubra var. borealis (Michx.F.) Farw. Northern red oak. 572. Scattered through the woods. Flowering in May. 0. velutina Lam. Black oak. 592. SW corner near the forest-oId field ecotone. Flowering in May.
Betulaceae (Birch Family)
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Ironwood or blue-beech. 853, 951. Scattered through the woods. Flowering April-May. Corylus americana Walt. Hazel. 696. Young tree on the W edge of the pond in W-central portion. Flowering April-May. Ostr a virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Ironwood or hop Hornbean. 575, 9A7. Scattered through the woods. Flowering April-May.
CARYOPHYLLIDAE Phytolaccaceae (Pokeweed Family)
Phytolacca americana L. Pokeweed. 927. SE corner. Flowering June-October.
Caryophyllaceae (Pink Family)
Cerastium vulgatum L. Mouse—eared chickweed. 675. E— central portion. Flowering May-July. Dianthus armeria L. Deptford pink. 777. Along the W edge. Flowering late June—early August. Lydhnisalba Mill. White cockle. 735. Along the edges. Flowering May-October. Stellaria longifolia Muhl. Chickweed. 691. SE portion. FIowering May-JuIy.
Portulacaceae (Purslane Family)
Claytonia vir inica L. Spring beauty. 506, 567, 558, Flanders 255. Scattered abundantly through the woods. Flowering March—May.
Polygonaceae (Buckwheat Family) H6
Polygonum persicaria L. Smartweed. 93H. SE corner. Flowering July—September. P. virginianum L. Jumpseed. 886, 891. Scattered — through the wodds. Flowering July-August. Rumex acetosella L. Red sorrel. 676. Along the edges. Flowering May-July. R. cris a L. Yellow dock. 710. Along the edges. FIowering in June.
DILLENIIDAE
Guttiferae (St. John's wort Family) Hypericum perforatum L. St. John's-wort. 778. Along the W edge. Flowering June-July.
Tiliaceae (Linden Family)
Tilia americana L. Linden or basswood. 571, 688, 953. Abundantly scattered through the woods. Flowering May-June.
Violaceae (Violet Family)
Viola canadensis L. Canada violet. sun, 623, 8H0. Abundantly scattered through the woods. Flowering mostly in May and June but sporadically from April to October. 1. pubescens var. eriocarpa (Schwein.) Russell. Yellow Violet. 525, 602, 731, 880. Abundantly scattered through the woods. Flowering April-June. R. rostrata Pursh. Long—spurred violet. 521, 529, 246. Infrequently scattered through the woods. Flowering April—May. l. sororia Willd. Blue violet. 538, 5H5, 62M. Abundantly scattered through the woods. Flowering April-June.
Cucurbitaceae (Gourd Family)
Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T 8 G Prickly cucumber. 930. Along the S-central edge near the pine planta- tion. Flowering in August.
Salicaceae (Willow Family)
Populus deltoides Marsh. Cottenwood. 6H8, 758. Scattered through the moister portions of the woods. Flowering April-May. P. tremuloides Michx. Quaking aspen. 63”, 910. Scattered - through’ihe woods. One of the dominant trees in the SW portion. Flowering in April. Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy willow. 527, 5H1, 5M3. Along the SW edge near the forest-old field ecotone. Flowering April-May. 1+7
R. ri ida Muhl. Heart-leaved willow. 5H0, 5H2, 652, 667, 668, 703. S Portion. Flowering April-May.
Cruciferae (Mustard Family)
Barbarea vul aris R. Br. Yellow rocket or winter cress. 589, 753. Along the edges. Flowering May- August. Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary alyssum. 866. Along the S edge. Flowering June--early November. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. Spring cress. 606. N edge of'the pond in the E-central portion. Flowering April-early June. 9. dou lassii (terr.) Britt. Bitter cress. 523, 53a, 5 , 0 . Near the vernal ponds in the central portion. Flowering April-May. Dentaria lacinata Muhl. Toothwort. 522, 7u5. Scattered through the woods. Flowering April—May. Lepidiumcam.estre (L.) R. Br. Field cress of pepper- grass. 779. E of the pine plantation. Flowering May-June. Thlaspi arvense L. Penny-cress of fanweed. 672. Along E-centraI portion. Flowering April-July.
MonotrOpaceae (Monotr0pa Family)
Monotropa uniflora L. Indian pipe. 595, 890. E- central portion near the trail. Flowering July- August.
Primulaceae (Primrose Family)
Lysimachia diliata L. Loosestrife. 805. NW corner. Flowering JuneJAugust.
ROSIDAE
Grossulariaceae (Gooseberry Family)
Ribes americanum Mill. Wild Black Currant. 717. SE edgeiin moist soil. Flowering May-June. R. gynosbati L. Prickly gooseberry. 555, 598, 6H2. Scattered through the woods. Flowering in May.
Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage Family)
Mitella i h 11a L. Bishop's cap. 55M, 65M. Near the ponds. EIowering late April-early June. Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Saxifrage. 6N9. SE portion near the pine plantation. Flowering May-June.
Rosaceae (Rose Family) 148
Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Agrimony. 82A, 893. Along the trail in the central portion and in the NW corner. Flowering in July. Amelanchierarborea (Michx.) Fern. Serviceberry. 557. Infrequent along the W—central edge. Flowering April-May. Amalanchuailaevis Serviceberry. 9H7. Infrequent along tHEIWLcentral edge. Flowering late April- early May. Crateagus macrosperma. Ashe. Hawthorn. 919, 918. E- central portion. Flowering May-June. Q. punctata Jacqu Hawthorn. 908, 95H. Central portion. F owering May-early June. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Strawberry. 588. Along the W edge. Flowering May- -June. Geum canadensis Jacq. Avens. 759, 765, 791, 798. Scattered th_ough the woods. Flowering June-August. Malus Pumila Mill. Apple. 593, 79”. Infrequent in the corner near the forest—old field ecotone. Flower- ing in May. Potentilla recta L. Five-finger cinquefoil. 728, 775. AIOng the edges. Flowering June—August. Prunus serotina Ehrh. Black cherry. 573, 587, 779, 887, 9H9. Abundantly scattered through the woods. Flowering in May. P. virginiana L. Choke cherry. 697, 837, 909, 916. SW corner near the forest— old field ecotone. Flowering May- early June. Rosa carolina L. Rose. 906. Along the SE edge. Flower- ing June-July. R. multiflora Thunb. Rose. 810, 9H8. SE edge of the pond’in the E-central portion and the N edge. Flowering in June. Rubus allegheniensis Porter. Common blackberry. 762. AIEng the path in the SW portion. Flowering May-June. R. occidentalis L. Black raspberry. 803. Along the E edge. Flowering May— —June. R. strigosus Michx. Red raspberry. 632, 808, 812, 2M9. Along the edges. Flowering June— —July.
Leguminosae (Pea Family)
Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog-peanut. 737. Scattered through the woods. Flowering July-September. Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. Tick trefoil. 865, 868. Along the S edge. Flowering July—August. Melilotis officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow sweet- clover. 80H. Along the’ETedge. Flowering June- -September. Trifolium pratense L. Red clover 839. Along the edges. FIowering June— October.
Onagraceae (Evening-primrose Family) Lie
Circaea quadrisulcata var. canadensis (L.) Hara. Enchanteris nightshade. 793, 838, 895. Scattered through the woods. Flowering June-early August. Oenothera biennis L. Evening primrose. 8A8. Along the N edge. FIowering July-September.
Cornaceae (Dogwood Family)
Cornus alternifolia L.f. Alternate—leaved dogwood or green osler. 680, 681, 687, 852. Scattered through the woods. Flowering May—June. Cornus florida. Flowering dogwood. 9AM. Infrequent 1n the central portion. Flowering in May. 9. foemina subsp. racemosa (Lam.) J. S. Wilson. Panicled dogwood. 861, 952. Scattered through the woods. Flowering May-June. g. stolonifera Michx. Red osier. 66H. Near the vernal pond in the E-central portion. Flowering May—June infrequently in July and August.
Celastraceae (Staff Tree Family)
Euonymus obovatus Nutt. Running strawberry bush. 617. Infrequently scattered through the woods. Flowering May-June.
Aquifoliaceae (Holly Family)
Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. Black alder or winter— berry. 7H7TVNear the vernal pond in the E-central portion. Flowering June-July.
Vitaceae (Grape Family)
Parthenocissus quinquifolia (L.) Planch. Virginia creeper or American ivy. 661. Shattered through the woods. Flowering in June. Vitis riparia Michx. Frost grape. 666, 815, 92ua. Scattered through the woods often forming extensive vine systems. Flowering May-June.
Aceracese (Maple Family)
Acer ne undo L. Box-elder. 678. Infrequent along the E-centraI edge. Flowering April—May. R. nigrum Michx. Black maple. 991. Abundantly scattered through the woods. Flowering April-early May. R, rubrum L. Red maple. 50A, 923. Infrequently scattered through the woods. Flowering April-early May. A. saccharinum L. Silver maple. 528, 601. Frequent - in wet areas near the vernal ponds. Flowering April- early May. 50
R. saccharum Marsh. Sugar maple. 533, 567, 569. Dominant tree through most of the woods. Flowering
Anacardiaceae (Cashew Family)
Rhus typhina L. Staghorn sumac. 769, 782, 783, 789. Along the edges and in areas of early forest succession. Flowering in June. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Ktze. Poison-ivy. 730. Scattered through the woods. Flowering in June.
Rutaceae (Rue Family)
Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Prickly-ash. 535, 665. Scattered through the woods. Forms a large thicket in the E-central portion. Flowering in May.
Oxalidaceae (Wood—sorrel Family)
Oxalis stricta L. Wood—sorrel. 750. At the E—central entrance. Flowering May-August.
Geraniaceae (Geranium Family)
Geranium maculatum L. Cranesbill. 590, 608a, 613, 738, 818. Scattered through the woods. Flowering May—early June.
Balsaminaceae (Touch—me-not Family)
Im atiens noli-tangere subsp. biflora (Walt.) Hultin. E73. Near the vernal pond in the E-central portion. Flowering July-September.
Araliaceae (Ginseng Family)
Aralia racemosa L. Spikenard. 889. E-central portion. Flowering in July. Panax trifolium L. Dwarf ginseng. 577. Few scattered patches in the NE corner. Flowering April-May.
Umbelliferae (Parsely Family)
Angelica atropurpurea L. Angelica. 711. Along the SE edge in mdist soil, Flowering late May—early July. Cryptotaenia canadensis (Torr.) DC. Honewort. 660, 882. Scattered through the woods. Flowering June- July. Daucus carota L. Wild carrot or Queen Anne's lace. 801. Along the edges. Flowering June-October. 51
Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Harbinger-of-spring. , 53, 62I. Scattered through the woods. Flower- ing in April. Osmorhiza. claytonii (Michx.) C. B. Clark. Sweet cicer. 7A3. Scattered through the woods. Flowering May-June. Sanicula gregaria Rickn. Black snakeroot. 6H3. Scattered through the woods. Flowering May-early July. R. trifoliata Bickn. Black snakeroot. 677, 7M0, 876, 937. Scattered through the woods. Flowering late May— early June. Sium suave Walt. Water parsnip. 586, 6H0, 86A, 872. In the pond in the W—central portion. Flowering July-October. Torillis japonics (Houtt.) DC. Hedge-parsley. 8H2. Near the trail in the E-central portion. Flower- ing July—August.
ASTERIDAE
Apocynaceae (Dogbane Family)
Apocynmn cannabinum L. Indian-hemp. 712. Along the SE edge. Flowering May-September.
Asclepidaceae (Milkweed Family)
Asclepias syriaca L. Common mildweed. 785. Along the S edgeJ'Flowering June-August.
Solanaceae (Nightshade Family)
Ph salis subglabrata Mackenz. 8 Bush. Ground cherry. S06. Klong the'E-central edge. Flowering July-August. Solanum carolinense L. Horse nettle. 931. Along the 8- central portion near the pine plantation. Flowering June—August. R. dulcamara L. Red nightshade. 827. Near the vernal pond in the N-central portion. Flowering June-mid- August.
Polemoniaceae (Phlox Family)
Phlox divaricata L. Phlox. 562, 7A”. Scattered through the woods. FIOwering April-June.
Hydrophyllaceae (Waterleaf Family)
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx. Waterleaf. 653. Scattered through the woods in large patches. Flowering May—July. R. canadense L. Waterleaf. 767. Scattered through the N portion. Flowering in June. 52
R. virginianum L. Waterleaf. 619, 662, 7u9. Scattered through the woods in large patches. Flowering May- early June. Boraginaceae (Borage Family)
Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnst. Stickseed. 912. Infrequent in the W—central portion. Flowering July-August.
Phrymaceae (Lopseed Family)
Phryma leptostachya L. LOpseed. 81H, 836, 89k. Scattered through the woods. Flowering June-August.
Verbenaceae (Vervain Family)
Verbena hastata L.Vervain. 822. Along the SW edge near the forest-old field ecotone. Flowering late June-September. l. urticifolia L. White vervain. 8H3. Infrequently scattered through the woods. Flowering July-early August.
Labiatae (Mint Family)
Leonurus cardiaca L. Motherwort. 78H. Along the trail in the central portion. Flowering June-July. L co us vir inicus L. Water-horehound. 899. Edge of the pond 1n the W-central portion. Flowering July- September. Monarda fistulosa L. Horse-mint. 833. Along the SW edge. Flowering July-August. Prunella vulgaria L. Heal-all. 766. Near the SW entrance. FIBwering June—October. Scutellaria lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap. 870,903. Along the pond in the W-central portion. Flowering May-August. Teuorium canadense L. Wood-sage. 867. Along the S edge. FFlowering JuIy-September.
Plantaginaceae (Plantain Family)
Planta o laneolata L. Ribgrass or buckhorn. 716, 780. KIong the edges. Flowering May—June. R. major L. Common plantain. 83H. At the W-central entrance. Flowering July-October.
Oleaceae (Olive Family)
Fraxinus americana L. White ash. 811, 823, 85H, 92H. One of the ddminant trees in the woods. Flowering in May. 53
R. ni ra Marsh. Black ash. 956. Wet areas of the woods. F owering May-June.
Scrophulariaceae (Figwort Family)
Veronica scutellata L. Marsh Speedwell. 73A. 760. Along the SW edge of the pond in the W-central portion. Flowering June-July. R. serpyllifolia L. Speedwell. 61M. At the SW entrance. Flowering May-June.
Orobanchaceae (Broom-rape Family)
Epifagus virginiana (L.) Bart. Beech-drOps. 829, 907. Parasitic on the beech in the N portion. Flowering July-October.
Campanulaceae (Bluebell Family)
Lobelia inflata L. Indian Tobacco. 879. E—central portion. Flowering August-September. R. syphilitica L. Blue cardinal Flower. 875. Infrequent in the E-central portion. Flowering August-early October.
Rubiaceae (Madder Family)
Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button bush. 8H5. In the vernal ponds. Flowering June-August. Galium a arine L. Cleavers. 559, 616. Abundantly scattered through the woods often forming dense mats. Flowering May—June. Galium lanceolatum Torr. Redstraw. 755. Central portion. Flowefing June-July. g. obtusum Bigel. Bedstraw. 752. Central portion. FIowering in June. g. triflorum Michx. Sweet—scented bedstraw. 732, 7A1. Central portion. Flowering May-July. Mitchella repens L. Partridge-berry. 938. Near the NW corner of the pond in the W-central portion. Flower- ing June-July.
Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle Family)
Lonicera morrowi Gray. Honeysuckle. 820. Along the W edge. FIowering May-June. Sambucus canadensis L. Common elder. 786. In moist areas. Flowefing May-June. R. Eubens Michx. Red berried elder.560, 813. Scattered t roug the woods. Flowering late April-June. Viburnum acerifolium L. Arrow-wood or maple—leaved Viburnum. 6H7, 693. SE portion. Flowering May—June. 54
V. lenta o L. Wayfaring tree. 925. Central portion. - FIower1ng May—June. R. pronifolium L. Black haw. 698, 857. SE and central portions. Flowering in June. 1. trilobum Marsh. Highbush-cranberry. 926. SE corner. FIowering May-July.
Compositae (Composite or Aster Family)
Achillea millefolium L. Common yarrow. 645. Along the SWPedge. Flowering May-October. Antennaria neglecta Greene. Pussy-toes. 565. Along the W edge. Flowering in May. R, plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. 581, 633, 756. Along the‘W edge. Flowering in May. Aster cordifolius L. 898. Infrequently scattered through the woods. Flowering August-October. R. latifolius (L.) Britt. Calico aster. 901. Scattered through the woods. Flowering July—early October. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. Common burdock. 830, 847. Along the edges. Flowering July-August. Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg. Beggar-ticks. 902. In the vernal ponds. Flowering August-September. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Ox-eye daisy. 715, 768. Along the edges. Flowering late May-July. Cichorium intybus L. Common chicory. 790. Along the edges. Flowering Fune-October. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Tenore. Bull thistle. 885, 932, 9E0, NW corner. Flowering July-October. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy-fleabane. 714, 727. AIOng the edges. Flowering June-early October. E. philadephicus L. Fleabane. 673, 713. Along the edges. - Flowering May-June. Helianthus decapetalus L. Sunflower. 863, 892a. At the E-central entrance. Flowering July-early September. Hieracium aurantiacum L. King-devil. 674. Along the edges. Flowering June-August. H. ratense. Tausch. Hawkweed. 679. Along the edges. - FIower1ng late May-August. Rudbeckia hirta L. Black—eyed Susan. 774, 841. Along the edges. Flowering June-August. Senecioaureus L. Squaweed. 591, 685. W—central portion. Flowering May—June. Solidago caesia L. Blue-stem goldenrod. 900. Along the trail in the W-central portion. Flowering late August— early October. R. flexicaulis L. Goldenrod. 935. Along the S edge. FIdwering July-September. Taraxacum officinale Weber. Dandelion. 564. Along the edges. Flowering April-October. Tra o 0 on pratensis L. Goat's beard. 787. SE portion. FIower1ng JUne—early July. 55
LILIATAE (Monocotyledons)
COMMELINIDAE
Juneaceae (Rush Family)
Juncus tenuis Willd. Path rush. 733, 763, 764. Along the edges. Flowering June-August.
Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)
Carex albursina Sheldon. 550, 625. Scattered through the woods. Flowering May—July. Q. blanda Dewey. 610, 612, 694. Scattered through the woods. Flowering May-June. C. convoluta Mackenzie. 682, 695, 816. Scattered - through the woods. Flowering late May-July. C. crinita Lam. 639. Along the ponds. Flowering late I May—early July. . gracillima Schwein. 609a. Along the pond in the E- I0 central portion. Flowering May—June. . hirtifolia Mackenz. 563. Scattered through the woods. H3 Flowering’May—June. . intumescens Rudge. 751. Low area in the central K3 portion. Flowering May-July. . laxifolia Lam. 671. Along the E-central edge. I0 Flowering May-early June. . lupulina Muhl. 700, 760a, 761, 771. Near the ponds I0 in the central portion. Flowering June—August. . molesta Mackenzie. 692. SE portion. Flowering June- H3 JuIy. . pendunculata Muhl. 510, 524. Central portion. I0 Flowering May-June. g. plantaginea Lam. 501, 514, 519, 608. Scattered through the woods. Flowering April-May. Q. prasina Wahl. 583. N-central portion. Flowering in May. 9. rosea Schkehr. 579. N-central portion. Flowering May-June. Q. sti ata Muhl. 611, 641. Near the ponds in the central portion. Flowering June—July. C. woodii Dewey. 513. Scattered through the woods. _ FIowering April-May. Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Wool grass. 871, 897. In the ponds in the central portion. Flowering July— August.
Gramineae (Grass Family)
Agropyron re ens (L.) Beauv. Quack grass. 788. Along the edges. EIowering June—August. 56
Algpecurus aequalis Sobol. Foxtail. 704. NE edge of the pond in the central portion. Flowering late May-June. Bromus inermis Leyss. Brome grass. 718. Along the S edge.iFlowering June-July. Dactylis glomerata L. Ochard grass. 626. At the SW entrance. FIowering June-August. Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.)Fern. Barnyard grass. 933. SE corner. Flowering August-September. Elymus riparius Wieg. Wild rye. 881. E-central portion. Flowering in August. R. villosus Muhl. Wild rye. 862. E-central portion. Flowering July—August. Festuca obtusa Biehler. Fescue. 807. E—central portion. Flowering—June-July. Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchc. 754, 776, 795. SW edge of the pond in the central portion. Flower— ing June-July. g. striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Manna grass. 656. Near the vernaI pond in the E-central portion. Flowering June—July. Leersia virginica Willd. White grass. 892. Along the traiI in the W-central portion. Flowering August- September. Panicum implicatum Scribn. Panic grass. 781. Along the W-central edge. Flowering June-August. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed canary grass. 655, 706, 738. Near the pond in the E-central portion and along the drainage ditch. Flowering May-July. Phleum ratense L. Timothy. 739. Along the edges. Elowering dune-August. R23 alsodes A. Gray. 669. SW portion. Flowering May- June. R. annua L. Spear grass. 609. Along the vernal pond in E-central portion. Flowering June-October. P. nemoralis L. 618. SE portion. Flowering June-August. R. pratensis L. Kentucky blue grass. 627. SW portion. Flowering July-August. Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. 644. Along the path in the SW portion. Flowering in June.
Typhaceae (Cat-tail Family)
T ha an ustifolia L. Narrow-leaved cat-tail. NE corner of t e pond in the central portion. Flowering late June-August.
Araceae (Arum Family)
Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott. Jack-in—the-pulpit or Indian turnip. 552, 825, Scattered through the woods. Flowering late April-June. 57
Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Skunk cabbage. 536. vernal pond ih the E—central portion. Flowering in April.
Lemnaceae (Duckweed Family)
Lemna minor L. Duckweed. 709. Pond in the W—central portiOn. Flowering June—August. L. trisulca L. Star duckweed. 707. Pond in the W— - central portion. Flowering June-August. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden. Duckweed. 943. Ponds in’central portion. Flowering June-August.
Liliaceae (lily Family)
Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild leek. 515, 911. Scattered through the woods in patches. Flowering July—August. Asparagus officinalis L. Asparagus. 773. Near the SW entrance. Flowering May—June. Er thronium americanum Ker. Yellow adder's tongue. 6T6, 578. Scattered through the woods. Flowering April-May. Lilium michiganense Farw. Michigan lily. 860. S end of the vernal ponduin the E-central portion. Flowering June—July. Maianthemum canadensis Desf. Canada mayflower. 635. Sparse colonyiin the NE portion. Flowering May-June. Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. Small Solomon's seal. 594, 702. Infrequently scattered through the woods. Flowering May-June. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. False Solomon's seal. 622, 626, Scattered through the woods. Flowering May-June. R. stellata (L.) Desf. False Solomon's seal. 607. Near the vernal pond in the E-central portion. Flowering May-June. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Trillium. 539, 548. Seattered through the woods. Flowering April—May.
Iridaceae (Iris Family)
Iris virginica L. var. shrevei (Small) Anderson. Iris. 7, . ong the vernal ponds in the central portions. Flowering in June. Smilacaceae (Greenbriar Family) Smilax tamoides L. var. hispida (Muhl.) Fern. Bristly greenbriar. 650a, 955. Scattered through the woods. Flowering in June. LITERATURE CITED
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Cottam, G. and J. T. Curtis. 1956. The use of distance measures in phytosociological sampling . Ecolog- 3: 451-460.
Cronquist, A. 1968. The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 396 pp.
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Flanders, R. A. 1971. Temporal Associations Among Wood— land Plants in Southern Michigan. Masters thesis, Michigan State University, Department of Botany. 70 pp. Jackson, M. T. 1966. Effects of microclimate on spring flowering phenology. Ecology 47: 407-415.
McWilliams, E. L. and L. K. Ludwig. 1972. Floral Phenology at the Matthaei Botanical Gardens: 1969-1971. Mich. Bot. 11: 83-114.
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Schneider, G. 1966. A Twenty-year Ecological Investiga— tion in a Relatively Undisturbed Sugar Maple-Beech Stand in Southern Michigan. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 15. 61 pp.
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58 59
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