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Interview with Wheeler J. North WHEELER J. NORTH (1922–2002) INTERVIEWED BY SHELLEY ERWIN October 6–December 1, 1998 ARCHIVES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pasadena, California Subject area Engineering, environmental engineering, marine ecology Abstract Interview in 1998 with Wheeler North, professor of environmental science, emeritus, in the Division of Engineering and Applied Science. North received a BS in electrical engineering (1944) and biology (1950) from Caltech, and PhD (1953) from the University of California, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. His principal research interest is marine ecology, specifically the kelp beds off Southern California and the sea urchin population. He discusses effects of sewage outfalls and El Niño on kelp beds, the predations of sea urchins, and consulting for California’s kelp-harvesting industry. Recalls diving and experiments with early scuba equipment as student at Caltech. At Scripps, he worked with group studying the physiology of diving. Postgraduate work with NSF fellowship at Cambridge. Returned to Scripps with fellowship from Rockefeller Foundation, worked on photoreception in Metridium, taught diving course. In 1963, he joined Jack McKee’s environmental engineering science program at Caltech. Comments on early days of the program; his work at Caltech’s Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory at Corona del Mar; growing interest in the environment in 1970s and popularity of his ecology course among undergraduates and graduate students in various disciplines. Discusses 1969 oil- http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_North_W well blowout off Santa Barbara; contrast with Tampico oil spill off Baja in 1957. Discusses funding from National Science Foundation, after 1973 oil crisis, for kelp farms to produce biomass as an alternative fuel; later funding by General Electric, Department of Energy, and Gas Research Institute. Discusses kelp farming in China. Discusses work as consultant for Southern Cal Edison at San Onofre and Pacific Gas & Electric at Humboldt Bay and Diablo Canyon, on ecological effects of warm-water discharges from nuclear power plants. Discusses project funded by Electric Power Research Institute in early 1990s to reduce atmospheric CO2 using marine biomass and hydrates. Administrative information Access The interview is unrestricted. Copyright Copyright has been assigned to the California Institute of Technology © 2001, 2002. All requests for permission to publish or quote from the transcript must be submitted in writing to the University Archivist. Preferred citation North, Wheeler J. Interview by Shelley Erwin. Pasadena, California, October 6– December 1, 1998. Oral History Project, California Institute of Technology Archives. Retrieved [supply date of retrieval] from the World Wide Web: http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_North_W Contact information Archives, California Institute of Technology Mail Code 015A-74 Pasadena, CA 91125 Phone: (626)395-2704 Fax: (626)793-8756 Email: [email protected] Graphics and content © California Institute of Technology. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_North_W Wheeler North has been studying California kelp since 1956. By 1970, when this picture was taken, he and fellow researchers had begun seeding coastal areas with embryo plants in an effort to restore the state’s decimated kelp beds. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_North_W California Institute of Technology Oral History Project Interview with Wheeler J. North by Shelley Erwin Pasadena, California Caltech Archives, 2001 Copyright © 2001 by the California Institute of Technology http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_North_W WHEELER J. NORTH TABLE OF CONTENTS Session 1: pp. 1-13 Parental background. Early years in mining community in Mexico. Death of his older brother. Move to La Jolla, 1927. Death of his father. Education at American School in Mexico City; Thacher School, in Ojai. First interests in marine biology. pp. 13-16 Arrival at Caltech, 1940, as an undergraduate. Meeting R. A. Millikan. Quality of the undergraduate education. He majors in electrical engineering. pp. 16-27 United States enters World War II. Effects on campus. He enlists in Army Signal Corps in December 1942 and is allowed to finish his education at Caltech. Graduates in 1944 and is assigned to Fort MacArthur, San Pedro. Basic training, Camp Crowder, Missouri. Fort Monmouth; Officers Candidate School. Camp Beal, near Sacramento. Sent to Philippines after atomic bomb is dropped. In vanguard of Japanese occupation; Nagoya and Osaka. Session 2: pp. 28-36 After the war, he goes to work at the US Navy Electronics Lab, San Diego; sets up stations on Channel Islands. Returns to Caltech on the GI Bill, 1948, as an undergraduate major in biology. His education there: chemistry with H. Lucas, E. Swift; biology with G. Beadle, M. Delbrück, F. Went, S. Wildman, R. Owen, A. H. Sturtevant, C. A. G. Wiersma, A. Van Harreveld, G. MacGinitie. Becomes lab instructor at Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory, at Corona del Mar. Graduates with BS in biology in 1950, and leaves for graduate work at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, with D. Fox. pp. 36-48 His fall off a cliff in La Jolla in 1952 and damage to his back. Recovery and return to work at Scripps. Studies euphausiids and periwinkles. Recalls taking up diving and experiments with early scuba equipment while still at Caltech. Works with group studying the physiology of diving at Scripps. Dr. H. Bradner and invention of the wet suit. History of the term “ecology.” Receives his PhD in 1953. pp. 49-53 Postgraduate work with NSF fellowship at University of Cambridge. Studies photoreception in sea anemones (Metridium). Returns to Scripps with a fellowship from Rockefeller Foundation and continues his work on photoreception in Metridium. Diving course at Scripps with C. Limbaugh. 1956, hired as project officer in kelp study funded by state of California. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_North_W Session 3: pp. 54-61 First kelp study, off California coast. Kelp harvesters and commercial uses of kelp. Activities of the Institute of Marine Resources (IMR). Kelp study indicates that harvesting does not threaten the kelp beds. Crandall study and origin of kelp bed maps, 1910-1911. Effects of El Niño on the kelp beds. pp. 61-70 The Tampico oil spill, 1957, off coast of Baja California. Effects and recovery of marine life. Second kelp study, on effects of sewage outfalls in ocean, funded by State Water Pollution Control Board, begun 1957. Findings of K. Clendenning that 1-100 dilution is beneficial to kelp beds. Explanation for disappearance of kelp beds near sewer outfalls discovered to be predation by sea urchins. Grad. student D. Leighton’s experiment in killing sea urchins with quicklime, near Whites Point. Grant to IMR from Kelco to restore Point Loma kelp bed. pp. 70-73 1963, he comes to Caltech as assoc. prof. of environmental health engineering. Part of J. McKee’s environmental engineering group, in Eng. Div., which included N. Brooks and F. Raichlen. Earlier (1960-1963) teaching of summer course at Kerckhoff Marine Lab. Kelco increases its grant for Kelp Habitat Improvement Project, and it is continued at Caltech. Session 4: pp. 74-83 Discovery of submarine canyon at Cabo San Lucas, late 1950s. Studied by F. Shepard at Scripps. Diving and discovery of sandfalls. Underwater films project with C. Limbaugh et al. Opens diving store (the Diving Locker) in San Diego. Becomes editor of short-lived magazine, Fathom, with backing of A. Hubbard. Also runs diving courses for San Diego Dept. of Parks and Recreation. Lectures on kelp beds. Difficulties in getting promotion at Scripps, 1961. Help from R. Revelle. Founding of UCSD campus. Half-time job at Lockheed. pp. 84-92 Opposition from “pure scientists” to his group’s destruction of sea urchins. Interest of J. McKee in sea-urchin program and finding out whether sewage outfalls encouraged proliferation of sea urchins. Recalls his 1960 experience of a tsunami while diving. Initial reservations about coming to Caltech with J. McKee. Meeting President L. DuBridge. History of Kerckhoff Marine Lab., est. 1930 under T. H. Morgan. Run by G. MacGinitie. Not used much by faculty, except for A. Tyler. Its renovation in 1975 and increasing use. pp. 92-101 Changes in Caltech’s attitude toward teaching, and establishment of student reviews of courses. Environmental eng. group and its relationship to Eng. Div. Arrival of S. Friedlander and J. Morgan. He maintains his relations with Biology Div. and Marine Lab. Continues work on sea urchins under Kelco grant, also funded by Federal Water Pollution Control Admin. Receives first federal sea grant and money from regional Fish and Game depts. Kelp restoration projects. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechOH:OH_North_W Session 5: pp. 102-105 Depletion of sea urchin predators and resulting ecological imbalance. Eventual perception of the damage they cause. Japanese begin harvesting them for roe c. 1980. pp. 105-112 His recollections of Pres. H. Brown. Renewed emphasis on teaching under Pres. M. Goldberger. Greater participation by undergrads. and biologists and geologists in environmental courses, beginning in early 70s. pp. 112-120 Santa Barbara oil spill, 1969. Western Oil and Gas Association study. Virtually no destruction of marine life, unlike Tampico oil spill. Reasons for difference. Outrage in Santa Barbara because of this finding. His work on several state commissions. His summer research program for undergraduates. pp. 120-127 Energy crisis of early 1970s and marine biomass program begun with H. A. Wilcox. Study funded by navy. Structure at San Clemente Island. Difficulties in growing kelp on it. Second structure and airlifting of cold bottom water to feed the kelp, with NSF grant. Hexagon-module model, funded by American Gas Association. Disagreement between AGA and Wilcox. North continues the program. Session 6: pp. 128-131 Recalls his dismay at the hostility from Santa Barbarans and environmentalists over his findings in Santa Barbara oil spill. His comments on environmental activists. pp. 131-138 Involvement of General Electric in marine biomass program. Shifting of grant from NSF to DOE. New module with curtains established 1978 off Laguna Beach.
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