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Co-Benefits of the Beef Cattle Herd Management Report

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Co-Benefits of the Beef Cattle Herd Management Report Delivering biodiversity and socio economic co-benefits through the adoption of Beef Cattle Herd Management emission reduction projects in north-west Queensland Gabriel Crowley, December 2019 Firescape Science and The Cairns Institute, James Cook University SUGGESTED CITATION Crowley, G.M. (2019). Delivering biodiversity and socio- economic co-benefits through the adoption of Beef Cattle Herd Management emission reduction projects in north-west Queensland. Southern Gulf NRM, Mount Isa, Queensland. ISBN 9780980877663 This report is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. You are free to copy, communicate and adapt this work, so long as you attribute Southern Gulf NRM and the author. Front cover image © Mel Bethel Photography DISCLAIMER While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this publication, the author and the publisher accept no liability for any loss or damage that result from reliance on it. This report does not constitute legal or financial advice. Readers should therefore seek professional financial and/ or legal advice before acting on any information provided in this report. While all electronic sources were successfully accessed between June and November 2019, their ongoing availability cannot be guaranteed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This initiative is supported by the Queensland Government as part of the Pilot Projects Program of the Land Restoration Fund. My thanks go to Holly Urquhart, Kayler Plant and Andrew Maclean (Southern Gulf NRM) and Charlie Hawkins and Julien Gastaldi (Natural Carbon) providing guidance and feedback throughout; to Jennifer McHugh (James Cook University) for the cover design; Tourism Tropical North Queensland for the cover photo; Steve Murphy (University of Queensland) and Leasie Felderhof (Firescape Science) for photographs in the text; and to Jeremy Garnett (Top End Editing) for proof-reading. Executive Summary This report describes the many potential biodiversity and profitability, and droughts and floods causing additional socio-economic co-benefits of pastoralists undertaking stress. However, the best-performing businesses demonstrate Beef Cattle Herd Management (BCHM) emission reduction that improvements to pasture condition, and diet quality, projects in north-west Queensland, as well as identifying and to herd health and composition can restore financial areas of potential conflict with biodiversity conservation. viability. These improvements also reduce the number and The primary benefits are increased beef production and the age of animals needed to produce each kilogram of beef, so capacity for such projects to restore degraded ground cover. therefore reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Most other financial, biodiversity and employment benefits Restoring pasture condition through improving herd flow on from these primary benefits. The biggest risk of management also has many co-benefits. It should restore such projects will be where changes to herd management the health of grazing-sensitive species and communities, are undertaken without regard to pasture condition. The although additional measures will be needed to protect greatest benefits will be where BCHM projects are integrated those that are the most sensitive. The beef industry has into whole-of-enterprise plans that include identifying and committed to practice improvement and environmental managing biodiversity values (particularly to manage up to stewardship through its Australian Beef Sustainability 10% of each project area for biodiversity conservation); an Framework. Fulfilling these commitments requires equipping inclusive employment policy; and engagement of Traditional pastoralists with the necessary knowledge, skills and Owners through an Indigenous Land Use Agreement (BCHM resources to understand and implement the best options for Plus projects). their enterprises. A program to support and financially reward The report then identifies parts of northwest Queensland that the pastoralist for improving practices and incorporating have been mapped as having lower than expected ground biodiversity co-benefits into their management by cover, and which are therefore a priority for undertaking Beef undertaking a Beef Cattle Herd Management project therefore Cattle Herd Management projects. It also identifies priority provides an opportunity to improve environmental outcomes areas for biodiversity conservation – based on areas that have in north-west Queensland. previously been identified as Strategic Offset Investment Corridors; where Regional Ecosystems are poorly represented in the protected area estate; and where conservation THE METHOD outcomes can be improved by fencing significant wetlands or The Beef Cattle Herd Management method under the reducing wildfire extent for the protection of fire-sensitive rare Emission Reduction Fund generates carbon credits for and threatened species. These areas are of the highest priority reducing the emission-intensity of beef production through for undertaking BCHM Plus projects. improved herd management. A small amount of income can A co-benefits delivery framework is then developed, which be generated through the sale of carbon credits, but the real identifies the support and financial recompense pastoralists benefit comes from the income generated by increased beef will need to undertake BCHM or BCHM Plus projects production. Pastoralists undertaking such a project can elect (education and extension, planning, business support and to undertake any practice improvement that can reasonably financial benefit), and the monitoring and contractual be expected to reduce the number and age of animals needed arrangements that will be required to ensure co-benefits to produce each kilogram of beef, by: are delivered. The monitoring framework is based on • Increasing the herd weight-to-age ratio existing schemes in use over pastoral lands, and uses many • Reducing the average age of animals in the herd indicators that are in use in the industry-led Australian Beef • Reducing the proportion of unproductive Sustainability Framework. A staged implementation schedule animals in the herd is provided that demonstrates how individual pastoralists • Changing the composition of livestock classes to increase can value-add to their BCHM project by incorporating those total annual liveweight gain (e.g. reducing breeder/ BCHM Plus elements that they believe best suited to their weaner ratio) own situations. A case study shows an example of how this A wide range of practices has been shown to achieve these can be done to improve enterprise profitability along with outcomes. However, these are best implemented in an biodiversity and socioeconomic outcomes. integrated manner as part of whole-of-enterprise planning that includes improving diets, herd management and infrastructure (referred to in this report as BCHM Plus). There PASTORAL LANDS are many impediments to practice improvement, especially Most of north-west Queensland is used for producing cattle on for small pastoral businesses or for pastoral enterprises that native pastures. The land is generally in good condition, but are in financial difficulty. much has been degraded by historical overgrazing, droughts, floods and weed invasion. Many of the region’s grazing sensitive species have probably declined, and at least 53 of CO-BENEFITS its species are threatened. Little of the region is in protected A reliance on healthy pastures means that the uptake of areas or covered by conservation agreements. Beef Cattle Herd Management projects should deliver The beef industry in north-west Queensland is also facing many biodiversity co-benefits. However, if projects are not challenges. Many businesses are struggling financially, strategically managed, they could also lead to biodiversity with sub-optimal practices limiting productivity and decline. Biodiversity co-benefits are most likely where practice improvement includes: Leaders in regional natural resource management southerngulf.com.au 1 • Matching stocking rates to feed supply and limiting pasture PRIORITIES utilisation rates to safe levels • Reducing total grazing pressure Priority areas for promoting the uptake of Beef Cattle • Management of weeds and pest animals Herd Management in north-west Queensland are areas • Use of fire to restrict the extent of late-dry season fires with lower than expected ground-cover, which are • Using wet season spelling and hot fires to reverse susceptible to erosion and loss of ground-layer species. woody thickening These areas are: The documented co-benefits of these practices include: North-West Highlands: • Restoration and maintenance of ground cover and ground- • Western and southern slopes of the North-West Highlands layer vegetation • Restoration and maintenance of soil health • Improvement to the quality of water in paddock run-off Gulf Plains: • Recovery of grazing-sensitive species • The floodplains of the upper reaches of the Flinders catchments upstream of the Confluence between the Adverse biodiversity impacts could result where increased Flinders and Cloncurry rivers productivity is achieved by: • The central section of the Karumba Plain • Expanding grazing into underutilised areas • The divide between the upper reaches of the Norman and • Adopting changes that could increase feed-conversion Flinders rivers efficiency, if stocking rates are not appropriately • The divide between the middle reaches of the Flinders and adjusted, including: Leichhardt rivers » On-farm production of forage crops » Supplementary feeding
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