A Tribute to Stewart Dixon MacDonald, 1927–2010 DAVID R. G RAY and SALLY E. G RAY Grayhound Information Services , 3107 8th Line Road, Metcalfe, Ontario K0A 2P0 Canada; e-mail: [email protected] Gray, David R., and Sally E. Gray. 2012. A tribute to Stewart Dixon MacDonald, 1927–2010. Canadian Field-Naturalist 126(3): 245–251. Stewart Dixon MacDonald wanted to be known as Ottawa in 1947. He began his long career in the Muse - “Stu,” specifically to be pronounced “Stoo.” Not “Stew.” um cleaning bird and mammal skulls, and ended it as “I don’t want to share my name with a dish of meat,” Curator of Vertebrate Ethology, a section he established he said. in the early 1970s. And there we have Stu MacDonald’s easy sense of Public education as a museum curator was a natural informality and gentle sense of humour, for which he outlet for Stu’s love of and delight in the natural world, was known throughout his 83 years. These endearing particularly birds, and he was a natural teacher. He was aspects of the arctic scientist’s character were carried a popular speaker, an artist, and a gifted writer, to which in a body characterized first and foremost by smiling his bibliography attests. He also gave much heed to eyes and gentle, slow speech. One might be tempted to encouraging and training young, upcoming naturalists guess the wavy-haired, bearded gentleman was simply and scientists. a teddy bear, but if he was, he was of the polar variety A major part of Stu’s early career was the almost —alert, focused, and formidable. annual field trip to various parts of Canada. Here he Born in Bayhead, Nova Scotia, in 1927, Stu became utilized his skill in the preparation of bird and mammal interested in the nature of the world round him at a study skins, a skill that he practised throughout his young age. As a teen, he encountered others with shared career, resulting in thousands of specimens in the Muse - passions and developed skills that would influence his um collections. life. After finishing high school he was hired as a tech - Stu’s developing skills in collecting, preserving, and nician in the Zoology section of the National Museum mounting birds and mammals also led to important of Canada (now the Canadian Museum of Nature) in contributions to many of the well-loved dioramas in FIGURE 1. National Museum of Canada ornithological expedition to Saskatchewan, 1948. Rodger O. Standfield ( left ) and Stewart D. MacDonald with field vehicle, a Department of Mines and Resources truck (the Museum was part of this department at the time). Canadian Museum of Nature archives . 245 246 THE CANADIAN FIELD -N ATURALIST Vol. 126 the Museum’s mammal and bird halls, some of which Some of the northern localities Stu worked in have sel - are still at the Canadian Museum of Nature today. He dom been visited by biologists since then. The early worked with many well-known artists at the Museum, collections of arctic flora and fauna, too, are an invalu - including Clarence Tillenius and Terry Shortt. The dif - able resource for current comparative or baseline stud - ferent Museum collecting and display projects took ies. The detailed notes that Stu made on many aspects Stu across Canada, from the Yukon mountains in the of bird and mammal behaviour during his early trips west to the Labrador Sea in the east, and from Alert on to the Arctic foreshadow the ethological studies that the northern tip of Ellesmere Island to Point Pelee, became the focus of his later career. Canada’s southernmost tip of land. However, it was Stu resigned from his position at the National Muse - the Canadian Arctic that became the dominant focus um in 1956 to attend the State University of Iowa. On of Stu’s career. his return to Ottawa in 1959, he became Assistant Stu’s first arctic ventures were made possible by the Cura tor of Birds under the Curator, W. Earl Godfrey. opening of the string of weather stations in the High A major result of that collaboration was the publica - Arctic jointly established and staffed by the Canadi - tion of The Birds of Canada , first published in 1966. an and U.S. governments just after World War II. His The information that Stu had personally gathered in the first expedition into the High Arctic was in 1949, when Arctic greatly improved the distribution maps of many he travelled to Mould Bay on Prince Patrick Island birds whose ranges extend into the arctic regions. He for the National Museum of Canada in conjunction also prepared many fine black-and-white illustrations with the Smithsonian Institution. As on all of his sub - for this first edition, most of which were retained in the sequent research trips, he collected a wide range of revised edition, issued in 1986. specimens, including plants, invertebrates, fish, birds, To Stu, with his vast experience in field studies, par - and mammals. This introduction began a love affair ticularly in studying birds, it was clear that complex with the Arctic that ended only with his death. patterns of behaviour, such as the breeding behaviours On his next trip to the High Arctic, in 1951, Stu of birds, are as characteristic of a species as any struc - spent five and a half months in the vicinity of Alert, on tural or morphological features. He realized that species northern Ellesmere Island. He observed Arctic Wolves can often be recognized as easily by their behaviour as and Peary Caribou and made a series of colour photo - by their structure, and he recognized the study of ethol - graphs of all aspects of life in the Arctic. He returned to ogy (animal behaviour) as an important tool for tax - Mould Bay for the summer of 1952, again spending onomists. five months in the field. Highlights of that trip include It was this passion for the study of ethology that led the successful collecting of 50 lots of marine and fresh - Stu to push for the establishment of a Museum section water invertebrates and a medical evacuation to Mon - dedicated to the study of animal behaviour. This dream treal for treatment of an infected seal bite! Stu’s great came into existence in 1972 with the formation of the interest in the behaviour of arctic birds continued to Vertebrate Ethology section in the Vertebrate Zoology develop, and he made sketches of the courtship behav - Division at the National Museum of Natural Sciences, iours and postures of several bird species. National Museums of Canada. Stu then be came the The third in the series of biological investigations at Curator of the Vertebrate Ethology section, a position the weather stations in the High Arctic was conducted he held until his retirement in 1988. in the summer of 1954 at Isachsen, on Ellef Ringnes This unique section of the Museum survived for 22 Island. Stu’s notes on Rock Ptarmigan behaviour that years. It ended in 1994, due to reorganization and budg - summer were undoubtedly the springboard for the et cuts that also eliminated scientists from some tra - more intensive studies on Rock Ptarmigan he carried ditional museum disciplines. What has survived at the out in the late 1960s and 1970s. Museum is an impressive collection of still photos, In the summer of 1955, Stu headed north again, this moving images, and sound recordings, captured as part time to the west side of Ellesmere Island, working in of the program of ethological research. Many of the the vicinity of the weather station at Eureka on the sounds Stu recorded have also been archived at the Fosheim Peninsula. On this trip, he was accompanied Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. by David F. Parmelee, who became a long-standing field partner, collaborator, and friend. This trip also saw The High Arctic Research Station the beginnings of an important collaboration with Fred While assembling data on geographic distribution Roots, then of the Geological Survey of Canada. With for The Birds of Canada , Stu recognized a major gap the logistical support of Fred and the Geological Sur - in our geographical knowledge of arctic wildlife—a vey, Stu was able to fly to and survey many points on vast area in the Queen Elizabeth Islands known as the Axel Heiberg Island and western Ellesmere Island. “barren wedge.” Here the influence of the cold Arctic Stu’s published reports on those early trips to the Ocean penetrates far to the south. Arctic are still a valuable source of information on Based on his knowledge of the fauna of the arctic many aspects of arctic biology, and they are essential islands, Stu realized that Bathurst Island, which was reading for newcomers to arctic science and fieldwork. virtually unknown biologically, would be an important 2012 GRAY AND GRAY : A T RIBUTE TO STEWART DIXON MACDONALD 1927–2010 247 and fascinating place to study in the “barren wedge.” Bathurst Island was potentially between the ranges of eastern and western bird populations, and the number of breeding species, their migration patterns, and their taxonomic relationships would be of great interest. Stu decided to organize an expedition to Bathurst Island, and he chose the wet lowland bisecting the is - land, named Polar Bear Pass, as an area that was likely to support abundant vegetation and wildlife. It was also close enough to Resolute Bay for efficient logistic sup - port. The first expedition to Polar Bear Pass was in the summer of 1968. Supported wholeheartedly by Fred Roots, then Director of the Polar Continental Shelf Project, Stu and two fellow scientists, with two young field assistants (one was DRG), set up a temporary research base and began a series of studies of the behaviour and ecology of arctic birds and mammals.