ௐ 1 ഇ! ࢱ 1-31! 2019 ѐ/ߋ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 15 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-31 Spring 2019
歐洲國家的公投制度
߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔְચၱ൴णጯրିڌ
ၡ ࢋ
ԧࣇАኢ̳ԸүࠎۡତϔĂତ៍၅ለ߷઼छ۞̳ԸĂГ ᑭෛޢซˢఢቑّ۞ኢĂޢ҂тңྋᛖለ༖઼छ۞̳ԸĂޥֽ ᛉĂ˵ಶߏБለ۞ТՎ̳ԸĄޙ۞˯၁ચ
ᙯᔣෟĈ ۡତϔăለ߷઼छă̳Ը
ٸᏱĶለ߷઼छ̳ԸጯఙࡁົķĂέΔĂ2018 ѐ 10 ͡ 6 ͟Ąొ̶ͽIJົם ለ༖ࡁտ ҂ij൳ޥ۞טĮϜ̋ಡį25 ഇĂࢱ 14-15Ă2009/11/26ćIJ̳Ը፟ٺࠧኢ̳Ըij൳͵ீ Įϔಡį2014/5/2Ąٺᕣ۞ኢij൳ܝĮ༖఼ࣶੈį12 ͡Ăࢱ 46-50Ă2009ćIJ̳Ըٺ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 2
ԧࣇϔֶԔ̶ࠎมତϔĞdirect democracyğăͽ̈́ۡତϔڍт Ğindirect democracyğâਠˠٙሢଉ۞ߏมତϔĂ˵ಶߏ࿅Ᏼᓝֽ ଯࠁે߆۰ĂЯѩჍࠎᛉёϔĞrepresentative democracyğĂ˫Ⴭࠎҋ ϤёϔĞliberal democracyğć࠹၆̝˭Ăۡତϔૻአ۞ߏᏴϔ۞ણᄃĂ ᖐᗽᕝĂЯѩ˫ჍࠎણᄃёϔĞparticipatoryڼͽҺజ߆ᛨăٕߏ߆ democracyğĞCronin, 1989: chaps. 2-3ğĄ૱֍۞ۡତϔሀёѣۡᏴᄃቪ ĞΒ߁ᓁğă̳В߆ඉ۞̳ϔԸைĞreferendumğăܜࢵعҺĞ recallğЧ৺߆ Ğdirect primaryğĄޘטᏴܐᛨ̰೩Щ۞̈́ үࠎۡତϔ۞̝̍˘Ăߏϡֽᑓྃᛉёϔ̝̙֖ăૻޘטԸ̳ ኝᗟ̝ᅫĂΒ߁ጳ߆ăڼࢬ၆ࢦ̂߆عણᄃĂপҾߏд߆۞ڼ߆ٺϔ၆̳̼ ;ᅳ˿ăᇇ1ă̈́ᛉᗟ2Ăͽ೩ՙඉ۞ϒ༊ّĞButler & Ranney, 1978: 2-3 Qvortrup, 2005: 63; Uleri, 1996: 1-2ğĄॲፂ QvortrupĞ2014a: 43, 45, table 2.1ğĂ ĂЍߏҘለ઼छд˟Ȉ͵ࡔಶᓝᏱ˞ 326 Ѩ̳טᝋវރΒӣໂᝋăٕ̙ڍт Ը3ćֹΐ˯༄̀ĂᇴфऻُົՀࠎមˠĂЯࠎ઼࣎छଂȈ˝͵ࡔ̚ཧͽ னдĂ̏གྷᓝᏱ࿅ 456 Ѩ̳ԸĄॲፂ HoboltĞ2009: 6ğĂ1993-2003 ѐഇזֽ มĂ͵ࠧ˯۞઼छᓁВᓝᏱ˞۞ 497 ѨБ઼ّ̳ϔԸைĞnational referendumğĂ ࣎Ȉѐк˘ࢺć̙࿅Ăซˢ˟Ȉ˘͵ࡔĂ̳Ը۞Ѩᇴൾѣ˭ࢫĂពϯ˘݈ͧ Ğဦ 1ğĄ૱זаޢĂܜјޘѣ಼̂نдซˢ˼ᒩѐ۞݈ȈѐĂ Ȉˣ͵ࡔͽֽд͵ࠧЧгᓝᏱ۞Б઼ّ̳ԸĂЧژSerdültĞ2012ğྋ ពгͽΐి۞͞ёдᆧΐĂځĂለ߷ăͽ̈́ٛ˚࡚߷ܜ߷۞Ѩᇴౌѣј̂ ז߷ă̈́፫߷ů̂߶߷Ҭͼ̏གྷ྿ܧٺൾቤĂҌܜăͽ̈́༄̀۞јֲ͉҃ ͽ၆ࣃֽ࠻Ăለ߷ᅌᅌᅳАĂٛ˚࡚߷Ѩ̝Ăତڍᙹप҃Ӕனహিćт ߷࠻ֽ၆̳Ըܧᐝᅁ˯Ăܓߏ༄̀Ă҃፫߷ů̂߶߷˵ზΞ៍Ăֲֽ͉˭ ͽୁજڍăᝀߏ͕̈ᓍᓍĞဦ 2ğĄтޢΔ࡚߷ᎌͼٺѣٙܲĂҌ ఢטٙଯજ۞̳ԸкĂѨߏૻعԸ۞͞ёֽ࠻Ă̙გજ፟тңĂ߆̳
ᛊт༰੧ăᗓăٕߏᆪࡩĞButler & Ranney, 1978: 3ğĄ 1 Ąܝˣ܅አፋăฟ֘ያνᙝ۞̳ԸẶޘטᛊтᇈһăԸைᝋăᏴᓝ 2 ॲፂ Cheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 20, table 5ğĂ39 Ѩྫྷለ༖ѣᙯă306 ѨԾᙯᛉᗟĂ 3 ᓁВ 345 ѨĄͧྵ SetäläĞ1999: 333-34, table 3, fig. 1ğ۞ 436 ѨĞ1940-98ğĄ 3 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
ߏˠϔٙଯજ̖ޢؠĞmandatory, requiredğυืϹගѺ̳ؖԸ۞ְચĂ Ğဦ 3ğĄܜԸĂ༊ĂВТᕇߏҋଂ 1990 ѐౌѣλ಼ј̳۞
फ़ֽĈQvortrupĞ2014b: 247, fig. 9.1ğĄྤ
ܜဦ 1Ĉ˟Ȉ͵ࡔͽֽ۞̳Ըј
ለ߷
ٛ˚࡚߷ ༄̀ ፫߷ů̂߶߷
ֲ͉ ܧ߷
Δ࡚
फ़ֽĈSerdültĞ2012ğĄྤ ܜဦ 2ĈЧ̂߷۞̳ϔԸைј ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 4
ع߆ טૻ
̳ϔ
फ़ֽĈSolijonovĞ2016ğĄྤ
ܜဦ 3Ĉ̙Тୁજ۰˭۞̳Ըј
ለ߷ᓑ༖ĞEuropean Union, EUğ۞݈֗ߏለ߷གྷᑻВТវ4ĞEuropean Economic Community, EECğĂߏ д 1957 ѐགྷ࿅ĺᘲ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Romeğ ăҘᇇăཌྷ̂ӀăͧӀॡăఈᜋăͽ઼ڱјϲ۞Ă༊ॡĂ̱࣎൴઼छĞ ᎊಢğߏϤ઼ົԲࣞă֭Ϗ࿅̳ԸĞBeigbeder, 2011: para. 58ğĄϤ̈́ ᇃ̼ĞenlargementğĂזለ༖ĂϤஎ̼ĞdeepeningğזВТξಞăለ߷ВТវă ј઼ֹࣶϡ̳Ը۞ᐛத͟ৈᆧΐĂࢋߏЯࠎঘ̈́ొ̶ᝋឰഭĞВֳğĂ ࣶ̙ࢴˠมءౄѨĂΩγ˵ߏፉ͕ϔᏴ۞̙ۏˠڼਬְវ̂ĂЧ઼߆ Ăԓ୕ਕ࿅̳ϔԸைֽԼචٙᏜ۞Ķϔ֔фķĞdemocratic deficitğͫ ĞLeDuc, 2002: 70ğĄ Ăለ߷઼छغѐ 2016 זࠎ˞ΐˢለ༖ᓝᏱ̳Ըͽ઼ֽڱҋଂ 1972 ѐ ᐂ 1ğĂ̳Ը۞ᛉܢᓁВᓝᏱ˞ 60 Ѩ5 ྫྷለ߷ፋЪăٕߏለ༖࠹ᙯ۞̳Ը6Ğ
4 ˫ჍࠎВТξಞĞCommon MarketğĄ ኛͧྵ BeachĞ2018: 1, 3-7, table 1ğ۞ 46 ѨăBertonciniĞ2017: 4, table 1ğ۞ 59 ѨăCheneval 5 :ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 20, table 5ğ۞ 39 ѨăHoboltĞ2009: 4, 10, table 1-1ğ۞ 43 ѨăQvortrupĞ2016 ٺtable 1ğ۞ 43 ѨăTilindyteĞ2016: 1ğ۞ 54 ѨĄੵ˞៍၅۞ѐᇴĂࢋ۞मҾд ,61-62 ٙѣ۞ለ߷઼छౌߏለ༖јࣶĂѣֱ˵ᓝᏱ࿅ྫྷለ༖࠹ᙯ۞̳ԸĂBeachĞ2018: 1ğჍܧ֭ ࠎĶௐˬ઼۞̳ԸķĞthird country referendumğćΩγĂBertonciniĞ2017: 1, 9-10ğ೩̈́ٙᏜ 5 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
;ᗟΒ߁ΐˢٕੜ7ă୧ ࡗ ८ ࣞ 8ăͽ̈́ಏ˘߆ඉĞMendez & Mendez, 2017: 10 ઼ˬለ༖јࣶă̙ΒӣௐٺߏࢨڍTilindyte, 2016: 4-5; Beach, 2018: 1ğćт ĞϏјΑΐˢ۞઼छğĂ˵ѣ 39 ѨĞCheneval & Ferrín, 2016: 20, table 5ğĄ
壹、公投作為直接民主
ăࢦ̂߆ඉăڱᇃཌྷ۞̳Ըዋϡ۞ኝᗟΒ߁ˬᆸѨĈࢵАߏ˘ਠϲ ߏঘ̈́ᅳ˿ă݈ăٕᝋޢጳĂטᛉ୧ࡗĂତߏ࣒ጳٕߏםߏٕ ଯજ۞̳ԸăͽعԸ9ĞplebisciteğĄ˘ਠّ۞̳Ը˫Ξͽ̶ࠎϤ߆̳۞ٽՀ ۰Βӣ˞ԧࣇޢĂ҃ڱϤˠϔٙଯજ۞̳ԸĂ݈۰Βӣ࣒ጳăͽ̈́ϲ̈́ ٙநྋ۞ኑՙĞordinary optional referendum, facultative referendumğăͽ̈́ 10Ğpopular initiative, citizen’s initiativeğĞဦ 4ğĄט౹
݈̳Ը
Ը̳ڱᇃཌྷ̳Ը! ጳ বཌྷ̳Ը! ˘ਠ̳Ը !ኑՙט౹
ဦ 4Ĉ̳Ը۞ᙷҾ
થĄםĶௐˬᙷ۞̳ԸķĞreferendum of the third typeğĂߏঘ઼̈́ᄃ઼̝ม۞۞ ԸĄ̳۞ڱӣಏ৷۞઼̰࣒ጳăٕߏ߆ඉϲ̙ 6 ᛊтࡻ઼д 2016 ѐ۞௲ᗓለ༖ĞBrexitğ̳ԸĄ 7 ܠ९ĻĞSingle European Actğăĺݬҹ୧ࡗĻĞMaastricht Treatyğăĺڱ˘Β߁ĺለ߷ಏ 8 প̜୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Amsterdamğăĺκ୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Niceğăͽ̈́ĺ֧ώ୧ؒ ĻĞEuropean ConstitutionğĂڱࡗĻĞTreaty of LisbonğĄለ༖ົ઼ࣶࣧώТຍ఼࿅ĺለ༖ጳ ,ͽĺ֧ώ୧ࡗĻ˸ѿྃկĞDrzewickiޢăͽ̈́ఈᜋ۞̳Ըεୀ҃͊ԶĂ઼ڱݒЯࠎ 2008: 138ğĄ ҋՙĞself-determinationğĂ၁ಶߏͽϲ̳ԸĞindependence referendumğז྆ঘ 9 ࠎĄ Ğlawטଠ۞ޠڱଯજĞlaw promotingğĂኑՙߏ۞ޠڱߏטSetäläĞ1999: 328-29ğᄮࠎ౹ 10 Ը rejective̳ڱϏેҖĞ١إcontrollingğĂ҃ኑՙ˫̶ࠎͤĞsuspendğ઼ົ̏གྷ఼࿅ݒ Ը abrogative̳ڱགྷฟؕ၁߉Ğᆿ̏ڱăͽ̈́ᆿੵĞrepealğ઼ົ఼࿅۞ޠڱreferendumğ۞ ćણ҂ TilindyteĞ2016: 3ğĄޠڱreferendumğ۞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 6
ಶߏҁѺؖޥΞͽ໖ҋᘲॡĂٛ˚ф plebiscitum ۞ຍޘטԸ̳ Ğplebsğ۞ўຍĞscireğĂࣧώߏϡֽܑ྿ҝϔ۞ҋՙຍᙊăͽ̈́ྋՙ઼ᄃ Ąᛊтд̚͵ࡔ͛ᘹೇᎸॡĂཌྷ̂Ӏݱ֣۞˘ߏགྷۋม۞ᅳ˿઼̝৾ д 1905 ѐϤ༄̶ᗓֽĂ˵ߏ࿅̳Ըֽؠރ࿅ˠϔ̳Ըֽՙؠ۞ćॗ ˬă̈́߆ඉćдௐڱဳĄଂȈ̱͵ࡔĂለ߷઼छฟֹؕϡ̳Ըֽ८ࣞጳ ؠĄטϔ̼࿅ĂҘͰă̈́ԓᘷඈ઼˵ͽ̳Ըֽՙؠາጳ۞گ дҘ͞ϔ઼छ༊̚Ă༄̀ҋଂ 1980 ѐͽֽĂಶᓝᏱ˞ѺкѨБ઼ّ ̼͛ॲஎའ۞˘ొЊĄ࠹၆̝˭Ăᇇڼགྷјࠎ߆̏قԸĂۡତϔԜ̳ ጼ݈ԓপઙፆԘ̳Ը۞ጸ൘າĂΒ߁̳ٺԸະᔁ̙ୂĂ༊ߏ၆̳ٺ၆઼ Ğ1934ğćឰ͵ˠᙱ׀Ըੜ઼ᅫᓑ༖Ğ1933ğăͽ̈́ᓁநᄃᓁᖚᝋЪ Ԟ۞ߏĶᇍκโְІķĂͽଥҹဩ̰҅͟તཱྀ۞ຍᙸࠎᖣ˾Ăͽ̳Ը۞߱͘ ӌᛂᇇέгડĞSudetenlandğĄ׀ૻҖ Б઼ٺᓝᏱ̳ԸĂ̙࿅Ă၆ܮ઼࡚۞эăٕߏг͞ĂՏెᏴᓝಶົึ Ըݒ˘ۡߏᄤ֖̙݈Ăᑕྍߏፉ͕ϔოࢲሗΞਕѣᘣநّ၆ྖ11ĄϤ̳۞ّ ώ۞གྷរֽ࠻Ăд࿅ΝȈѐֽĂг͞˯ಶᓝᏱ˞ˬѺка̳Ըć҃Ă͟ Б઼ٺĂপҾߏ၆ޘ۞ၗܲפԸ۞ዋϡቑಛĂᔘߏଳ̳ٺࠧ၆ڼώ߆͟ ࣒ጳăᔘߏΞͽᕖ̈́ᛉᗟĂ̪ѣ࠹༊፬ধٺԸĂտౣߏΪࢨ̳۞ّ ኢĄ۞ ࿅઼ົڱܝĈࢵАĂ༊Җ߆ొڶវ҃֏Ă̳Ը۞ॡ፟ѣೀଐ̂ Ϊрۡତ෦ኜܝĂҖ߆ొަڱॡ࣏Ăͧтഈ̈̂ă઼ٕົϲ۞ڱϲֽ ९Ă֤ᆃĂ̳ڱഈ߆ᛨե㋑˘ঈă̙ᙸຍଯજזϔຍćѣॡ࣏ĂᏴϔ༥ ָӀጡćГֽĂࢬ၆ࢦ઼̂छ̰γᛉᗟĂ̙გߏӎѣ۞މԸಶߏࡗՁ߆ ЩćΩγĂڬҺົԯ፺̋͘ϹගҁѺֽؖĂ˫Ξͽ̙ۏˠڼᛉĂ߆ۋ Ξͽ̙ϡ౻रજிĂݒߏർځځඉரّ̍Ă۞ۋڼߏԯ̳Ը༊ү߆ ˠڼྖ۞઼ົĄ̙გтңĂ߆͉̙ڇĂಶߏϡֽ˞ځࢋᓝᏱ̳ԸĂᕚ
ĂΒ߁κΐٛϝд 1978 ѐࢬ၆ॹؠഫᑝฤޘ͚۞ၗפ༖֣Ă઼࡚̂ଳٺ҃Ă၆ 11 ԸĂ࡚̳ڱᄼд 1987 ѐᓝᏱጳޠᛉᛂᇍᖠᓁͽ̳ԸՙؠΝć˫тහޙ߄ጼ̝ᅫĂ ઼˵ܑϯလధĄ 7 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
ЇԸைܫᏴϔ۞̙קࢍĂ༱˘क़ୀຍޘ۞ޘΞͽԯ̳Ը༊ү͚ۏ ĞButler & Ranney, 1978: 3ğĄ Ăˠϔдυࢋ۞ॡ࣏ޘטٚ҃֏Ă̳ԸΪߏ˘౯̙҃ϡ۞ᅃӄّ үĄButler ᄃ Ranneyྻڼᛉё߆פĂݒϏυਕމ߆טΞͽֽᑅ Ըѣೀᄱ۞ᄮۢĂΒ߁ົዳј௫ၚă̳ٺĞ1978: 3-6ğᄮࠎ˘ਠˠ၆ ಈᝌ̳Ըćְ၁˯Ăੵ˞༄ޝ၆ՙăϡֽଯજ፬ซតࢭăͽ̈́ҁѺؖڼ߆ ğĂ̳Ը֭Ϗညႋౠ˘ᇹତᏫ҃ҌĂΩڼăཌྷ̂Ӏăͽ઼࡚̈́Ğг͞߆̀ ఼૱ߏ้ڍкĂГ۰Ă̳Ը۞߆ඉड़̙ڶଐ۞̈ޝγĂᙒјᄃͅ၆ைम ਠᏴᓝĂពϯᏴϔϏυ֤ᆃሤ˘ٺĂ̳Ը۞Ըைத఼૱ҲޢчĂܲٺШ ਾۡତϔ12Ą Ը۞Ᏼี̙ߏᙒјă̳ٺຍ۞г͞ĄࢵАĂϤڦ࿅Ăᔘߏѣ˘ֱࣃ̙ ྿ᗕᙝЧܑڱĂ̳Ըځಶߏͅ၆ĂϏҺૻˠٙᙱĄତĂᔵߏโϨ̶ ĂᙱҺԮѡϔຍ֕ШĄΩγĂߊ̳ԸΪѣԸை˘Ă̙ည઼ົޘҋ۞ૻ ซҖ̳Ը̙ΞĂְ݈۞ܧৌ۞ڍăٕߏፋЪ۞۩มĂЯѩĂтםѣವՐԁ ҋ̎۞͚۰ăͽ̈́ᗕᙝтڇĂΒ߁ᙝ۞߆ᛨтңᄲن౯̍ү̙ਕᅅ ԼࠎВ઼ĂϒͅᙝטңซҖѣຍཌྷ۞၆ྖĄͽ፫߷ࠎּĂࠎ˞ࢋវ ߏ˘࣎кڍซҖϒё̳ԸĄΩγĂт̖ޢȈѐ۞Α͈ઇኢĂ˞܅Ҍ͌ кᇴᇷ˧Ԧຕ͕̈13ĂЯѩĂυืϡՀк۞͕ٺཏ۞ۤົĂ͌ᇴཏ၆̮ ၆͞Ăӎൾ˘̙͕̈Ă̳Ը҃ͅјࠎ઼छ۞ใĄڇҕᄲ Ğinitiator, triggerğăͽטనࢍ҃֏Ă̂វΞͽϤୁજ፟۞ޘטಶ̳Ը ᕣĞquorum, thresholdğ࣎ᆸࢬֽ࠻14ĄͽЍᙉֽщଵĂᚑॾܝ࿅ᙯ̈́ ĂఢؠυืϤ઼ົ࿅˭̝טજ̳ԸĂᛊтд̰ᅦୁֽعёߏࢨؠϤ߆͞۞ Ηᛉࣶ͚Ą࠹၆гĂᆵᗫ۞ߏᏴϔΞͽాཌֽ൴જĞ༊Ăᔘߏѣా ߏ̯ధొ̶઼ົᛉࣶాཌ೩९Ăᛊтˬ̶̝˘यѨĂڍཌˠᇴ۞मҾğĄт छкࠎ઼̰۞ޘטଳҖ̳Ըٺගдᛨֽ൴જ̳ԸĄϤٸಶߏᙸຍฟޥຍ
ĞmythğĄޥQvortrupĞ2016: 61-65ğ˵ኢ۞˘ֱਜ਼ 12 ֍ CroninĞ1989: 90-99ğ۞ଣĄ 13 ᔘѣ˘ลٕ߱ߏ˟ล߱ă˘፟ᙯٕߏ˟፟ᙯ۞҂ณĄ 14 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 8
Ă҃ે߆ᛨυืೠѣ઼ົΗᇴ̖ਕᅦĞ̙გߏҋᅦăᔘߏᓑЪטᅦ ,જĞBogdanorୁֽعᅦğĂЯѩĂٙᏜ۞Ϥ઼ົ൴જ̳ԸĂ၁ᅫ˯ಶߏϤ߆̰ 1978: 31-33ğĄ ᕣĂΒ߁ԸைதĞquorum of participationğăͽ̈́ܝ౫۞ߏ̳Ը۞ྵͧ ࢋՐ࠹၆кᇴĞpluralityğă၆кᇴغזைதĞquorum of approvalğĂ ߙᗕࢦ࿅ΗĞdoubleٺĞmajority ࿅Ηğăপ Ҿ к ᇴĞspecial majorityğăࠤҌ majorityğĉ༊ԧࣇᄲϔߏкᇴՙࣧĞmajority ruleğă̳҃Ըߏ้ˠϔ ˘ّܑ̙ૉĂ͍ߏ༱۞ڍᓏࢰ̝ᅫĂፉ͕༱˘Ըைத࿅Ҳă̳Ըඕ۞ 15Ąڡऻُົౄјۤົ۞ᚑࢦ̶ڍăૻҖ̳Ը۞ඕ̈ޝᙒјᄃͅ၆۞म ˠϔ۞ؠཌྷߏࠤᆃĉΞͽтңདྷᑕĉࠎ˞ᔖҺ͌ᇴˠΞͽ࿅غזॡ࣏Ă ,ѣα͞ёĞBogdanorڱԸՙؠ઼छ̂߆Ă˵ಶߏĶкᇴķĂ఼૱۞ү̳ 1978ğĄ ௐ˘୧ĞڱጳؤࢵАߏᙒј۰۞ைதυื࿅পҾкᇴĂᛊтϲ :ϲ۞ϔВ઼ğ۞࣒ϒ९ĂυืᒔԸை۰۞ 75% ͚ĞWikipedia, 2018 ̶̝ˬఢؠĂ࣒ጳυืѣڱReferendums in LithuaniağĄຑႬᜋ۞ 1922 ѐጳ Ըை۰ᙒјăٕߏ࿅ΗᏴϔ۞͚Ă࠹༊ᆉർĞBogdanor, 1978: 78-79ğĄ۞˟ ᛉّ۞ኝᗟĂ߆ۋޘߏڍтѩᇾĂЯࠎтפछଳ઼͌ޝ၁˯Ăְ ྋՙĂ̙ົϴගҁѺؖΝ၆ՙĄםҋҖԁڱᑕྍົຐᏱۏˠڼ ௐ˟ߏᙒј۰۞ˠᇴᔘυื࿅ѣԸைᝋ۰۞ؠѺ̶ͧĂ˵ಶߏ ࣒ጳ̳Ըᒔ 91.9% ͚Ăݒޘ˘ТॡࢍზԸைதăͽ̈́ைதĄᛊт̜౪ ᕣ҃ܝ ЯࠎԸைத͉ҲĞ48.9%ğĂ۰࠹ࢷ 44.5%ĂЯࠎ՟ѣ྿̳ϔᇴ 45% εୀ16ĞWikipedia, 2018: Danish Constitutional Referendum, 1939ğĄ˫тࡻ઼ д 1979 ѐ۞ᛂॾᜋᝋ˧ᖼொ̳ԸĂ͚۰ 51.6%ăԸைத 63.7%Ă࠹ࢷࠎ 32.9%ĂϏ྿ 40% ۞ఢؠ҃ड़ĞWikipedia, 2018: Scottish Devolution
ᛊтᅾΔҹд 1995 ѐ۞ϲ̳ԸĂᙒјᄃͅ၆ை۞Ѻ̶̶ͧҾߏ 49.4%ăͽ̈́ 50.6%Ă 15 Ըைத 93.5%ĞWikipedia, 2018: Quebec Referendum, 1995ğĄ˫тຑႬᜋд 1995 ѐ۞ᗓ ࣒ጳ̳ԸĂᙒјᄃͅ၆ை۞Ѻ̶̶ͧҾߏ 50.3%ăͽ̈́ 49.7%ĂԸைத 62.2%̼ڱЪ ĞWikipedia, 2018: Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of IrelandğĄ ϫ݈Ă̜౪۞ఢؠ̏གྷࢫҲࠎ˘ਠ߆ඉ 30%ă࣒ጳ९ 40%Ą 16 9 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
ᕣߏ 50%ĂܝReferendum, 1979ğĄ၁ĂཬͰăҹᘲऄҘֲăᇝႬкϞ۞ ԛТ˦ᙱĄ ௐˬߏଂԸைத͘Ăఢؠυื࿅ؠѺ̶ͧĂᛊтཌྷ̂Ӏд ѐᓝᏱ̳ԸĂᓁВય˞˛ᗟĂᔵౌᒔ࿅Η۞Ըை۰͚ĂݒЯࠎԸ 1997 ைதౌΪѣ 40%ăϏ྿ 50% ㍵Ҁ҃ᕩĞWikipedia, 2018: Italian Referendum, Ѩ̳Ը˵ЯԸைதϏ྿50%҃εୀĞ32%ăˬ۞ޢ1997ğĄТᇹгĂཬͰдጼ ९ĞWikipedia, 2018: Portuguese Abortionڱ48%ă44%ğĂΒ߁ѨᆪࡩЪ Referendum, 1998; Portuguese Abortion Referendum, 2007; Portuguese Regionalisation Referendum, 1998ğĄѣТᇹఢؠ۞઼छΒ߁ٛ௲ჯֲăϲ ᜋĂ၁ኳ˯ಶߏԯ̙Ը۞ˠ༊үͅ၆ைࢍზĄگăăࠃЂҹăͽ̈́ؤ ௐαߏࢋՐᗕࢦ၆кᇴĂᛊт፫߷۞࣒ጳ९ੵ˞υืᒔБ઼ ࿅ΗԸை۰͚γĂᔘυืд࿅Η۞࠷ᒔ౼Ă˵ಶߏ̱࣎࠷̚มҌ͌ѣ۞ α࠷ĞWikipedia, 2018: Referendums in AustraliağĄ༄̀ăΐो̂ăͽ࡚̈́ ˾छĂ̙ԓ୕ˠ˾ྵк۞्֣ˠ઼ט࣒ጳ˵ߏ࠹༊ኑᗔĂ̂វߏᓑ֣۞઼ ᐹ๕࣒ጳࣤဳ֣̈۞ҋّ17Ą វ҃֏Ăϔ઼छдซҖࢦ̂ᛉ९۞̳Ը̝ᅫĂᛊт࣒ጳ९ăΐˢ ࢋՐυืЪᗕࢦ࿅Η۞୧ІĄົــᓑЪ઼ٕߏะវщБ۞ᖐĂ ͽ༄̀ࠎּĂੵ˞υืᒔ࿅Б઼Η۞Ᏼϔ͚ͽγĂᔘυืд࿅Η۞э ᛏ౼ӀĄᚑॾ۞ԔĂ၁ኳ˯ߏኬ̟͌ᇴཏӎՙ۞ᝋӀĂ˵ЯѩĂ ᇴཏ͚̳Ը९Ăкᇴཏ˘ؠࢋඔႽཝϗֽଂְ̳Ը९͌ڇࠎ˞ࢋᄲ ણڼనࢍĂͽܑ྿ፋЪ۞̂ྕຍĄΞ֍Ă̳Ը̙ΪΞͽ೩̳ϔ۞߆۞ ăٕซҖࡎ۞̼ྋĄڡᄃĂᔘΞͽᖣѩֽፋЪ઼̰۞̶ ᄃӎĄͽгӀăڡă̈́ۤົ̶ܫᕣҲࢋ࠻ϔ۞ҋܝ၁Ă̳Ը ăͽ̈́ҘͰࠎּĂጳ߆̳ԸΪࢋкᇴՙӈΞć࠹၆̝˭Ă઼ڱຑႬᜋă ᕣ۞ఢؠ˵ͧྵᚑࡳĂܝԸ̳ٺለ۞າᎸϔ઼छᜪᇋͧྵкĂ၆ڌă̚ ጡĄΔለ઼छૻአВᙊϔĂ၆ڠ၆͞۞ט༊үᑅޘטڼͽҺ༊߆۰ԯ߆
Б઼ّٺMendez ᄃ MendezĞ2017: 15-18, table 1ğͧྵᓑ઼֣छ۞ۡତϔĂ൴ன̂វ၆ 17 Ըߏܲ۞ĂЯѩĂ̂кᇴдᓑ֣ᆸ৺՟ѣˠϔଯજ۞̳ԸĄ̳۞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 10
߆̳Ը͕̈ᓍᓍâόᓝᏱ̳ԸĂಶܑϯ઼ົྻү˞યᗟćͧӀॡă̰ٺ ԯ઼̳ڱԸະᔁ̙ୂĂ˵ѣ̰ొᏘ۞҂ณĄ༊Ă̳ٺᇇ઼ă̈́ఈᜋ၆ ˫Ăםጳ۞ԁטጡĂ֤ߏ༊ѐௐ̣В઼ڠԸ༊үᓁ၆;઼ົ۞ጼఙّ Ω༊ҾኢĄ ޢĂտౣߏ̳Ըߏӎࢋཆ̂ᏴĞconcurrentğĉ˘ਠ҃֏Ăϔ઼छ ڱͽ̳Ըֽཆҝ̂Ᏼâ͞ࢬߏࢋ೩̳Ը۞ԸைதĂͽᆧΐ߆ඉົــ ؋Ąԧࣇтٺ९۞ϒ༊ّĂΩ˘͞ࢬߏ҂ᇋࢫҲјώĂ̙ࢋឰᏴϔি кᏴᓝТॡซҖĂΒ߁ᓁăــг͞Ăז҂၅઼࡚۞ᏴᓝĂϤᓑ֣ڍ г͞ᏴᓝĂՀ̙ϡᄲϤ۞ܝˣ܅ăэᛉࣶăͽ̣̈́ܜણᛉࣶăிᛉࣶăэ ࠎ˞ᏴϔĂᔘְАعᓁᓁĄѣֱэ߆ڒڒЧᏴડҋҖଯજ۞̳Ը९ĂᏴை ࢋৌ۞ڍԸை͟ĂΪࢋ˘ᇹ൪སᛀಶрćт˞זሀᑢᏴைĂٸख़छख़͗൴ ࢋ˘˘̶ฟลֽ߱ᅳைĂ̍জ̂Ăॲώ̙Ξਕд˘͇̝̰ԆјᏴᓝĂՀ ຍגд൴જ̳Ը̝ᅫĂع߆ڍϡᄲΐଭ۞̳ԸĄྖ˫ᄲаֽĂт̙ ΞͽТՎځځߏڍć࠹၆гĂтקԸைଭ̺д˘ĂᙱҺѣૻ࢝̚ረ۞ Ը۞ॡ̳ޢຍ௲࿘ĂಶѣΞਕߏຐࢋထࠧቢĂ೩݈ăٕߏؼגᓝҖݒ ĞBogdanor, 1978: 57-58ğĄ
貳、歐洲國家的公投
κ؎ࣶົĞVeniceރለ߷நְົ18ĞCouncil of Europe, CoEğ۞ Commission19ğд 2001 ѐ఼࿅˘ЊĺБ઼ّጳ߆̳ԸጱࣧĻĞGuidelines for Constitutional Referendums at National LevelğĂШົ઼ࣶ೩ޙ֏ Ğopinionğă̈́၁ኹĞcode of good practiceğĞ2001, 2005a, 2007ğ20Ąރ
д 1949 ѐĂࢋߏͽ઼ᅫఢࡗ۞͞ёᙯ͕јࣶٺለ߷நְົߏ˘઼࣎ᅫᖐĂјϲ 18 ˠᝋܲᅪĂϫ݈ѣ 47 ࣎ົ઼ࣶćΩ˘࣎ለ߷઼छᖐߏለ߷щБၱЪүᖐ۞઼ ĞOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCEğĂఢሀൾ̂Ăົ઼ࣶѣ 57 ࣎Ą 19 ϒёЩჍߏ European Commission for Democracy through LawĄ ΩγĂለ߷நְົ۞ᛉົĞParliamentary Assembly, CoEğĞReferendums: Towards Good 20 Practices in Europeğ˵д 2005 ѐޙᛉĄ 11 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
ڱκ؎ࣶົĞVenice Commission, 2005bğॲፂົ઼ࣶٙӔಡ۞̳Ը࠹ᙯ ᐂ 2ğĈܢఢĂຉፋ˞˘ЊಡӘ21Ăԧࣇፂ̝̺ઙለ߷઼छ۞̳Ըт˭Ğણ֍ ă̈́ᔈྮĂ̂кᇴ۞ለރᖂ22Ĉੵ˞ͧӀॡăఈᜋăॗૄޠڱ .1 Б઼ّ۞̳Ը23ĄͧӀॡጐგд 1950 ѐᓝᏱזѣఢቑౌڱ߷઼छጳ ˯ఢĂૄώڱϏఢቑ̳Ըă˵՟ѣ࠹ᙯ֭ڱ࿅˘ѨᏙྙّ̳ԸĂጳ ߏӎؠ̳Ը۞ϒ༊ّćఈᜋᔵд 2002-2004 ѐѣ˘࣎ᇶҖ۞ĺ̳ ĻĞGeneral Law on ReferendumsğĂ֭Ϗৌϒֹϡ࿅Ăϫ݈ΪڱԸᓁ ĻĞEuropean ConstitutionğᓝᏱ࿅˘Ѩڱѣд 2005 ѐ੫၆ĺለ༖ጳ Ϗఢ֭ڱጳރᏙྙّ̳ԸĂѩγĂ઼ົ̏གྷܑ྿ͅ၆̳Ըˢጳćॗ ᓝᏱΐˢለ߷གྷڱቑ̳ԸĂ̙࿅Ăд 1974ă1979 ѐ࿅઼ົপҾϲ Ă҃ͷΪڱߏ࿅ϲטᑻВТវă̈́ለ༖̳Ըćᔈྮ۞̳Ը፟ ϡ࿅˘ѨĞparas. 14-18ğĄፋវֽ࠻Ăለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը̂кᇴߏͽ ՟ѣ࠹ᙯ୧ഠĂૄώ˯̳ԸߏপڱఢቑĂೱήྖᄲĂࢋߏጳֽڱጳ Ϊڱٙѣԛё۞̳ԸĂᛊтႬጳזϏυົఢቑڱć༊Ăጳּ ఢؠâ઼ֱछົΩγࢎؠ۞˯ڱԸćΩγĂੵ˞ጳ̳۞ڱጳז೩ Ğparas. 19-21ğĄڱ߉Җăٕߏ࿅পҾϲ જăͽ̈́ˠϔଯજĄୁعă߆ّטԸୁજ24Ĉ̳Ը۞ୁજ͞ё̶ࠎૻ̳ .2 Ըߏ఼૱ߏд࣒ጳ۞࿅ĂυืҋજϹගˠϔ̳۞ّטࢵАĂૻ ԸĂ̙࿅ᆵᚑ̙˘ĂᛊтгӀ̈́ҘͰఢؠĂ఼ሹ࣒ጳ̖ࢋֽ̳ ԸĂຑႬᜋă̈́༄̀ఢؠЇң࣒ጳౌࢋ̳ԸĂ҃ຑՒκֲăٛ௲̳ ఢؠߙֱ୧ഠ۞࣒ࢎυืགྷ࿅̳Ըćѣ઼ֱछ۞̳ؤჯֲă̈́ϲ ఢؠ࣒ጳυืАϤ઼ົୁ઼ڱԸυืАགྷ࿅˘ֱ౯ԔĂᛊт જĂ̜҃౪ࢋՐ࣒ጳ̳Ըυืᄃ̂ᏴТՎᓝҖĞparas. 23-25ğĄௐ ఢؠڱăٕߏ઼ົٙୁજ۞̳ԸĂ઼̙͌छ۞ጳܝߏϤҖ߆ొ˟
ྎ۞ྤफ़֍ Venice CommissionĞ2005cğĄ 21 22 ኛણ҂ QvortrupĞ2014a: 44, 46-48, table 2.2ğĄ ఢቑ̳ԸĞ75%ğĂڱॲፂ Cheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 19, table 4ğĂለ༖ѣ 24 ઼࣎छͽጳ 23 ԸĞ57%ğĄّ̳טఢቑૻޠڱԸĞ86%ğă16 ઼࣎छֹϡّ̳טૻܧఢቑޠڱ઼࣎छֹϡ 24 24 ኛણ҂ BogdanorĞ1978: 30-33ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 12
ᜋğâֱߏ܆Ϊѣ઼ົ̖ਕୁજ̳ԸĞᛊтຑՒκֲăٛ௲ჯֲă ăཬͰăຑႬᜋğĂ˵ѣᗕ͞Ξ઼ڱυืᗕ͞྿јߙВᙊĞᛊт ̖ܝğĂໂ͌ᇴ઼छߏҖ߆ొֲڼͽЧҋୁજ۰Ğᛊтֲăಕ ͌ྵͧ˯ΞͽୁજĞᛊт˿҅ğĞparas. 27-38ğĄੵ˞༄̀Ă࠹၆ Ă̙࿅Ăѣ۞઼छߏטߏϤˠϔֽଯજ۞̳ԸĂΒӣኑՙͽ̈́౹۞ ă֭՟טĞᛊтЛͰӀğĂ҃ѣ۞઼छᔵѣ౹טѣኑՙăݒ՟ѣ౹ ğĞparas. 39-47ğĄֲڼѣኑՙĞᛊтҹᘲऄҘֲăಕ ԸĂ̳טԸีϫĈ૱֍۞̳Ըߏࠎ˞࣒ጳĂ҃ͷ઼̙͌छߏૻ̳ .3 ̙࿅Ăѣೀ઼࣎छଵੵ࣒ጳ̳ԸĞᛊтͧӀॡăԓᘷăᎊಢăཬ ă઼ٕົ۞ୁજ˭ΞͽซҖ࣒ጳ̳ԸܝͰğĂѣ઼ֱछдҖ߆ొ ğĂ҃༄̀۞ˠϔଯજ࣒ጳؤă˿҅ăຑՒκֲăϲ઼ڱĞᛊт ԸĂͧྵ૱֍۞ߏኑ̳ڱԸΦ۩֍ၚĞparas. 48-52ğĄௐ˟ߏϲ̳ д࠹၆˯ͧྵ͌֍Ğparas. 53-55ğĄௐˬ̳Ըߏϡֽ८טՙĂ౹ ࣞ୧ࡗĂΒ߁ΐˢ઼छВТវĞᛊтለ༖ğă઼ᅫᖐăٕߏᄃ ϒࢬЕᓝΞ઼ڱ˞઼छ۞̶ЪĞparas. 56-60ğĄࣃ˘೩۞ߏĂੵ ࢬଵੵ̳Ը۞ְีĂᛊтზྫྷੑפͽ̳Ը۞ีϫâਠ઼छଳ Ⴌ͐κֲğăܠώˠᝋĞૄטඁĞ̜౪ğă̂వྫྷপవĞཌྷ̂Ӏğăࢨ ᝋĞܲΐӀֲğă̳ચࣶ̈́ڱᝋ̈́ΦڱႬ͐κֲğăϲܠᅳ˿តՀĞ ᕩ̼Ğ̜౪ğඈĞparas. 61-63ğĄ Ᏼϔ྆͘ăϒזఢቑ̳Ը۞ྤੈΞͽਖ਼ٺౄ๕̈́གྷĈࢋд็ކ .4 ೳॡมăͽ̳̈́छߏӎΞͽྃކࢬΞͽд̳Вಫវѣ̳π۞ͅ ă̳ϒăͽ̈́̚ϲćͧྵপҾ۞ߏܻᘲă៍މӄĂૄώ˯ૻአ۞ߏ ౄ๕ĂຑႬᜋ̈́Ⴌఢؠ̳छྃӄഠ็ކࣶ̬ˢءཬͰ༰ͤ̈́ Ξͽϡдྤੈ೩ֻă̙Ξͽϡдౄ๕߿જĂΩγĂ֭՟ѣ˘઼࣎छ ༰ͤᄓะ̳Ըాཌ३۞ˠᒔಡ࿌Ğparas. 85-105ğĄ ѣ۞ྖĂΞͽ̶ࠎڍᕣ۞ఢؠĂтܝᕣ25Ĉ̂кᇴ۞઼छ՟ѣܝ࿅ᙯ .5
25 ኛણ҂ QvortrupĞ2005: 164-74, appendix cğĄ 13 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
ᕣĂᛊܝԸைத26ăͽ̈́ைத27ć఼૱Ăࢦ̂ᛉᗟົࢋՐͧྵ۞ ਠ࣒ጳ९ࢋ˘۞ؤтٛ௲ჯֲ۞࣒ጳ९ࢋՐ࿅ΗᏴϔ۞͚Ăϲ ࢋՐ 75% ᏴϔТຍĂҹᘲऄҘٺՐ࿅ΗᏴϔăԾᙯᝋ۞ᛉᗟࠤҌ ᄃ઼ඕЪĞassociationğ۞̳Ըυืᒔ࿅ΗᏴϔ͚Ăѣ઼ֱֲ Ը९ࢋՐ 50%̳טૻ۞ؤछົТॡࢋՐԸைதă̈́ைதĂᛊтϲ Ըைதă̈́Ҍ͌ਕᒔˬ̶̝˘۞ᏴைĞparas. 109-15ğĄ ˵ड़˧۞ĞbindingğĂ̙࿅ĂޠڱԸड़˧Ĉ̂кᇴ઼छ۞̳Ըߏѣ̳ .6 ѣೀ઼࣎छົΩγᓝᏱᏙྙّ28Ğadvisory, consultative, nonbindingğ ԸĂᛊтҘͰ̈́гӀ࣒ጳ̳Ըѣड़˧ăّ҃ኳ۞̳Ը̳ ΪѣᏙྙّ̳ރᜋăఈᜋăͽ̈́ॗ܆ӀॡăͧٺΪѣણ҂ϡĂҌ ԸĞparas. 116-22ğĄ੫၆ኑՙ۞ड़˧Ăѣ઼ֱछซ˘Վኑՙડ̶ ࠎቁᄮё̳ԸĞsuspensive referendumğăͽ̈́ӎՙё̳ԸĞabrogative, ۰ߏజޢresolutory referendumğĂ݈۰ߏགྷ࿅̳Ը̖Ξͽ၁߉Ă ؠഇࢨϏਕᒔᏴϔቁᄮĞparas. 123-26ğĄтڱ୭ăٕдދᏴϔԸை ఢă̙ਕ࿁ࡦڱፂ఼࿅ޢԸ۞͛фߏّࣧ۞Ă઼ົυืд̳Ը̳ڍ Җ˵ѣഇࢨĞparas. 127-30ğĄે۞ڍԸඕ̳ٺўຍćΩγĂЧ઼၆ ӎՙ̳ԸĈ઼ົߏӎΞͽӎՙˠϔٙઇ۞ՙؠĉ˵ಶߏᄲĂ઼ົߏ .7 ӎΞͽϏགྷ࿅Ω˘Ѩ̳Ըಶΐͽᖙ९ăٕߏ̙நົ̳Ը۞ӎՙ҃ూ ٙᏜ۞ĶπҖפݑᔔΔᖽĂѣ઼ֱछଳڱҋેҖĉϫ݈Ч઼۞ү ԔķĞparallelism of proceduresğă̯ధϲӈᓝᏱ̳Ը࣒ࢎѝА۞̳Ը Ξͽ̖ޢĞᛊтཌྷ̂Ӏă༄̀ăႬğĂкΗఢؠд˘߱ॡมͽ ӎՙё̳ԸĂѣ઼ֱ۞ڱᜋăҘͰă༄ğć੫၆ϲگᓝᏱĞᛊт ᆊڼछ۞઼ົдநኢ˯ΞͽͅӎՙĞᛊтཌྷ̂ӀăႬğĂҭ߆
ăܻᘲăࢋՐ࿅Η۞ԸؤᛊтܲΐӀֲăҹᘲऄҘֲăཌྷ̂ӀăႬăϲ 26 ைதĞVenice Commission, 2005b: para. 112ğĄཌྷ̂Ӏѣ 18 Ѩ̳ԸЯࠎԸைதࠎ࿅Η҃ ѣѨă˘ѨĞpara. 162ğĄؤड़ăϲ Ă̜౪۞࣒ጳ̳Ըࢋ˘̶̝ˬؤႬ͐κֲă̈́ϲܠᛊтЛͰӀࢋՐᏴϔ۞α̶̝˘Ă 27 Ր 40%ĞVenice Commission, 2005b: para. 113ğĄ ಶߏԯ̳Ը༊үপؠᛉᗟ۞఼ሹϔຍአߤĞButler & Ranney, 1978: 1ğĄ˵ 28 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 14
Ꮩྙّ̳ԸĂࣧ˯՟ѣӎؠϔຍ۞યᗟĞᛊтͧӀٺćҌྵͧ ॡă܆ᜋăॗރğĞpara. 131-36ğĄ ኝᗟΒ߁ְ݈ᆶᛉăԔϒཌྷăͽڱᆶߤĈ̳ԸΞਕঘ̈́۞ΦڱΦ .8 ᆶᛉߏӎᓝᏱ̳ԸĂఢؠ̳ԸֽڱϦ෦Ąధк઼छົ࿅Φޢְ̈́ ĞᛊтЛͰӀăܻᘲğĂѣ઼ֱछᙯ͕۞ߏڱਕ࿁ጳăٕߏ࿁̙ ҿ̳Ըड़ĂކΞͽٺăຑႬᜋğăࠤҌ઼ڱԔϒཌྷĞᛊтгӀă Ը͛ф۞ྋᛖăপҾߏ˘ਠّ۞ࣧćბᏥᛉᗟ̙̳זѣֱঘ ăੰڱăҖ߆ੰڱТĂయᆶந۞ಏҜΞਕߏᏴᓝ؎ࣶົă˘ਠ लĞpara. 146-53ğĄڱăٕߏጳ߆ੰڱҖ߆ ᓝᏱ̳ԸĂໂბ۞ߏଂֽ՟ѣ̳Ը͌ޝԸགྷរĈ̂кᇴ۞઼छ̳ .9 Ⴌ͐κֲăщႬăܲΐӀֲăҹᘲऄҘֲăܻᘲğĂೀ࣎ܠ࿅Ğ छΪѣᓝᏱ࿅ 1 ѨĞֲ࡚κֲăֲăͧӀॡăᔈྮă઼ ଥҹВ઼ăຑՒκֲăႬăҘͰğĂ˵ѣ 2 Ѩ۞ĞгӀă ᜋăཬͰăă˿҅ğĂٛ௲ჯֲ 3 ѨĂЛگăރᜋăॗ܆ Ѩć༄̀ߏপּĂ 9 ઼ڱă̈́ԓᘷ 6 ѨĂؤͰӀ 4 ѨĂ༄ăϲ ҋଂ 1848 ѐͽֽ̏གྷ੫၆ 500 кᛉᗟซҖ̳ԸĂཌྷ̂Ӏ 54 ѨĞҋ ଂ 1948 ѐğĂຑ Ⴌ ᜋ 28 ѨĞҋଂ 1937 ѐğĂ̜ ౪ 14 ѨĞpara. 157-60ğĄ
參、如何解釋歐盟國家的公投
дለٸତϔᄃለ߷ፋЪ۞ࡁտĂૄώ˯ߏۡٺጯ҃֏Ăѣᙯڼಶ߆ ጯğ۞ڼĞͧྵ߆ޘטڼࣰጯăͽ̈́߆ڼ߆ٺ߷ፋЪ۞͛ᚥ྆ᐝĂ݈۰ᛳ ۰ঘ઼̈́ᅫᙯܼĂপҾߏ̰߆ᄃγϹ̝ม۞̢જĄ̳ԸΞͽॲޢቑᘞĂ҃ ğăವՐᏴϔ͚ͽ೩ϒ༊ڱఢؠĞ఼૱ߏ࿅ጳטፂϫ۞ٕજ̶፟ࠎૻ :ᛨࠁӀৈზࢍĞMendez & Mendez, 2017: 19-31; Tilindyte, 2016ٺăّ̈́ 4-5; Beach, 2018: 8ğĄಶ၁ᙋ˯҃֏ĂMendez ᄃ MendezĞ2017: 34, fig. 3ğ ˠϔ۞ቁᄮĂפߏЧ઼ࠎ˞ΐˢለ༖҃؟29Ă̂ژ̶˽ͽ 3 3 ซҖϹ
Ă˵ಶߏˢ༖ᄃ୧ࡗƟ߆ژ̶˽ኛͧྵ Cheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 21, table 7ğ۞ 2 2 Ϲ 29 15 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
ፆүˢ༖ᛉᗟĂତ˭ֽߏለ༖୧ࡗ۞८ࣞćԧࣇΞͽ࠻عௐ˟̂ᙷߏ߆ ҂ณ҃ᓝᏱ̳ڼѣΞਕЯࠎ߆ౌعĂ̙გߏˢ༖ă୧ࡗăᔘߏ߆ඉĂ߆ז ԸĞဦ 5ğĄ
ˢ༖ ߆ඉ ୧ࡗ ఢؠטૻ
ϒ༊ّ
ᛨࠁӀৈ
फ़ֽĈMendez ᄃ MendezĞ2017: 34, fig. 3ğĄྤ ဦ 5Ĉለ༖̳Ը۞̶ᙷ
ᄰ֏ăٕߏ̏གྷᓝᏱ۞९عOppermannĞ2011: 1-2ğপҾԱ 28 ࣎߆ ĂΒ߁ΐˢለ༖Ğ10ğă୧ࡗ८ࣞĞ7ğăͽ̈́পؠᛉᗟĞ11ğĄᄲĂּ ᝋᖼொĞΐˢለ༖ăᘪཌזఢؠ۞̳ԸְีĂপҾߏঘטఢૻڱ˞ੵ ΞͽѣۏˠڼኑՙࢋՐĂߊለ༖઼छ۞߆̈́ט୧ࡗğĂٕߏึᑕˠϔ۞౹ ᎕ໂଯજ̳Ըĉೱήྖົ˵ــಞાĂࠎңࣇڼ࿅Ᏼᓝֽ҃۞ᛉ߆ ࣧώ֭՟ѣυࢋᓝᏱ̳ԸĂңυ̂ౢăعĂЧ઼߆˭ڶкଐޝᄲĂд ౻ϔ๋ੑĉ ٙͽົ࿅̳ԸШˠϔኛৈĂ̝̂عBeachĞ2018: 8-10ğᄮࠎĂ߆ Ξޝ၆̰عఢቑّăͽ̈́ጼఙّ҂ณĄಶఢቑ˯҃֏Ă߆ٺΞͽᕩৼ˯ ˞Ă˵ಶߏᐝ̏གྷ߾˞ă̙݆̙Җޞ႕֖ˠϔຐࢋѣ൴֏ᝋ۞ഇٺਕߏ Ğpath dependentğĂ̳҃ԸΪߏ๋̙̂ฮ۞ึͪˠଐć၆γֽᄲĂЯࠎ
:ពĄ˫ĂSetäläĞ1999ځఢؠĂ࠻̶ֽο۞मளಶ՟ѣ֤ᆃטૻܧఢؠᄃטૻٺඉ̝ Ąڱ̶ tables 1, 2ğ˵ѣൾ̙Т۞ 33 ,329-31 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 16
ĂයࡻᄮࠎᓝᏱ̳Ըߏ͇˭ڍϒ༊ّĂдϯቑड़פјࣶ˵ౌ࿅̳Ըֽ ॡڱĻĞEuropean Constitutionğ۞Ķጳڱགྷгཌྷ۞ְĂপҾߏ੫၆ĺለ༖ጳ ၆عĄಶጼఙ˯ֽᄲĂ߆קķĞconstitutional momentğĂᅲѣຏॡᅽ۞ג ˯࿃ڍΞͽ࿅̳Ըૻ̼Ᏼϔ۞͚ăᄦౄ၆͘۞̶ෘĂΩ˘͞ࢬĂт̰ ˵ഌ͘۞ᛉᗟĂΞͽᖣ̳Ըᖼொ൏ᕇăᔖҺᏴϔд̂Ᏼჳҋ̎ĂТॡ ć၆γֽᄲĂ̳Ըߏ၆γኘҿ۞̍Ăͅ၆۞ᓏ̂ăڡྋᛨ̰۞̶̼ ᆊᔘᆊѣ۩มĂ༊Ă݈೩ߏ̙ਕᑚৌઇĄ OppermannĞ2011: 4-6ğྻϡ PutnamĞ1988ğĶ˟ลᚮԊķĞtwo-level ԸĄវ҃֏ĂЧ઼߆̳פࠎңăͽ̈́ңॡົᏴፄଳމgameğĂဘྏநྋ߆ υืТॡࢬ၆઼̰ăͽ઼̈́γ࣎ᚮԊĂ҂ณ۰Ξਕ೩ֻ۞ᄵЯăͽع ˵ч๕ĂפΞͽଳމከϲ۞݀ࢨĂሹზтңདྷᑕአዋćಶጼఙֽ࠻Ă߆̈́ Ă༊ĂېҲăҌ̙͌ࢋᗼனזຫεࢫڼಶߏᑝੜ߄ጼăሕд۞߆ Ӏৈăٕ۰Ҍ͌Լڼ߆פଐ๕ధΞĂ˵ΞͽซҖԽ๕Ă࿅̳Ըֽᒔڍт Ğဦ 6ğĄڶචன
ч๕ Խ๕ Ը ϔოё̳Ը̳̼ڼΝ߆ гӀ 2008 ଥҹ 2005 ̜౪ 1986 ઼̰ࡻ઼ 2010 2004 1997 1996 1975 2005 1992 1972 ઼ڱ ᜋ̈́ᜋ 1994܆ ॗރ 1972 Ⴌ 2003 ጼர̳Ը ҘͰ 2005ܧ ༄ 1994 2003 ༄̀ 1972 ॾᜋ 1982 ᜋ 2005گ ઼γ ༄̀ 1982 ଥҹ 2003 ཌྷ̂Ӏ 1989 2004 ઼ڱ ᎊಢ 2005 ᜋ 2003گ ࡓቢ̳Ը ઼ᅫཌྷ̳Ը!
फ़ֽĈOppermannĞ2011: 6, 11ğĄྤ
ଯજ̳Ը۞જ፟عဦ 6Ĉ߆ 17 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
ଯજ̳Ը۞αજعགྷ࿅Ϲ˽̶ᙷĂOppermannĞ2011: 6-8ğᕩৼ߆ ԸĞde-politicising referendumğ۞ૄώ҂ณߏԯ̳Ը༊үጿ̳̼ڼ፟ĈΝ߆ ˘ಞાĂڼ߆۞઼̰זᛉؼ፵ۋᒒăԯለ༖࠹ᙯᛉᗟྫྷ̂Ᏼ௲࿘ĂᔖҺͫ ࢬ֨ͤͅ၆ᛨ̂ઇ͛ౢăΩ˘͞ࢬࢫҲᛨ̰Ξਕ۞Ϭ࠼ćϔოё̳Ը30͞ ࿅ለ༖ᛉᗟ۞̳ԸซҖજࣶϔຍ͚ĂعĞplebiscitary referendumğߏ߆ ϒ༊ّăΩ˘͞ࢬ݇ऴͅ၆ᛨ۞၁˧ĂࢋՐഈ߆ᛨڼࢬૻ̼ҋ̎۞͞˘ Т̩ᇲນăӎಶߏឰᏴϔд̂Ᏼΐͽିć઼ᅫཌྷ̳ԸĞinternationalist ൴જ̳Ը۞ϡຍߏࠎ˞ࢋஎ̼ለ༖۞ፋЪĂ˵ಶߏعreferendumğߏ߆ જ઼छྫྷซćࡓቢ̳ԸٺᄲĂϡ̳Ըֽܑ྿ଯજፋЪ۞ՙ͕ăࠤҌ Ğre-line referendumğߏᚮԊநኢ۞ҋᎨඉரĞtying handsğĂ࿅̳Ըֽ ጼரܧᔘѣ˘ޢૻ઼̼ᅫኘҿ۞ӎՙ၁˧Ă˵ಶߏԯϔຍ༊үᚯቅć ఢؠ֭՟ѣ˘ؠࢋᏱ̳ԸĂݒعԸĞnon-strategic referendumğĂߏ߆̳ ࠹̢ଵϋĂ҃Խ๕ᄃч๕˵Ξܧ̙ᏱĄপҾĂ̰߆ᄃγϹ̙֭˫ ͽϹ˽ֹϡĞpp. 6, 8ğĄ ԸனሀёĞpatternğ۞ᕩৼĂ̳ٺߏ၆۞זϫ݈ࠎͤĂԧࣇٙ࠻ז ĞregularityğĂலౣΪਕّޠೡّĞdescriptiveğ۞ఢֱ˘זጐგΞͽ࠻ Ъந۞ྋᛖĞexplanationğڍՎ۞ଣീĞprobeğĄಶࡁտ۞ኝᗟ҃֏Ăтܐზߏ ĂтѩĂ̖ѣΞژĂତ˭ֽಶࢋ͘၁ᙋ۞Ğempiricalğ̶צࢋਕᒔତ ᛉޙਕ೩ֻീĞpredictionğĂซ˘Վଂְఢቑّ۞Ğnormativeğ੫ৗăٕ ĞprescriptionğĄ ԧࣇፋந HoboltĞ2006, 2009ğăQvortrupĞ2013, 2014ağăBeachĞ2018ğă Aguiar-Conraria ᄃ MagalhãesĞ2010ğăͽ̈́ UleriĞ1996ğ۞நኢଣ৶̈́၁ ˞ᄲ̳ϔԸைߏࠎڍߛၹĞဦ 7ğĄтهᙋࡁտĂ̺ઙ˞˘̳࣎ϔԸை۞ໄ ར၁Ă֤۞ڼϔ߆ٺซለ߷ፋЪĂ̳҃ԸдԔ˯ăͽ̈́၁ኳ˯ѣӄܳ
Ӏϡ̳ԸᄲމߏĶ̳ϔԸைёϔķĂߏ߆ڱplebiscitary democracy д઼̰૱֍۞ᛌ 30 ۰ĂপҾߏԓপઙĂѣૻধ۞ࢬؽγ̝ࢰĞUleri, 1996: 4ğĄڼᝋރᏴϔ͚ڇ ߉ड़ុᛌࠎĶ̳Ըё̳ԸķĂੵ˞ߏ̴ෟᖴфăՀߏ̙ਕڌ ࢋߏ plebiscitary referendum ϲعٙୁજ۞̳ԸჍࠎ plebisciteĂ఼૱ߏ߆ع྿ࣧຍĄQvortrupĞ2005: 85-88ğԯ߆ܑ ତ෦ኜˠϔĄۡ҃ົ઼ٺטצڱ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 18
ගֻ࣎۞عᆃĂಶϲតᇴ҃֏ĂԧࣇΞͽ̶Ҿଂˠϔ۞ࢋՐăͽ̈́߆ ᆸࢬֽ࠻Ĉ ྤੈ॰ߛ
౹ ኑՙט ᛉᗟ! ˠϔࢋՐ ԩᛉ! ለ߷ፋЪ ڼϒ ̳ϔԸை ϔ߆ ༊ّ
ڱ !هந טග ఢૻֻع߆ ጼఙ!
ߛၹهဦ 7Ĉ̳ϔԸை۞ໄ
ࢵАĂ၆Ч઼۞ˠϔֽᄲĂ̙გࢋ̙ࢋ̳Ըăᔘߏົ̙ົΝԸைăߏ གྷ࿅நّ҂ณᛉٺӎᙒјፋЪĂಶௐ˘ลĞfirst orderğֽ࠻Ăࢋߏՙؠ ٙӔன۞ϲಞઐрĂ˵ಶߏտౣᏴϔߏӎ੫၆̳Ը۞ᗟϫдаඍăᔘޢᗟ ௐ˟ลĞsecondٺᇅĞBeach, 2018: 14-15ğĄҌͅ۞ع߆ٺߏଐჰّͅᑕ၆ Ă҃ߏมତޘତܑϯ၆̳Ըᛉᗟ۞ၗۡܧorderğ҃֏ĂᏴϔ۞ԸைҖࠎ֭ ߆ᛨٙેצனĂಶົତܑ۞عࣇ႕ຍ߆ڍன۞ෞᆊĂтܑع߆ٺᑕ၆ͅ Ă߆˭ڶ೩ֻ࠹ᙯለ༖ፋЪ۞ྤੈĂೱήྖᄲĂд߆ᒻૻ̼߆ᛨᄮТ۞ଐ ҂ᄃઐрޥΞͽ࿅ྤੈ۞॰ߛĞframingğֽજࣶ͚۰Ăᛉᗟ۞ྵͧع ፋវܑனĂ̳Ըޫр۞عѺ̙ؖ႕ຍ߆ڍಶ࠹၆˯జ୶̼˞ć࠹၆гĂт Ξਕజޝჳ༊ᝋ۰۞፟ົĂ̳ԸᛉᗟٺԩᛉăࠤҌྫྷޤ೩ֻᏴϔܑ྿ᇙ ᅵࢲԍĄזବ â͞ࢬΞͽ࿅̳Ըଯજለ༖ፋعයࡻֽᄲăপҾߏЧ઼߆ڼ၆߆ ĂΩ˘͞ࢬĂે߆ᛨ˵Ξͽԯ̳Ը༊үጼఙ̍ć၆̰҃֏Ă߆هЪ۞ந Ξͽᖣ፟நਮದ̰۞ࢲᇷĞΒ߁ᛨ̰ăᓑЪ̰ᅦ۞Ͼҡğăٕ࣒நͅ၆ع ᛨĂ၆γֽᄲĂ̳ԸΞͽोֽ༊၆γኘҿᆊᔘᆊ۞ᚯቅĄΩγĂ྆ᔘ 19 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
࠹ᙯᛉᗟυื೩ϹטૻڍఢтڱਔඛĂ۞˯ޘטѣˬ̬࣎̚តᇴĈࢵАߏ ăٕߏඉரّྻϡĂᏴϔă̈́ͅ၆ᛨౌهજଯજநعϔԸைĂੵ˞߆̳ ĂޢᏊයࡻ۞ᗽᕝćטăኑՙᝋֽטѣӎՙ۞፟ົćГֽĂ̳ϔΞͽो౹ යࡻٙ೩ֻ۞ྤੈߏᏴϔυืࢬ၆۞ᒖဩĄ Ը۞ԸைதĂ൴ன̳ژAguiar-Conraria ᄃ MagalhãesĞ2010ğͽਫ਼ᕩ̶ ᕣ۞ఢؠົࢫҲᏴϔ۞ԸܝԸைѣ࠹༊ព۞ᇆᜩּγĂԸைதטੵ˞ૻ ޘ۞ۋᕣ֭՟ѣព۞ᇆᜩćତĂ༊ᚮܝைຍᙸĂ࠹၆гĂைத۞ Ăڶ፬ধ۞ଐޘ۞ۋҲॡĂᏴϔ۞ԸைຍᙸົࢫҲĂ࠹ͅгĂ༊ᚮ ۞઼छĂˠϔણᄃ̳ޘԸை۞ຍᙸćГֽĂିֈـಶਕજᏴϔ݈ Ը۞ຍᙸćΩγĂᏴϔ۞ᏴϔিͻĞvoter fatigueğᄃ̳ԸຍᙸјͧͅĂ ĂޢԸ۞າᔿຏć̳ـĂᏴϔѣ݈ܜಶߏᄲĂᗓ˯а̂Ᏼ۞ॡม˵ Ըཆ̂Ᏼ֭Ϗυਕ೩Ᏼϔ۞ຍᙸĄ̳ ٙͽଯજ̳ԸĂࢋߏ̝عĂ൴ன߆ژਫ਼ᕩ̶פQvortrupĞ2013ğଳ ăّۋጼఙّზࢍĂΒ߁Ᏼᓝ۞ᚮ۞ڼ҂ณĂ˵ಶߏ߆ᛨ߆آᝋ۞˯ڼ߆ٺ ᏴϔٺćҌهࠎ˞၆ˠϔٙٚᏚ۞நܧĂ҃ޘͽ̈́ߏӎਕ೩̿Ᏼϔ۞͚ ăͽ̈́ᄮТޘለ߷ፋЪ۞ၗٺώ֗၆ٺԸ۞͚Ăૄώ˯ᔘߏՙؠ̳ٺ၆ :ன႕ຍᄃӎĄQvortrupĞ2014aܑ۞ع߆ٺ၆ٺܧለ༖߆ඉϲಞĂ҃۞ع߆ ኑՙѣព۞טఢᄃ౹ڱ51-53ğѨѐ۞ࡁտ൴னĂੵ˞ߏӎѣ̳Ը۞࠹ᙯ ྋᛖЧ̳Ը۞னĄڱăཏăˠ˾ğି؟ᙯాĂۤົඕၹЯ৵Ğ ۰ĄڼSchuck ᄃ de VreeseĞ2015ğ൴னĂ͚̳Ը۞఼૱ߏ̙႕߆ᛨ߆ HoboltĞ2009: chap. 9ğ൴னᏴϔٕధ̙ົ੫၆পؠ۞ለ༖ᛉᗟԸைĞissue ĄѩγĂጐڱvotingğĂࣇд̳Ըᔘߏົͅᑕҋ̎၆ለ༖ፋЪ۞˘ਠّ࠻ ӄگдᏴᓝౄ๕࿅ٙٙౄ۞ᛉᗟ॰ߛ˵ధѣೈೈචᄵăٕߏଯعგ߆ Ă҃ĂϏυਕۡତνΠᏴϔ۞ԸைҖࠎ31ćፋវֽ࠻ĂᏴϔ̙֭ڍᚡ۞ड़ ຐည̚۞֤ᆃˠ̠Ϻ̠ă۠ϫۢă՟ѣͪĞvoter competenceğăމߏ߆ Ğpolitical sophisticateğĂ҃ߏѣਕ˧ॲፂҋ̎۞ઐрă੫ڼߏ̙ᑖ߆ٕ
Ğcampaign effectğڍᚮᏴ߿જड़ٺણ҂ BeachĞ2018: 10-14ğăͽ̈́ LeDucĞ2000ğ၆ 31 ኢĄ۞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 20
ᐂ 3ğ၆ܢĞޘ၆ᛉᗟઇநّ۞ՙඉĂ˵ಶߏᄲĂјࣶ۞઼ϔ၆ለ༖۞рຏ ٺಶ็ԸைҖࠎ۞நኢֽ࠻Ăለ߷Ᏼϔ၆ڍԸѣϒࢬᇆᜩĄԧࣇт̳ٺ ߆ᛨᄮТĄܧለ༖̳Ը۞ࢋֶፂߏᛉᗟԸைă҃
肆、規範性的討論
ߏຐ࿅ޘԸ۞ϡຍĂੵ˞።Ϋ็Ă࠹༊̳פࣧώĂለ༖઼छଳ ણᄃለ༖۞ϒ༊ّć̙࿅ĂعણᄃĂͽ೩߆ڼତϔֽԼච̳ϔ۞߆ۡ ᄮࠎᄃϔٺѐֽ۞၁ᅫྻүĂ̙͌ˠଂ̚൴ன˘ֱጹĂࠤҌ 50 ܕགྷ࿅ ࠹ࡦᗓ҃ૺᆿੵ̳Ը32ĄCheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 8-13ğֱه۞ந Բҿᕩৼࠎ̱̂ีĂΒ߁̳ϔ˧நྋ̳Ըᛉᗟă̳ԸΪዋЪ઼̈ဿϔă Ӏৈဥវ۞ᇆᜩ˧ྵ̂ă̳Ըົܳјܑ྿ݭԸைĞexpressive votingğ̈́֕ ШϔოཌྷĞpopulismğă̳Ը࿁ͅϔኝయĞaccountabilityğ۞ࣧăͽ т˭ĈژᄦౄଂிҖࠎĞconformityğă̙Ӏ͌ᇴཏᝋӀ۞ܲᅪĂ̶ົ̈́ ϔਕ˧33Ĉᛉ۰̳Ը̂۞ᕇߏ̳ϔͻԸைٙυื۞ྤ̳ .1 ҂҃ԸைĂޥ੫၆̳Ը۞ᗟϫઇநّ۞ڱăٕߏຽਕ˧Ăੈ ਠҁѺؖ֍ჷᇃ౾Ğbetter informedğĂЯ˘ͧــ࠹၆̝˭Ăᛉ̀ :ѩૺᑕྍԯՙඉ۞̍үᝋගࣇಶрĄCheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016 8-9ğᄮࠎĂᛉࣶߏ̙ߏৌ۞ᑖͧྵкĂࣃથၻĂலౣĂఙຽѣ Հᒢྋᅮࢋՙඉۏˠڼдன၁Ϡ߿ĂᏴϔᄲ̙ؠͧ߆ڶԽĂՀң Ă̳҃Ը۞ᚮᏴྻજಶߏࢦࢋ۞ྤੈޢĂՀ̙ϡᄲჷѣАۏߏ۞ ٺćְ၁˯Ăд˘ਠᏴˠ۞ᏴᓝĂጴ̦ᆃనᏴϔಶѣਕ˧၆ֽ ࠹۞ڱ࣏ᏴˠᒢྋՀкĉТᇹгĂԧࣇ˫тңቁܲᛉࣶ̙ົᔳઠϲ މĂឰҁѺؖΞͽۢ߆ט፟۞טᙯྤੈĉᓁ̝Ă̳Ըߏк˘ଠ ՙඉߏӎռ͕ҋϡĄ۞
:Ă֍ Butler ᄃ RanneyĞ1978: 11-21ğăNortonĞ1982ڱ͚ăٕͅ၆̳Ը۞࠻ٺѣᙯ 32 216-26ğăO’HaraĞ2006: 31-36ğăFeldĞ2003: 3-13ğăMendez ඈˠĞ2014: 7-14ğă̈́ CroninĞ1989: chap. 8ğĄ ણ҂ CroninĞ1989: chap. 4ğ۞ኢĄ 33 21 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
ࣶྵ̈۞г͞Ăࢋߏ઼಼ٺछ̂̈Ĉ็۞៍ᕇߏۡତϔዋϡ઼ .2 ВᙊϔĞconsensusפĂಶΪрͽкᇴՙޘछ۞ˠ˾࿅࠹༊۞ Ăϔ۞ݡኳԛ̚ಶົࢫטdemocracyğăͧྵᙱͽჯᏘ۞វ ᄃڱҲĄCheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 9-10ğ̝ͽᆄĂЯࠎᇹ۞ᄲ ᄲͅ၆ۡତϔĂࣆ̙тᄲˠ˾͉кॲώ̙Ӏϔྫྷϔ̼Ă֤ ˭ߏᄃְ၁̙ćྕĂ༊ˠ˾к۞ॡ࣏ĂՏૺᏴை۞ᝋࢦಶົ ࢫă҃ՙඉᄃྤੈ۞јώݒົ࠹၆೩Ă҃Ă̳ԸҌ͌Ξͽᆧΐ ᔵΞͽࢫҲјώĂ;۞ᆊڼĂ࠹၆гĂᛉ߆טଠ۞މ၆߆ ćְ၁˯Ă઼࡚ᓝᏱ̳Ըᐛᓄ۞טᏊ፟ט۞ڱୢ၆ᛉ̀ϲٸߏ ߏΐэĂˠ˾ 4,000 ༱ăᏴϔ 2,300 ༱Ăߏ༄̀۞ȈࢺĂ઼࡚҃ăͽ छ۞ᝋѣ઼טԸߏӎѣຫᓑ֣̳ٺᇇ઼՟ѣБ઼ّ̳ԸĂߏ၆̈́ ٙႷᇋĄ ӀৈဥវĈտౣੑ˧ฯݓ۞ӀৈဥវĂд̳Ըߏӎົͧ˘ਠᏴϔ൴ .3 ೭̙јּͧ۞ᇆᜩ˧ĉCheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 11ğĂ၁ᙋ۞ ତϔĂۡפ͚ᇹ۞ᕝ֏Ăְ၁˯Ă઼࡚̙͌г͞ଳ̙֭ڍඕ ᖐځӀৈဥវνΠᛉົćপҾ͔ϡ઼ᅫט൴ᕇಶߏࢋԺ ĞTransparency Internationalğ۞ಡӘࠎּĂдለ༖ᓁొ۞οጆႬ ѣ 15,000Ƃ30,000 ˠଂְྼᄲ̍үĂՏѐ۞ฟዚ྿ 10 ᆆҹĂ ĂӀৈဥטਕѣ̳Ը፟ڍߏЋຽࠧ۞֏ˠĂЯѩĂт˟̶̝ˬ̚ ࣎ለ༖ј઼ࣶăјώ๕υ೩Ă֤ᆃĂᏴϔ 28 זវυืԯ͕˧χ Ҍ͌Ξͽྻϡ̳ԸֽࢫҲӀৈဥវ۞ᑅ˧Ą ۞ᛉᗟԸைĂຍ็ٺ྿ݭԸைăϔოཌྷĈܑ྿ݭԸைߏ࠹၆ܑ .4 ߏᄲĂᏴϔົᖣᏴᓝ۞፟ົܑ྿ҋ̎۞˘ֱϲಞĂଂࢬֽ࠻ޥ ਕڍಶߏࣄᗟ൴೭ă՟ѣ੫၆̳Ը۞ᛉᗟֽԸைćયᗟߏĂт Ը۞፟ົજࣶᏴϔᙯ͕˘ֱ̳ВኝᗟĂপҾߏಫវ۞ݡኳਕВᓷ̳ ிጯ௫тңኢྫྷ၆ྖć၁Ăጐგٕధ̂ٺᓝ۞୧І˭Ăѣӄ д˘ਠᏴڶൾѣ˘ᕇଐჰ̼۞જࣶĂ̙֭ߏ̦ᆃᗼְଐĂՀңົ ϔოཌྷĂٺજĈҌࡶگᛉᗟԸைĂ˵ϏυԆБ՟ѣଐჰ۞ޞᓝٙഇ ፖٽགྷរֽ࠻Ăᛉёϔ҃ͧͅྵट۞઼ڱᜋăЛͰӀă̈́گଂ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 22
ବፋ࣎ϔវրĂ࠹၆гĂӈֹ༄̀૱ϡ̳ԸĂ࠻̙ѣϔო۞้ ШĞCheneval & Ferrín, 2016: 11ğĄ ϔኝయĈͅ၆̳Ը۞ˠᄮࠎĂЯࠎߏᏴϔҋ̎ઇՙؠâόְĂ .5 ՟ѣˠΞͽࠎ۞ՙඉయĄCheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 12ğ࠹༊ ͽࠎĂ࠻̙̳ϔࠎҋ̎۞ՙؠయѣ̦ᆃ̙၆۞г͞ĉᄮ̙ ࠎĂۡତϔΞͽͧᛉϔՀਕခᐽᏴϔ۞యăՀਕೠଠԸை ҖĂѩγĂՏ࣎Ᏼϔк͌ົᔴᛳ̙Т۞ဥវĞҌ͌ߏ઼छે۞ڍඕ Ăӈֹдᛉϔڶ࠹̢ࡗՁĂՀң۞ޘѩົѣߙكϔğĂ઼۞ ̂۞ڼѣк͌ࡗՁĂலౣߏϔ߆ົۏˠڼ߆ٺĂᏴϔ၆˭̝ ༂ஷĂ̙֭ߏมତϔѣ۞ౝĄ ٚĂጐგለ༖઼छ၆ଂிҖࠎĈCheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 12-13ğ .6 ซՎĂ҃Ă۞֖ܜᇴཏវăٕߏ͌ᇴཏ۞ᝋӀܲᅪ̏གྷѣ͌ٺ ĂΪ̙࿅Ăᇹ۞ᅫ࿃ྫྷޞҺ̙˞ࢬ၆ۤົ˯кᇴˠ۞Ωீ࠹̪ ٺତϔăٕߏมତϔᙯĂ̙ਕϡֽͅ၆̳ԸĂᙯᔣᔘߏдۡ Ąڱϲ
伍、實務上的建議：全歐的同步公投？
ChenevalĞ2016: 2-3ğᄮࠎд၁ચ˯Ă̳Ըᔘѣ˘ֱԼซ۞۩มĂΒ߁ć ਕୁજ̳ԸĂᑕྍឰˠϔ˵ΞࢋՐ̳Ըć(˟) ̳Ը̖عѣ઼ֱछΪѣ߆ (˘) ĻĂڱĺለ༖ጳٺΪѣᏙྙّኳć(ˬ) ѣᙯعυืѣड़˧ă̙ਕ၆߆ڍඕ۞ (34Ăౄјԛё˯۞̙̳πć(αڱٙѣ઼छ۞̳ϔΞͽ࿅̳Ըܑ྿࠻ܧ֭ дТ˘͇ᓝᏱ̳ԸĂܧ֭ٺĻࢋՐٙѣ઼छТຍ̖ѣड़ĂϤڱЯࠎĺለ༖ጳ ᓝᏱ۞̳ԸԛТड़Ăౄј઼ֱछ۞̳ϔ၁ޢΪࢋѣ˘઼࣎छͅ၆Ăᐌ
Ļ۞ϡຍߏፋЪனѣ۞ለ༖୧ࡗĂགྷ࿅༊ॡ 25 ઼࣎छ۞ܑд 2004 ѐᘪཌĂڱĺለ༖ጳ 34 ăЛͰӀăؤᒔ 18 ઼छ८ࣞĂ̂кᇴ۞઼छΪࢋ઼ົТຍಶрĂΒ߁ϲֽޢ ăຑႬᜋăᎊಢă઼ڱࠃჯκֲăཌྷ̂ӀăгӀඈඈĂࡻ઼தАܑϯࢋ̳ԸĂ̜౪ă ఈᜋăҘͰăͽ̈́ཬͰྫྷซĞWikipedia, 2018: Treaty establishing a Constitution for EuropeğĄ 23 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
જለୁعБ઼ّ̳Ը̙֭ሢଉĂ༊߆ٺኳ˯۞̙̳π35ć(̣) ѣ઼ֱछ۞၆ ႕дԸைĄ̙۞عѣΞਕߏ੫၆߆ᒻăٕߏ߆ޝ༖ᛉᗟ̳ԸॡĂࣇ ᛉ۰ᄮࠎĂࠎ˞ࢋ೩ለ༖۞ϒ༊ّĂᑕྍࢋѣ઼छĞtransnationalğ ᆸ৺۞̳ԸĞCheneval & Ferrín, 2016: 18ğĄMendez ᄃ MendezĞ2017: 68-73ğ տౣለ༖ٺ९ĄᚨඕдڱপҾೀᛉᗟĂΒ߁୧ࡗă୧ࡗ࣒ࢎăͽ̈́ ߏ˘઼࣎ᅫᖐăᓑ֣ăᔘߏ֣ᓑĞHobolt, 2009: 248ğĉӈֹߏ˘࣎ᓑ֣ ĄޥБ઼ّ̳Ը࠹༊ܲĉࣃஎٺछĂࠎң̂кᇴ۞ᓑ઼֣छ၆઼
ă̈́ఈᜋ۞̳ϔԸைӎՙĂࣧώࢍ൪઼ڱΒ߁ҘͰăͽ̈́ᎊಢ࿅̳ԸĂ̙࿅Ăݒజ 35 ,ᜋăཬͰăͽ̈́ࡻ઼ĞWikipediaگঐĂΒ߁ଥҹă̜౪ăຑႬᜋăפԸ۞ೀ઼઼छΪр̳ 2018: Treaty Establishing a Constitution for EuropeğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 24
ܢᐂ 1 !ለ߷઼छፋЪ۞̳Ը
1972~2016.4
ă༄̀ăͽ̈́Еރለ༖઼छĞॗܧफ़ֽĈ TilindyteĞ2016: 5ğĂΒӣ 23 ࣎ለ༖઼छăͽ̈́ 3 ࣎ྤ ͚̀൳ğĄኛͧྵ BeachĞ2018: 3-7, table 1ğ̙Βӣௐˬ઼̳ԸĄ Ձ˧ăNB ᏙྙّĄٲؠăB ڱܧؠăNRڱĈ M ΐˢለ༖ăT ୧ࡗăI߆ඉăRځ ᄲ ኛͧྵ QvortrupĞ2016: 62, table 1ğĄ 25 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
ܢᐂ 2 !ለ༖઼छ۞̳Ը
!೩̈́ Ըைத ைத! ୁજ۰ڱጳ טૻڱЩ!ለ༖ᛉᗟ! ᛉᗟ ጳ઼ ă઼ົعAustria 1 3 ѣ ѣ кᇴ ߆ عBelgium 0 1 ߆ Bulgaria 0 5 ѣ 50% кᇴ Croatia 1 3 ѣ ѣ Cyprus 0 1 CzRep 1 0 кᇴ Denmark 7 15 ѣ ѣ 40%*** ઼ົ Estonia 1 3 ѣ ѣ عFinland 1 3 ѣ кᇴ ߆ عFrance 3 9 ѣ ѣ кᇴ ߆ Germany 0 0 ѣ Greece 1 36 ѣ кᇴ ̮ࢵ Hungary 1 11 ѣ ѣ 50% 25% Ireland 8 29 ѣ ѣ 50%**** ̮ࢵă઼ົ Italy 1 70 ѣ 50% Ᏼϔ Latvia 1 13 ѣ ѣ 50% 50% Lithuania 1 20 ѣ ѣ 50%* 30%** Luxembourg 1 7 ѣ кᇴ Malta 1 2 ѣ ѣ 50% кᇴ Netherlands 1 0 30% кᇴ Poland 1 12 ѣ 50% 50% Portugal 0 4 ѣ ѣ 50% 50% ̮ࢵ Romania 1 8 ѣ ѣ 50% кᇴ Slovakia 1 14 ѣ ѣ 50% 50% Slovenia 1 21 ѣ 50% ă઼ົعSpain 1 2 ѣ ѣ 50% ߆ ă઼ົعSweden 2 13 ѣ ߆ عUK 1 1 ѣ кᇴ ߆ 28 39 306
फ़ֽĈCheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 20, table 5ğăAguiar-Conraria ᄃ MagalhãesĞ2010: 70, tableྤ 1ğăGay ᄃ HortonĞ2011: 10-15ğăQvortrupĞ2005: 169, table c.1, 171, table c.2ğă BogdanorĞ1978: 26-27, table 3-1ğăͽ ̈́ BeachĞ2018: 8ğĄ*ঘ̈́ᝋᅮࢋ 75%Ă ঘ̈́ᝋᅮࢋ 50%ć***̙֖ 30% ӎՙć****̙֖ 33.3% ӎ ՙĄͧ ྵ Bertoncini** Ğ2017: 4, table 1ğĄ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 26
ܢᐂ 3 !ޘለ༖ј઼ࣶϔ၆ለ༖۞рຏ
फ़ֽĈHoboltĞ2009: 29, fig. 2.2ğĄྤ 27 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
參考文獻
Aguiar-Conraria, Luís, and Pedro C. Magalhães. 2010. “Referendum Design, Quorum Rules and Turnout.” Public Choice, Vol. 144, Nos. 1-2, pp. 63-81. Beach, Derek. 2018. “Referendums in the European Union.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics (http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/978019 0228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-503) (2018/8/28) Beigbeder, Yves. 2011. “Referendum.” Oxford Public International Law (file:///C:/ Users/Genuine/Downloads/OPIL_Referendum%20(1).pdf) (2018/8/23) Bertoncini, Yves. 2017. “National Referendums on European Issues: From Clarification to Frustration.” (http://www.institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/euandrefere ndums-bertoncini-ijd-frs-april17.pdf?pdf=ok) (2018/8/28) Bogdanor, Vernon. 1978. “Western Europe,” in David Butler, and Austin Ranney, eds. Referendums around the World, pp. 24-97. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. Butler, David, and Austin Ranney. 1978. “Practice,” and “Theory,” in David Butler, and Austin Ranney, eds. Referendums around the World, pp. 1-23. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. Cheneval, Francis. 2016. “Towards a More Legitimate Form of Direct Democracy in the European Union.” (http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/134019/1/2017-01-12-POLICY- BRIEF-WP8-Cheneval-FINAL.pdf) (2018//9/1) Cheneval, Francis, and Mónica Ferrín. 2016. “European Union and Direct Democracy: A Possible Combination?” (http://beucitizen.eu/wp-content/uploads/D8.7_Options- for-Direct-Democracy-in-the-EU_FINAL.pdf) (2018/8/28) Cronin, Thomas E. 1989. Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press. Drezewicki, Krzysztof. 2008. “National Minority Issues and the EU Reform Treaty: A Perspective of the OSCE High Commissioner on the National Minorities.” Security and Human Rights, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 137-46. Feld, Lars P. 2003. “The Role of Direct Democracy in the European Union.” Presented at the Cesifo Conference “A Constitution for the European Union,” February (https:// www.alexandria.unisg.ch/31416/1/CESifowp 1083.pdf) (2018/8/30) Gay, Oonagh, and Lorna Horton. 2011. “Thresholds in Referendums.” (file:///C:/Users/ Genuine/Downloads/SN02809%20(2).pdf) (2018/8/28) ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 28
Hobolt, Sara Binzer. 2006. “Direct Democracy and European Integration.” Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 153-66. Hobolt, Sara Binzer. 2009. Europe in Question: Referendums on European Integration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. LeDuc, Lawrence. 2000. “Referendums and Elections: How Do Campaigns Differ?” Prepared for the Workshop “Do Campaigns Matter? The Political Consequences of Modern Electioneering” of the European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Joint Session, University of Copenhagen, April 14-19 (https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/Paper Proposal/e3c91233-daf8-40a7-896b- 969a94eb0826.pdf) (2018/8/30) LeDuc, Lawrence. 2002. “Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy,” in Lawrence LeDuc, Richard G. Niemi, and Pippa Norris, eds. Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting, pp. 70-87. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Norton, Philip. 1982. The Constitution in Flux. Oxford: Martin Robertson. Mendez, Fernando, and Mario Mendez. 2017. “Referendums on EU Matters.” (http:// www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/571402/IPOL_STU(2017)571 402_EN.pdf) (2018/8/28) Mendez, Fernando, Mario Mendez, and Vasiliki Triga. 2014. Referendums and the European Union: A Comparative Inquiry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. O’Hara, Kieron. 2006. The Referendum Roundabout. Exeter: Imprint Academic. Oppermann, Kai. 2011. “The Politics of Pledging EU Referendums: A Typology of Reasons for Governments to Commit to Referendums on European Integration.” Paper prepared for the 6th ECPR Central Conference, August 25-27, University of Iceland (https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/be867e8c-5775-4c3a-9c32-3b3e662681fb.pdf) (2018//8/28) Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe. 2005. “Referendums: Towards Good Practices in Europe.” Recommendation 1704 (2005) (http://assembly.coe.int/nw/ xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17329) (2018/8/23) Putnam, Robert D. 1988. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games.” International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 427-60. Qvortrup, Matt. 2005. A Comparative Study of Referendums: Government by the People, 2nd ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Qvortrup, Matt. 2013. “Referendums on European Integration: Why Are They Held and What Determine Their Outcome?” Paper prepared for the International Conference on 29 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
Democracy as Idea and Practice, January 10-11 (https://www.uio.no/english/research/ interfaculty-research-areas/democracy/news-and-events/events/conferences/2013/Prog ramme/eu-referendums.pdf) (2018/8/23) Qvortrup, Matt. 2014a. “Referendums in Western Europe,” in Matt Qvortrup, ed. Referendums around the World, pp. 43-64. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Qvortrup, Matt. 2014b. “Conclusion,” in Matt Qvortrup, ed. Referendums around the World, pp. 246-51. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Qvortrup, Matt. 2016. “Referendums on Memership and European Integration 1972-2015.” Political Quarterly, Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 61-68. Schuck, Andreas R. T., and Claes H. de Vreese. 2015. “Public Support for Referendums in Europe: A cross-national Comparison in 21 Countries.” Electoral Studies, Vol. 38, pp. 149-58. Serdült, Uwe. 2012. “National Level Referendum Frequencies Worldwide by Continent, with Switzerland Singled Out, 1792-2010.” (2018/8/22) Setälä, Maija. 1999. “Referendums in Western Europe: A Wave of Direct Democracy?” Scandinavian Political Studies, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 327-40. Solijonov, Abdurashid. 2016. “A statistical Look Back at Referendums through the Years.” (https://www.idea.int/news-media/news/statistical-look-back-referendums-thro ugh-years) (2018/8/22) Tilindyte, Laura. 2016. “Referendums on EU Issues.” (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/582041/EPRS_BRI(2016)582041_EN.pdf) (2018/8/28) Uleri, Pier Vincenzo. 1996. “Introduction,” in Michael Gallagher, and Pier Vincenzo Uleri, eds. The Referendum Experience in Europe, pp. 1-19. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Venice Commission. 2001. “Guidelines for Constitutional Referendums at National Level.” CDL-INF(2001)010 (http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default. aspx?pdffile=CDL-INF(2001)010-e) (2018/8/23) Venice Commission. 2005a. “Opinion on Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1704 (2005) on Referendums: Towards Good Practices in Europe.” CDL-AD(2005)028 (http:// www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2005)028-e) (2018/8/23) Venice Commission. 2005b. “Referendums in Europe: An Analysis of the Legal Rules in European States.” CDL-AD (2005)034 (http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/ default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2005) 034-e) (2018/8/23) Venice Commission. 2005c. “Tables Summarising the Replies to the Questionnaire on ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 30
Referendums by the VC Adopted by the Council for Democratic Elections (Venise, 20 October 2005) and the Venice Commission (Venice, 21-21 October 2005).” CDL-AD (2005)034add-e (http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/?pdf=CDL-AD(2005) 034add-e) (2018/8/23) Venice Commission. 2007. “Code of Good Practice on Referendums.” CDL-AD(2007) 008 (http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=cdl-ad(2007) 008-e) (2018/8/23) Wikipedia. 2018. “Danish Constitutional Referendum, 1939.” (https://en.wikipedia.org wiki/Danish_constitutional_referendum,_1939) (2018/8/29) Wikipedia. 2018. “Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland.” (https://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland) (2018/8/29) Wikipedia. 2018. “Italian Referendum, 1997.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_ referendum,_1997) (2018/8/29) Wikipedia. 2018. “Portuguese Abortion Referendum, 1998.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Portuguese_abortion_referendum,_1998) (2018/8/29) Wikipedia. 2018. “Portuguese Abortion Referendum, 2007.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Portuguese_abortion_referendum,_2007) (2018/8/29)
Wikipedia. 2018. “Portuguese Regionalisation Referendum, 1998.” (https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Portuguese_regionalisation_referendum,_1998) (2018/8/29) Wikipedia. 2018. “Quebec Referendum, 1995.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_ referendum,_1995) (2018/8/29) Wikipedia. 2018. “Referendums in Australia.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referen dums_in_Australia) (2018/8/29) Wikipedia. 2018. “Referendums in Lithuania.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referen dums_in_Lithuania) (2018/8/29) Wikipedia. 2018. “Scottish Devolution Referendum, 1979.” (https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Scottish_devolution_referendum,_1979) (2018/8/29) Wikipedia. 2018. “Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe.” (https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe#Drafting) (2018/8/29) 31 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը
Referendum Systems in Europe
Cheng-Feng Shih Professor, Department of Indigenous Affairs and Development National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng, Hualien, TAIWAN
Abstract
We shall start with a discussion of referendum as a form of direct democracy followed by some observations on referendums in European countries. We then made efforts to understand why referendums have been employed in EU countries. Furthermore, we will examine some moral considerations have been raised. Finally, we will ponder over some practical suggestions.
Keywords: direct democracy, European countries, referendum