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Context for Historic Mining Resources in the Black Hills and South Dakota

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Context for Historic Mining Resources in the Black Hills and South Dakota CONTEXT FOR HISTORIC MINING RESOURCES IN THE BLACK HILLS AND SOUTH DAKOTA A GUIDE FOR IDENTIFICATION, INTERPRETATION AND EVALUATING ELIGIBILITY TO THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTEXT FOR HISTORIC MINING RESOURCES IN THE BLACK HILLS AND SOUTH DAKOTA A GUIDE FOR IDENTIFICATION, INTERPRETATION AND EVALUATING ELIGIBILITY TO THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Eric Twitty and Jay Fell, Ph.D Mountain States Historical 1011 Glenwood Dr. Lafayette, CO, 2010 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Mining in the Black Hills: A History…………………………………...….1 By Jay Fell, Ph.D Chapter 2: Background for Assessing Eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places…………………………………………………………………………………….17 By Eric Twitty Chapter 3: Mining Industry Property Types and their Eligibility Guidelines.…….36 By Eric Twitty Introduction and Definitions…..…………………………………………………36 Property Type: Placer Mine……………………………………………………...37 Gulch Placer……………………………………………………………...41 Stream Placer…………………………………………………………….44 River Bar Placer………………………………………………………….47 Blanket Placer……………………………………………………………47 Hydraulic Placer…………………………………………………………50 Property Type: Dredge Placer……………………………………………………54 Property Type: Hardrock Prospect……………………………………………….59 Prospect Complex………………………………………………………..65 Prospect Shaft……………………………………………………………67 Prospect Adit……………………………………………………………..69 Property Type: Hardrock Mine…………………………………………………..80 Shaft Mine………………………………………………………………..85 Tunnel Mine……………………………………………………………...89 Property Type: Open-Pit Mine………………………………………………….113 Property Type: Ore Treatment Mill…………………………………………….117 Amalgamation Stamp Mill……………………………………………...118 Concentration Mill……………………………………………………...122 Arrastra…………………………………………………………………128 Property Type: Smelter…………………………………………………………146 Chapter 4: Mining Settlement Property Types and their Eligibility Guidelines.…152 By Eric Twitty Property Type: Mining Settlement and Residence……………………………..152 Prospector’s Camp……………………………………………………...152 Workers’ Housing………………………………………………………155 Isolated Residence……………………………………………………...159 Unincorporated Settlement……………………………………………..159 Townsite………………………………………………………………..164 Property Type: Rural Historic Mining Landscape……………………………...179 Bibliography…………………………...………………………………………………185 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Carbonite Mine ruins 1950 Figure 2.2 Collapsed mine Figure 2.3 Underground mine workings Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Placer mining at Bobcat Gulch Figure 3.2 Sluice near Rockerville Figure 3.3 Stream placer operation in Black Hills Figure 3.4 Hydraulic mining Figure 3.5 Hydraulic mining components Figure 3.6 Hydraulic mining components Figure 3.7 Gold Dredge at Mystic Figure 3.8 Dredge illustration Figure 3.9 Dredge site Figure 3.10 Keystone Mine entrance Figure 3.11 Windlass Figure 3.12 Horse whim Figure 3.13 Horse whim illustration Figure 3.14 Upright boilers Figure 3.15 Locomotice boiler Figure 3.16 Pennsylvania boiler Figure 3.17 Boiler at Golden Crest Mine Figure 3.18 Headframe illustration Figure 3.19 Single drum hoist Figure 3.20 Gasoline hoist Figure 3.21 Donkey hoist Figure 3.22 Single drum electric hoist Figure 3.23 White Spar Mine near Custer Figure 3.24 50-ton hoist at Golden Crest Figure 3.25 Hoist foundation illustration Figure 3.26 Mine shop illustration Figure 3.27 Common forges illustrations Figure 3.28 Primary ore bin illustration Figure 3.29 Mine complex at Deadwood Figure 3.30 White Spar mine near Custer Figure 3.31 Keystone Mine tunnel Figure 3.32 Shaft house cross section Figure 3.33 Hoist house Figure 3.34 Ventilation blower Figure 3.35 Ventilation blower foundations Figure 3.36 Straight-line steam compressor Figure 3.37 Straight-line steam compressor foundations Figure 3.38 Duplex steam compressor illustration Figure 3.39 Duplex steam compressor foundation illustrations Figure 3.40 Duplex steam compressor Figure 3.41 Duplex compressor foundation illustrations Figure 3.42 V-cylinder compressor foundation illustrations Figure 3.43 V-cylinder compressor Figure 3.44 Belted compressor illustration Figure 3.45 Four-post derrick headframe Figure 3.46 Two-post gallows headframe Figure 3.47 Hoisting vehicles Figure 3.48 Double-drum steam hoist Figure 3.49 Double-drum steam hoist foundation Figure 3.50 Double-drum electric hoist Figure 3.51 Direct-drive single-drum steam hoist Figure 3.52 Direct-drive single-drum steam hoist foundation Figure 3.53 Return-tube boiler steam generator Figure 3.54 Return-tube boiler steam generator foundation Figure 3.55 Hoodoo Mine sloped-floor ore bin Figure 3.56 Sloped-floor ore bin Figure 3.57 Backing block Figure 3.58 Drill-steel sharpener Figure 3.59 Concentration mill cross-section Figure 3.60 Concentration mill/leaching plant diagram Figure 3.61 Stampmill at Standby Mine Figure 3.62 Crushing diagram Figure 3.63 Homestake rod mill Figure 3.64 Ball mill Figure 3.65 Processing cross-section Figure 3.66 Jaw Crusher at Standby Mine Figure 3.67 Flotation sketch Figure 3.68 Cyanidation diagram Figure 3.69 Homestake sand vats for leaching Figure 3.70 Galena slime tanks Figure 3.71 Arrastra Figure 3.72 Arrastra Figure 3.73 Standby Mill near Rochford Figure 3.74 Deadwood Reduction Works Figure 3.75 Wheel and cam at stamp at Standby Mine Figure 3.76 Cam at Standby Mine Figure 3.77 Jaw Crusher Figure 3.78 Crushing rolls Figure 3.79 Stamp battery diagram Figure 3.80 Stamp battery pedestals Figure 3.81 Trommel screens Figure 3.82 Huntington mill Figure 3.83 Rod mill Figure 3.84 Ball mill Figure 3.85 Ball mill at Standby Mine Figure 3.86 Amalgamation tables at Amicus Mill Figure 3.87 Grinding pan diagram Figure 3.88 Percussion/bumping table Figure 3.89 Jig Figure 3.90 Frue vanners Figure 3.91 Vibration tables’ foundations Figure 3.92 Vibrating table Figure 3.93 Horizontal steam engine Figure 3.94 Electric motor Figure 3.95 Overhead drive shafts and belts Figure 3.96 Smelter cross-section Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Prospectors’ camp Figure 4.2 Log cabin interior Figure 4.3 Bear Gulch cluster of buildings Figure 4.4 Keystone 1929 Figure 4.5 Terraville boarding house Figure 4.6 Rockerville log cabin Figure 4.7 Collapsed cabin Figure 4.8 Privy pits Figure 4.9 Rockerville commercial building Chapter 2: Background for Assessing Eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND FOR ASSESSING ELIGIBILITY TO THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Review of the National Register of Historic Places Designation Program The National Register of Historic Places is a program that recognizes historically significant cultural resources on both an individual basis and collectively in the form of districts and landscapes. These resources may be important on local, statewide, or national levels, and they include objects, buildings, structures, and archaeological sites. Although the National Park Service oversees the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), the agency charged the South Dakota State Historical Society (SDSHS) with applying the program in South Dakota. The SDSHS can be contacted regarding the benefits and limitations of listing a property on the NRHP. Official listing on the NRHP is a status that historic properties achieve after a formal nomination and review process. Being eligible for the NRHP is a different status than being officially listed. An eligible resource meets the requirements for being listed, but has not yet been formally nominated and accepted. A determination of eligible affords the resource some protection against invasive Federal projects such as the cleanup of abandoned mines, and is a platform for officially nominating resources to the NRHP. Being officially listed not only provides the resource with the same level of protection, but also opens the gateway for grant programs, other forms of assistance, and recognition. A process of evaluation is required to recommend a historic resource eligible for the NRHP. To structure the process, the National Park Service defined requirements that a historic resource must meet. In overview, the requirements include: assessing the resource’s physical integrity, identifying the resource’s timeframe, determining how or why the resource is important, and then producing a statement of significance. It should be noted that in its National Register Bulletin: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form publication, the National Park Service explains the requirements in reverse order. The mining context, in contrast, has been formatted primarily for field use by a diverse readership, and therefore presents the requirements in the order below. Physical Integrity Physical integrity is a fundamental quality that a mining-related resource must possess to qualify for the NRHP. Simply put, the resource must be intact enough to clearly convey its type of entity, and the timeframe during which it was important. Physical integrity is the first requirement presented in this chapter because without integrity, a resource will be ineligible and the process of evaluation need go no farther. 17 Chapter 2: Background for Assessing Eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places NRHP Seven Aspects of Integrity To support the official nomination process, the National Park Service quantifies integrity as seven specific aspects. A resource must possess some, but not all, of the aspects to be nominated. Although the aspects were broadly designed for all historic and prehistoric resources, the seven aspects as applied to mining resources are: Location: Location usually refers to buildings, structures, and objects, often machinery in the case of mining resources. To retain integrity of location,
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