Illinois Archaeological Collections at the Logan Museum of Anthropology

William Green

The Logan Museum of Anthropology houses thousands of objects from Illinois archaeological sites. While many objects have useful associated documentation, some collections lack contextual data. Provenance investigations can restore provenience information, making neglected or forgotten collections useful for current and future research. Provenance research also provides insights about the history of archaeology and the construction of archaeological knowledge. Recent study of Middle Woodland collections from the Baehr and Montezuma mound groups in the Illinois River valley exemplifies the value of analyzing collection histories.

Museum collections are significant archaeological resources. In addition to their educational value in exhibitions and importance in addressing archaeological research questions, collections also serve as primary-source material regarding the history of archaeology. If we pay close attention to collection objects and associated documentation, we can learn how past practices of collecting and circulating objects have helped construct our current understandings of the cultures the objects represent. In this paper, I review Illinois archaeological collections housed at the Logan Mu- seum of Anthropology. The principal focus is on Middle Woodland material from the Illinois River valley. I examine the provenance—the acquisition and curation histories— of these collections and identify some topics the collections might address. My goal is to encourage researchers to make more use of these underutilized resources.

The Logan Museum of Anthropology

The Logan Museum, founded in 1893, is a unit of Beloit College and as such is dedicated to serving the college’s liberal arts educational mission. With its founding collection derived from the anthropology exhibits of the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, the museum built its archaeological and ethnographic holdings through gifts, purchases,

William Green, Logan Museum of Anthropology, Beloit College, 700 College St., Beloit, WI 53511, [email protected]

309 310 Illinois Archaeology Vol. 28, 2016 field research, and exchanges. These collections have fostered student engagement in anthropology, contributing to the college’s long-standing recognition as a leading in- cubator of professional anthropologists (Collie 1928; Green and Meister 2009). The museum’s collections currently include more than 300,000 archaeological objects and approximately 16,000 ethnographic objects. North American material accounts for about two-thirds of the archaeological collections. The museum’s founding patron, Chicago grain broker Frank G. Logan, and its first curator-director, geology professor and Beloit College dean George L. Collie, worked together to acquire diverse collections during the museum’s first four decades. They sought breadth of coverage as well as depth in certain study areas, such as Western Europe, North Africa, and the American Southwest. They purchased some important Wisconsin collections but otherwise did not place particular focus on midwestern archaeology. They were active participants in the regional and national networks that linked museums and private collectors during the turn-of-the-twentieth-century “museum era” of American anthropology (Collie 1928; see also Collier and Tschopik 1954; Stocking 1985). Connections between museums and collectors throughout North America and Europe fostered the purchase and exchange of numerous collections. Museums such as the Logan strove to build up their coverage of underrepresented regions, periods, and object types, while simultaneously thinning out “duplicate” specimens. Some of the Logan’s Upper Paleolithic flint tools, for example, could have been exchanged for another museum’s Northwest Coast ethnographic objects. Such transactions were common throughout the late nineteenth century and much of the twentieth century (Nichols 2014). While these exchanges helped museums acquire wide assortments of material, associated documentation often did not travel with specimens. Many collections, therefore, lack provenience data and clear provenance. However, research into collection history, as well as careful study of the objects themselves, often reveals forgotten or neglected documentation. Whether conducted for Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) compliance, exhibition development, student projects, or other purposes, collection research can not only restore historic associations but can also generate new knowledge and insights.

Overview of Illinois Collections

Illinois archaeological material at the Logan Museum derives from 44 counties throughout the state (Figure 1). A total of 2,275 separate catalog numbers have been assigned to Illinois archaeological objects in the museum. The actual number of objects is much higher because many catalog numbers encompass a site’s entire collection or an entire class of objects from a site. Acquisitions resulted from all four means noted above: through gifts, purchases, exchanges, and field research. While many objects have only county-level provenience, 139 recorded archaeological sites are represented. Several collections not attributed to known sites are associated with locational documentation sufficiently thorough to enable completion of archaeological site Green 311

Figure 1. Map of Illinois showing counties represented by Logan Museum archaeological collections (shaded) and locations of the Baehr and Montezuma sites. 312 Illinois Archaeology Vol. 28, 2016 forms. Some objects with county-level provenience (e.g., nondiagnostic stone tools) are employed in exhibitions and other educational programs and may have limited research potential. For other specimens, such as fluted points and Mississippian hoes, knowing even the county provenience can be helpful in distributional and morphological studies (e.g., Loebel et al. 2016; Winters 1981). Most collections with site-specific provenience derive from systematic archaeological projects conducted by Logan Museum staff and Beloit College faculty and students. Projects whose collections the museum curates are primarily small- to moderate-scale excavations and surveys conducted within approximately 30 km of Beloit in the Rock River and Pecatonica River valleys in Winnebago County. Examples of such projects include the following:

• the State-Line Mound Group (aka Hutchinson site, 11WO460 and 47RO39), excavated by Beloit students in 1967 (Lange 1968) • the Domeier/Watson Mound Group (11WO482), excavated by Beloit students in 1972 (Pfannkuche and Green 2007) • the Pecatonica River valley survey, conducted in 1974 by Beloit students under the direction of Robert Salzer as part of the Illinois Historic Sites Survey program; more than 9,100 artifacts were collected from 132 sites (Hennings 1975; Pfannkuche 2008) • testing of 11WO506 to determine whether it is the location of the circa 1830 Ho- Chunk village of Ke-Chunk (which it is not), conducted in 2012 by Beloit students, volunteers, and Midwest Archaeological Research Center Inc. staff (Green 2013)

In addition, the Logan Museum curates a type collection of Middle Woodland pottery from the Pool site (11Pk1) in the lower Illinois River valley, an assemblage derived from University of Illinois excavations in 1950 (McGregor 1958). The sherds came to Beloit as part of the routine circulation of ceramic type collections among regional researchers, among whose ranks in the 1950s was Logan Museum director Andrew B. Whiteford. This material continues to serve as a useful reference collection. The Logan Museum also currently houses Woodland material from the Dillinger, Sugar Camp Hill, and Cove Hollow sites in Jackson and Williamson counties near Carbondale, Illinois. Moreau S. Maxwell excavated these sites as part of a Works Progress Administration relief project in the Crab Orchard locality in 1939–1941. Maxwell joined the anthropology faculty at Beloit in 1946 and completed his analysis of the collection by 1950 (Maxwell 1951). Most of these sites’ collections are housed at the Illinois State Museum and Southern Illinois University (Stephens 1993; accession records on file, Logan Museum of Anthropology, Illinois State Museum-Research and Collections Center, and Southern Illinois University-Center for Archaeological Investigations). Because the Crab Orchard material has no direct connection to Beloit College (Maxwell departed Beloit in 1952), we are transferring these collections to the Illinois State Museum. Williamson County is not shaded in Figure 1 because the Sugar Camp Hill material, which is being transferred, is the only collection from that county. Green 313

The Logan does not house collections from all of its field projects. Most notably, the Illinois State Museum curates the collections and associated documentation from Beloit College’s 45 weeks of field-school excavations in 1969, 1971, and 1972 at Ca- hokia’s Merrell Tract (Kelly 1980; Kelly 1979; Salzer 1975). In addition to the collections generated by Beloit’s own archaeological investigations, the museum also houses material of research value obtained from other sources. In the remainder of this article, I examine two groups of Middle Woodland artifacts acquired from other museums.

Baehr Mounds Cobden-Dongola Disk Cores

Museums often find uncataloged specimens in collection-storage areas. Such “found in collections” material can be perplexing. Fortunately, sometimes there are clues to help establish or at least suggest provenance and provenience. The group of disk cores in the Logan Museum is a case in point. The collection had been stored in the “no provenience” section of a storage area and was not cataloged until 2010. Recent research has shed light on its likely provenience and significance. There are 26 specimens (Table 1, Figure 2a, b). Each is a roughly oval chipped- stone core made of gray-green nodular stone identifiable as Cobden-Dongola chert (“hornstone”) from Union County in southern Illinois. While each item exhibits some bifacial flaking, many are classifiable as flake cores that are relatively thick and retain striking platforms, bulbs of percussion, and largely unmodified ventral surfaces. Some ridges between flake scars on dorsal surfaces show a faint polish, indicating contact with other objects. There is no evident pressure flaking or use wear on the margins, unlike as on the heavily worn but otherwise similar “Levallois”-type cores with preserved striking platforms found at workshops in the Cobden chert source locality (McNerney 1975:355; Morrow 1982:147). The specimens are identifiable as disk cores and are similar in many respects to cores reported from Middle Woodland caches in Illinois and other midwestern states (Baxter and Koldehoff 1999; Campbell 1968; Ellis 1940; Griffin 1941:207–209; Krakker 2015; Morrow 1991; Snyder 1877, 1893, 1895; Winters 1984). Whether they were intended to serve as functional cores, preforms for tools, or symbolic objects (Koldehoff 2015; Koldehoff and Kullen 2004) is a subject for further analysis. Each object has a number inked on it in a discontinuous series from 51500 to 51630. Because catalog numbers in that range had never been assigned to any Logan Museum specimens, and as no documentation regarding this group of artifacts existed in the museum’s collection records, we concluded that these objects probably came from another museum. We identified the objects right away as Cobden-Dongola chert disk cores of likely Hopewell affiliation and knew that Warren K. Moorehead had published on caches of such artifacts (Moorehead 1910). Moorehead, who was the curator and later the director of the R. S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology (RSPMA) at Phillips Academy from 1901 to 1938, enjoyed a collaborative relationship with Logan Museum 314 Illinois Archaeology Vol. 28, 2016

Table 1. Attributes of Cobden-Dongola Disk Cores from Baehr Mound 1.

Logan Museum RSPMA Length Width Thickness Weight Cat. No. Cat. No. (mm) (mm) (mm) (g) Notes 2010.13.1.01 51500 122.1 91.0 22.7 288.6 bifacial 2010.13.1.02 51511 115.0 103.3 25.1 302.9 flake 2010.13.1.03 51512 119.4 91.9 30.4 329.9 bifacial 2010.13.1.04 51514 100.2 87.5 32.9 284.2 bifacial 2010.13.1.05 51515 102.8 71.5 33.3 259.1 very thick flake 2010.13.1.06 51517 120.3 93.4 25.7 329.5 thick flake 2010.13.1.07 51521 106.5 88.7 20.1 188.1 flake 2010.13.1.08 51524 131.9 94.6 24.9 358.9 flake 2010.13.1.09 51532 120.2 92.7 31.0 354.9 thick flake 2010.13.1.10 51544 108.2 70.2 18.4 171.2 flake crescent 2010.13.1.11 51546 115.9 111.6 33.1 357.6 thick flake 2010.13.1.12 51549 119.7 88.1 36.7 462.4 very thick flake 2010.13.1.13 51553 106.2 81.5 23.2 205.9 bifacial 2010.13.1.14 51560 114.3 82.4 27.2 257.5 bifacial; slight polish on flake ridges 2010.13.1.15 51565 101.1 93.4 29.1 235.7 bifacial 2010.13.1.16 51575 108.4 82.1 20.1 200.7 bifacial 2010.13.1.17 51588 130.0 82.4 38.9 421.2 very thick flake 2010.13.1.18 51589 106.4 76.3 17.0 158.3 flake 2010.13.1.19 51590 112.3 78.2 27.7 260.2 bifacial 2010.13.1.20 51600 116.9 89.0 39.2 363.3 bifacial; slight polish on flake ridges 2010.13.1.21 51603 105.9 104.6 28.0 271.4 flake; much cortex 2010.13.1.22 51609 122.3 116.0 26.3 411.1 circular; slight polish on flake ridges; duplicate RSPMA number 2010.13.1.23 51609 125.3 78.4 34.9 347.0 bifacial; slight polish on flake ridges; duplicate RSPMA number 2010.13.1.24 51620 99.1 81.5 20.4 183.9 bifacial; slight polish on flake ridges 2010.13.1.25 51628 140.8 94.7 32.1 480.2 thick flake 2010.13.1.26 51630 106.0 66.7 16.7 158.9 broken, probably circular; not included in summary statistics

Minimum 99.1 70.2 17.0 158.3 Maximum 140.8 116.0 39.2 480.2 Mean 114.8 89.0 27.9 299.3 s.d. 10.6 11.4 6.3 90.2 Green 315

Figure 2a. Cobden-Dongola disk cores from Baehr Mound 1 (LMA 2010.13.1.1-13). 316 Illinois Archaeology Vol. 28, 2016

Figure 2b. Cobden-Dongola disk cores from Baehr Mound 1 (LMA 2010.13.1.14-26). Green 317 director George Collie (Moorehead 1910:vi). In 1915 and again in 1921, Moorehead sent approximately 1,500 objects, mostly stone tools, to Collie. Because the 26 disk cores are not among the artifacts listed on the accompanying inventories (W. K. Moore- head to G. L. Collie, letters and inventories, RSPMA, Andover, Massachusetts, and Logan Museum, Beloit, Wisconsin), we asked the RSPMA collections staff whether that museum might be the source of the Logan Museum’s objects. RSPMA staff confirmed that the cores had once been in their collection and that the RSPMA had acquired the collection from Dr. J. F. Snyder. Associated documents contain the notation, “This series includes 3130 flint discs found in Illinois” but no additional provenience data (RSPMA accession files). In keeping with common early practice, Moorehead deemed much of the material “duplicate” and sent more than 900 of the RSPMA specimens to at least 24 institutions and individuals. The Logan Museum is not among the recipients listed in RSPMA records. Some catalog numbers on the Logan’s objects match those of specimens indicated in RSPMA records as having been “sent to Dr. Peabody”—the museum’s honorary director, Charles Peabody (1867–1939)—and also match some sent to the Maine State Museum in 1920. However, the RSPMA’s lists of transferred objects show that catalog numbers were often shared by more than one object; in fact, two of the cores in the Logan collection share an identical RSPMA number. Therefore, the objects at the Logan may have come either directly from the RSPMA or via the Maine State Museum. As noted, Moorehead acquired the collection of 3,130 cores from J. F. Snyder. Dr. John Francis Snyder (1830–1921), a resident of Virginia, the county seat of Cass County, Illinois, was a physician and an avid avocational archaeologist who documented many Illinois sites and collections (Campbell 1962; Elkin 1953; Farnsworth 2004:7,101–192; Fowler 1962). Moorehead and Snyder corresponded frequently, held each other in high regard, and collaborated on several archaeological publishing ventures (Campbell 1962:19; Elkin 1953:68ff; Moorehead 1935; W. K. Moorehead to J. F. Snyder, letters, John Francis Snyder Papers, Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library, Springfield, Illinois [JFS- ALPL]). In addition, Moorehead was always seeking to acquire collections, and Snyder was eager to sell. Moorehead’s records do not indicate the site(s) from which Snyder’s disks derived, so some work was needed to identify the likely provenience of the disks. Snyder was associated with the recovery and publication of Hopewell disk core caches from three sites in the Illinois River valley. In 1871, he learned that local residents had excavated around 3,500 hornstone disks in 1860 from a location in the village of Frederickville (now Frederick), in Schuyler County. He was able to obtain only two disks from the site’s owner and a few “badly mutilated specimens” from other individuals—“the rest of the large number had disappeared” (Snyder 1877:437). In 1872, 1,530 disk cores were found during a cellar excavation in Beardstown, Cass County. Snyder acquired many of those specimens and sent some to the Smithsonian Institu- tion, to archaeologist Charles Rau (who was later to become a Smithsonian curator), and to the antiquarian Charles C. Jones, Jr. (Elkins 1953:35–36; Krakker 2015; Morrow 1982; Snyder 1877:438–439, 1893:181). Finally, at the Baehr Mound Group in Brown 318 Illinois Archaeology Vol. 28, 2016

County (11BR2), Snyder’s excavation of Mounds 1 and 2 in 1890 and 1893 recovered 6,199 and 5,300 cores, respectively (Morrow 1987:136–137, 1991:80–81; Morrow et al. 1992:172–173; Snyder 1893:182, 1895:110, 1898:16–18). Moorehead referred to the Baehr discoveries as “one of the most important” finds of cached flints (Moorehead 1910:218). The Baehr mounds also contained a large quantity and wide variety of other typical Hopewell mortuary furniture (Griffin 1941). The set of 3,130 RSPMA disks that had belonged to Snyder could have come only from Baehr. This conclusion is inescapable because the Beardstown cache produced fewer than half that number and because Snyder acquired only a handful of disks from Frederick. Furthermore, we can assign the RSPMA series to Baehr Mound 1 because the Mound 2 material is otherwise accounted for. The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) bought part of Snyder’s Baehr site collection from an intermediary in 1899 (Griffin 1941:171; Morrow 1991:84–87). Carol Morrow demonstrated that the material at AMNH derives from Mound 2 rather than from Mound 1 (Morrow 1991:86), which is contrary to Winters’s (1984:10) suggestion. As of 1938, the total number of Baehr site disks in the AMNH collection was 4,836, consisting of 4,742 made of La Moine River chert and 94 of a blue chert that is probably a variant of Cobden-Dongola (Griffin 1941:184; Morrow 1991:88; Morrow et al. 1992:172). The Mound 2 collection was still at AMNH when Morrow examined it in 1987 (Morrow 1991). The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) houses around 137 disks, acquired in 1900, that probably also came from Mound 2 rather than from Mound 1. NMNH records indicate these were part of a cache of roughly 5,000 found by Snyder in a mound in Scott County, Illinois. The county identification is obviously incorrect because Baehr is the only mound site from which Snyder excavated cached disks. The 5,000 figure is close to Snyder’s report of 5,300 disks from Mound 2, and the raw material of most of the NMNH specimens—La Moine River chert—matches that of the bulk of the Mound 2 cache at AMNH. The Peabody Museum of Archaeol- ogy and Ethnology (PMAE) at Harvard University also houses eight disks that may be from Baehr. The PMAE specimens, which had been in the collection of Charles C. Jones, Jr., were reportedly part of a group of about 5,000 disks, as were the NMNH disks. The reported context of the PMAE specimens—“regularly disposed in six layers upon a bed 8 feet wide and 14 feet long underlying a human skeleton” (985-27-00/2.1, William H. Claflin, Jr., Catalogues, 1881–1929, PMAE)—matches Snyder’s description of the Mound 2 deposit (Snyder 1895:109) , but the raw material of the disks (Cobden- Dongola) matches that of the Mound 1 deposit. It is thus possible that Jones’s records confuse Mounds 1 and 2 or even the Baehr mounds and the Beardstown cache, a portion of which Snyder had sent to Jones. While most of the Mound 2 material is thus accounted for, the disposition of the Mound 1 cache was a mystery. As of 1899, Snyder still retained approximately 3,600 “black hornstone disks” of the 6,199 that had come from Mound 1, with the other approximately 2,600 having already left his possession (Morrow 1991:86). Morrow suggested that the missing Mound 1 collection could be at the Ohio State Museum (OSM) or the Green 319

Smithsonian Institution (Morrow 1991:87). However, the six cataloged specimens at the OSM appear to compose the totality of the Baehr site material housed there (Griffin 1941:207–209; Morrow 1991:86–87; Winters 1984:10), and as noted above, the NMNH collection derives from Mound 2. Thus, the 6,199 Mound 1 disks (or more precisely the approximately 3,600 still in Snyder’s possession in 1899) must be the source of the 3,130 disks originally housed at the RSPMA, including the 26 now at the Logan Museum. Snyder stated that the disks from Mound 1 were “rudely chipped” and averaged “six inches in diameter and an inch in thickness” (Snyder 1898:17–18). The flaking on the Logan Museum’s examples could qualify as “rudely chipped” as it is less refined than that on the larger, thinner, ovate, “accurately proportioned and neatly finished” preform-like disks from the Beardstown cache (Snyder 1877:438; see Krakker 2015:68). The mean length of the Logan Museum specimens is 114.8 mm (4.5 inches), 1.5 inches less than Snyder’s figure for the Baehr Mound 1 cache, but the mean thickness of 27.9 mm (1.1 inches) matches his description. Assuming Snyder’s estimates of artifact size were approximately correct, the objects Moorehead chose to disperse may have been, on average, smaller than those he kept. This supposition needs to be treated as a hypothesis to be tested by comparison to the main body of the collection curated at RSPMA and to the dispersed portions of the collection housed elsewhere. Even with Moorehead’s and his contemporaries’ habit of distributing “duplicate” specimens in exchange for more desirable material, the RSPMA still houses around 1,500 of the disk cores acquired from Snyder. Armed with the list of institutions that received specimens (most received at least 50), further research can more fully document the collection’s history and record data on a large sample of the original cache. Virtual reassociation of the Baehr Mound 1 collection and comparison to other caches could provide useful insights regarding intra- and inter-site variability and concomitant social relationships. In 1911, the St. Louis collectors William J. Seever and Jesse J. Allard acquired the portion of Snyder’s collection not already sold to other individuals or institutions. Seever and Allard told Snyder they “planned to integrate the items into two museums” in St. Louis (Virginia Gazette, 27 January 1911; see Campbell 1962:19 and Farnsworth 2004:7), but much of the material was quickly sold to other collectors (J. J. Allard and W. J. Seever, letters, 1911, JFS-ALPL). While some of Snyder’s cache collection may have found its way via Seever to the Missouri Historical Society (Fowke 1913:20), it appears as though Snyder had already sold most or all of his Baehr site specimens prior to 1911. Fortunately, most of that material ended up in museum collections that are accessible to researchers. The Whelpley collection at the St. Louis Science Center contains 11 items from Snyder’s work at Baehr, including Hopewell figurines, earspools, and an unfinished pipe (Jennifer Hein, personal communication, 2017). Baehr is a significant Illinois Hopewell mound group as well as the location of an extensive Middle and Late Woodland habitation site known as Baehr-Gust (Holt 2004; Holt and Feathers 2003; Van Nest 2006:414–417). As the site’s scattered collections become better documented, Baehr should gain even greater importance to Illinois and midwestern archaeology. 320 Illinois Archaeology Vol. 28, 2016

Montezuma Mounds Bone Pins The case of the Montezuma pins is more straightforward than that of the Baehr disks. The Logan Museum houses four bone pins from the Montezuma Mound Group (11PK1245), Pike County, Illinois (Figure 3). None is complete, but two are sufficiently intact to permit their identification as modified elkCervus ( canadensis) metatarsals. This identification is based on direct comparison to study specimens at the Department of Anthropology, Beloit College. The other two pins also probably derive from elk meta- podials, but whether they are metatarsals or metacarpals is not certain. An unidentified

Figure 3. Bone pins from Montezuma Mound 1 (LMA 858.2, 858.1, 708.3, 858.4). Green 321 substance was used to repair and restore portions of the objects. Table 2 presents metric data on the pins. These pins were made by splitting a metapodial longitudinally and grinding and smoothing the proximal end of the resulting segment to a gradually tapering point. The proximal end of the bone thus became the working end of the pin (see Leigh and Morey 1988:275). No polish is evident on any of the specimens, which is consistent with one- time or infrequent use. While such objects have occasionally been termed awls, polish would be expected if they had been used as awls or as other hide- or cloth-working implements. Metapodial pins have been found in numerous Hopewell tombs in west- central Illinois and southern Michigan, often in contexts that indicate their use as pins for securing a hide, mat, or bark covering (e.g., Flanders and Griffin 1970:134,139–140; Griffin 1941:184–185; Leigh 1988:204–205; Odell 1988:172; Perino 2006:254–255; Wray and MacNeish 1961:32–34). The Montezuma Mound Group was known as the McEvers Mounds at the time of the earliest work at the site. The initial excavations, conducted by a group of St. Louis antiquarians and archaeologists known as “the Knockers,” recovered an assort- ment of typical Illinois Hopewell material, as well as a notable cache of roughly 1,200 chert preforms (Bayliss 1907; Browman 1978; Bushnell 1905; Farnsworth 2004:8–9; Fowke 1905, 1913; Koldehoff 2015). Later work at the site included additional mound excavations (Perino 2006:279–290), mound mapping, and documentation of habitation components (Commonwealth Cultural Resources Group 2008:3-134–3-154). David I. Bushnell, Jr. reported finding 16 “large bone awls,” most measuring 8 inches to 12.5 inches in length, at the bottom of the central tomb in the first mound excavated in 1905 (Bushnell 1905:204–205). Gerard Fowke referred to these Mound 1 artifacts as “perforators made from the metapodal bones of the elk” and tabulated 4 “perfect” examples, 19 broken ones, and fragments of perhaps 2 others. He published a photograph of six specimens (Fowke 1905:8; see also Bayliss 1907:23). Gregory Perino’s 1956 excavations at the site also recovered bone pins in a similar context (Perino 2006:284–285, 289). Most of the Knockers’ excavated material was placed with the Missouri Historical Society, and much of that collection is still housed at the Missouri Historical Museum

Table 2. Attributes of Bone Pins from Montezuma Mound 1.

Length Articular condyle width Logan Museum cat. no. (mm) (mm) Notes 708.3 196 — articular end broken off 858.1 271 31.7 tip is restored 858.2 277 31.1 midsection is restored 858.4 185 — articular end broken off; tip is restored 322 Illinois Archaeology Vol. 28, 2016

(Koldehoff 2015). Part of the Knockers’ Montezuma collection, though, had been de- posited at Washington University in St. Louis. That portion became depleted and its documentation lost as it made its way through several departments. The remnants are in the process of being transferred to the Illinois State Museum (Browman 1978, 2012). Unlike the chert disks, there was no serious question regarding the provenience of the Logan Museum’s bone pins. They were labeled and cataloged as “McEvers Mound,” although the fact that this name denotes the Montezuma Mound Group was not added to museum records until 2010. The circumstances of the pins’ transfer and arrival from the Missouri Historical Society are not known. Their original cataloging into an old Logan Museum series (“E.2”) and subsequent assignment of low accession (55) and catalog (708, 858) numbers indicate acquisition in the early twentieth century. Until we conducted research for this article, a fifth specimen that had also been cataloged as a bone pin from the McEvers Mound puzzled us. The object is unlike the other four. It is only 171 mm long (100 mm shorter than the other complete pins) and was made on a deer, not an elk, metapodial. Its tip was worked into a spatulate shape rather than a point, so it could not have served as a pin, and it is highly polished for nearly its entire length (Figure 4). The Montezuma Mounds excavation accounts make no mention of such an object. Furthermore, the Logan Museum’s original catalog mentions only four items (“awls”) from the McEvers Mound. The deer bone implement is the only one of the five pieces that lacks either a “McEvers Md” label or an “E.2” series number that had been assigned to the McEvers pins. The number it bears actually refers to a series of objects originally cataloged as basket-weaving implements from California. While bone awls were used in basket making (Mason 1904:52–55, 85–87), this piece more closely exhibits the form and use wear expected of a “pick-up stick” (often made of bone) used in loom weaving. Why it was recataloged as a McEvers (Montezuma) Mound specimen is unclear. Perhaps it had been stored in proximity to the Montezuma pins. The Montezuma Mound Group Hopewell assemblage retains considerable research value. Kolde- hoff (2015) recently reported on the biface cache, and the formerly obscure Knockers’ publications are now readily accessible in print (Farnsworth 2004) and on- line. Perino’s later excavation report is also available

Figure 4. Bone tool from California miscataloged as deriving from Montezuma Mound 1 (LMA 858.3). Green 323 now (Perino 2006:279–290). While there was some attrition to the Knockers’ collections, excavated material can be studied at the Missouri History Museum, the Illinois State Museum, and the Logan Museum. Four bone pins might not mean much in and of themselves, but they acquire significance as part of a fairly well-documented Illinois Hopewell assemblage and as a springboard to further research on Middle Woodland mortuary practices and archaeological collection-circulation practices in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

Conclusion

Whether rates of prehistoric site discovery are declining (Surovell et al. 2017) or not, museum collections are gaining ever-greater significance. We can never predict the questions that might interest future researchers, so we need to do our best to document collections and make them available for appropriate use. The process of collections research, and provenance research in particular, often generates or recovers information that enhances a collection’s significance and utility. The Logan Museum’s Illinois archaeological collections, which derive from more than 275 sites, are significant research resources. The present study has added the Baehr and Montezuma mound collections to the corpus of Illinois Hopewell assemblages that can be employed to address substantive research questions. This review also shows that the circulation of collections was not only a common part of early museum development but also that the practice continues into the present. A museum’s collection should not be considered “complete” or even necessarily representative unless documentation demonstrates that portions were not dispersed, discarded, lost, or otherwise depleted. Legacy collections can be assumed to have experienced such treatment. As others have noted (e.g., Koldehoff 2015; Koldehoff and Kullen 2004; Winters 1981), researchers should not be discouraged when using museum collections that appear to possess little or no associated documentation. Sometimes, a little digging can reestablish an “orphaned” collection’s parentage and enhance the collection’s research value. At the same time, collections research sheds light on the histories and practices of interactions among museums and on the ways collections were generated, used, and depleted. Awareness of the networks that connected museums and collectors in decades past often helps in recovering documentation that became disassociated. Museum networks still exist but in digital form, again fostering close collaboration and rapid sharing of information and even virtual reassociation of dispersed collections.

Acknowledgments

I thank Nicolette Meister, Sara Pfannkuche, Dan Bartlett, and Carolyn Jenkinson for assistance with the Logan Museum collections discussed in this article. For information on collections and documentation at other institutions, I thank Bonnie Sousa and 324 Illinois Archaeology Vol. 28, 2016

Marla Taylor of the Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology, Phillips Academy; James Krakker of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution; Dee Ann Watt of the Illinois State Museum; Paula Work of the Maine State Museum; Jennifer Hein of the St. Louis Science Center; and Genevieve Fisher, Meredith Vasta, and Katherine Satriano of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. This volume’s honoree, Tom Emerson, taught a course at Beloit College in 1976 and told me at that time how smart and engaged those Beloit kids were. Coming from Tom, that was high praise, and it stuck with me as I was considering an offer to work at Beloit 25 years later. Thanks, Tom.

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