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Diversity and Distribution of Type Specimens Deposited in the Invertebrate Section of the Museum of Zoology QCAZ, Quito, Ecuador David A

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Diversity and Distribution of Type Specimens Deposited in the Invertebrate Section of the Museum of Zoology QCAZ, Quito, Ecuador David A Ann. soc. entomol. Fr. (n.s.), 2009, 45 (4) : 437-454 ARTICLE Diversity and distribution of type specimens deposited in the Invertebrate section of the Museum of Zoology QCAZ, Quito, Ecuador David A. Donoso (1,2), Fernanda Salazar (1)* , Florencio Maza (1), Rafael E. Cárdenas (1) & Olivier Dangles (1,3) (1) Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontifi cia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 y Roca, Apdo. 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador (2) Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA (3) IRD-LEGS and University Paris-Sud 11, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France * Corresponding author Abstract. The Invertebrate section of the Museum of Zoology QCAZ at the Pontifi cal Catholic University of Ecuador in Quito maintains nearly two million curated specimens, and comprises Ecuador´s largest collection of native taxa. We review 1902 type specimens from 6 subspecies and 320 species in 121 genera and 42 families, currently kept in the Museum. The list includes 116 holotypes, 10 allotypes, 1774 paratypes and 2 neoparatypes. The collection of type specimens is particularly strong in the Coleoptera (family Carabidae and Staphylinidae) and Hymenoptera. However, other insect orders such as Diptera and Lepidoptera and non-insect arthropods such as Acari, Aranea and Scorpiones, are moderately represented in the collection. This report provides original data from labels of every type specimen record. An analysis of the geographic distribution of type localities showed that collection sites are clustered geographically with most of them found towards the northern region of Ecuador, in Pichincha, Cotopaxi and Napo provinces. Sites are mainly located in highly accessible areas near highways and towns. Localities with a high number of type species include the cloud forest reserve Bosque Integral Otonga and Parque Nacional Yasuní in the Amazon rainforest near PUCE’s Yasuní Scientifi c Station. Type localities are not well represented in the Ecuadorian National System of Protected Areas. Future fi eldwork should include localities in the southern region of Ecuador but also target less accessible areas not located near highways or towns. We discuss the value of the collection as a source of information for conservation and biodiversity policies in Ecuador. Résumé. Diversité et distribution des spécimens types déposés à la section Invertébrés du Musée de ZOOLOGY QCAZ, Quito, Equateur. La section Invertébrés du Musée de Zoologie QCAZ héberge près de 2 millions de spécimens, ce qui en fait la plus grande collection de taxons natifs d’Equateur. Dans cet article, nous faisons la revue de 1902 spécimens types incluant 6 sous-espèces et 320 espèces dans 121 genres et 42 familles, actuellement conservés au Musée. La liste inclut 116 holotypes, 10 allotypes, 1774 paratypes et 2 neoparatypes. Au sein de l’embranchement Arthropoda, cette liste représente particulièrement bien les ordres d’insectes très diversifi és que sont les Coléoptères (familles Carabidae and Staphylinidae) et Hyménoptères. Toutefois, d’autres ordres d’insectes tels que les Diptères et Lépidoptères, ou encore les Arachnides (Acariens, araignées et scorpions) ne sont que modestement représentés dans la collection. Cette étude synthétise les données originales de chacun de ces spécimens. Une analyse de la distribution géographique des localités types montre que les sites de collection sont spatialement aggrégés, la plupart d’entre eux étant trouvés dans la partie nord de l’Equateur, dans les provinces de Pichincha, Cotopaxi et Napo. Ces sites sont principalement situés dans des zones d’accès facile tels que près de routes et de villes. Les localités présentant un nombre de spécimens remarquablement élevés incluent la forêt de nuages Bosque Integral Otonga et le Parque Nacional Yasuní dans la forêt amazonienne, près de la station scientifi que Yasuní de la PUCE. Les localités type ne sont pas bien représentées au sein du système équatorien des aires protégées. Nous suggérons que les futures études de terrain incluent des sites de collecte dans la partie sud de l’Equateur mais aussi qu‘elles aient pour cible les zones ayant un accès plus limité, loin des routes et des villes. Nous discutons également la valeur de cette collection en tant que source d’information pour les stratégies politiques de conservation de la biodiversité en Equateur. Keywords: QCAZ Museum, Invertebrates, Type specimens, Ecuador, Conservation. E-mail: [email protected] Accepté le 24 septembre 2009 437 D. A. Donoso, F. Salazar, F. Maza, R. E. Cárdenas & O. Dangles ype collections are invaluable repositories of 2003), Eucalyptus pests, Phoracantha semipunctata Tbiological information and comprise unique and (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and the potato moth, irreplaceable taxonomic and natural history reference Tecia solanivora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae; Barragán material (Suarez & Tsutsui 2004; Wheeler et al. 2004). et al. 2004, Pollet et al. 2003). Collections of the Type specimens, the “bearers of the scientifi c names of insect vectors of human and veterinary disease such all nominal species-group taxa” (art. 72.10 of the ICZN as the vectors of Chagas and other diseases caused by 1999) are obvious objects of interest for systematics trypanosomes (Aguilar et al. 1999; Cárdenas & Vieira and taxonomists and studies in many other branches 2005; Palomeque et al. 2003; Pinto et al. 2003; Pinto of scientifi c endeavor (Alberch 1993; Winston 2007). et al. 2006;) are also housed in the Museum. It is crucially important to catalogue and digitise this Our second objective was to examine spatial patterns information, noting the site of deposition of type in the collection and potential bias of the type material specimens and their state of conservation for wide in documenting Ecuadorian invertebrate diversity, dissemination (Garrett 1989; Michalski 1992). using geographical information systems (GIS) coupled Th e use of label data from natural history to spatial analysis. Our goal is to provide to Ecuadorian collections has improved our understanding of authorities and policy makers basic information on ecology, biogeography and evolutionary biology and the conservation status of the invertebrate fauna in conservation biology (Freitag et al. 1998; Soberón Ecuador. Th is information can serve as a guide for et al. 2000; Soberón et al. 2003; Reddy & Davalos conservation and biodiversity eff orts (Shi et al. 2005). 2003; Meier & Dikow 2004, O’Connel et al. 2004). Museum specimens are evidence of the geographic Materials and Methods location of a species at a given time. Th is information Review of type specimens can be integrated in models exploring the geographic components of ecological processes, biodiversity and From 2005–2008, an intensive search of the wet and dry global change (Graham et al. 2004; Rahbek et al. collections of the Museum for specimens labeled or identifi ed as “type” specimens (i.e. holotypes, paratypes, allotypes, 2007; but see Rowe 2005). Results from these studies neotypes, topotypes; but also specimens with a colored label) attest to the benefi ts of modern database techniques, was done. Th ese specimens were separated from the collection especially in terms of the dissemination of information and their identity as type specimens was confi rmed using from sources (museums) to users (scientists and policy original literature. When required, specimens were curated makers) (Meier & Dikow 2004). (i.e. change of alcohol, container, oxidized pins, addition of a restored label), but no original label, or other information, was Our fi rst objective was to review the type collection removed from any specimen. Type specimens are maintained of the Invertebrate Section of the Museum of Zoology separately from the main collection and kept in designated QCAZ (Quito, CAtólica, Zoología) at the Pontifi cia locked cabinets under specifi c light and humidity conditions Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE) in Quito. for long-term storage (Garrett 1989; Michalski 1992). Th e museum was established in 1981 under the Type specimens were the initial focus of a current initiative of the direction of Dr. Giovanni Onore as a unit of the School Museum to digitise specimen label information for all museum of Biological Sciences at PUCE. Additional information specimens. Museum personnel established a strict digitisation protocol, which consists of the following steps. Label data from concerning the Museum’s history, structure, functions specimens stored in the museum cabinets (i.e. mainly country and challenges may be found in Barragán et al. (this of origin, province, locality, altitude, geographic coordinates, issue) and Dangles et al. (this issue). From its start date, collector, determination, and other ecological data) were in the early 1980’s, PUCE scientists and students recorded in a specially designed database (Apple Macintosh have collected invertebrates in mainland Ecuador, in Filemaker Pro). Th e lowest taxonomic rank for each specimen was checked and recorded in the database up to Phylum the Galápagos Islands and associated shallow water (Triplehorn & Johnson 2005). Th is digitised information marine habitats, a practice that continues today. Th ese was linked to a unique accession number label (e.g. Tipos specimens comprise the bulk of the museum’s holdings QCAZI 00001, for type specimens; QCAZI 00001, for other and are stored in cabinets until they can be curated and specimens), which was added to every specimen. identifi ed by
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