Universidade De São Paulo Museu De Arqueologia E Etnologia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Arqueologia

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Universidade De São Paulo Museu De Arqueologia E Etnologia Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Arqueologia UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO MUSEU DE ARQUEOLOGIA E ETNOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUEOLOGIA Marcio Luís Baúso de Figueiredo Arqueologia andina no Vale de Lambayeque: um estudo dos contextos cerimoniais, variabilidade cerâmica e estilos arquitetônicos das ocupações do Período Tardio (Volume I) (Versão Revisada) São Paulo 2018 MARCIO LUÍS BAÚSO DE FIGUEIREDO Arqueologia andina no Vale de Lambayeque: um estudo dos contextos cerimoniais, variabilidade cerâmica e estilos arquitetônicos das ocupações do Período Tardio Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo Área de Concentração: Arqueologia Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Marcia Maria Arcuri Suñer Linha de Pesquisa: Arqueologia e Identidade São Paulo 2018 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação integral ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. CATALOGAÇÃO NA PUBLICAÇÃO (CIP) Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia da Universidade de São Paulo F475a Figueiredo, Marcio Luis Baúso de. Arqueologia andina no Vale de Lambayeque: um estudo dos contextos cerimoniais, variabilidade cerâmica e estilos arquitetônicos das ocupações do período tardio / Marcio Luís Baúso de Figueiredo; orientadora Dra. Marcia Maria Arcuri Suñer – São Paulo, 2018. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade de São Paulo, Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Arqueologia, 2018. 1. Estilos. 2. Cerâmica. 3. Arquitetura. 4. Inca. 5. Chimu. 6. Lambayeque. I. Suñer, Marcia Maria Arcuri. II. Universidade de São Paulo. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia. Programa de de Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia. III. Título. "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001” "This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001" Dedicatória Dedico este trabalho a memória dos povos andinos e a ancestralidade dessa maravilhosa terra, os Andes. Também dedico este trabalho a minha família e a todos os amigos que apoiaram direta ou indiretamente, e que acima de tudo e todas as adversidades acreditaram na realização do mesmo. Espero que sirva de instrumento de trabalho sério e de inspiração para os estudantes e profissionais da área de pesquisa que tanto nos encanta. Agradecimentos Agradeço a toda minha família e aos amigos e amigas que apoiaram e ajudaram direta ou indiretamente para a realização deste trabalho. Agradeço também aos meus professores, minha orientadora e colegas arqueólogos peruanos e brasileiros que em muito contribuíram para a realização profissional deste. Agradeço especialmente aos diretores e toda a equipe de trabalho das instituições museológicas e dos projetos arqueológicos peruanos nos quais busquei os dados de pesquisa e os conhecimentos arqueológicos para a realização desta obra. Acima de tudo agradeço aos Andes por toda a inspiração e a força para a realização deste compromisso. Resumo Esta pesquisa propõe um estudo dos artefatos provenientes de contextos funerários e rituais relacionados ao período de hegemonia Chimú-Inca na costa norte peruana, nos Andes Centrais, especificamente da região de Lambayeque. Partindo de uma análise sistemática da iconografia de objetos de cerâmica ritual atribuída aos períodos Intermediário Tardio e Horizonte Tardio, este estudo tem por objetivo uma comparação de artefatos pertencentes a algumas coleções de museus, com exemplares e outros dados recuperados de escavações arqueológicas realizadas em contextos controlados nas últimas décadas. Busca diagnosticar e entender as variações estilísticas dos conjuntos cerâmicos em termos de sua morfologia e iconografia. Desta perspectiva, busca contribuir para a discussão sobre a cronologia relativa adotada para a região de Lambayeque. Além da cerâmica, incluímos em nosso estudo o contexto de remodelações arquitetônicas da região, buscando compreender o nível de interação expresso nos estilos da arquitetura cerimonial entre lambayeques, chimús e incas. De forma crítica, esta pretende relacionar os dados arqueológicos com as informações registradas nos documentos históricos do período colonial relativos a história política da área pesquisada. O conteúdo das narrativas sugere constante tensão entre as elites do poder da Costa Norte frente a ideologia estatal cusqueña, enfatizada no culto oficial da divindade solar. Assim, o estudo dos processos de produção, circulação e deposição de artefatos de utilidade ritual, discutidos a partir dos referencias teóricos dos encontros coloniais e das diversas conceitualizações de estilos em Arqueologia permitirá aprofundar o conhecimento sobre tais processos de interações sócioculturais entre as elites lambayecanas e cusqueñas, durante o apogeu incaico nos Andes Centrais. Palavras Chave: Estilo, Lambayeque, Chimú, Inca, Encontros Coloniais Abstract This research proposes a study of the artifacts from funerary contexts and rituals related to the period of Chimú-Inca hegemony in the Peruvian north coast, in the central Andes, specifically the region of Lambayeque. Starting from systematic analysis of the iconography of ritual ceramic objects attributed to late intermediate and late horizon periods, this study aims to compare artifacts belonging to some museum collections, with copies and other data recovered from archaeological excavations carried out in controlled contexts in recent decades. It seeks to diagnose and understand the stylistic variations of ceramic clusters in terms of their morphology and iconography. From this perspective, it looks to contribute to the discussion about the relative chronology adopted for the Lambayeque region. In addition to ceramics, we have included in our study the context of architectural remodeling’s of the region, with the objective to understand the level of interaction expressed in the ceremonial architecture between Lambayeques, Chimús and Incas. With criticism, it intends to relate the archaeological data with the information of the political history of the area recorded in the historical documents of the colonial period. The content of the narratives suggests constant tension between the elites of the power of the north coast against the state ideology Cusco, emphasized in the official cult of the solar deity. Therefore, the study of the production processes, circulation and deposition of ritual utility artifacts, discussed from the theoretical references of the colonial encounters and various conceptualizations of styles in archaeology, will allow to deepen the knowledge about such processes of socio-cultural interactions between the elites, lambayeques and cusqueñas, during the Incaic apogee in the central Andes. Key-words: Style, Lambayeque, Chimú, Inca, colonial encounters SUMÁRIO Apresentação 12 Introdução 17 Capítulo 1: Arqueologia da região de Lambayeque 27 1.1 As culturas arqueológicas do Período Intermediário Tardio na região de Lambayeque 32 1.2 A questão do desenvolvimento político regional na perspectiva arqueológica 39 1.3 Ascensão e presença inca na costa norte peruana 46 1.4 Cosmovisão e sociedade nos Andes Centrais pré-hispânicos 51 Capítulo 2: Os referenciais teórico-metodológicos adotados na pesquisa 63 Parte 1: As raízes Histórico-Culturais da Arqueologia dos Andes Centrais 64 2.1.1 A formulação das cronologias relativas para os Andes Centrais 73 2.1.2 O problema da etnicidade na resolução histórico-cultural 82 2.1.3 A arqueologia histórico-cultural como método de pesquisa 89 Parte 2: Implicações teóricas dos usos do conceito de estilo para a análise da cerâmica ritual do Horizonte Tardio 93 2.2.1 Os referenciais teóricos para a definição de Estilo em Arqueologia 98 2.2.2 Tecnologia de prestígio e a distinção entre categorias de cerâmica: Ritual e Doméstica 110 2.2.3 Estilo, Cultura Material e Identidade 116 2.2.4 O Estilo “Inca Imperial” 122 Parte 3: A arqueologia dos Encontros Coloniais 132 2.3.1 Os aspectos centrais do Colonialismo e suas implicações explanatórias em interpretações de contextos na arqueologia da antiguidade 141 Capítulo 3: A análise dos dados de pesquisa: as variações estilísticas da cerâmica e da arquitetura da costa norte entre os períodos Intermediário Tardio e Horizonte Tardio 145 Parte 1: Análise dos conjuntos cerâmicos: grupos estilísticos lambayecanos, chimuanos e incaicos da costa norte 148 3.1.1 A análise da cerâmica: o método de classificação de atributos em nossa pesquisa 149 3.1.2 Os estilos do Período Intermediário Tardio na cultura material de prestígio da costa norte peruana 155 3.1.3 Aspectos estilístico da cerâmica Chimú em exemplares lambayecanos 162 3.1.4 A cerâmica Inca de Cusco 166 3.1.5 Aspectos estilísticos da variação Inca na costa norte 168 3.1.6 Conjuntos morfológicos de destaque do Estilo Inca costa norte 169 3.1.7 Conjuntos de destaque das figuras de poder do Estilo Inca costa norte 173 3.1.8 Algumas considerações acerca da análise das coleções do ponto de vista estilístico 181 Parte 2: variações estilísticas em contextos arqueológicos funerários e cerimoniais do Período Tardio 183 3.2.1 A Tumba 4: a Sacerdotisa de Chornancap 186 3.2.2 A Tumba 5 de Chornancap 193 3.2.3 O contexto do Castillo de Huarmey do Horizonte Médio 194 3.2.4 A Tumba do Senhor de Túcume do Horizonte Tardio 194 3.2.5 Variabilidade estilística em tumbas do Horizonte Tardio 197 3.2.6 Cerimonialismo no Horizonte Tardio:
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