ௐ 1 ഇ! ࢱ 1-31! 2019 ѐ/ߋ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 15 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-31 Spring 2019 歐洲國家的公投制度 ߉ϒዡ ර̂ጯϔ୉ְચၱ൴णጯրି଱ڌ ၡ ࢋ ԧࣇА૟੅ኢ̳Ըүࠎۡତϔ͹Ăତ඾៍၅ለ߷઼छ۞̳ԸĂГ ᑭෛޢซˢఢቑّ۞੅ኢĂ౵ޢ҂тңྋᛖለ༖઼छ۞̳ԸĂ൒ޥֽ ᛉĂ˵ಶߏБለ۞ТՎ̳ԸĄޙ۞˯၁ચ ᙯᔣෟĈ ۡତϔ͹ăለ߷઼छă̳Ը ٸ͹ᏱĶለ߷઼छ̳Ըጯఙࡁ੅ົķĂέΔĂ2018 ѐ 10 ͡ 6 ͟Ąొ̶ͽIJົם ለ༖ࡁտ ҂ij൳ޥ۞טĮϜ̋׹ಡį25 ഇĂࢱ 14-15Ă2009/11/26ćIJ̳Ը፟ٺࠧኢ̳Ըij൳͵ீ Įϔಡį2014/5/2Ąٺᕣ۞੅ኢij൳ܝĮ༖఼ࣶੈį12 ͡Ăࢱ 46-50Ă2009ćIJ̳Ըٺ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 2 ԧࣇ૟ϔ͹ֶ඀Ԕ̶ࠎมତϔ͹Ğdirect democracyğăͽ̈́ۡତϔڍт ͹Ğindirect democracyğâਠˠٙሢଉ۞ߏมତϔ͹Ă˵ಶߏ౅࿅Ᏼᓝֽ ଯࠁે߆۰ĂЯѩჍࠎ΃ᛉёϔ͹Ğrepresentative democracyğĂ˫Ⴭࠎҋ Ϥёϔ͹Ğliberal democracyğć࠹၆̝˭Ăۡତϔ͹ૻአ۞݋ߏᏴϔ۞ણᄃĂ ௡ᖐᗽᕝĂЯѩ˫Ⴭࠎણᄃёϔ͹ĞparticipatoryڼͽҺజ߆ᛨăٕߏ׎΁߆ democracyğĞCronin, 1989: chaps. 2-3ğĄ౵૱֍۞ۡତϔ͹ሀёѣۡᏴᄃቪ ĞΒ߁ᓁ௚ğă̳В߆ඉ۞̳ϔԸைĞreferendumğăܜࢵعҺĞ recallğЧ৺߆ Ğdirect primaryğĄޘטᏴܐᛨ̰೩Щ۞̈́ үࠎۡତϔ͹۞̍׍̝˘Ăߏϡֽᑓྃ΃ᛉёϔ͹̝̙֖ăૻޘטԸ̳ ኝᗟ̝ᅫĂΒ߁ጳ߆ăڼࢬ၆ࢦ̂߆عણᄃĂপҾߏд߆۞ڼ߆ٺϔ၆̳̼ ;ᅳ˿ă྽ᇇ1ă̈́׎΁ᛉᗟ2Ăͽ೩੼ՙඉ۞ϒ༊ّĞButler & Ranney, 1978: 2-3 Qvortrup, 2005: 63; Uleri, 1996: 1-2ğĄॲፂ QvortrupĞ2014a: 43, 45, table 2.1ğĂ ĂЍߏҘለ઼छд˟Ȉ͵ࡔಶᓝᏱ˞ 326 Ѩ̳טᝋវރΒӣໂᝋăٕ̙ڍт Ը3ć઄ֹΐ˯༄̀ĂᇴфऻُົՀࠎមˠĂЯࠎ఺઼࣎छଂȈ˝͵ࡔ̚ཧͽ னдĂ̏གྷᓝᏱ࿅ 456 Ѩ̳ԸĄॲፂ HoboltĞ2009: 6ğĂ1993-2003 ѐഇזֽ มĂ͵ࠧ˯۞઼छᓁВᓝᏱ˞۞ 497 ѨБ઼ّ̳ϔԸைĞnational referendumğĂ ࣎Ȉѐк˘ࢺć̙࿅Ăซˢ˟Ȉ˘͵ࡔĂ̳Ը۞Ѩᇴൾѣ˭ࢫĂពϯ˘݈ͧ ࢖Ğဦ 1ğĄ૱זаޢĂ൒ܜјޘ൒ѣ಼̂نдซˢ˼ᒩѐ۞݈ȈѐĂ Ȉˣ͵ࡔͽֽд͵ࠧЧгᓝᏱ۞Б઼ّ̳ԸĂЧژSerdültĞ2012ğྋ ពгͽΐి۞͞ёдᆧΐĂځĂለ߷ăͽ̈́ٛ˚࡚߷ܜ߷۞Ѩᇴౌѣј̂ ז߷ă̈́፫߷ů̂߶߷Ҭͼ̏གྷ྿ܧٺൾቤĂҌܜăͽ̈́༄̀۞јֲ͉҃ ͽ඗၆ࣃֽ࠻Ăለ߷ᅌᅌᅳАĂٛ˚࡚߷Ѩ̝Ăତڍᙹप҃Ӕனహিćт ߷࠻ֽ၆̳Ըܧᐝᅁ˯Ăܓߏ༄̀Ă҃፫߷ů̂߶߷˵ზΞ៍Ăֲֽ͉˭ ͽୁજڍăᝀ൒ߏ͕̈ᓍᓍĞဦ 2ğĄтޢΔ࡚߷݋ᎌͼ׎ٺѣٙܲ঻ĂҌ ఢטٙଯજ۞̳Ը౵кĂ׎ѨߏૻعԸ۞͞ёֽ࠻Ă̙გજ፟тңĂ߆̳ ᛊт༰੧ăᗓ૓ăٕߏᆪࡩĞButler & Ranney, 1978: 3ğĄ 1 Ąܝˣ܅አፋăฟ֘ያνᙝ۞̳ԸẶޘטᛊтᇈһăԸைᝋăᏴᓝ 2 ॲፂ Cheneval ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 20, table 5ğĂ39 Ѩྫྷለ༖ѣᙯă306 ѨԾᙯ׎΁ᛉᗟĂ 3 ᓁВ 345 ѨĄͧྵ SetäläĞ1999: 333-34, table 3, fig. 1ğ۞ 436 ѨĞ1940-98ğĄ 3 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը ߏˠϔٙଯજ̖ޢؠĞmandatory, requiredğυืϹගѺ̳ؖԸ۞ְચĂ౵ Ğဦ 3ğĄܜԸĂ༊൒ĂВТᕇߏҋଂ 1990 ѐ΃ౌѣλ಼ј̳۞ फ़ֽ໚ĈQvortrupĞ2014b: 247, fig. 9.1ğĄྤ ܜဦ 1Ĉ˟Ȉ͵ࡔͽֽ۞̳Ըј ለ߷ ٛ˚࡚߷ ༄̀ ፫߷ů̂߶߷ ֲ͉ ܧ߷ Δ࡚ फ़ֽ໚ĈSerdültĞ2012ğĄྤ ܜဦ 2ĈЧ̂߷۞̳ϔԸைј ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 4 ع߆ טૻ ̳ϔ फ़ֽ໚ĈSolijonovĞ2016ğĄྤ ܜဦ 3Ĉ̙Тୁજ۰˭۞̳Ըј ለ߷ᓑ༖ĞEuropean Union, EUğ۞݈֗ߏለ߷གྷᑻВТវ4ĞEuropean Economic Community, EECğĂߏ д 1957 ѐགྷ࿅ĺᘲ੺୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Romeğ ăҘᇇăཌྷ̂ӀăͧӀॡăఈᜋăͽ઼ڱјϲ۞Ă༊ॡĂ̱࣎൴੓઼छĞ ᎊ഑ಢğߏϤ઼ົԲࣞă֭Ϗ౅࿅̳ԸĞBeigbeder, 2011: para. 58ğĄϤ̈́ ᇃ̼ĞenlargementğĂזለ༖ĂϤஎ̼ĞdeepeningğזВТξಞăለ߷ВТវă ј઼ֹࣶϡ̳Ը۞ᐛத͟ৈᆧΐĂ͹ࢋߏЯࠎঘ̈́ొ̶͹ᝋឰഭĞВֳğĂ ࣶ̙ࢴˠม໬ء೷ౄѨĂΩγ˵ߏፉ͕ϔᏴ۞̙ۏˠڼਬְវ̂ĂЧ઼߆ Ăԓ୕ਕ౅࿅̳ϔԸைֽԼචٙᏜ۞Ķϔ͹֔фķĞdemocratic deficitğͫ ĞLeDuc, 2002: 70ğĄ Ăለ߷઼छغѐ 2016 זࠎ˞ΐˢለ༖ᓝᏱ̳Ըͽ઼ֽڱҋଂ 1972 ѐ ᐂ 1ğĂ̳Ը۞ᛉܢᓁВᓝᏱ˞ 60 Ѩ5 ྫྷለ߷ፋЪăٕߏለ༖࠹ᙯ۞̳Ը6Ğ 4 ˫ჍࠎВТξಞĞCommon MarketğĄ ኛͧྵ BeachĞ2018: 1, 3-7, table 1ğ۞ 46 ѨăBertonciniĞ2017: 4, table 1ğ۞ 59 ѨăCheneval 5 :ᄃ FerrínĞ2016: 20, table 5ğ۞ 39 ѨăHoboltĞ2009: 4, 10, table 1-1ğ۞ 43 ѨăQvortrupĞ2016 ٺtable 1ğ۞ 43 ѨăTilindyteĞ2016: 1ğ۞ 54 ѨĄੵ˞៍၅۞ѐᇴĂ͹ࢋ۞मҾд ,61-62 ٙѣ۞ለ߷઼छౌߏለ༖јࣶĂѣֱ˵ᓝᏱ࿅ྫྷለ༖࠹ᙯ۞̳ԸĂBeachĞ2018: 1ğჍܧ֭ ࠎĶௐˬ઼۞̳ԸķĞthird country referendumğćΩγĂBertonciniĞ2017: 1, 9-10ğ೩̈́ٙᏜ 5 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը ;ᗟΒ߁ΐˢٕੜ΍7ă୧ ࡗ ८ ࣞ 8ăͽ̈́ಏ˘߆ඉĞMendez & Mendez, 2017: 10 ઼ˬለ༖јࣶă̙ΒӣௐٺߏࢨڍTilindyte, 2016: 4-5; Beach, 2018: 1ğćт ĞϏјΑΐˢ۞઼छğĂ˵ѣ 39 ѨĞCheneval & Ferrín, 2016: 20, table 5ğĄ 壹、公投作為直接民主 ăࢦ̂߆ඉăڱᇃཌྷ۞̳Ըዋϡ۞ኝᗟΒ߁ˬ჌ᆸѨĈࢵАߏ˘ਠϲ ݋ߏঘ̈́ᅳ˿ă݈౉ăٕ͹ᝋޢጳĂ౵טᛉ୧ࡗĂତ඾ߏ࣒ጳٕߏםߏٕ ଯજ۞̳ԸăͽعԸ9ĞplebisciteğĄ˘ਠّ۞̳Ը˫Ξͽ̶ࠎϤ߆̳۞ٽՀ ۰݋Βӣ˞ԧࣇޢĂ҃ڱϤˠϔٙଯજ۞̳ԸĂ݈۰Βӣ࣒ጳăͽ̈́ϲ̈́ ٙநྋ۞ኑՙĞordinary optional referendum, facultative referendumğăͽ̈́ 10Ğpopular initiative, citizen’s initiativeğĞဦ 4ğĄט౹ ݈౉̳Ը Ը̳ڱᇃཌྷ̳Ը! ጳ বཌྷ̳Ը! ˘ਠ̳Ը !ኑՙט౹ ဦ 4Ĉ̳Ը۞ᙷҾ થĄםĶௐˬᙷ۞̳ԸķĞreferendum of the third typeğĂߏ޽ঘ઼̈́ᄃ઼̝ม۞۞ ԸĄ̳۞ڱӣಏ৷۞઼̰࣒ጳăٕߏ߆ඉϲ̙ 6 ᛊтࡻ઼д 2016 ѐ۞௲ᗓለ༖ĞBrexitğ̳ԸĄ 7 ܠ९ĻĞSingle European Actğăĺ੺೻ݬҹ୧ࡗĻĞMaastricht Treatyğăĺڱ˘Β߁ĺለ߷ಏ 8 ೻প̜୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Amsterdamğăĺκ೻୧ࡗĻĞTreaty of Niceğăͽ̈́ĺ֧೻ώ୧ؒ ĻĞEuropean ConstitutionğĂڱࡗĻĞTreaty of LisbonğĄለ༖ົ઼ࣶࣧώТຍ఼࿅ĺለ༖ጳ ,ͽĺ֧೻ώ୧ࡗĻ˸ѿྃկĞDrzewickiޢăͽ̈́ఈᜋ۞̳Ըεୀ҃͊ԶĂ౵઼ڱݒЯࠎ 2008: 138ğĄ ҋՙĞself-determinationğĂ׎၁ಶߏͽ፾ϲ̳ԸĞindependence referendumğז఺྆஝ঘ 9 ࠎ͹Ą Ğlawטଠ۞ޠڱଯજĞlaw promotingğĂኑՙߏ۞ޠڱߏטSetäläĞ1999: 328-29ğᄮࠎ౹ 10 Ը rejective̳ڱϏેҖĞ١إcontrollingğĂ҃ኑՙ˫̶ࠎ௣ͤĞsuspendğ઼ົ̏གྷ఼࿅ݒ Ը abrogative̳ڱགྷฟؕ၁߉Ğᆿ̏ڱăͽ̈́ᆿੵĞrepealğ઼ົ఼࿅۞ޠڱreferendumğ۞ ćણ҂ TilindyteĞ2016: 3ğĄޠڱreferendumğ۞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 6 ಶߏҁѺؖޥΞͽ໖ҋᘲ੺ॡ΃Ăٛ˚ф plebiscitum ۞ຍޘטԸ̳ Ğplebsğ۞ўຍĞscireğĂࣧώߏϡֽܑ྿ҝϔ۞ҋՙຍᙊăͽ̈́ྋՙ઼ᄃ Ąᛊтд̚͵ࡔ͛ᘹೇᎸॡ΃Ăཌྷ̂Ӏݱ֣۞௚˘ߏགྷۋม۞ᅳ˿઼̝৾ д 1905 ѐϤ༄׏̶ᗓ΍ֽĂ˵ߏ౅࿅̳Ըֽؠރ࿅ˠϔ̳Ըֽՙؠ۞ćॗ ˬă̈́߆ඉćдௐڱဳĄଂȈ̱͵ࡔ੓Ăለ߷઼छฟֹؕϡ̳Ըֽ८ࣞጳ ؠĄטϔ͹̼࿅඀ĂҘ঱Ͱă̈́ԓᘷඈ઼˵ͽ̳Ըֽՙؠາጳ۞گ дҘ͞ϔ͹઼छ༊̚Ă༄̀ҋଂ 1980 ѐͽֽĂಶᓝᏱ˞׌ѺкѨБ઼ّ ̼͛ॲஎའ׽۞˘ొЊĄ࠹၆̝˭Ăᇇڼགྷјࠎ׎߆̏قԸĂۡତϔ͹Ԝ̳ ጼ݈ԓপઙፆԘ̳Ը۞੃ጸ൘າĂΒ߁̳ٺԸະᔁ̙ୂĂ༊൒ߏ၆̳ٺ၆઼ Ğ1934ğć౵ឰ͵ˠᙱ׀Ըੜ΍઼ᅫᓑ༖Ğ1933ğăͽ̈́૟ᓁநᄃᓁ௚ᖚᝋЪ Ԟ۞ߏĶᇍκโְІķĂ΁ͽଥҹဩ̰҅͟તཱྀ۞ຍᙸࠎᖣ˾Ăͽ̳Ը۞߱͘ ӌᛂᇇέгડĞSudetenlandğĄ׀ૻҖ Б઼ٺᓝᏱ̳ԸĂ̙࿅Ă၆ܮ઼࡚۞эăٕߏг͞ĂՏెᏴᓝಶົึ Ըݒ˘ۡߏᄤ֖̙݈Ăᑕྍߏፉ͕ϔოࢲሗΞਕѣᘣநّ၆ྖ11ĄϤ̳۞ّ ώ۞གྷរֽ࠻Ăд࿅ΝȈѐֽĂг͞˯ಶᓝᏱ˞ˬѺка̳Ըć൒҃Ă͟ Б઼ٺĂপҾߏ၆ޘ঻۞ၗܲפԸ۞ዋϡቑಛĂᔘߏଳ̳ٺࠧ၆ڼώ߆͟ ࣒ጳăᔘߏΞͽᕖ̈́׎΁ᛉᗟĂ̪൒ѣ࠹༊፬ধٺԸĂտౣߏΪࢨ̳۞ّ ᜜ኢĄ۞ ౅࿅઼ົڱ൑ܝĈࢵАĂ༊Җ߆ొڶវ҃֏Ă̳Ը۞ॡ፟ѣೀ჌ଐ̂ Ϊрۡତ෦ኜܝ೓ĂҖ߆ొަڱॡ࣏Ăͧтഈ̈౎̂ă઼ٕົϲ۞ڱϲֽ ९Ă֤ᆃĂ̳ڱഈ౎߆ᛨե㋑˘ঈă̙ᙸຍଯજזϔຍćѣॡ࣏ĂᏴϔ༥ ౵ָӀጡćГֽĂࢬ၆ࢦ઼̂छ̰γᛉᗟĂ̙გߏӎѣ۞މԸಶߏࡗՁ߆ Щ౑᜖ćΩγĂڬҺົԯ፺̋͘֋ϹගҁѺֽؖĂ˫Ξͽ̙ۏˠڼᛉĂ߆ۋ Ξͽ̙ϡ౻रજிĂݒߏർځځඉரّ̍׍Ă۞ۋ੽ڼ݋ߏԯ̳Ը༊ү߆ ˠڼ᝘ྖ۞઼ົĄ̙გтңĂ߆͉̙ڇĂಶߏϡֽ࿼˞ځࢋᓝᏱ̳ԸĂᕚ ĂΒ߁κΐٛϝд 1978 ѐࢬ၆ॹؠഫᑝฤޘ͚޺۞ၗפ༖֣Ă઼࡚̂࡭ଳٺ൒҃Ă၆ 11 ԸĂ࡚̳ڱᄼд 1987 ѐᓝᏱጳޠᛉᛂᇍᖠᓁ௚ͽ̳ԸՙؠΝ঻ć˫тහޙ߄ጼ̝ᅫĂ ઼˵ܑϯလధĄ 7 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը ЇԸைܫ඾Ᏼϔ۞̙קࢍĂ༱˘क़ୀຍޘ໢۞ޘΞͽԯ̳Ը༊ү͚޺ۏ ĞButler & Ranney, 1978: 3ğĄ Ăˠϔдυࢋ۞ॡ࣏ޘטٚ҃֏Ă̳ԸΪߏ˘჌౯̙҃ϡ۞ᅃӄّ؃ үĄButler ᄃ Ranneyྻڼ΃΃ᛉё߆פĂݒϏυਕމ߆טΞͽ௉΍ֽᑅ Ըѣೀ჌᏾ᄱ۞ᄮۢĂΒ߁ົዳј௫ၚă̳ٺĞ1978: 3-6ğᄮࠎ˘ਠˠ၆ ಈᝌ̳Ըćְ၁˯Ăੵ˞༄ޝ၆ՙăϡֽଯજ፬ซតࢭăͽ̈́ҁѺؖڼ߆ ğĂ̳Ը֭Ϗညႋౠ஧˘ᇹତᏫ҃ҌĂΩڼăཌྷ̂Ӏăͽ઼࡚̈́Ğг͞߆̀ ఼૱ߏ้ڍкĂГ۰Ă̳Ը۞߆ඉड़̙ڶଐ۞̈ޝγĂᙒјᄃͅ၆ைम෼ ਠᏴᓝĂពϯᏴϔϏυ֤ᆃሤ˘ٺĂ̳Ը۞Ըைத఼૱ҲޢчĂ౵ܲٺШ ਾۡତϔ͹12Ą Ը۞Ᏼี̙ߏᙒјă̳ٺຍ۞г͞ĄࢵАĂϤڦ࿅Ăᔘߏѣ˘ֱࣃ଀̙ ྿ᗕᙝЧܑڱĂ̳Ը൑ځಶߏͅ၆ĂϏҺૻˠٙᙱĄତ඾Ăᔵ൒ߏโϨ̶ ĂᙱҺԮѡϔຍ֕ШĄΩγĂߊ൒̳ԸΪѣԸை˘౉Ă̙ည઼ົޘҋ۞ૻ ซҖ̳Ը̙ΞĂְ݈۞ܧৌ۞ڍăٕߏፋЪ۞۩มĂЯѩĂтםѣವՐԁ ҋ̎۞͚޺۰ăͽ̈́ᗕᙝтڇĂΒ߁׌ᙝ۞߆ᛨтңᄲن໤౯̍ү̙ਕᅅ ԼࠎВ׶઼Ăϒͅ׌ᙝטңซҖѣຍཌྷ۞၆ྖĄͽ፫߷ࠎּĂࠎ˞ࢋ૟វ ߏ˘࣎кڍซҖϒё̳ԸĄΩγĂт̖ޢȈѐ۞Α͈ઇኢࢗĂ౵˞܅Ҍ͌ кᇴᇷ˧Ԧຕ͕̈13ĂЯѩĂυืϡՀк۞͕ٺ୉ཏ۞ۤົĂ͌ᇴ୉ཏ၆̮ ၆͞Ăӎ݋ൾ˘̙͕̈Ă̳Ը҃ͅјࠎ઼छ۞ใ໚Ąڇҕᄲ Ğinitiator, triggerğăͽטనࢍ҃֏Ă̂វΞͽϤୁજ፟۞ޘטಶ̳Ը ᕣĞquorum, thresholdğ׌࣎ᆸࢬֽ࠻14ĄͽЍᙉֽщଵĂ౵ᚑॾܝ࿅ᙯ̈́ ĂఢؠυืϤ઼ົ࿅˭̝טજ̳ԸĂᛊтд̰ᅦୁֽعёߏࢨؠϤ߆͞۞ Ηᛉࣶ͚޺Ą࠹၆гĂ౵ᆵᗫ۞ߏᏴϔΞͽాཌֽ൴જĞ༊൒Ăᔘߏѣా ߏ̯ధొ̶઼ົᛉࣶాཌ೩९Ăᛊтˬ̶̝˘यѨĂڍཌˠᇴ۞मҾğĄт छкࠎ઼̰۞ޘטଳҖ̳Ըٺගд౎ᛨֽ൴જ̳ԸĄϤٸಶߏᙸຍฟޥຍ ĞmythğĄޥQvortrupĞ2016: 61-65ğ˵੅ኢ۞˘ֱਜ਼ 12 ֍ CroninĞ1989: 90-99ğ۞ଣ੅Ą 13 ׎΁ᔘѣ˘ลٕ߱ߏ˟ล߱ă˘፟ᙯٕߏ˟፟ᙯ۞҂ณĄ 14 ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 8 Ă҃ે߆ᛨυืೠѣ઼ົΗᇴ̖ਕ௡ᅦĞ̙გߏ፾ҋ௡ᅦăᔘߏᓑЪטᅦ ,જĞBogdanorୁֽعᅦğĂЯѩĂٙᏜ۞Ϥ઼ົ൴જ̳ԸĂ၁ᅫ˯ಶߏϤ߆̰ 1978: 31-33ğĄ ᕣĂΒ߁ԸைதĞquorum of participationğăͽ̈́ܝ౫໭۞ߏ̳Ը۞ྵͧ ࢋՐ࠹၆кᇴĞpluralityğă඗၆кᇴغז଀ைதĞquorum of approvalğĂ ߙ჌ᗕࢦ࿅ΗĞdoubleٺĞmajority ࿅Ηğăপ Ҿ к ᇴĞspecial majorityğăࠤҌ majorityğĉ༊ԧࣇᄲϔ͹ߏкᇴՙࣧ݋Ğmajority ruleğă̳҃Ըߏ้᝘ˠϔ ˘΃ّܑ̙ૉĂ͍׎ߏ༱۞ڍᓏࢰ̝ᅫĂፉ͕༱˘Ըைத࿅Ҳă̳Ըඕ۞ 15Ą఺ڡऻُົౄјۤົ۞ᚑࢦ̶ڍăૻҖ̳Ը۞ඕ̈ޝᙒјᄃͅ၆۞म෼ ˠϔ۞ؠཌྷߏࠤᆃĉΞͽтңདྷᑕĉࠎ˞ᔖҺ͌ᇴˠΞͽ౅࿅غזॡ࣏Ă ,ѣα჌͞ёĞBogdanorڱԸՙؠ઼छ̂߆Ă˵ಶߏĶ઄кᇴķĂ఼૱۞ү̳ 1978ğĄ ௐ˘୧Ğ፾ڱጳؤࢵАߏᙒј۰۞଀ைதυื෹࿅পҾкᇴĂᛊтϲ౜ :ϲ۞ϔ͹В׶઼ğ۞࣒ϒ९Ăυืᒔ଀Ըை۰۞ 75% ͚޺ĞWikipedia, 2018 ̶̝ˬఢؠĂ࣒ጳυืѣڱReferendums in LithuaniağĄຑႬᜋ۞ 1922 ѐጳ Ըை۰ᙒјăٕߏ࿅ΗᏴϔ۞͚޺Ă࠹༊ᆉർĞBogdanor, 1978: 78-79ğĄ۞˟ ᛉّ۞ኝᗟĂ߆ۋޘߏ׍੼ڍтѩ੼ᇾ໤ĂЯࠎтפछଳ઼͌ޝ၁˯Ăְ ྋՙĂ̙ົϴගҁѺؖΝ၆ՙĄםҋҖԁڱᑕྍົຐᏱۏˠڼ ௐ˟჌ߏᙒј۰۞ˠᇴᔘυื෹࿅׍ѣԸைᝋ۰۞׽ؠѺ̶ͧĂ˵ಶߏ ࣒ጳ̳Ըᒔ଀ 91.9% ͚޺Ăݒޘ˘ТॡࢍზԸைதăͽ̈́଀ைதĄᛊт̜౪ ᕣ҃ܝ ЯࠎԸைத͉ҲĞ48.9%ğĂ׌۰࠹ࢷ 44.5%ĂЯࠎ՟ѣ྿̳ϔᇴ 45% εୀ16ĞWikipedia, 2018: Danish Constitutional Referendum, 1939ğĄ˫тࡻ઼ д 1979 ѐ۞ᛂॾᜋᝋ˧ᖼொ̳ԸĂ͚޺۰ 51.6%ăԸைத 63.7%Ă࠹ࢷࠎ 32.9%ĂϏ྿ 40% ۞ఢؠ҃൑ड़ĞWikipedia, 2018: Scottish Devolution ᛊтᅾΔҹд 1995 ѐ۞፾ϲ̳ԸĂᙒјᄃͅ၆ை۞Ѻ̶̶ͧҾߏ 49.4%ăͽ̈́ 50.6%Ă 15 Ըைத 93.5%ĞWikipedia, 2018: Quebec Referendum, 1995ğĄ˫тຑႬᜋд 1995 ѐ۞ᗓ ࣒ጳ̳ԸĂᙒјᄃͅ၆ை۞Ѻ̶̶ͧҾߏ 50.3%ăͽ̈́ 49.7%ĂԸைத 62.2%̼ڱ૓Ъ ĞWikipedia, 2018: Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of IrelandğĄ ϫ݈Ă̜౪۞ఢؠ̏གྷࢫҲࠎ˘ਠ߆ඉ 30%ă࣒ጳ९ 40%Ą 16 9 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը ᕣߏ 50%ĂܝReferendum, 1979ğĄ׎၁Ăཬ෈ͰăҹᘲऄҘֲăᇝႬкϞ۞ ԛТ˦ᙱĄ ௐˬ჌ߏ઀਑ଂԸைத඾͘Ăఢؠυื෹࿅׽ؠѺ̶ͧĂᛊтཌྷ̂Ӏд ѐᓝᏱ̳ԸĂᓁВય˞˛ᗟĂᔵ൒ౌᒔ଀࿅Η۞Ըை۰͚޺ĂݒЯࠎԸ 1997 ைதౌΪѣ 40%ăϏ྿ 50% ㍵Ҁ҃ᕩĞWikipedia, 2018: Italian Referendum, Ѩ̳Ը˵ЯԸைதϏ྿50%҃εୀĞ32%ăˬ۞ޢ1997ğĄТᇹгĂཬ෈Ͱдጼ ९ĞWikipedia, 2018: Portuguese Abortionڱ48%ă44%ğĂΒ߁׌ѨᆪࡩЪ Referendum, 1998; Portuguese Abortion Referendum, 2007; Portuguese Regionalisation Referendum, 1998ğĄѣТᇹఢؠ۞઼छΒ߁ٛ௲ჯֲăϲ౜ ᜋĂ၁ኳ˯ಶߏԯ̙Ը۞ˠ༊үͅ၆ைࢍზĄگă੺׎࿲ă೻ࠃЂҹăͽ̈́ؤ ௐα჌݋ߏࢋՐᗕࢦ඗၆кᇴĂᛊт፫߷۞࣒ጳ९ੵ˞υืᒔ଀Б઼ ࿅ΗԸை۰͚޺γĂᔘυืд࿅Η۞࠷ᒔ౼Ă˵ಶߏ̱࣎࠷̚มҌ͌ѣ۞ α࠷ĞWikipedia, 2018: Referendums in AustraliağĄ༄̀ăΐो̂ăͽ࡚̈́ ˾छĂ̙ԓ୕ˠ˾ྵк۞्֣ˠ઼ט࣒ጳ˵ߏ࠹༊ኑᗔĂ̂វߏᓑ֣۞઼ ᐹ๕࣒ጳࣤဳ֣̈۞ҋ͹ّ17Ą ׍វ҃֏Ăϔ͹઼छдซҖࢦ̂ᛉ९۞̳Ը̝ᅫĂᛊт࣒ጳ९ăΐˢ ࢋՐυื௑Ъᗕࢦ࿅Η۞୧ІĄົــᓑЪ઼ٕߏ׎΁ะវщБ۞௡ᖐĂ ͽ༄̀ࠎּĂੵ˞υืᒔ଀࿅Б઼Η۞Ᏼϔ͚޺ͽγĂᔘυืд࿅Η۞э ᛏ଀౼ӀĄ఺჌ᚑॾ۞඀ԔĂ၁ኳ˯ߏኬ̟͌ᇴ୉ཏӎՙ۞ᝋӀĂ˵ЯѩĂ ᇴ୉ཏ͚޺̳Ը९Ăкᇴ୉ཏ˘ؠࢋඔႽཝϗֽଂְ̳Ը९͌ڇࠎ˞ࢋᄲ ણڼనࢍĂͽܑ྿ፋЪ۞౵̂ྕຍĄΞ֍Ă̳Ը̙ΪΞͽ೩੼̳ϔ۞߆۞ ăٕซҖ኏ࡎ۞̼ྋĄڡᄃĂᔘΞͽᖣѩֽፋЪ઼̰۞̶ ᄃӎĄͽ๸гӀăڡă̈́ۤົ̶ܫᕣ੼Ҳࢋ࠻ϔ͹۞ҋܝ׎၁Ă̳Ը ăͽ̈́Ҙ঱ͰࠎּĂጳ߆̳ԸΪࢋкᇴՙӈΞć࠹၆̝˭Ă઼ڱຑႬᜋă ᕣ۞ఢؠ˵ͧྵᚑࡳĂܝԸ̳ٺለ۞າᎸϔ͹઼छᜪᇋͧྵкĂ၆ڌă̚ ጡĄΔለ઼छૻአВᙊϔ͹Ă၆ڠ၆͞۞ט༊үᑅޘטڼͽҺ༊߆۰ԯ߆ Б઼ّٺMendez ᄃ MendezĞ2017: 15-18, table 1ğͧྵᓑ઼֣छ۞ۡତϔ͹Ă൴ன̂វ၆ 17 Ըߏܲ঻۞ĂЯѩĂ඗̂кᇴдᓑ֣ᆸ৺՟ѣˠϔଯજ۞̳ԸĄ̳۞ ăௐ 1 ഇĞ2019/ߋ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 10 ߆̳Ը͕̈ᓍᓍâόᓝᏱ̳ԸĂಶܑϯ઼ົྻү΍˞યᗟćͧӀॡă̰ٺ ԯ઼̳ڱԸະᔁ̙ୂĂ˵ѣ̰ొ׶Ꮨ۞҂ณĄ༊൒Ă̳ٺᇇ઼ă̈́ఈᜋ၆ ˫Ăםጳ۞ԁטጡĂ֤ߏ༊ѐௐ̣В׶઼ڠԸ༊үᓁ௚၆;઼ົ۞ጼఙّ Ω༊ҾኢĄ ౵ޢĂտౣߏ̳Ըߏӎࢋཆ̂ᏴĞconcurrentğĉ˘ਠ҃֏Ăϔ͹઼छ ڱͽ̳Ըֽཆҝ̂Ᏼâ͞ࢬߏࢋ೩੼̳Ը۞ԸைதĂͽᆧΐ߆ඉົــ ؋׻Ąԧࣇтٺ९۞ϒ༊ّĂΩ˘͞ࢬ݋ߏ҂ᇋࢫҲјώĂ̙ࢋឰᏴϔি к჌ᏴᓝТॡซҖĂΒ߁ᓁ௚ăــг͞Ăז҂၅઼࡚۞ᏴᓝĂϤᓑ֣ڍ г͞ᏴᓝĂՀ̙ϡᄲϤ۞ܝˣ܅ăэᛉࣶăͽ̣̈́ܜણᛉࣶăிᛉࣶăэ ࠎ˞ᏴϔĂᔘְАعᓁᓁĄѣֱэ߆ڒڒЧᏴડҋҖଯજ۞̳Ը९ĂᏴை ࢋৌ۞ڍԸை͟ĂΪࢋ˘ᇹ൪སᛀಶрćт˞זሀᑢᏴைĂٸख़छख़͗൴ ࢋ˘˘̶ฟลֽ߱ᅳைĂ̍඀জ̂Ăॲώ̙Ξਕд˘͇̝̰ԆјᏴᓝĂՀ ຍ૟׌჌גд൴જ̳Ը̝ᅫĂع߆ڍϡᄲΐଭ۞̳ԸĄྖ˫ᄲаֽĂт̙ ΞͽТՎځځߏڍ྽ć࠹၆гĂтקԸைଭ̺д˘੓ĂᙱҺѣૻ࢝̚ረ۞ Ը۞ॡ඀̳ޢຍ௲࿘ĂಶѣΞਕߏຐࢋထ୻ࠧቢĂ೩݈ăٕߏؼגᓝҖݒ ĞBogdanor, 1978: 57-58ğĄ 貳、歐洲國家的公投 κ೻؎ࣶົĞVeniceރለ߷நְົ18ĞCouncil of Europe, CoEğ۞ Commission19ğд 2001 ѐ఼࿅˘ЊĺБ઼ّጳ߆̳Ը޽ጱࣧ݋ĻĞGuidelines for Constitutional Referendums at National LevelğĂШົ઼ࣶ೩΍ޙ֏ Ğopinionğă̈́၁ኹ໤݋Ğcode of good practiceğĞ2001, 2005a, 2007ğ20Ąރ д 1949 ѐĂ͹ࢋߏͽ઼ᅫఢࡗ۞͞ёᙯ͕јࣶٺለ߷நְົߏ˘઼࣎ᅫ௡ᖐĂјϲ 18 ˠᝋܲᅪĂϫ݈ѣ 47 ࣎ົ઼ࣶćΩ˘࣎ለ߷઼छ௡ᖐߏለ߷щБၱЪү௡ᖐ۞઼ ĞOrganization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, OSCEğĂఢሀൾ̂Ăົ઼ࣶѣ 57 ࣎Ą 19 ϒёЩჍߏ European Commission for Democracy through LawĄ ΩγĂለ߷நְົ۞ᛉົĞParliamentary Assembly, CoEğĞReferendums: Towards Good 20 Practices in Europeğ˵д 2005 ѐޙᛉĄ 11 ޘטለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը ڱκ೻؎ࣶົĞVenice Commission, 2005bğॲፂົ઼ࣶٙӔಡ۞̳Ը࠹ᙯ ᐂ 2ğĈܢఢĂຉፋ˞˘ЊಡӘ21Ăԧࣇፂ̝̺ઙ΍ለ߷઼छ۞̳Ըт˭Ğણ֍ ă̈́ᔈ঒ྮ೻Ă඗̂кᇴ۞ለރᖂ22Ĉੵ˞ͧӀॡăఈᜋăॗૄޠڱ .1 Б઼ّ۞̳Ը23ĄͧӀॡጐგд 1950 ѐᓝᏱזѣఢቑౌڱ߷઼छጳ ˯ఢĂૄώڱϏఢቑ̳Ըă˵՟ѣ࠹ᙯ֭ڱ࿅˘ѨᏙྙّ̳ԸĂጳ ߏӎؠ̳Ը۞ϒ༊ّćఈᜋᔵ൒д 2002-2004 ѐѣ˘࣎ᇶҖ۞ĺ̳ ĻĞGeneral Law on ReferendumsğĂ֭Ϗৌϒֹϡ࿅Ăϫ݈ΪڱԸᓁ ĻĞEuropean ConstitutionğᓝᏱ࿅˘Ѩڱѣд 2005 ѐ੫၆ĺለ༖ጳ Ϗఢ֭ڱጳރᏙྙّ̳ԸĂѩγĂ઼ົ̏གྷܑ྿ͅ၆̳Ըˢጳćॗ ᓝᏱΐˢለ߷གྷڱቑ̳ԸĂ̙࿅Ăд 1974ă1979 ѐ౅࿅઼ົপҾϲ Ă҃ͷΪڱߏ౅࿅ϲטᑻВТវă̈́ለ༖̳Ըćᔈ঒ྮ೻۞̳Ը፟ ϡ࿅˘ѨĞparas. 14-18ğĄፋវֽ࠻Ăለ߷઼छ۞̳Ը඗̂кᇴߏͽ ՟ѣ࠹ᙯ୧ഠĂૄώ˯̳ԸߏপڱఢቑĂೱήྖᄲĂࢋߏጳֽڱጳ Ϊڱٙѣԛё۞̳ԸĂᛊт੺Ⴌ΁ጳזϏυົఢቑڱć༊൒Ăጳּ ఢؠâ઼ֱछົΩγࢎؠ۞˯ڱԸćΩγĂੵ˞ጳ̳۞ڱጳז೩ Ğparas.