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Country Case Study Reports TRUSTED EVIDENCE. INFORMED POLICIES. HIGH IMPACT. INDEPENDENT EVALUATION OF THE RELEVANCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GREEN CLIMATE FUND’S INVESTMENTS IN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES Country case study reports October 2020 GREEN CLIMATE FUND INDEPENDENT EVALUATION UNIT Independent Evaluation of the Relevance and Effectiveness of GCF Investments in Small Island Development States (SIDS) COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORTS 10/2020 ©IEU | i CONTENTS COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORTS .................................................................................. 5 1. BARBADOS COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT ........................................................... 7 2. BELIZE COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT ............................................................... 31 3. KIRIBATI COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT ............................................................ 63 4. MARSHALL ISLANDS COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT .......................................... 99 5. SAINT LUCIA COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT .................................................... 133 6. SEYCHELLES COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT .................................................... 157 ©IEU | iii Independent Evaluation of the Relevance and Effectiveness of GCF Investments in Small Island Development States COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORTS ©IEU | 5 Independent Evaluation of the Relevance and Effectiveness of GCF Investments in Small Island Development States Barbados country case study report 1. BARBADOS COUNTRY CASE STUDY REPORT ©IEU | 7 Independent Evaluation of the Relevance and Effectiveness of GCF Investments in Small Island Development States Barbados country case study report CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................... 10 A. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT .......................................................................................... 12 1. Geographical, political and socioeconomic context.................................................................... 12 2. Climate and other vulnerability context ...................................................................................... 13 3. Climate change policy and institutional context ......................................................................... 14 4. GCF portfolio and institutional arrangements............................................................................. 17 5. Overview of other climate finance .............................................................................................. 18 B. KEY FINDINGS .................................................................................................................. 18 1. Relevance of the GCF policies .................................................................................................... 18 2. Relevance of the GCF business model........................................................................................ 21 3. GCF portfolio .............................................................................................................................. 21 4. Effectiveness in delivering results .............................................................................................. 24 5. Private sector ............................................................................................................................... 26 APPENDIX 1. LIST OF STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED ................................................................. 27 APPENDIX 2. LIST OF DOCUMENTS CONSULTED ...................................................................... 28 TABLES Table 1. RPSP grants to Barbados ............................................................................................... 17 FIGURES Figure 1. Physical Development Plan focus areas......................................................................... 15 Figure 2. Projected BAU and ‘with intervention’ economy-wide GHG emissions scenarios for Barbados......................................................................................................................... 16 ©IEU | 9 Independent Evaluation of the Relevance and Effectiveness of GCF Investments in Small Island Development States Barbados country case study report ABBREVIATIONS AE Accredited Entity AMA Accreditation Master Agreement BAU Business as usual BMZ German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development BWA Barbados Water Authority CARICOM Caribbean Community CCCCC Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre CDB Caribbean Development Bank CN Concept Note CP Country Programme CSO Civil Society Organization DAE Direct Access Entity DCP Division of Country Programming ESS Environmental and Social Safeguards EWP Entity work plan EWS Early Warning Systems FAA Funded Activity Agreement FP Funding Proposal GEF Global Environment Facility GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit IAE International Accredited Entities IDB Inter-American Development Bank IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ITAP Independent Technical Advisory Panel MED Ministry of Environment and Drainage MSME Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises NAP National Adaptation Plan NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGO Non-Governmental Organization NCCC National Climate Change Committee NCCPF National Climate Change Policy Framework NDA National designated authority NIE National implementing entity NOL No-Objection Letter OECS Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States PMCU Project Management Coordination Unit PPF Project Preparation Facility PPP Public–private partnership 10 | ©IEU Independent Evaluation of the Relevance and Effectiveness of GCF Investments in Small Island Development States Barbados country case study report PV Photovoltaic RAE Regional accredited entity RAFF Revolving Adaptation Fund Facility RWH Rainwater harvesting RPSP Readiness and Preparatory Support Programme SIDS Small Island Developing State SIF Social Investment Fund SME Small to medium enterprises TNC The Nature Conservancy UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Agency for International Development UWI University of West Indies WBG World Bank Group ©IEU | 11 Independent Evaluation of the Relevance and Effectiveness of GCF Investments in Small Island Development States Barbados country case study report A. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 1. GEOGRAPHICAL, POLITICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT Geography. Barbados the easternmost island nation located on the Atlantic Ocean side of the Caribbean Archipelago, at coordinates 13N, 59W, approximately 160 km from the nearest landmass; Saint Lucia is to the northwest and Grenada is to the southwest. The island is 34 km long and 24 km wide, with a total land area of 432 km2. Its terrain is mostly flat and low-lying, though elevation does increase in the interior to a peak of 336 m above sea level. The coastline of Barbados is 97 km long with beaches on the Caribbean side (west) comprised of white sand, while the beaches on the east and north, the Atlantic side, are more rugged. The waters near the coast are sheltered by extensive coral reefs, rich with marine life.1 Underground aquifers are the island’s primary source of drinking water.2 Demography. Barbados has a population estimated to be 294,560 in 2020, of which 32 per cent lives in urban areas, and 25 per cent lives in coastal areas.3,4 With a population density of 660 people/km2, Barbados is one of the most densely populated countries in the world; however, the population growth rate is -0.3 per cent.5 The average life expectancy of Barbadians is 75 years. English is the official language of Barbados. A regional variant of English referred to locally as Bajan is spoken by most Barbadians in everyday life, especially in informal settings. Over 60 per cent of the island’s population resides in the three coastal parishes.6 Politics. Barbados is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy that recognizes Queen Elizabeth II as the Head of State. She is represented by a Governor-General who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. There is a bicameral legislature and party system, based on universal adult suffrage.7 The judiciary system is based on English common law. Economic outlook. The economy of Barbados is the largest in the Eastern Caribbean. Barbados heavily relies on tourism for foreign exchange earnings. The accommodation and food services sector accounts for approximately 17 per cent of economic activity and 13 per cent of total employment. The majority of gross domestic product (GDP) is provided by four main sectors – business and general services, government services, tourism, and wholesale and retail.8 Once dominated by agricultural production such as sugarcane, the economy of Barbados has recently shifted towards tourism and financial services. Offshore finance and information services are important to the national economy, boosted by being in the same time zone as the eastern financial centres of the United States of America, and by a relatively highly educated workforce.9 Agricultural production, including sugarcane, vegetables and cotton, now only contribute 4 per cent of the GDP of Barbados. Agriculture production has declined not just due to economic factors, but also because of land degradation, increased flooding, and declines in crop production caused by changing temperatures and rainfall.10 Its largest trading partner is the United States, but Barbados conducts a great deal of trade among neighbouring Caribbean
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