Switzerland's Constitution of 1999 with Amendments Through 2014
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A Construction Project Serving Europe – Factfigures
NEW RAIL LINK NEDERLAND THROUGH Rotterdam THE ALPS (NRLA) Duisburg Zeebrugge Düsseldorf A ONCE-IN-A- Antwerpen Köln CENTURY PROJECT Gent Mechelen Aachen FOR EUROPE Montzen DEUTSCHLAND BELGIË Mannheim Karlsruhe FRANCE Freiburg im Breisgau Basel SWITZERLAND Gotthard Base Tunnel Lötschberg Base Tunnel Domodossola Luino Ceneri Base Tunnel Chiasso Novara Milano ITALIA Genova © Federal office of transport FOT transport office of © Federal FACTS AND FIGURES NRLA The New Rail Link through the Alps (NRLA) is the largest railway construction project ever undertaken in Swiss history. It includes the expansion of two north- south axes for the rail link. The main components of the NRLA are the Lötsch- berg Base Tunnel, the Gotthard Base Tunnel and the Ceneri Base Tunnel. Since 2007 Successful operation of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel 11 December 2016 Commissioning of the Gotthard Base Tunnel The world’s longest railway tunnel will be commissioned on schedule on 11 December 2016. Up to 250 freight trains a day will then travel on the Gotthard axis instead of 180 previously. Transalpine rail transport will become more cost-effective, flexible and rapid. 2020 Opening of the Ceneri Base Tunnel 2020 Four-metre corridor on the Gotthard axis The expansion of the Gotthard axis to create a larger tunnel profile is a key part of the Swiss policy of transferring freight from road to rail. It will enable semi- trailers with a four-metre corner height to also be loaded onto railway wagons for transport on the Gotthard axis on a continuous basis. This further fosters the transfer of transalpine freight transport from road to rail. -
Case Study Elasticity for the Slab Track in the Gotthard Base Tunnel, (CH)
Case Study Elasticity for the Slab Track in the Gotthard Base Tunnel, (CH) The project of the century: With 57 kilometres the world's longest railway tunnel Highest requirements: Outstanding material properties over the entire service life Optimised solution, comprehensive project support and just-in-time logistics Elastic Sylodyn® Insertion Pads for Sleeper Boots in the World's longest Railway Tunnel Description of the project Prestigious project with highest Gotthard Base Tunnel requirements in terms of railway Altdorf Overall length 57 km technology Altdorf/Rynächt Length 4.4 km t 57 kilometres in length, the A Gotthard Base Tunnel is cur rently Erstfeld the longest railway tunnel in the world. Erstfeld Length 7.8 km It links the Swiss communities of Erst- feld and Bodio. The tunnel forms part Amsteg of the New Railway Link through the Alps (NRLA), which is at present the Amsteg largest construction project in Swit- Length 11.3 km zerland. With the construction of this "project of the century", north/south railway transit trafic will be further Sedrun improved, meaning that transit trafic Sedrun can be moved off the roads and onto Length 9.2 km the railways. More over, travel time for public transport services will be sig- Andermatt niicantly reduced – in conjunction with the Ceneri Base Tunnel which is currently being constructed – (the Faido travel time from Zurich to Milan will be Length 12.9 km cut by one hour), thereby considerably increasing the attractiveness of rail- way travel compared with taking the Ariolo car or plane. In future, passenger and freight trains will pass through the Faido tunnel at speeds of up to 250 km/h. -
Thursday, April 22, 2021
TE NUPEPA O TE TAIRAWHITI THURSDAY, APRIL 22, 2021 HOME-DELIVERED $1.90, RETAIL $2.20 ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT // PAGES 23-26 PUNCHED WOMAN IN FACE: MAN ON A SPACE Suppression MISSION PAGE 3 PAGE 9 appeal fails INSIDE TODAY IN THE RED ZONE: Queens/ Titirangi Drive, the road over Titirangi/Kaiti Hill, is open to vehicles again after contractors finished line- marking the new one-way system. The line markings define the one-way route (red) for cars and the cycle and walking lane (green). The entire project is expected to be finished next month. Busy with the rollers on the red side of the road are, front, Coastline Markers Waikato foreman Simon Costain and, from left, Fred Chapman, site traffic management supervisor Joerena Wharehinga, Omar Bashe and Morehu Enoka. Picture by Liam Clayton Frustrated OIympic ‘WE’RE OUT’ Pool Redevelopment Group calls it quits A WATER sports advocate The Gisborne Herald (April 3) that “With the amount of government Mrs Keepa said widening the pool and group is disbanding with “intense councillors, during a public excluded support this project received, the group being able to change the depth at one end disappointment” at being “kept in the meeting (on March 18), approved the don’t want to see money taken away with a moveable floor would “maximise dark” over plans for the new Olympic moveable floor but only if the group from other critical projects in Tairawhiti, the usability for the community — aqua Pool Complex. secured the $1.5 million required for it including many other facilities due to be fitness, injury rehabilitation, family use, The Game-Changing Opportunity by April 30. -
Direct Democracy an Overview of the International IDEA Handbook © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2008
Direct Democracy An Overview of the International IDEA Handbook © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 2008 International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. The map presented in this publication does not imply on the part of the Institute any judgement on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement of such boundaries, nor does the placement or size of any country or territory reflect the political view of the Institute. The map is created for this publication in order to add clarity to the text. Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of this publication should be made to: International IDEA SE -103 34 Stockholm Sweden International IDEA encourages dissemination of its work and will promptly respond to requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications. Cover design by: Helena Lunding Map design: Kristina Schollin-Borg Graphic design by: Bulls Graphics AB Printed by: Bulls Graphics AB ISBN: 978-91-85724-54-3 Contents 1. Introduction: the instruments of direct democracy 4 2. When the authorities call a referendum 5 Procedural aspects 9 Timing 10 The ballot text 11 The campaign: organization and regulation 11 Voting qualifications, mechanisms and rules 12 Conclusions 13 3. When citizens take the initiative: design and political considerations 14 Design aspects 15 Restrictions and procedures 16 Conclusions 18 4. Agenda initiatives: when citizens can get a proposal on the legislative agenda 19 Conclusions 21 5. -
Death Penalty: a Cruel and Inhuman Punishment Is an Unión Europea
Otros títulos de la Colección de estudios penales Marino Barbero Santos 1. Eurodelitos. El Derecho penal económico 12 en la Unión Europea. Klauss Tiedemann, dir. Adán Nieto Martín, coord. 2. Protección penal del consumidor en la Death penalty: A cruel and inhuman punishment is an Unión Europea. Nicolás García Rivas, coord. academic contribution by Academics for abolition aimed at fostering the debate launched by the United Nations General 3. Fraude y Corrupción en el Derecho penal económico europea. Eurodelitos de Assembly in its resolution 62/149 on 18 December 2007, Death Penalty: corrupción y fraude. calling for a worldwide moratorium on executions by 2015, and A Cruel and Inhuman Punishment Luis Arroyo Zapatero, coord. continued by the upcoming review process of the UN’s Adán Nieto Martín, coord. Millennium Development Goals (MDG). It is mainly a 4. La orden de detención y entrega europea. compilation of papers written by the speakers at the Seminar L. Arroyo Zapatero, W. Schabas y K. Takayama (edit.) Luis Arroyo Zapatero, dir. M. Muñoz de Morales (Coord.) Adán Nieto Martín, dir. “Against cruel and inhuman punishment and death penalty”, 5. El derecho penal de la Unión Europea. which took place at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Situación actual y perspectivas de futuro. Fernando, in Madrid, on 9 June 2013, on the eve of the 5th Luis Arroyo Zapatero, dir. World Congress against the death penalty. The book deals Adán Nieto Martín, dir. with current issues of the process towards abolition as the Marta Muñoz de Morales Romero, coord. lack of evidence about the deterrence effect of death penalty 6. -
Switzerland by Rail 2 Switzerland by Rail | ABB Review 2/2010 - Reprint Switzerland by Rail
Reprint - ABB Review 2/2010 Switzerland by Rail 2 Switzerland by Rail | ABB Review 2/2010 - Reprint Switzerland by rail Supplying traction power for the country’s major railway initiatives RENÉ JENNI, REMIGIUS STOFFEL, MELANIE NYFELER – Switzerland is generally considered a pioneer when it comes to public transport. In no other part of the world are trains, trams and buses used as often as they are in this small Alpine country. In fact, so beloved is the public transportation system in Switzerland that its people have repeatedly voted in favor of extending the already comprehensive rail network even further. The country’s aim is to carry more travelers on public transport and transfer more freight from road to rail. ABB is participating in this effort, supplying the power for the two new base tunnels through the Alps – the Lötschberg and the Gotthard – as well as DC traction substations for public transport in the conurbations around the cities of Zurich, Bern and Luzern. tudies repeatedly show that has not only increased the frequency of the Swiss are world champi- its timetable, it also continually upgrades ons when it comes to travel- its rolling stock. S ing by train. On average, each of the country’s residents travels 40 times When it comes to rail transport in an in- each year on Swiss trains, amounting to ternational context, the Alpine country about 900,000 people on the Swiss rail- also sets milestones and pursues an ac- road system every single day [1,2] ➔ 1. tive policy of transporting goods by train Not surprisingly Switzerland has the rather than truck, where possible. -
Joint Taiwan-Canada Workshop on Construction Technologies
TUNNELLING IN SWITZERLAND: FROM LONG TRADITION TO THE LONGEST TUNNEL IN THE WORLD Andreas HENKE1 ABSTRACT Switzerland, where the main north-south European traffic streams cross the Alps, is called up to provide adequate transportation routes. The necessity to cross the mountains originated a great tradition in tunnel construction. Since the second half of the 19th century, through several eras, very long and deep traffic tunnels have been built. They were, for a long time, the longest tunnels in the world, like the Simplon rail tunnel, 20 km, opened to traffic in 1906, the Gotthard road tunnel, 17 km, opened to traffic in 1980, as well as the longest traffic tunnel in the world so far, the Gotthard Base Tunnel, 57 km, presently under construction and scheduled for operation in 2015. Viewing back on the long rail tunnels of the late 19th and early 20th century, the Gotthard, 15 km, the Simplon, 20 km and the Lötschberg, 14,6 km, we recall some interesting aspects of the related excavation techniques and the use of equipment and manpower. During the early 60ties the first generation of the important alpine road tunnels has been realized (Grand St. Bernard, 5,8 km, San Bernardino, 6,6 km), during the same time as the Mont Blanc Tunnel (11,6 km) in the West, between France and Italy. They were followed, 15 years later, by the classical highway tunnels along the main north-south highway route, the Seelisberg Tunnel (double tube of 9,3 km each) and the Gotthard Tunnel (17 km), both opened to traffic in 1980. -
Literature Review on Death Penalty in Nigeria
Literature Review On Death Penalty In Nigeria aristocratically.Sayres vermilions Indecomposable his curlew lancing Ebenezer presentably, tut no vibraphonistsbut obeisant Carloaggravates never scrapsought after so smugly. Jessee Parheliacalfadging violably, Godfry quite stalagmometer teen. It was a very fraudulent way to bring it in. IRAN AND ITS USE OF THE DEATH PENALTYDr. The retributive theory focuses on the crime itself as the reason for imposing punishment. Reviews have found that the administration of oral sucrose was superior to no analgesia in neonatal circumcision, but not as effective as DPNB. PRISMA guidelines were followed according to the studies of Moher et al. This categorisation has more to do with the quantity of oil produced by each state. When the philosophy of providers in civil liberties union and forth between high levels and on death penalty in nigeria, rafeh saeed r, a positive outcome of contamination make comparing the jewish definition. Medical curricula also need to be adjusted to ensure that medical students are trained and confident about executing the necessary steps leading to the certification of cause of death and completion of death certificates. Myers RA, Omorodion FI, Isenalumhe AE, Akenzua GI. Those whose cases were dismissed, however, reportedly remained in detention without clear legal authority. To date, there is little published data on the performance of these devices, and a detailed review and comparative studies of safety, cost and client satisfaction are needed. Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Kofar Kudu heard the appeal for Mohammed Bala, but not for Abubakar Mohammed. -
The Use and Design of Referendums an International Idea Working Paper *
N. º 4, Segundo Semestre 2007 ISSN: 1659-2069 THE USE AND DESIGN OF REFERENDUMS AN INTERNATIONAL IDEA WORKING PAPER * Andrew Ellis ** [email protected] Nota del Consejo Editorial Abstract: Introduces an International IDEA working paper on referendum and direct democracy as result of an investigation carried out in Europe and Latin America. It analyzes matters such as the use of direct democracy and its impact in representative democracy, as well as the adoption of the referendum mechanism, referenda types, matters of situations where a referendum can take place, participation thresholds, financial controls, the writing of the question to be consulted, etc.. Key words: Direct democracy / Referendum / Popular consultation / Plebiscite / Latin America / Democracy. Resumen: Presenta un ensayo práctico de IDEA Internacional sobre el referéndum y la democracia directa producto de un trabajo investigativo realizado en Europa y América Latina. Analiza temas como el uso de institutos de democracia directa y su impacto en la democracia representativa, la adopción del mecanismo del referéndum, los tipos de referéndum, los temas o situaciones en que un referéndum puede ser celebrado, los umbrales de participación, los controles financieros, la redacción de la pregunta a consultar, etc. Palabras claves: Democracia directa / Referéndum / Consulta popular / América Latina / Democracia. * Dissertation presented at "Seminary of reflection on the importance and use of mechanisms of direct democracy in democratic systems", celebrated on May 25th, 2007, at San José, Costa Rica and organized by International IDEA and the Electoral Supreme Tribunal of the Republic of Costa Rica. This Working Paper is part of a process of debate and does not necessarily represent a policy position of International IDEA. -
Gotthard Base Tunnel the World's Longest Railway Tunnel
Gotthard Base Tunnel The world's longest railway tunnel Dr. Renzo Simoni AlpTransit Gotthard AG LZ01-371164 1 The NRLA under the Gotthard Final breakthrough LZ01-371164 2 The NRLA under the Gotthard Transalpine goods traffic LZ01-371164 3 The NRLA under the Gotthard Journey times Zurich − Lugano / Basel − Lugano LZ01-371164 4 The NRLA under the Gotthard FinöV (Financing Public Transport) decision 1998 LZ01-371164 5 The NRLA under the Gotthard A flat railway route through the Alps LZ01-371164 6 The NRLA under the Gotthard Key features of the only flat railway route through the Alps • Newly constructed twin-track route • Mixed operation • Maximum speed passenger trains: 250 km/h • Maximum speed goods trains: 160 km/h • 50 – 80 passenger trains per day • 220 – 260 goods trains per day • Loaded vehicles: max. height 4.2 m • Max. Gradient: ≤ 12.5 ‰ • Min. Radius: ≥ 5,000 metres • Useful life: 100 years • Max. temperature: 40° C LZ01-371164 7 The NRLA under the Gotthard Challenge – Implementation of organisation • Direct management, simple control • Transparency through direct parliamentary control • Clear allocation of responsibilities, best governance • Efficiency thanks to lean organisation (short paths, simple decision processes) LZ01-371164 8 The NRLA under the Gotthard Interest partners LZ01-371164 9 The NRLA under the Gotthard Allocation of Public Transport Financial Fund (FinöV) NRLA (45%) Heavy road vehicle New Rail Link through the Alps tax (64%) Rail 2000 Phase 1 and ZEB (44%) ZEB: Future Development of the Railway Infrastructure Fund for the Oil tax financing of (23%) public transport HSR (4%) European High-Speed Rail Network Value added tax Noise mitigation (VAT) (13%) (7%) LZ01-371164 10 The NRLA under the Gotthard Swiss Government Decision c. -
Swiss National Profile Assessing the National Infrastructure for Management of Chemicals
Swiss National Profile Assessing the National Infrastructure for Management of Chemicals Edition 2000 Author: Peter M. Müller, CH-4106 Therwil Accompanied by: Hans Peter Saxer, Hans Hosbach and Georg Karlaganis, Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Substances, Soil and Biotechnology Division, and Jörg Leimbacher, legal consultant, Bern With helpful support from the following Swiss offices, orga- nizations and/or individuals: Federal Chancellery Federal Office for Public Health (Heinz Reust, Division of Chemical Products) Federal Statistics Office Federal Institutes of Technology - Library and Annex Institutes Federal Customs Administration State Secretariat for Economic Affairs Federal Office of Agriculture and Federal Agricultural Research Institutes Intercantonal Office for the Control of Medicines (Jürg Seiler) National Accident Insurance Fund (Silvan Aschwanden) Several Cantonal Laboratories and Offices (Rolf Klaus, Josef Tremp & Werner Resch BL [+BS]; Arnold Koller & Roland Fiechter, GR) Society of Chemical Industries (Pietro Fontana, Paul Vesel & Joel Mingot) Associations of Liquid Fuel Importers and of the Soap and Detergent Industries Industry (Rudolf Hauert, Beat Müller, Hans-Ruedi Wyss) Cover photo: Urs Möckli / AURA, Switzerland Distributed by: Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape Documentation CH-3003 Bern Fax + 41 (0)31 324 02 16 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.admin.ch/buwal/publikat/d/ Order number: DIV-4000-E-E © SAEFL 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 5 I Introduction -
The Role of Direct Democracy in the European Union
THE ROLE OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LARS P. FELD GEBHARD KIRCHGÄSSNER CESIFO WORKING PAPER NO. 1083 CATEGORY 2: PUBLIC CHOICE NOVEMBER 2003 PRESENTED AT CESIFO CONFERENCE “A CONSTITUTION FOR THE EUROPEAN UNION”, FEBRUARY 2003 An electronic version of the paper may be downloaded • from the SSRN website: www.SSRN.com • from the CESifo website: www.CESifo.de CESifo Working Paper No. 1083 THE ROLE OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Abstract In this paper, the introduction of direct-democratic decision-making in all EU decisions is considered when it is feasible without prohibitively increasing decision-making costs. We start with the contractarian argument that each constitution is a contract joining the citizens of a state and requires as such the explicit agreement of (a majority of) citizens. Thus, the future European Constitution as well as future changes of it should be decided by the European citizens. After a discussion of the pros and cons of direct democracy, the ability of direct democracy to help creating a European demos is discussed. Consequently, we propose a mandatory (required and binding) referendum on total and partial revisions of the European Constitution. In addition, we propose a constitutional initiative, a statutory and a general initiative as well as a fiscal referendum for financially important projects. JEL Classification: D78. Keywords: direct democracy, referenda, initiatives. Lars P. Feld Gebhard Kirchgässner Philipps-University of Marburg University of St. Gallen Public Finance Group SIAW-HSG, Institutsgebäude Am Plan 2 Dufourstr. 48 35037 Marburg (Lahn) CH-9000 St. Gallen Germany Switzerland [email protected] [email protected] We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant-No.