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4.2 Enhancing Biodiversity Conservation in Arid Lands 69 4.3 Linking Mountain Protected Areas to Create Large Conservation Corridors 72 Major Conservation Issues of the 1990s Results of the World Conservation Congress Workshops Edited by Jeffrey A. McNeely, Chief Scientist Montreal, Canada 13-23 October 1996 IUCN - The World Conservation Union 1998 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its fron- tiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK IUCN The World Conservation Union Copyright: © 1998, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: McNeely, J.A. (Ed.) (1998). Major Conservation Issues of the 1990s: Results of the World Conservation Congress Workshops. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. vii + 203 pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0433-2 Cover design by: Reflet Artwork for Business Printed by: Page Brothers (Norwich) Ltd, U.K. Available from: IUCN Publications Services Unit 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, United Kingdom Tel: +44 1223 277894, Fax: +44 1223 277175 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.iucn.org A catalogue of IUCN publications is also available The text of this book is printed on Fineblade Cartridge 90 gsm paper made from low-chlorine pulp. Foreword This is a summary record of the proceedings of the fifty-two technical workshops and the four so- called "special events" on generic issues conducted during the first World Conservation Congress in Montreal, Canada, in October 1996. While each workshop was organized by specific IUCN Members, Secretariat Units or partners, the overall coordination of the workshops was in the capable hands of IUCN's Chief Scientist Jeffrey A. McNeely, and he has pulled together the thematic threads - both on the spot, at the conclusion of the Montreal discussions, and in the introduction to the Proceedings below. We are indebted to the former President of the Union, Sir Shridath Ramphal, who chaired and led with his customary flair and eloquence, the final open panel discussion of the results of the work- shops. We thank also for their stimulating contributions to this wind-up debate Sir Shridath Ramphal, Marie-Angélique Savané, Julia Carabias, Keith Bezanson, Ashok Khosla and Anders Wijkman. The workshops, all well attended and some so crowded that there was standing room only, illus- trated yet again two strengths of the Union: its convening power; and the capacity of its Members and Partners to grapple with the emerging and cutting-edge aspects of the great conservation and sustain- able development debates of the day. The workshops were for the first time open to the general public. The level of participation varied but there were some very well informed and pertinent interventions from the several hundred (large- ly Canadian) members of the public who took part. This was an experiment which paid off. The special events represented in essence an endeavour to widen the scope of the Union's debate about the future, to set it in some very practical contexts and to bring to the table some highly impor- tant global actors. The Union first brought governments and non-government organizations to work together - that was arguably the greatest genius shown by the founders who set up the Union almost fifty years ago. Now there is progress in bringing to the negotiating table other parties who have a major role in natural resource management and use around the world - the private sector and the financiers. Again, we are immensely grateful to the luminaries, ranging from Stephan Schmidheiny to Maurice Strong, William Ruckelshaus to Enrique Garcia and Tessa Tennant, who illustrated by their presence and views that there are several routes to sustainability and much goodwill in searching jointly for this common good. The workshops and special events were not conducted in a vacuum. With a well organized press centre, the media at virtually all sessions and most of the programme on the Internet each day, the Congress proved to be what it was designed to be - more of a vehicle for getting out the Union's conservation messages than the old General Assemblies ever were. But the professional communica- tors like David Bellamy who brought their expertise and know-how to the Congress also brought home to participants how far the Union has to go in honing the communication skills which will lift its game in advocacy and wielding influence. Planning for big advances on this vital front are well underway as a result of the Montreal discussions. It should finally be made clear that this is very much a summary only of the workshop proceed- ings. The many useful papers presented are not adequately reflected here, nor is the depth of discus- sion on each theme. This publication is designed to whet readers' appetite to delve further into the iii subjects covered. It should also be made clear that the conclusions reached do not always represent a Union-wide consensus on the subjects discussed. That said, I trust you will find this material stimu- lating and thought-provoking. David McDowell Director General IUCN - The World Conservation Union iv Contents Foreword, by David McDowell, Director General, IUCN iii Conservation towards the 21st Century: Messages from IUCN's 1 World Conservation Congress, by Jeffrey A. McNeely, Chief Scientist, IUCN Reports from the Workshops Stream 1: Enhancing Sustainability: Resources for the Future 1.1 Enhancing Sustainability: Resources for the Future 13 1.2 Sustainability in Artisanal Fisheries 18 1.3 Community-based Management of Forests 20 1.4 Guardians of Eden 23 1.5 Managing Wildlife for Sustainable Use 25 1.6 Wildlife Trade and Traditional Medicine in North East Asia 28 Stream 2: Conserving Vitality and Diversity 2.1 Expanding Support to the Convention on Biological Diversity: 31 Implementing National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans 2.2 The Role of GEF in Supporting the Convention on Biological Diversity 34 2.3 Restoration Ecology 36 2.4 The Contribution of Science to Ecosystem Management 39 2.5 Biological Diversity Knowledge and Monitoring: Inventory and Database 42 Methodologies Adapted to the Needs of Sustainable Development 2.6 Dealing with Alien Invasive Species 44 2.7 The Bioregional Approach in Practice 47 Stream 3: Adapting Protected Areas Management to New Challenges 3.1 Caring for the Earth: 25 Years of World Heritage Action 51 3.2 Managing Protected Areas in a Changing Climate 54 3.3 Biosphere Reserves: Myth or Reality? 57 3.4 Stewardship: Promoting Conservation and Sustainable Use on Private Lands 61 Stream 4: Sharing Nature's Bounty 4.1 Marine and Coastal Conservation 65 4.2 Enhancing Biodiversity Conservation In Arid Lands 69 4.3 Linking Mountain Protected Areas To Create Large Conservation Corridors 72 v Stream 5: Implementing Strategies for Sustainability 5.1 Communication: The Key to Successful Strategies 77 5.2 Key Issues in Good Practice for National-level Strategies 80 5.3 Strategies Experience at the Local Level 83 5.4 Reaching Target Audiences and Changing Behaviour: 86 Effective Communication in Strategies 5.5 Monitoring and Assessing Progress towards Sustainability 89 5.6 Information Technology for Conservation: Tools for the 21st Century 92 Stream 6: Involving People in conservation 6.1 Collaborative Management for Conservation 96 6.2 Water and Population Dynamics: Local Approaches to a Global Challenge 101 6.3 Poverty, People and the Environment 109 Stream 7: Using Economics as a Tool for Conservation 7.1 Incentives and Disincentives for Conservation 112 7.2 Debt-for-Conservation Swaps 115 7.3 Consumption Patterns 117 7.4 Assessing Protected Area Benefits 120 7.5 Green National Accounts 122 7.6 Structural Adjustment and Conservation 125 7.7 Banking on Biodiversity 128 Stream 8: Acting on Global Issues 8.1 Trade and Sustainable Development 131 8.2 International Forest Policy Processes 135 8.3 The Future of Development Cooperation 138 8.4 Rio + 5 Consultations 141 8.5 Environment and Security 143 Stream 9: Learning from the Canadian Experience 9.1 Managing for Sustainability in Canada's Arctic: Valuing time-honored 145 traditions and resolving modern environmental issues 9.2 Planning and Establishing a Protected Areas System 149 9.3 Developing a Business Approach To Protected Areas Management 151 9.4 Interlinking the Economy, the Communities and the Environment for Integrated 153 Land Use Planning and Energy Policy at Government Level 9.5 Planning Specific Areas for Sustainable Use 155 9.6 The Role of Universities in Protected Areas Management 158 vi Stream 10: Engaging Members and Partners 10.1 Latin America Biodiversity Forum 161 10.2 Factoring the Environment into Corporate Planning: The Energy Sector 163 10.3 Indigenous People's Knowledge and Practice in Natural Resources Management 166 10.4 Landscape Conservation 168 10.5 Sustainable Development: Lessons from the South 170 Reports from the Cross-Cutting Themes Gender 175 Communications 179 Law 184 Reports from the Special Events Communicating the Environment 189 Business and the Environment 192 Financing Sustainable Development 195 Nature in the 21st Century 198 Acknowledgements 203 vii Conservation towards the 21st Century Messages from lUCN's World Conservation Congress Jeffrey A. McNeely, Chief Scientist, IUCN - The World Conservation Union Introduction Conservationists are seriously concerned about economic and environmental trends around the world. Supported by the current tax and trade policies, people are consuming our planet's resources at an accelerating pace.
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