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The Denton Site Archaeological Report No. 4 THE DENTON SITE A Middle Archaic Occupation in the Northern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi by John M. Connaway with contributions by Samuel o. Brookes and Samuel O. McGahey Edited by Priscilla M. Lowrey and Clarence H. Webb Mississippi Department of Archives and History Jackson, Mississippi Elbert R. Hilliard, Director 1977 .. to. to. ... - CONTENTS PAGE List of Illustrations iv List of Tables .. vi Preface . vii Acknowledgements .. viii Introduction. ix i , Excavation. · · · . ·· · · 1 2. Floral-faunal Analysis. · ·· · 6 3. Artifacts and Raw Materials . · 7 Cores . · 7 Bifaces · . · · 10 Projectile· Points· · · · · · 24 Flake and Blade Tools · · 46 Heat-treating 59 Ground and Pecked· · Stones. 65 Lapidary Industry 75 Clay. · . · · · · 129 4. Radiocarbon· Dates · · · · · · · 137 5. Conclusions 139 References Cited. 141 ... - iii .. .. .. ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES PAGE 1. Cores. A-C, type A; D-F, type B 8 2. Cores. A-G, type C .-.-•..•• 9 3. Bifaces.- A-F, adzes; G, adze-chopper bits. 11 4. Bifaces. A-F, choppers; G-H, Baytown choppers. • 13 5. Bifaces. A-E, choppers with lamellar flaking; !-l, circular specimens-:- . • . • . 14 6. Bifaces. A-F, elongated; G-I, with concave bits..•.•.. 17 7. Beaks. A-L,-lateral view;-M~ anterior view ••••.••••• 19 8. Scrapers-and drills. A-E, hafted end scrapers; F-J, polished .. drills; K, drill with-heavy wear; L, experime~tal drill with heavy wear . • . • • . .-. • . • • • . • . • 21 9. Drills. A-N, types from surface collection; Q-R, excavated specimens. .'. • . • . • 22 10. Projectile points. ~-~, Denton 25 11. Projectile points. ~-Q, Denton 26 12. Projectile points. R-~, Denton 27 13. Projectile points. ~-!, Opossum Bayou; Q-~, Gary 29 14. Projectile points. ~-~, Pontchartrain; K-~, Kent. 31 15. Projectile points. A-G2, miscellaneous 34 .. 16. Projectile points. Hl-~, miscellaneous 37 17. Projectile points. Kl-M3, miscellaneous. 39 18. Projectile points. Nl-T5, miscellaneous. 42 19. Projectile points. Ul-Z5, miscellaneous.. 44 .. 20. Flake tools. ~-!, bifacially worked flakes; Q-~, saws; ~-~, denticulates • • • . • 51 21. Flake and blade tools. !-!' notches; Q-~, flakes with utilized .. side and end; !-Q, lamellar blades • . • • . 52 22. Flake and blade tools. A-C, flakes with utilized end; D, blade with utilized side; ~=!~ flakes with utilized side; I, blade- .. like flake with utilized side. • . • • 54 23. Type 1 perforators. A-K, bifacial; L-V, unifacial. • . 56 24. Type 2 perforators. A-G, bifacial; li-L, unifacial. • . 57 25. Ground and pecked stone-tools. !, grooved axe; ~-Q, celts. 66 26. Ground and pecked stone tools. ~-Q, celts. 68 27. Ground and pecked stone. A, discoidal; B, gorget; C, banner- stone preform; E.-;-~, banner'stones .. -:- .....- •....• 70 iv 28. Bannerstones. A-B, Pitchford Site; C-E, Campassi Site. .. 72 ... 29. Pecked stone tools. !-Q, pitted stones; ~, large pitted metate; !"-.Q., hammers tones; H, abrader. •. .... 74 30. Drilled pebbles. A-D, completely drilled;·· E-O, partially ... drilled -=- -=- -.-. 77 31. Beads. A-D, disc; E-F, round; G-N, tubular; O-Q, tubes; R-U, unique shapes; V-::X-; from "Denton Site B" .-.-....•-.-. 81 32. Preforms. !-~, sandstone-limonite fragments; ~-~, pebbles with smoo thed ends. • . .• 88 33. Preforms. !-~, sawed pebbles; !..-~, ground, undrilled pebbles. 91 34. Tools and beads. !-!, bead saws; f, Pitchford Site bead; Q, Norman Site pendant; ~, Longstreet Site bead; !..' Longstreet drilled pebble; G-H, pendants from mound near Mobile Bay, Alabama (photographs ~ and ~ courtesy of Nicholas H. Holmes and Thigpen Photography, Mobile, Alabama). .• 95 35. Zoomorphic effigies. A, MDAH turtle; B, Jones turtle; C, Alabama turtle (Courtesy of-Nicholas H. Holmes and Thigpen Photography, Mobile, Alabama); D, Lancaster bead; E, MDAH bead #1 • . .. 98 .. 36. Denton zoomorphic beads. F, M.S.U.; G, Jaeger #1; H, MDAH #2; I, Jaeger #2; J, Jaeger-#3; K, Mit~hell; L, MDAH #4; M, MDAH #3; N, MDAH #5;0, Jones ...- .....• -=- ..... -=- ... 103 .. 37. Beads from other sites. P, Stubblefield; Q, Carlton; ~, Freder­ ick; S, Crisler.. - 110 38. Ceramics. 130 39. Ceramics. • . • 132 40. Basketry-impressed clay objects. 134 FIGURES 1. Contour map of the Denton Site. • . 3 2. Vertical and Horizontal Profiles of Feature in Square 60N-40E 5 3. Zoomorphic beads. T, Scales; U, Woods; V, Parkman; W-Y, Law­ rence County objects; ~, Lower Jackson Mound frog~ ~ . .. 115 ... .. v TABLES PAGE 1. Reducation stages of spa11s...•.. 47 2. Utilization of spalla••.•.•••• 48 3. Comparison of perforator measurements. 58 4. Heat treating of surface and excavated 1ithics 61 5. Heat treating of spa11s. ..•.••• 63 6. Heat-treated spa11s by levels, Square 60N-40E• 64 .. vi .. PREFACE Recorded Archaic sites in the northern portion of the Yazoo Basin .. are scarce. Because until recently no archaeological investigations have taken place on such sites, there has been a prominent lack of knowledge and published data concerning Archaic cultures of the area. This report, consisting primarily of an assessment of the lithic tech­ nology at the Denton Site, is an effort to begin to remedy this situation. It is hoped that further studies will reveal more information about this and other aspects of life associated with the Middle Archaic Period of the northern Yazoo Basin floodplain. .. .. .. vii .. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author expresses appreciation to Mrs. J. E. Furr, the property owner, and to Hubert Haynes, who rents the farm, for their permission to excavate on the Denton Site. Special thanks go to J. T. Lancaster, Jr., for his financial assis­ tance in obtaining the first radiocarbon date from the site and for the loan of his artifact collection. The use of artifacts found by or in the possession of Burt Jaeger, Virge Edwards, Austin Adkins, T. F. Davis III, Tommy Mitchell, Jean Jones Firestone, J. T. Pitchford, Jr., Gerald Berry, Thomas D. Potts, and Bill Vowell is also greatly appre­ ciated. Permission from Nicholas Holmes to use some photographs of Alabama artifacts and the photographic work done by Thigpen Photography of Mobile, Alabama, and by Harold Smith of Photographic Ltd., Clarksdale, Mississippi, are also appreciated. Barbara J. McKinney gave welcome assistance in assembling the plates. The author also thanks Leonard W. Blake of the Missouri Botanical Garden and Betty Lee Brandau of the University of Georgia Geochronology Laboratory for their technical assistance. Clarence H. Webb, Samuel o. McGahey, and Samuel o. Brookes gave welcome advice and professional assistance. Finally, the author expresses his appreciation to Mrs. Philip R. Hogue, who painstakingly typed the final copy of this report for publica­ tion, and to Mike Johnson of the photodup1ication staff of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, who operated the offset press and collator . .. .. .. viii ... lit ... ... INTRODUCTION ... The Denton Site is located on an old natural levee east of Opossum Bayou t near the town'of Lambert in Quitman CountYt Mississippi. The site was first reported by Phillipst Ford t and Griffin in 1951t but no cultural data were recorded other than two "mounds" (Phillipst Ford t ... and Griffin 1951:54). It was revisited by the writers of this report in 1969 during a survey of sites in Quitman t Coahomat and Tunica counties. The 6-to-8-acre site has been in cultivation for many years. In recent years the two "mounds t" formerly situated on two still-existing high knolls at the crest of the natural levee t were leveled t along with a portion of the knolls themselves. The "mounds" are referred to here ... with some reservation because their exact nature is unknown. In 1972 t Mississippi State University excavated a l2-foot-deep backhoe trench across the southernmost knoll. Stratigraphic layers of sterile sand and thin midden deposits indicated that the site had been occupied inter­ mittently between natural levee buildupst apparently for a long period of time. It is thus possible that the "mounds" could have been built at a later time by the occupants or that they could have been a continu­ ation of this intermittent levee and midden accumulation. The relative chronological data obtained from the excavation and surface collections, as well as the physiographic and stratigraphic evidence, indicate that ... the site was situated on the east bank of an old Ohio-Mississippi River meander and that at least some of the natural levee accumulation took place during its occupation. The light tan levee soil upon which occupational debris is found ... on the site is known as Dundee fine sandy loam (USDA 1958). A very dark black midden soil is evident within this area, on the east side of the southernmost knoll. In contrast t lower areas to the west and to ... the east down the backslope of the levee consist of a heavier soil known as Dowling clay or silty clay. No midden debris is found in these areas other than those artifacts carried in by erosion or cultivation. A low ridge extends from the southernmost knoll east-northeast across a cultivated field. Toward the opposite end of this ridge, about 300 yards out t a mound of Dundee soil approximately 4 feet high has scattered lithic debris and artifacts on the surface. The internal nature of the mound has not yet been investigated, and it is slowly dwindling under constant cultivation. Designated "Denton Site B," this mound will be referred to again in the discussion of the lapidary industry. ix Occupational debris is scattered along the natural levee from the southernmost knoll to a shallow gully approximately 300 yards to the north. From here, a slight ridge extends northeast about 100 yards, culminating in a low knoll of Dundee soil. Scattered lithic debris and projectile points have been found here, but" as yet no lapidary items. Surface collections from this area have been included in the general site collection, since there is no real break in debris scatter• .. x 1 EXCAVATION During the winter of 1969, when the author and Sam McGahey, archae­ ologists with the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, were engaged in a survey of sites endangered by land leveling, interested amateurs reported that the Denton Site was being bulldozed.
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