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Journal 13.Indb POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 56 1 65–74 2008 (Pol. J. Ecol.) Regular research paper Katarzyna ŻÓŁKOŚ1, Włodzimierz MEISSNER2 1 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, University of Gdańsk, Al. Legionów 9, 80-441 Gdańsk, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Avian Ecophysiology Unit, Department of Vertebrate Ecology and Zoology, University of Gdańsk, Al. Legionów 9, 80-441 Gdańsk, Poland THE EFFECT OF GREY HERON (ARDEA CINEREA L.) COLONY ON THE SURROUNDING VEGETATION AND THE BIOMETRICAL FEATURES OF THREE UNDERGROWTH SPECIES ABSTRACT: Bird breeding colonies are case of Rumex acetosella which is characterized known to influence the habitats and phytocoe- by elongated, lanceolate leaf blade. Differences noses they occupy in different ways. Most papers observed among the species are probably due to concern long-lasting colonies, in which floristic differentiated leaf blade structure. Only Moeh- composition of phytocoenoses have been already ringia trinervia can be found in well-established altered largely. This research was aimed to esti- Grey Heron colonies, while Rumex acetosella mate the changes in the floristic composition of and Anthoxanthum odoratum are known to be the forest phytocoenosis after three years of the suppressed by heavy input of nitrogen fertilizer. existence of the Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea L.) Thus, it seems that after few years of benefits at breeding colony as well as to examine the influ- least Rumex acetosella and Anthoxanthum odora- ence of nutrient enrichment on the size and shape tum withdraw from the area altered by Grey Her- of leaves and inflorescences of three plant species on colony, because the change in root absorption Rumex acetosella L., Anthoxanthum odoratum and capacity in highly fertile habitat leads to toxic L. and Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv., which accumulation of nutrients. have different habitat requirements. The number of vascular plant species within the colony area (0.4 ha) increased almost double and appearance KEY WORDS: Ardea cinerea L., fertilization, of new, mostly nitrophilous, taxa like Sambucus nesting site, Rumex acetosella L., Anthoxanthum racemosa L., Galeopsis pubescens Besser and Stel- odoratum L., Moehringia trinervia (L.) Clairv. laria media (L.) Vill. were observed. The vertical structure of phytocoenosis has also changed. The 1. INTRODUCTION undergrowth appeared and dense moss layer was mostly eliminated. In case of all investigated spe- Bird breeding colonies influence the cies, the enlargement of leaf surface was found. The greatest relative increase concerned leaf habitats and phytocoenoses they occupy in width of Moehringia trinervia and Rumex aceto- different ways (Smith 1978). One of the sella – 67 and 73%, respectively. The leaf blade most important factors changing the phyto- of Anthoxanthum odoratum increased largely in coenosis is an increased supply of nutrients length (99%). The enlargement of the surface of into soil. Excreta coming from piscivorous assimilative apparatus was not only due to the bird colonies lead to an increased content of increase of linear dimensions, but also to round- + N-NH4 and N-NO3, exchangeable potassi- ing of the leaf blade. This was not observed in um and available phosphorus concentration jjournalournal 113.indb3.indb 6655 22008-03-26008-03-26 110:52:250:52:25 66 Katarzyna Żółkoś, Włodzimierz Meissner (Sobey and Kenworthy 1979, Ishida the clearings, fields and meadows, whereas 1996, Ligeza and Smal 2003). Range and Moehringia trinervia is a characteristic plant rate of undergoing changes depends mainly of forests (Grime et al. 1988). Bioindicative on the species of nesting bird, abundance, size method according to Ellenberg’s scale (El- of its local population, density of nests, age of lenberg 1992) was used to assess the effect the colony, floristic composition of colonized of nitrogen enrichment on the vegetation. phytocoenosis, property of the soil and the spatial pattern of vegetation (Sobey and Kenworthy 1979, Maesako 1991, Ishida 2. STUDY AREA 1996, Mun 1997, García et al. 2002). Many studies on the impact of bird colo- Investigation was carried out in the sum- nies on flora and soil concerned mainly ma- mer of 2004 year in northern Poland (Po- rine and oceanic islands and the sea-coasts meranian region) in locality Osiek (53°43’N, of different regions of the world (Breslina 18°25’E), in forestry “Kałębnica”. and Karpovich 1969, Sobey and Ken- The area of study made a small forest com- worthy 1979, Hogg and Morton 1983, plex (1.56 ha), in which western part (about Hogg et al. 1988, Paradis and Laren- 0.4 ha) a colony of Grey Heron had settled. It zoni 1996, Norton et al. 1997, Vidal et was covered by a young, circa about 40-year al. 1998, Abbot et al. 2000) and only few of old stand with Scots pine as a dominant and them dealt with forest ecosystems (Maesa- Silver birch as an admixture. Canopy closure ko 1991, Ishida 1996, Mun 1997). Com- within the tree stand didn’t exceed 60%. The position of chemical elements in the leaves undergrowth was present only in the part of selected plant species growing within the occupied by bird colony. The tree stand, in- area of bird colonies have been analyzed troduced into formerly arable land, created among others by Smith (1978), García et good conditions for development of hetero- al. (2002) and Hobara et al. (2005). How- geneous forest floor. The floor was covered ever there are only few papers in which the by spontaneous species as, among others, response of particular plant species to exces- species of the clearings, fields and meadows sive soil fertilization due to bird colonies ac- (Anthoxanthum odoratum, Rumex acetosella, tivity is described (Ishida 1996). Achillea millefolium L., Viola arvensis Mur- The mentioned above studies were car- ray) as well as typical of forests (Moehringia ried out within the area of long-lasting trinervia, Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort., De- colonies, in which floristic composition of schampsia flexuosa (L.) Trin.). In the forest phytocoenoses have already been altered to part outside of the colony presence of some a great extent. Research conducted in the Bryophyta in the forest floor has been noted. initial stage of the breeding colony existence Within the colony 20 nests of Grey Heron could provide information not only on the were built exclusively on Scots pines. Nests rate of species replacement but also would were uniformly distributed in this area. give the possibility to observe the response of particular taxa to a rapid change of habitat 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS conditions. The aim of this work was to estimate the Since the colony settlement, no form of changes in the floristic composition that took land cultivation (e.g. ploughing, fertilization) place in the forest phytocoenosis three years has been performed in the study area as well after the colony of Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea as no hay or timber harvesting took place. L.) had settled and to examine the influence Thus, an assumption was made that all the of nutrient enrichment on the change of the observed differences concerning both stud- size and shape of leaves and inflorescences ies areas were the result of the bird colony of the three plant species: Rumex acetosella activity. L., Anthoxanthum odoratum L. and Moehrin- In order to examine the floristic compo- gia trinervia (L.) Clairv. These species were sition as well as individual dimensions of the selected, because they have different habitat three selected species, two study plots of size requirements. First two are typical species of of 20 × 20 m each have been set and a list of jjournalournal 113.indb3.indb 6666 22008-03-26008-03-26 110:52:260:52:26 Effect of Grey Heron colony on vegetation 67 vascular plant species composing tree stand, rarely of mixed forests and brushwoods and undergrowth and forest floor has been made. sometimes of ruderal communities (Grime The first plot was located within the bird et al. 1988, Sychowa 1992). colony nesting site, another (the control one) To collect the material for biometrical outside of the colony in a distance of about measurements in both plots, two parallel 50 m. On the basis of plants’ habitat require- transects were traced. They were divided ments (Ellenberg 1992) each species has into squares of 1 m2. From each square, ev- been classified into an appropriate ecologi- ery second metre, the biggest, undamaged cal group. Soil pH was checked in the area of individual of each species was collected. For colony and outside at depth of 5 cm; pH was each of the species two samples were taken 4.0 in both sites. – one from within the colony, another one For biometrical examination three spe- from the control area, outside of the colony. cies of different habitat requirements have Plants growing at the border of the plot were been chosen. These are: Rumex acetosella not taken into account. (Polygonacae), Anthoxanthum odoratum Leaves measurements for all species were (Poacae) and Moehringia trinervia (Caryo- carried at maximally straighten leaf blade. phyllacae). The species were relatively nu- The length was measured along the main or merous, both in the area of the colony and middle nerve. Inflorescences were measured outside of it. Rumex acetosella is most often at maximally straighten axis (Fig. 1). found in logged areas, fields, dry meadows, Rumex acetosella: for measurements roadsides and embankments (Grime et al. the largest leaf from the inflorescence axis 1988, Tacik 1992). Anthoxanthum odora- was chosen (rosette leaves were omitted). tum occurs in meadows, fallows, roadsides, Its length was checked from the petiole ba- clearings, along forest edges (Falkowski sis to the leaf tip. The width of the leaf was 1982, Grime et al. 1988). Moehringia tri- measured in two places: between tips of the nervia is a component of decidous forests, leaf lamina and in the widest part of a distal Fig.
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