Appendix 1: Women Founders of the Save the Children Fund: General Council Members (1920–1939)

The Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair 1920–1938 Mrs. Francis Acland 1920–1921 Lady Acton 1920–1921 Mrs. S. A. Barnett, C.B.E. 1920–1921 Miss Ethel Bentham., M.D. 1920–1930 Catherine Booth 1920–1938 Miss C. Nina Boyle 1920–1938 Lady Brunner 1920–1938 Mrs. C. R. Buxton 1920–1938 Lady Cantlie 1920–1921 Miss Castelloe 1920 The Lady Florence Cecil 1920–1921 Miss Magda Coe 1920–1938 Mrs. Creighton 1920 Miss M. Llewellyn Davies 1920–1921 Mrs. de Bunsen 1920–1938 Muriel, Countess de la Warr 1920–1921 Mrs. C. Despard 1920 Miss M. E. Durham 1920–1921 Lady Fletcher 1920–1921 Mrs. Franklin 1920–1921 Mrs. A. Ruth Fry 1920 Mrs. Margaret Lloyd George, O.B.E. 1920–1921 Mrs. Ogilvie Gordon, D. Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. 1920–1921 Mrs. Ernest Gowers 1920–1921 Mrs. E. Hood 1920–1921 Miss Eglantyne Jebb 1920–1928 Mrs. Pethick Lawrence 1920–1938 Mrs. A. Sarah Lawrence, L.C.C. 1920–1921 Mrs. Lindley 1920–1938 Mrs. E. M. H. Lloyd 1920–1938 Lady Emily Lutyens 1920–1921 Lady Lyttelton 1920–1938 Mrs. E. H. Major 1920–1921 Miss Violet Markham 1920–1938 Lady Maurice 1920–1938 Mrs. McKenna 1920–1938

217 218 Appendix 1: Women Founders of the Save the Children Fund

Lady Scott Moncrieff 1920–1938 The Dutchess of Norfolk 1920–1921 Miss Oldham 1920–1932 Muriel Paget 1920–1937 Lady Palmer 1920–1938 Miss E. Picton–Turbervill, O.B.E. 1920–1921 The Countess of Plymouth 1920–1921 The Dutchess of Portland 1920–1921 Mrs. Walter Roch 1920–1921 Mrs. Charles Rothchild 1920–1938 Lady Rumbold 1929–1938 Mrs. C.P. Sanger 1920–1938 The Countess of Selborne 1920–1921 Mrs. Philip Snowden 1920–1938 Mrs. Harold Spender 1920–1921 Lady Sykes 1920–1921 Mrs. Stephen Tallente 1920–1921 Mrs. George Trevelyan 1920–1938 Miss Jane Walker, M.D., L.R.C.P. 1920–1921 Miss M. P. Willcocks 1920–1921 Miss Ethel Williams, M.D. 1920–1938 Lady Blomfield 1922–1938 Miss Yolande de Ternant 1922–1938 Miss Jeanette Halford 1922–1938 Miss Ethel Sidgwick 1922–1938 Mrs. Thompson 1922–1932 The Lady Weardale 1923–1932 Mrs. Henrietta Leslie 1924–1938 Mrs. G.M. Morier 1924–1938 Lady Cynthia Mosley 1924–1931 Miss Grace C. Vulliamy, C.B.E. 1924–1938 Mlle. Suzanne Ferrière 1926–1937 Edith Tucker 1929–1938 Mrs. M. T. Anderson 1929–1938 Dr Stella Churchill 1929–1939 Miss Annie W. Cooke 1929–1939 Miss Geraldine Cooke 1929–1932 Mrs. de Lafont 1929–1932 Mrs. Edgar Dugdale 1929–1938 Mrs. E. M. Pye 1929 1931–1936 Lady Nora Bentinck 1930–1938 The Countess Beauchamp 1932–1938 Mrs. Horace Farquharson 1931–1938 Adelaide Anderson 1932–1936 Mosa Anderson 1932–1938 Lady Young 1932–1938 Miss C. Lambert 1934 1936–1938 Mrs. Gilbert Ponsonby 1936–1938 Mrs. Gladys Skelton 1936–1938 Notes

Prologue

1 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archive, London, Gardiner Papers, Eglantyne Jebb (EJ) to Dorothy Kempe, Letter 162, October 1900, p. 37. 2 Jebb Family Papers, private collection (JFP); E. Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, pp. 71–72 (Unpublished Novel, 1912). 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid., pp. 248–249. 5 Ibid., p. 555. 6 Ibid., p. 805. 7 S. Koven, Slumming, Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004). In 1893 Louisa Hubbard and Angela Burdett-Coutts did a survey that estimated that about 500,000 women were ‘continuously and semi-professionally employed in philanthropy. Addition- ally, 20,000 supported themselves as ‘paid officials’ in charitable societies. These figures do not include the 20,000 nurses, 5,000 women in religious orders, and 200,000 members of the Mother’s Unions, which did a consid- erable amount of charity work and over 10,000 women who collected money for missionary societies. See: F. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England, p. 224 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). Parker makes a distinction between two kinds of philanthropy, and so does Maria Luddy. The first kind is simply fundraising and distributing aid. Luddy calls this ‘benevolent’. It is simply doing ‘good work’ within an organization for local people. The second type of philanthropy is more complex. It deals with the impulse itself. For Parker it entails the philosophy, intellect and spirit behind the effort. For women it goes beyond benevolent fundraising to an exercise of women’s right to freedom, occupation and independent life devoted to public matters. In Parker’s view it was work that women had a right and duty to take part in. J. Parker, Women and Welfare, pp. 29–31 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989). Luddy focuses on the reformist agenda in her defin- ition of the second type of philanthropy. She argues that women’s phil- anthropic work led to public and political action and campaigns. Reformist philanthropic work was powerful; it required ameliorative social action and a change of consciousness. M. Luddy, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth- Century Ireland, p. 5 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). In the late-nineteenth century well-to-do women were not expected to find paid work, and very few were prepared for it. Women who did have to support themselves also did unpaid charity work. I do not make a distinction between paid and unpaid social work, because the women themselves did not make this distinction. Women in unpaid social work regarded it as their profession. 8 Daily Herald, 16 May 1919. 9 F. Prochaska, Schools of Citizenship: Charity and Civic Virtue, p. 5 (London: Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2002).

219 220 Notes

10 Ibid., pp. 3, 6. 11 A. Platt, The Child-Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1969). 12 J. Donzelot, The Policing of Families, p. 16, trans. R. Hurley (London: Hutchin- son, 1979). 13 L. Mahood, Policing Gender, Class and Family, Britain, 1850–1940, p. 7 (London: University College London, 1995). 14 ‘Great Army of Busybodies’, in Prochaska, Schools of Citizenship, pp. 1–6. 15 S. Koven, Slumming, pp. 14, 187–188; J. Peterson, Family, Love and Work in the Lives of Victorian Gentlewoman, p. 136 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989). The character-type originated in George Farquhar’s 1707 play The Beaux Stratagem. Lady Bountiful is a gracious gentlewoman whom everyone praises for her generosity and benevolence. She ‘is a constant cornucopia; she gives freely and unaffectedly whatever she has’. She heals the sick neighbours without ever dispensing money or realizing that she is being fooled by their false complaints. Eric Rothstein, George Farquhar, p. 152 (University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, 1967). McCarthy describes the stereotype as a ‘stock figure in the gallery of feminine stereotypes’ albeit she created a parallel power structure to that used by men through philanthropy and charity work. K. McCarthy (ed.) Lady Bountiful Revisited: Women Philanthropy and Power, p. ix (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1990). 16 SCF, Gardiner Papers, EJ to Dorothy Kempe, Letter 233, 24 November 1902. 17 Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, p. 556. 18 C. Steedman, Childhood, Culture and Class in Britain: Margaret McMillan, p. 7 (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1990). 19 D. F. Buxton and E. Fuller The White Flame, p. 20 (Toronto: The Weardale Press, Ltd., 1931). 20 E. Fuller, The Right of the Children (London, Victor Gollancz, 1951); K. Freeman, If Any Man Build, Let Him Build on a Sure Foundation (London: Save the Children Fund, 1965); R. Symonds, Far Above Rubies: The Women Uncommemorated by the Church of England (Leominster: Gracewing, 1993). 21 Buxton Family Papers (BFP), E. Buxton, ‘Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, Mostly Prompted by the Inadequacies of Francesca Wilson’s Rebel Daughter’, n.d., p. 19. 22 Buxton was 22 when Jebb died. She had vivid memories of her. She told Wilson, ‘with her one seemed to breathe a freer air.’ F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 220 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). At Oxford in the 1920s one of Buxton’s lecturers used the SCF as an example of an organization that contributed to internationalism. Buxton ‘was thrilled that SCF was noticed in the academic world’. BFP, E. Buxton, ‘Notes for a Possible Biography of Miss Eglantyne Jebb’, pp. 1–2. 23 BFP, E. Buxton, ‘Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb’, p. 12. 24 Geraldine Jebb C.E.B. (1886–1959) was Principal of Bedford College from 1930 to 1951. Eglantyne Mary Jebb C.E.B. (1889–1978) was the Principal of the Froebel Institute from 1932 to 1955. See obituary: ‘Miss E. M. Jebb, Times, 11 May 1978; F. Wilson, Gem Jebb: A Portrait by Francesca Wilson, Bedford College [n.d.]; Royal Holloway, University of London Archives (BC RF141/1/1); E. J. Jebb, A Personal Memoir of her Sister [n.d.]; Royal Holloway, University of London Archives (BC RF141/1/1). Notes 221

25 F. Wilson, In the Margins of Chaos: Recollections of Relief Work in and Between Three Wars (London: John Murray, 1944); F. Wilson, Aftermath: France, Germany, Austria, Yugoslavia, 1945 and 1946 (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1947); F. Wilson, They Came as Strangers: The Story of Refugees in Britain (London: Hamilton, 1959). See obituary: ‘Miss Francesca Wilson’, Times, 22 April 1981, Contemporary Authors, vol. 103, 1982, p. 549. 26 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 83; BFP, Francesca Wilson to David Buxton, 7 August 1967. 27 Church Times, 10 November 1967. 28 Sunday Times review summarized by Wilson in a letter to David Buxton. BFP, Wilson to David Buxton, 7 August 1967. 29 Daily Telegraph, 17 August 1967. 30 Buxton told her brother, ‘I wrote several times to Cousin Eglantyne about my dissatisfaction’. Nevertheless, she was still reluctant to hurt Wilson’s feelings. BFP, E. Buxton to David Buxton, 11 June 1967. After the book appeared, Buxton wrote a 25-page critique, which David Buxton entitled, ‘Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, Mostly Prompted by the Inadequacies of Francesca Wilson’s Rebel Daughter’. 31 BFP, Wilson to Eglantyne Mary Jebb, 3 July 1970. By 1969, 1608 copies of Rebel Daughter had been sold. 32 S. Mitchell, Frances Power Cobbe (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004), p. 4; M. Myall, ‘“Only be ye strong and very courageous”: The Militant Suffragism of Lady Constance Lytton’, Women’s History Review, 7:1 (1998), p. 62; T. Vammen, ‘Forum: Modern English Auto/biography and Gender’, Gender and History, 2:1 (1990), p. 17. 33 E. Ross (ed.) Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860–1920, p. 28 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). 34 S. Hewa and D. H. Stapleton (eds) Globalization, Philanthropy, and Civil Society: Toward a New Political Culture in the Twenty-First Century, p. 118 (New York: Springer, 2005). Save the Children currently has a branch in 27 countries, which work on projects in over 115 countries around the world. 35 L. H. Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700–1948, pp. 268–269 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998). 36 Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy, p. 7. 37 Brian Harrison, ‘Philanthropy and the Victorians’, Victorian Studies, June, 1966, p. 360. 38 Ibid., pp. 357, 360. 39 Parker, Women and Welfare, pp. 11–13, 27. 40 Luddy, Women and Philanthropy, p. 218. 41 L. Mahood, ‘Feminists, Politics and Children’s Charity: The Formation of the Save the Children Fund’, Voluntary Action, 5 (2002), pp. 71–88. 42 Ross, Slum Travelers, p. 23; Koven, Slumming, pp. 183–184, 187. 43 L. Stanley, The Auto/Biographical I: Theory and Practice of Feminist Auto/ Biography, p. 234 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992). 44 L. Stanley, ‘Biography as Microscope or Kaleidoscope? The Case of “Power” in Hanna Cullwick’s Relationship with Arthur Munby’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 10:1 (1987), p. 21. 45 Ibid., p. 19. 46 Ibid., p. 21 222 Notes

47 J. Lepore, ‘Historians Who Love too Much: Reflections on Microhistory and Biography’, Journal of American History, 88:1, 2001, p. 126. 48 Mills identified three key questions that the researcher should ask when using the sociological imagination: 1) What is the structure of a particular society and how does it differ from other varieties of social order? 2) Where does this society stand in human history and what are its essential features? 3) What varieties of women and men live in this society and in this period, and what is happening to them? C. W. Mills, ‘The Promise’, in C. W. Mills, The Sociological Imagination, pp. 3–8 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). 49 Gorham argues that ‘historical biography continues to engage readers because it offers us intimate knowledge of another personality and another period, and that knowledge allows us to know ourselves and our own period better’. D. Gorham, Vera Brittain: A Feminist Life, pp. 5–6 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996). 50 Ross, Slum Travelers, pp. 5, 28. 51 B. Haslam, From Suffrage to Internationalism: The Political Evolution of Three British Feminists, 1908–1939, p. 17 (New York: Peter Lang, 1999). 52 Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy, p. 222. 53 M. Vicinus, Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850–1920, p. 158 (London: Virago Press, 1985). See also: M. Vicinus, Intimate Friends: Women Who Loved Women, 1778–1928 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004). 54 C. Steedman, Childhood, Culture and Class in Britain: Margaret McMillan, pp. 5–6 (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1990). 55 J. Purvis, Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography, p. 6 (London: Routledge, 2002). 56 R. Pesman, ‘Autobiography, Biography and Ford Madox Ford’s Women’, Women’s History Review, 8:4 (1999), p. 655 and L. Stanley, ‘Mimesis, Metaphor and Representation: Holding Out an Olive Branch to Emergent Schreiner canon’, Women’s History Review, 10:1 (2001), p. 28. 57 Lepore, ‘Historians Who Love too Much’, p. 129. 58 See Barbara Caine’s essay on feminist autobiography in: M. Spongberg, B. Caine, A. Curthoys (eds) Companion to Women’s Historical Writing, pp. 193–203 (London: Palgave, 2005). 59 BFP, Dorothy Frances Buxton, Talk With Margaret Hill, 10 October 1929, p. 6. 60 C. Clay, British Women Writers, 1914–1945: Professional Work and Friendship, pp. 30–31 (Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006). 61 M. Jolly, In Love and Struggle, p. 19 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008). 62 Ibid., p. 207.

Chapter 1

1 Jebb Family Papers (JFP), Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 25 December 1882. Eglantyne Louisa Jebb (1845–1925) will be referred to as ‘Tye’ and ‘Mrs Jebb’ throughout this book to distinguish her from her daughter Eglantyne Jebb. 2 JFP, E. L. Jebb, The Rights of Women (Leaflet), 1882, p. 2. Reprinted from the Temperance Visitor, 1882. Notes 223

3 D. T. Andrew, Philanthropy and Police: London Charity in the Eighteenth Century, p. 202 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989). 4 G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain 1830–1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). 5 E. Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’ (unpublished novel, 1912), p. 204. 6 Sophia Smith Collection (SSC), Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to mother and sisters, 20 August 1874. 7 JFP, E. Ussher, Jebb Family History (unpublished manuscript, c. 1930), p. 11. 8 F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 26 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 9 SSC, Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to mother and sisters, 20 August 1874, Caroline Jebb to Lealie, 19 Jan 1889. 10 Liverpool Mercury, Issue 7249, 18 April 1871. 11 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, pp. 1–2. 12 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 18 September 1882. 13 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, pp. 11–12. 14 Ibid., p. 13, Caroline Jebb had a different impression. She said, ‘having three children in three years has been rather much for her looks’. Tye was seven months pregnant when Caroline wrote this. SSC, Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to mother and sisters, 20 Aug 1874. 15 L. Davidoff, M. Doolittle, J. Fink and K. Holden, The Family Story: Blood, Contract and Intimacy, 1830–1960 (London and New York: Longman, 1999), p. 135. 16 Sutherland, G. Policy-making in Elementary Education, 1870–1895, p. 56 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). 17 Ibid., pp. 56–57, 58. 18 JFP, Arthur Trevor Jebb (ATJ) to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb (ELJ), 16 May 1873. 19 Ibid., 23 September 1873. 20 Ibid. 21 Ibid., 16 September 1875. 22 Ibid., 24 September 1873. 23 Ibid., 16 May 1873. 24 Ibid., 7 June 1873. 25 Ibid., 28 May 1873. 26 Ibid., 24 May 1873. 27 Ibid., 20 June 1873. 28 Ibid., 30 August 1873. 29 M. Bobbitt, With Dearest Love To All: The Life and Letters of Lady Jebb, p. 164 (Chicago: Regency, 1960). 30 JFP, ATJ to ELJ, 20 June 1873. 31 Ibid., 14 June 1873. Ibid., 7 June 1873. 32 Davidoff, et al, The Family Story, p. 18. 33 JFP, ATJ to ELJ, 16 September 1875. 34 Ibid., 20 May 1883. 35 Ibid., 28 September 1876. 36 Ibid., 19 July 1880. 37 Ibid., 5 July 1882. 38 Ibid. 224 Notes

39 Ibid., 3 May 1883. 40 Ibid., 20 May 1883. 41 J. E. C. Harrison, Late Victorian Britain, 1875–1901, pp. 38, 40 (London: Fontana Press, 1990). 42 SSC, Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to Lealie, 19 January 1889. 43 G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, p. 59. 44 Harrison, Late Victorian Britain, pp. 38, 40. 45 S. Smiles, Self-Help, pp. 1, 5–7, 294 (London: John Murray, 1905); L. H. Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700–1948, p. 233 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Finlay- son, Citizen, State, pp. 19–20; K. Fieldson, ‘Samuel Smiles and Self-Help’, Victorian Studies, pp. 158–159 (xii December 1968). 46 Finlayson, Citizen, State, p. 24. 47 ‘Letter to the Editor’, London Times, 7 April 1888. Lees stated that ‘Although overseers in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries had rarely tried to coerce kin to support elderly paupers, many guardians moved aggressively to do so, particularly after 1870’. Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers, p. 173. 48 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 3. 49 In 1920 Eglantyne’s brother Richard Jebb was living at The Lyth and involved with the Provident Society and hospital. JFP, EJ to ELJ, 3 November 1920. 50 Jeanne Peterson stressed that this stereotype was only appropriate for the wives and daughters of clergyman with incomes well above 200 pounds a year. M. J. Peterson, ‘No Angel in the House: The Victorian Myth and the Paget Women’, The American Historical Review, 89:3, 1984, p. 677. 51 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 25. 52 SSC, Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to mother and sisters, 20 August 1874. 53 Bobbitt, With Dearest Love To All, pp. 116–117, 164–165. 54 SSC, Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to Dearest Sister, 16 February 1894. 55 Freeman’s Journal and Daily Commercial Advisor, Dublin, Ireland, 19 May 1870. For more on the stereotype see: J. A. Banks and O. Banks Feminism and Family Planning in Victorian England, pp. 58–70 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1965); J. Murray, Strong Minded Women & Other Lost Voices from 19th Century England (New York: Pantheon Books, 1982); D. Gorham, The Victorian Girl and the Feminine Ideal (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); L. Davidoff, Best Circles: Society and Etiquette and the Season (London: Croom Helm, 1973). 56 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 20 September 1882. 57 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 30. 58 JFP, E. L. Jebb, ‘Handwork for Children’, The Nineteenth Century, p. 610 (October 1882); E. L. Jebb, The Home Arts and Industries Association, n.d., p. 1. 59 C. G. Leland, The Minor Arts: Porcelain Painting, Wood-carving, Stencilling, Modelling, Mosaic Work, Etc., p. 11 (London: Macmillan, 1880). 60 A. Anderson, ‘Victorian High Society and Social Duty: The Promotion of “Recreative Learning and Voluntary Teaching”’, History of Education, 31:4 (2002), pp. 321–322. 61 JFP, E. L. Jebb, The Home Arts and Industries, p. 87. Reprint from Cheltenham Examiner, 15 December 1885. 62 Finlayson, Citizen, State, p. 73. Notes 225

63 Hanna Moore quoted in P. Hollis, Women in Public: The Women’s Movement, p. 223 (London: George Unwin, 1979). 64 J. Donzelot, The Policing of Families, trans. R. Hurley, p. 16 (New York: Random House, 1979). ‘Whatever the motives, good deeds were done. Landowners could be paternalistic toward their tenants’; Finlayson, Citizen, State, p. 54. 65 E. Yeo, ‘Social Motherhood and the Sexual Communion of Labour in British Social Science, 1850–1950’, Women’s History Review, 1:1, (1992), pp. 63–68. 66 Anderson, ‘Victorian High Society’, pp. 311, 315. 67 Jebb, The Home Arts and Industries Association, p. 86. 68 JFP, E. L. Jebb, The Home Arts and Industries Association, n.d., p. 1. 69 Jebb, The Home Arts and Industries Association, p. 84. 70 J. Parker, Women and Welfare, pp. 11–13 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989). 71 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 1 August 1882. 72 Ibid., 19 July 1882. 73 ‘supplying by their ready-witted ingenuity, their compassionate tender- ness, their courageous and self-forgetting sympathy, their genius for the graciously recreative side of life…that which the stronger and sterner sex may sometimes find themselves…in need’. JFP, E. Jebb, The Rights of Women, p. 1, JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 28 September 1882. 74 JPF, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, Diary I (1 July 1882–September 1882); Diary II (20 October 1882–1 June 1883); Diary III (28 October 1883–31 May 1883). 75 Ibid., 3 August 1882. 76 Ibid., 25 August 1882. 77 Ibid., 17 August 1882. 78 V. Glendinning, A Suppressed Cry: Life and Death of a Quaker Daughter, p. 6 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969). 79 Personal correspondence with Lionel Jebb, 16 July 2008. 80 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 20 September 1882. 81 Davidoff, The Best Circle, p. 42. 82 Ibid., pp. 42–43. J. Peterson, Family, Love and Work, pp. 133, 139 (Indianapolis: Indianapolis University Press, 1989). 83 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 24 September 1882. 84 B. Harrison, ‘Philanthropy and the Victorian’, Victorian Studies, June 1966, pp. 364–365. 85 The first annual meeting took place in 1884. The chair was taken by founding president, Lord Brownlow, Anderson, ‘Victorian High Society’, p. 323, Jebb, The Home Arts and Industries Association, p. 91. 86 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 29 August 1882. 87 Ibid., Sunday August 1882. 88 Ibid., 5 September 1882. 89 JFP, E. L. Jebb, Memorandum to Government: Respecting the Establishment of Home and Village Industries in Ireland, 1886, p. 2. 90 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 5 September 1882. 91 In the 1880s the Irish Home Rule campaign demanded self-government and national autonomy for Ireland. ELJ was sympathetic. BFP, D. F. Buxton, Interview with Mrs Florence Keynes, May 1929, p. 2. 92 Jebb, Memorandum to Government, p. 3. 93 A. O’Day, Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921, pp. 154–158 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998); W. B. Owen, ‘O’Brien, Charlotte Grace (1845–1909)’, 226 Notes

rev. Marie-Louise Legg, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004) [http://www.oxforddnb.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/ view/article/35276, accessed 12 September 2007]. 94 M. Luddy, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century Ireland, p. 218 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). 95 L. B. Tanner (ed.), Voices From Women’s Liberation (New York: New American Library, 1970); D. Spender, Man Made Language, 2nd edition (New York: Routledge, 1985). 96 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 19 September 1882. 97 Ibid., 30 August 1882. 98 JFP, ATJ to ELJ, 25 October 1883. 99 F. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England, p. 227 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). 100 JFP, ATJ to ELJ, 20 May 1883. 101 JFP, ATJ to ELJ, 16 October 1883. 102 Ibid., 3 May 1883. 103 Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers, p. 241. 104 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, Thursday September 1883. 105 SSC, Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to sister 15 December 1874. 106 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 28 October 1883. 107 Ibid. 108 Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy, p. 222. 109 For accounts of these marriage see: J. Lewis, Women and Social Action in Victorian and Edwardian England (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1991); A. McBriar, An Edwardian Mixed Doubles: The Bosanquet versus The Webbs (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987). 110 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 33. 111 R. Brandon, The New Women and the Old Men: Love, Sex and the Woman Question, pp. 250–251 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1990). 112 Charitable activities were not taken to excess or put before domestic responsibilities. See: M. Abbott, Family Ties: English Families 1540–1920, p. 34 (London and New York: Routledge, 1993); Davidoff, The Best Circles, p. 57. 113 Tye exhibits this impulse in her diary. JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 28 October 1883. Burstyn says ‘The subordinate position portrayed in Genesis and the Epistles called for self-restrain from women. They had to suffer silently whatever misfortunes life held in store…Tied to the home with little variety of experience to divert thoughts, women dwelt on mis- fortune in a way unknown and often unsuspected by the more active part- ners. In this atmosphere self-denial came to be preached as a virtue on itself.’ J. Burstyn, Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood, p. 105 (London: Croom Helm, 1980). 114 Jebb, The Rights of Women, p. 1. 115 Letter refers Mrs Jebb’s resignation. JFP, Letter from ELJ to Miss Baha, 29 February 1884; Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 16 June 1886; Ibid., 18 June 1886. Ibid., 20 June 1886. 116 SSC, Caroline Jebb to Pollie, 23 September 1887. Tye’s obituary said, ‘It was owing to her strenuous activities that Mrs Jebb’s health broke down, and she was never able to resume any direct part in public work’. JFP, ‘Obituary’, Oswestry Adviser, 11 November 1925. Notes 227

117 Parker, Women and Welfare, p. 190. 118 E. Gordon and G. Nair, Public Lives: Women, Family and Society in Victorian Britain, p. 88 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003). 119 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 7. 120 Ibid. 121 Ibid., p. 1. 122 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 25 December 1882. 123 JFP, ELJ to Louisa Wilkins, c. 1921. 124 Jebb, The Rights of Women, p. 1. 125 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 15. 126 JFP, ELJ to Louisa Wilkins, c. 1921. Emily published The Trail of the Black and Tans (Ireland: Talbot Press, 1921) under the pseudonym ‘The Hurler in the Ditch’.

Chapter 2

1 Jebb Family Papers (JFP), Eglantyne Jebb Diary, May 1886. 2 A. Fletcher, Growing Up in England: The Experience of Childhood, 1600–1914, p. 283 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008). 3 C. Steedman, The Tidy House, p. 76 (London: Virago Press Limited, 1982). 4 F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 23 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 5 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, 3 April 1886. 6 M. Abbott, Family Ties: English Families 1540–1920, p. 176 (London and New York: Routledge, 1993). 7 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Dairy, January 1887. 8 JFP, Dorothy Jebb to Richard Jebb, n.d. 9 JFP, Emily Jebb Diary, 4 August 1886. 10 Ibid., 24 August 1885. 11 Fletcher, Growing Up in England, p. 10. 12 C. Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England, p. 3 (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1981). 13 Mitchell argues that the ‘imaginary’ new girl culture broke down after the First World War. S. Mitchell, The New Girl, pp. 3, 173 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995); D. Gorham, The Victorian Girl and the Feminine Ideal (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982). Caine sug- gests that girlhood and femininity were redefined in the 1880s and 1890s in response to ‘worrying changes in behaviour’. She argues that ‘The Girl of the Period’, whose behaviour caused such distress in the late 1870s was followed by a debate about the ‘Revolt of Daughters’ in the late 1880s. Both fell into disuse in the 1890s, when the ‘new woman’ appeared. B. Caine, English Feminism, 1780–1980, p. 134 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). 14 L. Broughton and H. Rogers, Gender and Fatherhood in the Nineteenth Century, p. 6. (London: Palgrave, 2007); J. Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-Class Home in Victorian England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999). 15 Fletcher, Growing Up in England, p. 48. 16 JFP, Arthur Jebb to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb (ELJ), 12 July 1877. 17 Ibid., 4 July 1882. 228 Notes

18 ‘young realists who paid him scant heed until they saw the characteristically absent-minded look leave his face and watched, with breathless anticipation, his lips silently move, until he gave out couplet or verse about one of us, witty end complete’. JFP, E. Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 6 (Unpublished Manuscript, c.1930). 19 S. Margaretson, Victorian High Society, p. 94 (New York: Homes and Myers, 1980). 20 L. Davidoff, The Family Story: Blood, Contract and Intimacy, 1830–1960, p. 115 (New York: Longman, 1999). 21 L. Davidoff, The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season, p. 40 (London: Croom Helm, 1973). 22 JFP, Arthur Jebb to ELJ, 4 July 1882. 23 F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 11. 24 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, pp. 5–6, 36–37. 25 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, January 1887. 26 E. Ross (ed.) Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860–1920, p. 20 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007); L. Davidoff and C. Hall Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (London: The University of Chicago Press, 1987); Tosh, A Man’s Place, pp. 34–39, 146–150. 27 T. L. Broughton and H. Rogers (eds), Gender and Fatherhood in the Nineteenth Century, p. 16 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). 28 Fletcher, Growing Up in England, p. 29. 29 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 36. 30 Fletcher, Growing Up in England, p. 308; P. Jalland, Death in the Victorian Family (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). 31 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, 17 June 1886. 32 JFP, Ussher, Family History, pp. 33–34. 33 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, April 1893. 34 Emily added the brackets. JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 34. 35 C. Steedman, The Tidy House, p. 76. 36 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 36. The Lyth was passed on to his eldest son, Richard Jebb (1874–1953), and is still in the family today. 37 Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up, pp. 3–4. 38 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 7. 39 E. Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, p. 203. 40 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 7. 41 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 13 August 1882. 42 Davidoff, The Best Circles, p. 46. 43 A. Anderson, ‘Victorian High Society and Social Duty: The Promotion of “Recreative Learning and Voluntary Teaching”’, History of Education, 31:4 (2002), pp. 313, 333. 44 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 5 September 1882. 45 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, 2 July 1886. 46 Ibid., 3 July 1886. 47 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, May 1866. 48 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, 17 June 1886. 49 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 1882. 50 JFP, Dorothy Jebb Diary, 7 June 1890. 51 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, 30 March 1886. Notes 229

52 JFP, Emily Jebb Diary, 19 August 1886. 53 Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up, p. 20. 54 Sophia Smith Collection (SSC), Box 1, Folder 1–17, Caroline Jebb to Pollie, 23 September 1887. 55 JFP, Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, pp. 239, 296–238, 304, Buxton Family Papers, Buxton, Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb (Dictated by EJ), p. 1. 56 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 23. 57 Steedman, Tidy House, p. 69. 58 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 29. 59 JFP, ‘Briarland Recorder’, (September 1889–February 1890), (March 1890–August 1891), (August 1891–March 1892). 60 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 22. 61 D. Gorham, The Victorian Girl, p. 4. 62 JFP, D. F. Buxton, Description of Heddie Kastler, p. 1. 63 Ibid. 64 Ibid., p. 2. 65 JFP, Dorothy Buxton to Miss Pullen, 1 April 1935. 66 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, 17 June 1886. 67 JFP, EJ to Gamul Jebb, 19 October 1890. 68 Ibid. 69 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, pp. 25–26. 70 Ibid., p. 4. 71 Ibid. 72 M. J. Peterson, Family, Love, and Work in the Lives of Victorian Gentlewomen, p. 41 (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1989). 73 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 5. 74 JFP, Emily Jebb Diary, 8 May 1887. 75 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 4. 76 JFP, Emily Jebb Diary, 5 August 1885. 77 Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up, p. 3. 78 Peterson, Family, Love, and Work, p. 41. 79 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, 21 June 1886. 80 Steedman, The Tidy House, p. 77. 81 J. Burstyn, Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood, p. 105 (London: Croom Helm, 1980). 82 JFP, Arthur Jebb to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 4 October 1891. 83 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archive, Gardiner Papers, Eglantyne Jebb to Dorothy Kempe, Letter 45, 18 June 1898, p. 42. 84 Steedman, The Tidy House, p. 81. 85 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, 4 April 1886. 86 Ibid., 4 March 1886. 87 JFP, Emily Jebb Diary, 14–19 August 1885. 88 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 12. 89 JFP, Dorothy Jebb Diary, 13 June 1891. 90 JFP, Emily Jebb Diary, 18 August 1885. 91 Ibid., 21 August 1886. 92 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb Diary, 5 January 1887. 93 Ibid., 12 September 1886. 94 JFP, Emily Jebb Diary, 8 May 1886; 12 September 1886. 230 Notes

95 JFP, EJ to ELJ, October 1892. 96 Steedman argues that it is possible to use little girl’s diaries ‘in much the same way as spoken language had been used to reconstruct the theories they evolved in order to become a part of a particular society in a particular place and time’. Steedman, Tidy House, p. 75. 97 JFP, Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 15. 98 SSC, Caroline Jebb to Pollie, 23 September 1887. 99 JFP, EJ to ELJ, 15 January 1890. 100 E. O. Hellerstein, L. P. Hume and K. M. Offen (eds) Victorian Women: A Documentary Account of Women’s Lives in Nineteenth-century England, France, and the United States, p. 21 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1981). 101 J. Parker, Women and Welfare, p. 188 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989).

Chapter 3

1 F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 57 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 2 C. Dyhouse, No Distinction of Sex? Women in British Universities, 1870–1939, p. 12 (London: University College Press, 1995). 3 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 51. 4 M. Hilton, and P. Hirsch (eds) Practical Visionaries: Women, Education and Social Progress, 1790–1930, p. 10 (London: Longman, 2000). 5 S. Mitchell, The New Girl, p. 49 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995). 6 Ibid., p. 50. M. A. Hamilton, Remembering My Good Friends, p. 37 (London: Jonathon Cape Ltd., 1944); J. Purvis, A History of Women’s Education in England, p. 112 (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991). 7 E. Lodge, ‘Growth’, in G. Bailey (ed.) Lady Margaret Hall, pp. 60–92, 74 (England: Oxford University Press, 1923). June Purvis argues that nearly all of the early women students at Cambridge had encountered opposition and disapproval from their friends and families. J. Purvis, A History of Women’s Education, p. 113 (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991); Sally Mitchell calculates that not more than a few thousand women had been students as Oxford or Cambridge by 1915; S. Mitchell, The New Girl, p. 49. 8 Save the Children Fund (SCF), Archive, Dorothy Gardiner Papers (GP), Eglantyne Jebb (EJ) to Dorothy Kempe (DK), Letter 45 [Spring 1897], p. 42. 9 Hamilton, Remembering My Good Friends, p. 37. 10 V. Glendinning, A Suppressed Cry: Life and Death of a Quaker Daughter, p. 17 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969). 11 Jebb Family Papers (JFP), Dorothy Jebb Diary, June 1891. 12 Purvis, A History of Women’s Education, p. 112. 13 Mitchell, The New Girl, p. 61. 14 Ussher, Jebb Family History, p. 4. 15 JFP, Arthur Trevor Jebb to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 4 October 1891. 16 Family papers show that Tye supported the higher education of women. JFP, Arthur Trevor Jebb to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 4 October 1891. 17 H. M. Swanwick, I Have Been Young, p. 116 (London: V. Gollancz, 1935). 18 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, pp. 55–56. 19 Ibid., p. 57. Notes 231

20 V. Brittain, The Women at Oxford, pp. 87–110; (London: Harrap, 1960) W. Peck, A Little Learning: A Victorian Childhood, pp. 153–184 (London: Faber and Faber, 1952). 21 Dyhouse, No Distinction of Sex, p. 58. 22 JFP, G. Jebb, Recollections of Eglantyne Senior (Unpublished), p. 1. 23 SCF, GP, D. Kempe, ‘First Term at Lady Margaret Hall, 1895–1896’, p. 1. 24 Ibid., Introduction to Section 1 of Letters, 1895–6, p. 2. 25 Gardiner assembled these letters at the request of Dorothy Jebb Buxton after Eglantyne’s death. The original letters were rarely dated and Gardiner numbered them. I have included Gardiner’s number and Eglantyne’s dates. Gardiner was the author of many books including, English Girlhood at School (London: Oxford University Press, 1929). June Purvis regards this as the first ‘classic’ in the field of women’s education. See: J. Purvis, (ed.) Women’s History in Britain, 1850–1945, p. 129 (London: University London College Press, 1995). 26 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Introduction to Section 1 of Letters, 1895–6, p. 2. 27 V. Glendinning, A Suppressed Cry: Life and Death of a Quaker Daughter, p. 17 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969). 28 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, pp. 57–58. 29 Purvis, A History of Women’s Education, p. 118. 30 Swanwick, I Have Been Young, p. 118. 31 Mitchell, The New Girl, p. 55. 32 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 19, 1896, p. 20. 33 Purvis, A History of Women’s Education, p. 118. 34 Lodge, ‘Growth’, p. 74. 35 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 5, 1895, p. 7. 36 Ibid., Letter 2, 1895, p. 6. 37 Ibid., Kempe, ‘First Term at Lady Margaret Hall, 1895–1896’, p. 2. Ibid., Letter 4, 21 March 1896, p. 7. 38 R. McWilliams Tullberg, Study of Women at Cambridge, p. 104 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); V. Brittain, The Women at Oxford. 39 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 7, pp. 9–10. 40 Ibid., Letter 8, 26 June 1896, p. 11. 41 Ibid., Letter 11, pp. 13–14. 42 Ibid., Letter 16, p. 17. 43 Ibid., Letter 19, pp. 20–21. 44 Ibid., Letter 12, p. 15. 45 Ibid., Letter 45, p. 42. 46 Ibid., Letter 61 [Autumn 1897], p. 51. Mitchell stressed that universities were ‘not as straight laced as we perhaps imagine’. It was professors who demanded chaperons and professors who married their students. Mitchell, The New Girl, p. 67. 47 Ibid., Letter 62 [Autumn 1897], p. 52. 48 It was not until 1921 that Oxford awarded women degrees on the same terms as men. Cambridge did not capitulate until 1947. Purvis, Women and Education, p. 119. 49 British Library, John Maynard Keynes Papers, John Maynard Keynes to Duncan Grant, 16 February 1909. 232 Notes

50 Skidelsky, R. John Maynard Keynes, vol. 1: Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920, p. 212 (London: Macmillan, 1983). 51 Ibid., Letter 22, 21 October 1896, pp. 24b–25. 52 Ibid., Letter 32 [November 1896], p. 30. 53 Ibid., Letter 33 [November 1896], p. 30. 54 F. Lannon, ‘Wordsworth, Dame Elizabeth (1840–1932)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37024 (accessed 25 August 2008). 55 M. Lochhead, Young Victorians, p. 176 (London: John Murray, 1959). 56 Lodge ‘Growth’, p. 74. 57 R. McWilliams Tullberg, Study of Women at Cambridge, p. 81. 58 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 23 [1896], p. 25. 59 Mitchell, The New Girl, p. 50. 60 Ibid., p. 68. 61 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 26, 11 November 1896, p. 28. 62 Ibid., Letter 21, 22 November 1896, p. 24. 63 Ibid., Letter 32, 33, p. 30. 64 Ibid., Letter 26, 11 November 1896, p. 35. 65 Ibid., Letter 38, p. 34 66 Ibid., Letter 22, 21 October 1896, p. 24b. 67 Ibid., Letter 26, 11 November 1896, pp. 28–29. 68 Ibid., Letter 57, p. 47. Mitchell, The New Girl, p. 52 69 Lannon, ‘Wordsworth, Dame Elizabeth (1840–1932)’. 70 Purvis, A History of Women’s Education, p. 119. 71 Brittain, The Women at Oxford, p. 74. 72 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 22, 21 October 1896, p. 24b. 73 Ibid., Letter 25, 3 November 1896, p. 27. 74 For Kathleen Courtney and Maude Royden see: B. Haslam, From Suffrage to Internationalism: The Political Evolution of Three British Feminists (New York: Peter Lang, 1999). 75 Purvis, A History of Women’s Education, p. 112. 76 Ibid., Letter 45 [Spring 1897], pp. 41–42. 77 Ibid., Letter 1, 29 December 1895, p. 5. 78 Mitchell, The New Girl, p. 63. 79 Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up, p. 72. 80 Ibid., p. 75. 81 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 6, p. 8. 82 Brittain, The Women at Oxford, p. 47. 83 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 10, 1895, p. 12. 84 G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain 1830–1990, pp. 131–132 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). 85 S. Meacham, Toynbee Hall and Social Reform, 1880–1914 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); K. B. Beauman, Women and the Settlement Movement (New York: Radcliffe, 1996); S. Koven, ‘From Rough Lads to Hooligans: Boy Life, National Culture and Social Reform’, in A. Parker et al. (eds) National- isms and Sexualities, pp. 365–395 (New York: Routledge, 1992); Dyhouse, No Distinction of Sex, pp. 221–223. 86 R. Humphreys, Sin, Organized Charity and the Poor Law in Victorian England, p. 115 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995). Notes 233

87 Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up, p. 76 88 SCF, GP, Kempe, ‘Section II, 1896–1897, p. 1. 89 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 67. 90 K. Beauman argues that board schools were the centre and origin of many projects. ‘The schoolchildren provided, as always, the best introduction to friendship and families’. Beauman, Women and the Settlement Movement, p. 22; D. Copelman links settlement work and professionalisation of teacher. D. Copelman, London’s Women Teachers: Gender, Class and Feminism, 1870– 1930, pp. 162–175 (London: Routledge, 1996). 91 Purvis, Women and Education, p. 120. 92 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 52 [Spring 1897], p. 45. 93 ‘…Indeed and indeed I feel rather heartbroken’. Ibid., Letter 76, 18 June [1897], pp. 66–67. 94 Brittain, The Women at Oxford, p. 97.

Chapter 4

1 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archive, Gardiner Papers (GP), Eglantyne Jebb (EJ) to Dorothy Kempe (DK), Letter 55, 1898, p. 67. 2 S. Pedersen, Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience, p. 54 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004). 3 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 83a, 18 September 1898, p. 74. 4 ‘To the Editor’, Times, 3 September 1873, p. 9. 5 M. Jeanne Peterson, ‘The Victorian Governess: Status Incongruence in Family and Society,’ Victorian Studies, Vol. 14:1, pp. 7–26 (September, 1970); K. Hughes, The Victorian Governess, p. 47 (London: Hambeldon Press, 1983). 6 F. Widdowson, ‘“Educating Teachers”: Women and Elementary Teaching in London, 1900–1914’, in L. Davidoff and B. Westover (eds) Our Work, Our Lives, Our Words: Women’s History and Women’s Work, p. 99 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986); A. Oram, Women Teachers and Feminists: Politics, 1900– 1939, p. 23 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996). 7 ‘Elementary Schoolmistresses’, Times, 3 September 1873, p. 9. 8 Widdowson, ‘Educating Teachers’, p. 107. 9 A. Anderson, ‘Victorian High Society and Social Duty: The Promotion of “Recreative Learning and Voluntary Teaching”’, History of Education, 31:4 (2002), pp. 311, 315. 10 L. McDonald, Roses Over No Man’s Land, p. 27 (New York: Penguin, 1980); D. Copelman, London’s Women Teachers: Gender, Class and Feminism, 1870–1930, p. 12 (London: Routledge, 1996); Oram, Women Teachers, p. 14. ‘It could be said “a lady, to be such, must be a mere lady and nothing else. She must not work for profit, or engage on any occupation that money can command, lest she invade the rights of the working classes”’. The Diary of Margaret Greg, quoted in F. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England, p. 5 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). 11 Hubbard, ‘Elementary Schoolmistresses’, Times, 5 September 1873, p. 4; A. Tropp, The School Teacher, p. 23 (London: Heinemann, 1957). 12 Oram, Women Teachers, p. 14. 13 Hubbard, Times, 5 September 1873, p. 4. 234 Notes

14 C. Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England, p. 76 (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1981). 15 Copelman links settlement work and professionalization of teacher. Copel- man, London’s Women Teachers, p. 162. Beauman argues ‘schoolchildren provided, as always, the best introduction to friendship and families’. K. B. Beauman, Women and the Settlement Movement, p. 22 (New York: Radcliffe, 1996); F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 81 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 16 Copelman, London’s Women Teachers, pp. 10–11. 17 Seth Koven, Slumming, Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, p. 183 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004). 18 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 80. 19 Copelman, London’s Women Teachers, p. 10. 20 Buxton Family Papers (BFP), G. Jebb, Recollections of Eglantyne Senior, n.d., p. 1. 21 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 80. 22 Jebb Family Papers, E. L. Jebb, The Rights of Women, 1882, p. 2. 23 Oram, Women Teachers, pp. 17–19. 24 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 162, October 1900, p. 37. 25 Ibid., Letter 80, pp. 67–68. Ibid., Letter 81, p. 69. 26 Ibid., Letter 82, 25 August 1898, p. 70. 27 Years later, she confided to her cousin Geraldine Jebb, that her decision to enrol in teachers’ college was ‘based on the belief that she was too stupid to do anything else’. BFP, G. Jebb, Recollections of Eglantyne Senior, n.d., p. 10. 28 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 82, 25 August 1898, p. 70. Teachers in grammar schools possessed a degree and were not required to take a teacher-training course. ‘Teachers divided along the lines of the type of school, nursery (working-class children up to age 5), elementary (working-class children aged 5 to 14) or grammar school (predominantly middle-class children aged 11 to 16 or 18), in which they worked. There was a clear pecking order between schools, which reflected the schools’ resources, the age and social class of pupils, and the level of the teachers’ education and qualification.’ H. Jones, Women in British Public Life, 1914–50: Gender, Power, and Social Policy, p. 56 (London: Longman, 2000). 29 Tropp, The School Teacher, pp. 18–23, 169. 30 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 82, 25 August 1898, p. 70. 31 British Session Papers (BSP), Report on Training Colleges, Cd. 226 xx, 1898–1899, p. 3. 32 Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up, p. 69; Copelman, London’s Women Teachers, pp. 10–11. 33 Oram, Women Teachers, p. 33. For student numbers see: BSP, Cd. 597 xxi.1, Report on Training Colleges, 1900–1, p. 6. Ibid., Cd. 226 xx, 1899–1900, p. 2. 34 Developed by James Kay-Shuttleworth in 1838. ‘In the training of teachers, [he] was insistent on the need for guarding the teacher’s mind from “the evils to which it is especially prone: intellectual pride, assumption of superiority, selfish ambition”’. Tropp, The School Teacher, pp. 14–15. 35 W. Robinson, ‘Sarah Jane Bannister and Teacher Training in Transition 1870–1918’ in Hilton, M. and P. Hirsch (eds) Practical Visionaries: Women, Notes 235

Education and Social Progress, 1790–1930, p. 19 (London: Longman, 2000); E. Edwards, ‘Mary Miller Allan: The Complexity of Gender Negotiation for a Woman Principal of a Teachers Training College’, in Hilton, M. and P. Hirsch (eds) Practical Visionaries: Women, Education and Social Progress, 1790–1930, p. 151 (London: Longman, 2000). 36 BSP, Report on Training Colleges, Cd. 226 xx, 1899–1900, p. 5. 37 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 83, 12 September 1898, p. 73. 38 ‘The Late Lydia Manley’, The Times Higher Education Supplement, 1 August 1911; S. Harrop, ‘Committee Women: Women on the Consultative Com- mittee of the Board of Education, 1900–1944’, in Goodman, J. and S. Harrop, Women, Educational Policy-Making and Administration in England, p. 158 (London: Routledge, 2000). 39 BSP, Report on Training Colleges, Cd. 226 xx, 1898–1899, p. 54. 40 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 83a, 18 September 1898, p. 74. 41 ‘In 1899, 18 took advantage of the permission; this year (1900) about 60 have been admitted’. BSP, Report on Training Colleges, Cd. 597 xxi.1, 1900–1901, p. 19. Eglantyne wrote that ‘one great pleasure to me is the way in which mother entered into my plans. When she came up and saw the college and we talked together, she was most enthusiastic and encouraging, alas—I never told her how I contemplated failure’. SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 83a, 12 September 1898, pp. 74–75. 42 BSP, Report on Training Colleges, Cd. 226 xx, 1898–1899, p. 54. 43 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 99, p. 87. 44 Ibid., Letter 87, p. 79. 45 Ibid., Letter 83, 12 September 1898, pp. 73–74. 46 Ibid., D. Kempe, Introduction to Section 4, 1928, pp. 71–72. 47 Widdowson, ‘Educating Teachers’, pp. 100, 108. 48 Oram, Women Teachers, p. 8. 49 ‘The Late Lydia Manley’, 1 August 1911. 50 Tropp, The School Teacher, p. 19; GP, EJ to DK, Letter 83a, 18 September 1898, pp. 74–75; H. Corke, In Our Infancy: An Autobiography, 1882–1912, p. 103 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). 51 Widdowson, ‘Educating Teachers’, p. 104. 52 BSP, Report on Training Colleges, Cd. 226 xx, 1889–1900, p. 54. 53 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 88, 1899, p. 80. 54 Robinson, ‘Sarah Jane Bannister and Teacher Training in Transition 1870–1918’, p. 134. 55 Letter from ‘A Certificated Mistress’, Times, 5 September 1873, p. 7. 56 Ibid., 16 September 1873, p. 9. 57 Koven, Slumming, p. 191. 58 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, pp. 81–82. 59 Widdowson, ‘Educating Teachers’, p. 119. 60 Oram, Women Teachers, p. 15. 61 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 100, p. 88. 62 Ibid., Letter 83a, 12 September 1898, pp. 74–75. 63 Tropp, The School Teachers, p. 126. 64 ‘Middle class girls were often notoriously deficient in the 3R’s, although well educated in other matters’. Widdowson, ‘Educating Teachers’, p. 100. 65 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 85, p. 76. 236 Notes

66 A. Turnbull, ‘Learning Her Womanly Work: The Elementary School Curri- culum, 1870–1914’, in Hunt, F. (ed.) Lessons for Life, pp. 85–86 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987). 67 Turnbull explains that the maxim ‘love of needles encouraged love of domesticity’ reinforced thrift, neatness, cleanliness and self-respect. In the 1900s concerns were raised about the effect of this on young scholars’ eye- sight’. Ibid., pp. 88, 91. 68 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 87, p. 78. Ibid., Letter 92, 11 December 1899, p. 86. Turnbull points out that while patching and mending are the realities of working-class life, throughout the 1890s Singer sewing machines were widely available and the poor were buying ready-made clothing and cheap paper patterns. Turnbull, ‘Learning Her Womanly Work’, pp. 87–88. 69 Koven, Slumming, p. 187. 70 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 119, September, p. 9. 71 Ibid., Letter 90, 20 November, p. 84. 72 Ibid., Letter 88, n.d., p. 79. Ibid., Letter 85, p. 77. Ibid., Letter 90, 20 November 1898, p. 83. 73 Ibid., Letter 87, n.d., pp. 77–79. 74 Ibid., Letter 90, 20 November, pp. 83–84. 75 Ibid. 76 ‘Gentleman Schoolmistresses’, Times, 5 September 1873, p. 4. 77 Ibid., 6 September 1873, p. 7. 78 BSP, Report on Training Colleges, Cd. 226 xx, 1898–1899, p. 16. 79 Ibid., Cd. 597 xxi.1, 1900–1901, p. 10. 80 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 83b, 19 September 1898, p. 76. 81 Tropp, The School Teacher, p. 119. 82 G. Sutherland, Policy-making in Elementary Education, 1870–1895, p. 56 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973). 83 JFP, Arthur Jebb to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 7 June 1873. 84 Ibid., 24 May 1873. 85 Sutherland, Policy-making, pp. 65, 75. 86 Tropp, The School Teacher, p. 119. 87 P. Gordon, ‘Katharine Bathurst: A Controversial Women Inspector’, History of Education, 17: 3 (1988), p. 193. By the 1890s women [like Bathurst] meeting the criteria for the Inspectorate had university education, ‘teaching experience and…an enormous amount of zeal for, and the desire to promote the interests of education’. Quoted in J. Goodman and S. Harrop, Women, Educational Policy-Making and Administration in England, pp. 139–140 (London: Routledge, 2000). 88 Oram, Women Teachers, p. 8. 89 From a certificated board teacher’s point of view, promotion to the Inspect- orate should follow naturally upon a minimum of seven years’ teaching expe- rience. Sutherland, Policy-making, pp. 62–63; Tropp, The School Teacher, p. 119. 90 Copelman, London’s Women Teachers, p. 50; A. O’Hanlon-Dunn, ‘Women as Witness: Elementary Schoolmistresses and the Cross Commission, 1885–1888’, in J. Goodman and S. Harrop, Women, Educational Policy-Making and Adminis- tration in England, pp. 120–121 (London: Routledge, 2000); Sutherland, Policy- making, p. 195; P. Gordon, ‘Edith Mary Deverell: An Early Woman Inspector’, History of Education Society Bulletin, 22 (1978), p. 8. 91 SCF, GP, EJ to DG, Letter 83b, 19 September 1898, p. 77. Notes 237

92 Ibid., Letter 88, 1898, pp. 79–81. 93 Ibid., Letter 83b, 19 September 1898, pp. 75–77. 94 Ibid., Letter 88, 1898, pp. 79–81. 95 Ibid., Letter 83a ,18 September 1898, pp. 74–75. 96 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, pp. 82–83. 97 SCF, Letter 83b, 19 September 1898, pp. 75–77. 98 Ibid., GP, EJ to DG, Letter 105, p. 92.

Chapter 5

1 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archive, Gardiner Papers (GP), Eglantyne Jebb (EJ) to Dorothy Kempe Gardiner (DK), Letter 102, 3 April, 1899. 2 Ibid., Letter 101, p. 89. 3 F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 84 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 4 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 111, 29 May 1899, p. 96. 5 H. Jones, Women in British Public Life, 1914–50: Gender, Power, and Social Policy, p. 9 (London: Longman, 2000). 6 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 109, p. 95. 7 Ibid., Letter 101, p. 88. 8 Ibid., Letter 109, p. 95. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid., Letter 101, p. 89; Letter 102, 3 April 1899, p. 90. 11 Ibid., Letter 111, 26 May 1899, p. 96. 12 Ibid., Letter 102, 3 April 1899, p. 90. 13 Jebb Family Papers (JFP), E. L. Jebb, The Right of Women (Leaflet), 1882, p. 1. 14 JFP, Arthur Trevor Jebb to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 4 October 1891. 15 S. Koven, Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, p. 19 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004). 16 Ibid., p. 191. 17 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 158, 20 July 1900. Eglantyne would use mas- querading again in the SCF years by adopting a form of aesthetic dress. See Chapter 10. 18 Ibid., Letter 167, November 1900, p. 43. 19 ‘The truest economy is to buy as good a material as you can afford’. Ibid. 20 Ibid., Letter 119, September 1899, p. 10. 21 E. Ross (ed.) Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860–1920, p. 81 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). 22 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 122, September 1899, p. 11; Letter 123, September 1899, p. 12. 23 Ibid., 199 September 1899, p. 9. ‘[S]isterhood was at best a fragile enterprise in a world in which one group of women was destined to clean the dirt created by another’. Koven, Slumming, p. 191. 24 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 169, November 1900, p. 44. 25 Eglantyne said, ‘this little school is under the charge of Miss Arch…who manages it entirely by herself. It did one good to see her, so youthful and genuine and capable, as to be able to take an honest pride in her work’. JFP, Marlborough Diary, 10 May 1900. 26 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 88, 1898, p. 81. 238 Notes

27 Ibid., Letter 89, 13 November 1898, p. 82. Although Eglantyne declined a position as school inspector, she toured many schools and described them to Kempe. JFP, Marlborough Diary, 10 May 1900. 28 Ibid., 31 August 1899. 29 Ibid., April 1900. 30 Ibid., 20 November 1899. 31 ‘Ladies as Elementary Governesses’, London Times, 16 September 1873, p. 9. 32 S. Cave, ‘Ladies as Elementary School Mistresses’, London Times, 6 September 1873, p. 7. 33 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 122, September 1899, Letter 127, October 1899, p. 18. 34 C. Steedman, ‘Prisonhouses’, Feminist Review, 20 (1985), p. 16. 35 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 169, November 1900, p. 43, Letter 138, 22 January 1900, p. 27. 36 JFP, Marlborough Diary, 23 November 1900; SCF, GP, EJ to DK Letter 169, November 1900, p. 43. 37 L. Mahood, Policing Gender, Class and Family: Britain, 1850–1940, p. 147 (London: University College London, 1995). 38 JFP Marlborough Diary, 31 August 1899. 39 Ibid., 31 August 1899. 40 Ibid., 30 April 1899. 41 Ibid., 17 July 1899. 42 Steedman, Tidy House, p. 76 (London: Virago, 1982). 43 E. Jebb, Cambridge: A Social Study in Social Questions, p. 171 (Cambridge: McMillan & Bowes, 1906). 44 Ibid., p. 172. 45 JFP, Marlborough Diary, 1 May 1900. 46 Ibid., 8 May 1900. 47 Ibid., 31 August 1899. 48 E. Ross, Slum Travelers, p. 82. 49 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 123, September 1899, p. 12. 50 Ibid., Letter 124, October 1899, p. 13. 51 Ibid., Letter 126, October 1899, p. 16. 52 Ibid., Letter 166, October 1900, p. 40. 53 Ibid., Letter 165, October 1900, p. 40. 54 JFP, Marlborough Diary, April 1900. 55 Ibid., 30 July 1900. 56 Ibid. 57 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 83. 58 Steedman, ‘Prisonhouses’, p. 16. 59 Koven, Slumming, p. 193. 60 JFP, Marlborough Diary, 21 November 1899. 61 Ibid. 62 Ibid., 31 August 1900. In The Right of the Child, Edward Fuller recounted a story that Dorothy told about Eglantyne: ‘One day Eglantyne Jebb called at Mattie’s house to see why she had not been to school. She knocked; there was no answer. She knocked again; still no answer. She pushed the door open and looked in. A scene of indescribable filth and disorder met her gaze—the bare floor littered with rags and broken crockery; no furniture but Notes 239

makeshift junk; even the baby’s pram full of dirty plates and dishes. And where was Mattie? Overcome with shame, she had fled down the street from the back door as soon as she saw her teacher approaching the house. It was only afterwards that Eglantyne Jebb discovered the immediate effect of her call. Its long-term effect on her own life was comparable to that of the experience of the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury when, as a school boy at Harrow, he saw a pauper’s funeral, and there upon decided to devote his life to the welfare of the poor. The ideal began to form itself in her mind that the world had a duty to many a “Mattie”—and not in this land alone’. E. Fuller, The Right of the Child, pp. 20–21 (London: Gollancz, 1951). There is no mention of this episode anywhere else in Jebb’s papers or letters. 63 JFP, Marlborough Diary, 31 August 1900. 64 Ibid. [Autumn] 1899. 65 Ibid., 21 November 1899. 66 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 171, December 1900, p. 46. 67 Ruth Wordsworth writes to Mrs Jebb, ‘I am sure the work is too great a strain on her and that her delicate organism suffers for the disagreeables of elementary school life…I think she is a most lovable girl and with the sort of longing for self-abnegation that would make a martyr but who in ordinary life is apt to make one tremble for her health’. JFP, Ruth Wordsworth to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 30 May 1898. 68 JFP, R. Wordsworth, Recollections of EJ, Holy Innocents Day 1928. 69 ‘… I am, and was, as well as I usually am at the end of term, i.e. very well, tho’ not extravagantly plump or vigorous, really and truly I can’t under- stand what made my mother think otherwise—or for that matter that doctor—or the many people who at once declared that they had long thought me ill!’ SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 170, December 1900, pp. 45–46; Ibid. 70 Oram, Women Teachers, p. 8. 71 ‘Of course it will be very nice to be able to sleep well on Sunday nights…I console myself by the thought that I may yet get another chance, and may go back soon’. SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 172, 29 December, 1900, p. 46.

Chapter 6

1 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archive, Gardiner Papers (GP), Eglantyne Jebb (EJ) to Dorothy Kempe (DK), Letter 233, 24 November 1902, p. 27. 2 L. H. Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700–1948, pp. 269–271 (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998); F. Prochaska, Christianity and Social Service in Modern Britain: The Disinherited Spirit, p. 76 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); R. Humphreys, Sin, Organized Charity and the Poor Law in Victorian England, p. 54 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995); G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain 1830–1990, pp. 71, 171–173 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). 3 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 233, 24 November 1902, p. 27. 4 S. Koven, Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, pp. 187–188 (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004). 240 Notes

5 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 233, 24 November 1902, p. 27. 6 Seth Koven uses this term to describe where historical primary sources including fictional writing can show how elite women’s past experiences and personal or intimate desires structured the initiatives they undertook in slum philanthropy. Koven, Slumming, p. 204. 7 Sophia Smith Collection (SSC), Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to Mary, 15 January 1895. 8 Lady Jebb said, my sister-in-law ‘finding the Lyth too dreary now that Dick is married…I shall be interested to see what happens’. Ibid., Caroline Jebb to Emma, 23 October 1900. 9 Richard Claverhouse Jebb (1841–1905) was first offered a peerage in 1897, declined for his own reasons and accepted in 1900. ‘Cara no doubt got a great pleasure out of being Lady Jebb.’ M. Bobbitt, With Dearest Love To All: The Life and Letters of Lady Jebb, p. 246 (Chicago: Regency, 1960). She will be referred to as Lady Jebb in this chapter and the remainder of the book. 10 Ibid., p. 15. 11 G. M. Raverat, Period Piece: A Cambridge Childhood, p. 89 (London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1885). 12 Bobbitt, With Dearest Love, p. 76. 13 SSC, Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to my dear sister, 15 December 1874. 14 Bobbitt, With Dearest Love, pp. 105–106. 15 Raverat, Period Piece, p. 78. 16 Jebb Family Papers (JFP), Arthur Trevor Jebb to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 23 November 1874. 17 Ibid., 5 December 1879. 18 JFP, Eglantyne Louisa Jebb Diary, 8 August 1882. 19 L. Davidoff, The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season, p. 38 (London: Croom Helm, 1973). 20 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 196, 22 November 1901, p. 13. 21 Buxton Family Papers (BFP), Dorothy Francis Buxton’s Questions to Mrs Keynes, May 1929. 22 JFP, R. Wordsworth, Recollections of EJ, Holy Innocents Day 1928. 23 D. F. Buxton and E. Fuller The White Flame, p. 3 (Toronto: The Weardale Press, Ltd., 1931). 24 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 180, May 1901, p. 4. 25 Ibid., Letter 192, p. 10. 26 Ibid. 27 SCF, Oral History Interview with David Buxton by Douglas Keay, 22 June 1993. 28 Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers, p. 273. 29 Ibid., 269. Cambridge County Record Office (CCRO); D. Stephenson, Cambridge Central Aid Society, p. 245. 30 CCRO, Charity Organization Society, Twenty-sixth Annual Report 1905, p. 5 (Cambridge: Jonathon Palmer, 1906). 31 Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers, p. 269; Eglantyne described an invest- igation. She wrote, ‘Enquiries are made, references are asked for, and visits are paid to the applicant’s home with a view to obtaining the knowledge of the history and conditions which are necessary in order to ascertain the causes of distress and the best means of remedying it’. E. Jebb, Cambridge: Notes 241

A Social Study in Social Questions, pp. 200–201 (Cambridge: McMillan & Bowes, 1906). 32 Lees, The Solidarities of Strangers, pp. 268–269. 33 E. Ross, (ed.) Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860–1920, p. 1 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). 34 SSC, Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to Carrie, 3 January 1901. 35 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 196, 22 November 1901, p. 13. 36 The Ladies Discussion Society amalgamated with the National Union of Women Workers in 1913. CCRO, Cambridge Ladies Discussion Society, Scrapbook, 1886–1928. 37 CCRO, ‘Cambridge Central Aid Society’ in Cambridge Ladies Discussion Society, Minutes with Membership Lists, 1886–1928. 38 Settlement work represented the softer-sided of scientific Charity Organ- ization Society. R. Humphreys, Sin, Organized Charity and the Poor Law in Victorian England, p. 155 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995). 39 CCRO, Cambridge Ladies Discussion Society, Annual Meeting Volume, 1922. 40 CCRO, Cambridge Ladies Discussion Society, Minute Book, 1897. 41 CCRO, Cambridge Ladies Discussion Society, Scrapbook, 1886–1928. 42 F. Spalding, F. Gwen Raverat, p. 402 (London: Harvill, 2001). Wilson read Period Piece and drew heavily on the Cambridge material when writing Rebel Daughter. Wilson, F. Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 98 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 43 Spalding, Gwen Raverat, p. 112. 44 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 204, 19 March 1902, p. 11. 45 Ibid. 46 Margaret Keynes Hill was worried that G. M. Trevelyan was mentioned by name in Rebel Daughter. ‘He was happily married’. Wilson asserted that she had made no suggestion that he was one of Eglantyne’s suitors. BFP, F. Wilson, Visit With Margaret Hill, 5 October 1966; Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 102. 47 Lady Jebb supposedly received 37 marriage proposals in her lifetime, the first when she was 14. Bobbitt, With Dearest Love, p. 76. 48 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 103. 49 BFP, E. Buxton, Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb: Mostly Prompted by the Inadequacies of Francesca Wilson’s Rebel Daughter, n.d., p. 11. Margaret Keynes said that Eglantyne ‘only spoke to her once of how she had been in love as a young girl, saying that it was a horsy fellow and that it would never have done’. Eglantyne never told Margaret his name. She did tell her he was ‘melancholy’. Today he would be diagnosed with a bipolar disorder. Eglantyne told Margaret that ‘he committed suicide after his marriage. He had three children’. BFP, F. Wilson, Talk with Margaret Hill, 28 September 1966. In ‘The Ring Fence’, Hugh and Freda fall passion- ately in love while riding horses. 50 S. Jeffreys, The Spinster and Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality, 1880–1930, p. 87 (London: Pandora Press, 1985). 51 BFP, E. Buxton, Notes by Dorothy Frances Buxton for Eglantyne Jebb Biography, p. 11. 52 JFP, E. Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence,’ pp. 697–698. 242 Notes

53 BFP, E. Buxton, Notes by Dorothy Frances Buxton for Eglantyne Jebb Biography, p. 1. 54 Ibid., SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 240, 5 February 1903, p. 2. 55 JFP, Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, p. 482. 56 Koven, Slumming, p. 199. 57 Ibid., p. 199. 58 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 233, 24 November 1902, p. 27. 59 Lewis, Women and Social Action, p. 11. 60 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 240, 5 February 1903, p. 2; R. McWilliams Tullberg, ‘Marshal, Mary (1850–1944)’, Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, September 2004) http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/ 39167, accessed 10 Sept 2008. 61 Victorian Glendenning argued that she ‘embod[ied] all that was most romantic and idealist about the first girl undergraduates’. V. Glendinning, A Suppressed Cry: Life and Death of a Quaker Daughter, p. 62 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969). 62 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 240, 5 February 1903, p. 2; BFP, E. Buxton, Notes by Dorothy Frances Buxton for Eglantyne Jebb Biography, p. 2. 63 R. McWilliams Tullberg, ‘Keynes, Florence Ada (1861–1958)’, Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, September 2004). http://www. oxforddnb.com/view/article/39171, assessed 10 Sept 2008. 64 Florence Keynes would enter the world of politics through this COS work. F. A. B. Keynes, Gathering Up the Threads: A Study in Family Biography (Cam- bridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., 1950). 65 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 254, 4 June 1903, p. 6. 66 Ibid., Letter 245, 18 March 1903, p. 3. 67 Ibid., Letter 272, 15 November 1903, p. 20. 68 Letter from Gwen Darwin to Margaret Darwin, August 1905 in Spalding, Gwen Raverat, p. 113. Edward Fuller compares the survey to Booth’s ‘classic London Life and Labor’ in The Right of the Child; E. Fuller, The Right of the Child, p. 21 (London: Gollancz, 1951). 69 Finlayson, Citizen, State, p. 120. 70 Jebb, Cambridge, pp. 19–21. 71 Ibid., p. 21. 72 Ross, Slum Travelers, p. 14. 73 Jebb, Cambridge, p. 172. 74 L. Mahood, Policing Gender, Class and Family: Britain, 1850–1940, pp. 39–63 (London: University College London, 1995). 75 Jebb, Cambridge, p. 156. 76 Ibid., p. 129. 77 Ibid., pp. 162–163. 78 Ibid., p. 173. 79 Ibid., p. 176. 80 Ibid., p. 181. 81 Ibid., p. 176. 82 Ibid., p. 177. 83 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 58; C. Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England, p. 73 (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1981). Notes 243

84 Jebb, Cambridge, p. 179. 85 Ibid., pp. 181–182. 86 Ibid., p. 180. 87 Eglantyne would later work this principle into her SCF work although she no more believed it in 1919 than she did in 1906. F. Prochaska, Christianity and Social Service in Modern Britain: The Disinherited Spirit, p. 76 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). 88 SCF, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, EJ to Mrs. Florence Keynes, 18 April 1906. 89 Ibid., 2 October 1906. 90 Jebb, Cambridge, p. 182. 91 CCRO, Charity Organization Society, Twenty-fifth Annual Report 1904, p. 3; Charity Organization Society, Twenty-sixth Annual Report 1905, p. 3; Charity Organization Society, Twenty-seventh Annual Report 1906, pp. 1, 4. 92 Ibid., Charity Organization Society, Twenty-sixth Annual Report 1905, p. 5. 93 BFP, G. Jebb, Memories of Eglantyne Senior, n.d., p. 2. 94 Bedford College Archive, Geraldine Emma May Papers, 1942–1952; E. M. Jebb, A Personal Memoir of Her Sister, n.d. 95 In their memoirs they wrote that Eglantyne Jebb’s influence on them was enormous, for both attended university, became lecturers and had dis- tinguished careers as British educationalists. ‘Miss E. M. Jebb’, Times, 11 May 1978; F. Wilson, Gem Jebb: A Portrait by Francesca Wilson, Bedford College, [n.d.]; Royal Holloway, University of London Archives (BC RF141/1/1); E. J. Jebb, A Personal Memoir of her Sister [n.d.]; Royal Holloway, University of London Archives (BC RF141/1/1). 96 BFP, Jebb, Memories of Eglantyne Senior, p. 2. 97 B. Haslam, From Suffrage to Internationalism: The Political Evolution of Three British Feminists, 1908–1939, p. 17 (New York: Peter Lang, 1999). 98 W. Peck, A Little Learning: A Victorian Childhood, p. 164 (London: Faber and Faber, 1952). 99 Spalding, Gwen Raverat, p. 112. 100 SCF, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, EJ to DK, 18 May 1906. 101 BFP, Wilson, Talk with Margaret Hill, 25 September 1966. 102 Koven, Slumming, p. 188. 103 Spalding, Gwen Raverat, p. 112. 104 JFP, D. F. Buxton, Boots Scribbler, Margaret Keynes to EJ, 5 May 1911. 105 Margaret told Eglantyne, ‘Of course he will reduce my allowance, but he thinks it nicer for me to think that at any rate part of my income is really mine’. Ibid., 9 December 1911. 106 Ibid., 5 May 1911. Prochaska says that COS work seemed ‘cold, impersonal and unbending’ to many young women who were frustrated by the ‘normal’ channels of ‘do-goodery’. F. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth- Century England, p. 106 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). 107 JPF, Buxton, Boots Scribbler, Margaret Keynes to EJ, December 1911. 108 SCF, GP, EJ to DK, Letter 233, 24 November 1902, p. 27. 109 JFP, Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, p. 642. 110 Ibid., p. 291. 111 Ibid., p. 298. 112 Spalding, Gwen Raverat, p. 113. 244 Notes

Chapter 7

1 Times reader describing modern girls who ‘are a law unto themselves’. ‘Unmarried Daughters’ (Letter to the Editor), London Times, 15 December 1909, p. 12. 2 Jebb Family Papers (JFP), D. F. Buxton, transcribed these letters into a Boots Scribbling Diary (Boots), Margaret Keynes (MK) to Eglantyne Jebb (EJ), 9 November 1911. Some letters are irregularly dated. 3 JFP, Boots MK to EJ, September 1910. 4 JFP, Boots MK to EJ, 9 November 1911. 5 JFP, Boots MK to EJ, 10 April 1908. 6 The terms ‘daughter-at-home’ and earlier ‘daughter-of-the-house’ were still in use in 1909. Deborah Gorham argues that according to Victorian pro- scriptive literature it was maintained that ‘a mother should have a special relationship with her daughter. More than any other individual, the good mother could teach a daughter how to be truly feminine. A girl who had such a mother was thought to owe her several kinds of filial duties. The role of daughter-at-home referred to an unmarried daughter or daughters remaining financially dependent with their aging parents’. D. Gorham, The Victorian Girl and the Feminine Ideal, p. 47 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982). 7 M. Vicinus, Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850–1920, p. 158 (London: Virago Press, 1985). See also: M. Vicinus, Intimate Friends: Women Who Loved Women, 1778–1928 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004). 8 C. Dyhouse, Feminism and the Family in England, 1880–1939, pp. 25, 26 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1989). 9 Times debate in letter to the editor pages, see ‘Unmarried Daughters’, London Times, 25 November 1909 to 28 December 1909. Contributors agreed that the age of 30 was the turning point. ‘Unmarried Daughters’, London Times, 26 November 1909. Ibid., 9 December 1909. Ibid., 10 December 1909. Ibid., 15 December 1909. 10 Ibid., 10 December 1909, p. 12. 11 Ibid., 15 December 1909, p. 12. 12 E. Gordon and G. Nair Public Lives: Women, Family and Society in Victorian Britain, p. 175 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003). The Victorians attributed the surplus of unmarried daughters, called ‘spinsters’, to middle-class marriage customs, but they saw the real problem in terms of Malthusian fears concerning the natural balance between the sexes and the potential economic and political disruption that an excessive number of redundant and dependent women would cause. Spinsters were believed to have ‘failed to perform their life’s work of servicing men’ and many Victorians recommended emigration, to restore the balance. S. Jeffreys, The Spinster and Her Enemies: Feminism and Sexuality, 1880–1930, p. 87 (London: Pandora Press, 1985). 13 ‘Unmarried Daughters’, London Times, 11 December 1909. 14 Ibid., 15 December 1909. 15 Ibid., 26 November 1909. Ibid., 13 December 1909. 16 Ibid., 26 November 1909. Notes 245

17 Ibid., 7 December 1909. 18 Ibid., 10 December 1909. 19 JFP, Eglantyne Jebb, Cambridge Diary, September 1906. The Cambridge diary covers 19 May–5 December 1906. 20 Ibid., 31 May 1906. 21 Ibid., 1–13 June 1906. 22 Ibid., 13–14 June 1906. 23 Buxton Family Papers (BFP), F. Wilson, Talk Margaret Hill, 28 September 1966. 24 Sophia Smith Collection (SSC), Box 1, File 1–18, Caroline Jebb to Polly, letter 8 January 1887, Bobbitt, With Dearest Love To All: The Life and Letters of Lady Jebb, p. 129 (Chicago: Regency, 1960). 25 JFP, EJ Cambridge Diary, 9 July 1906. 26 Ibid., 14 June 1906. 27 In his study of Dora Marsden, Les Gardner raises the question of Marsden’s poor health and its influence on her physical strength and psyche. Eglantyne’s thyroid disease did affect her psychological functioning, poss- ibly causing depression; however, it may perhaps also have been a source of creative energy. See: L. Garner, A Brave and Beautiful Spirit: Dora Marsden, 1882–1960 (Brookfield: Avebury, 1990). 28 BFP, Dorothy Frances Buxton, Talk With Margaret Hill, 10 October 1929, p. 6. 29 Pedersen, S. Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience, p. 163 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004). 30 Vicinus, Independent Women, p. 158. Also see, Vicinus, Intimate Friends and S. Pedersen, Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience, p. 96 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004). 31 Jeffreys argues that in the Victorian period women’s intimate friendships ‘were seen by men as useful because they trained women in the ways of love in preparation for marriage’. Jeffreys, The Spinster, p. 102. 32 Vicinus, Intimate Friends. Also see: J. Murray, Journal of Women’s History, forthcoming 2008; L. Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America, p. 48 (New York: Penguin Books, 1992). 33 I am grateful to Professor Jacqueline Murray, University of Guelph, for clari- fication on the naming of women’s sexual practices. J. Bennett, ‘Lesbian-Like and the Social History of Lesbians’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, 9:1, pp. 16, 21 (January/April 2000). 34 M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality, p. 17, trans. R. Hurley (New York: Random House, 1980). 35 O. Banks, Faces of Feminism: A Study of Feminism as a Social Movement, p. 97 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981). 36 Jeffreys, The Spinster, p. 100. 37 C. Bolt, Feminist Ferment: “The Woman Question” in the USA and England, 1870–1940, pp. 20–21 (London: UCL Press, 1995). 38 BFP, Wilson, Visit to Margaret Hill, 5 October 1966. 39 F. A. B. Keynes, Gathering Up the Threads: A Study in Family Biography, pp. 69, 75 (Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd., 1950). 40 R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. 1: Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920, p. 122 (London: Macmillan, 1983). 246 Notes

41 Keynes, Gathering Up the Threads, p. 76. 42 Seth Koven observes that we know a great deal more about men’s same-sex relationships among social reformers and settlement workers because more diaries, letters and court transcripts have survived. As with men, social work created a ‘space’ where women could explore their own erotic sexual feelings. S. Koven, Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, pp. 203–204 (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004). 43 ‘Unmarried Daughters’, London Times, 11 December 1909. Ibid., 21 December 1909. 44 Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, p. 268. 45 This is how Margaret describes herself. BFP, Wilson, Talk with Margaret Hill, 28 September 1966. 46 Cambridge County Records Office (CCRO), Charity Organization Society, Twenty-seventh Annual Report 1906, p. 14. 47 Ibid., p. 15. 48 Save the Children Archive, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, EJ to Dorothy Kempe, 18 May 1906. 49 BFP, F. Wilson to David Buxton, 7 August 1967. 50 Clay argues that ‘letters create, as well as reflect, the relationship, and through the process of projection and construction allow the possibility for expressing, in textual form, multiple selves that are uniquely fashioned in relation to the addressee and recipient’. C. Clay, British Women Writers, 1914–1945: Professional Work and Friendship, pp. 30–31 (Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006). 51 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 19 October 1911. 52 Ibid., 23 December 1912. 53 Ibid., 17 October 1911. 54 Ibid., 29 October 1911. 55 Ibid., September 1910. 56 Ibid., 3 May 1911. 57 Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, p. 269. 58 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 6 March 1911. 59 Ibid., 10 March 1911. 60 Ibid., 1 February 1913. Middle-class girls who did unpaid or poorly paid social work and did not require an income were called ‘pocket money girls’. ‘Unmarried Daughters’, London Times, 9 December 1909. 61 Ibid., 27 November 1911. 62 Ibid., 29 October 1911. 63 Ibid., 10 March 1911. 64 Ibid., 22 October 1911. 65 Ibid., 12 March 1911. 66 Ibid., 20 September 1911. 67 Ibid., 17 October 1911. 68 Ibid., 22 October 1911. 69 JFP, EJ to MK, 4 March 1911. 70 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 12 December 1912. 71 Ibid., 3 November 1911. 72 Ibid., 22 October 1911. Ibid., 23 October 1911. 73 Ibid., 3 February 1911. Notes 247

74 Ibid., 2 February 1912. 75 Ibid., 10 April 1908. 76 Ibid., 21 February 1911. F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 29 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 77 JFP, EJ, Little Diary Journal at Octz, 10 November 1911. 78 Koven, Slumming, p. 204. 79 E. Ross (ed.) Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860–1920, p. 25 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). 80 E. Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, p. 203 (Unpublished novel, written between 1911 and 1912). 81 Ibid., pp. 802, 827. 82 Koven, Slumming, pp. 204–205. 83 Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, p. 811. 84 Ibid., p. 891. 85 Ibid., pp. 556, 558. 86 Ibid., p. 557. 87 Ibid., p. 1034. 88 Ibid., p. 802. 89 Ibid., p. 827. 90 Ibid., p. 663. 91 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 13 October 1911. 92 Ibid., 11 October 1911. 93 BFP, D. F. Buxton, A Talk with Margaret Hill, 19 October 1929, p. 4. 94 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 18 September 1911. 95 Ethel Sidgwick said ‘such books ought to be printed and kept locally, as records, infinitely valuable, of the distinct they describe…The squatter’s family, and the dreadful cottages…She had enough material for a dozen modern books’. BFP, Ethel Sidgwick to DFB, 1 January 1929. 96 S. Pedersen and P. Mandler, After the Victorians: Private Conscience and Public Duty in Modern Britain, p. 13 (London: Routledge, 1994). 97 Pedersen, S. Eleanor Rathbone and the Politics of Conscience, p. 163 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004). 98 ‘A Mother in Mayfair’, London Times, 11 December 1909. 99 Ibid. 100 Letter to the Editor, London Times, 11 December 1909. 101 Pedersen and Mandler, After the Victorians, p. 13. 102 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 17 April 1911. 103 Ibid., 6 December 1911. 104 Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, p. 122. 105 British Library John Maynard Keynes Papers (JMKP), John Maynard Keynes to Duncan Grant, 27 July 1908. Skidelsky says, ‘Both Maynard’s brother and sister had bisexual inclinations’. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, p. 128. 106 Maynard said, ‘We had the Darwins to tea. Mgt. Darwin:…was Oscar Wilde imprisoned for stealing? Mgt Keynes…Oh, I don’t know. For that and other things. So perhaps she may have known what she was saying in the morning’. JMKP, John Maynard Keynes to Duncan Grant, 26 December 1908. 248 Notes

107 Ibid., 11 October 1909. 108 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 6 December 1911. 109 ‘Mother thinks she might come to Killarney’. Ibid., 4 August 1912. 110 Ibid., 27 December 1912. Mrs Jebb ‘likes the idea of the little house in Kensington…I believe she knows how much we want to be together and will help us’. 111 Ibid., 1 February 1912. 112 Ibid., 20 February 1921. 113 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 6 January 1913. 114 JFP, EJ to Emily Ussher, 10 January 1913. 115 Ibid. 116 Faderman, Odd Girls, p. 12. 117 Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, p. 268. 118 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 29 December 1912. 119 Ibid., 22 January 1913. 120 Ibid., 31 January 1913. 121 Ibid., 1 February 1913. 122 Ibid., 24 January 1913. 123 JMKP, John Maynard Keynes to Duncan Grant, 23 January 1913. 124 Ibid., 8 August 1908. 125 Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, p. 129. 126 JMKP, John Maynard Keynes to Duncan Grant, 28 July 1908. 127 Ibid., 8 August 1908. 128 Ibid., 23 January 1913. 129 Faderman, Odd Girls, p. 12. 130 JMKP, John Maynard Keynes to Duncan Grant, 12 February 1913. 131 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 24 January 1913. 132 JMKP, John Maynard Keynes to Duncan Grant, 12 February 1913. 133 JFP, EJ to MK, 14 February 1913. 134 The letter continues, ‘…If you don’t reform I will never let you have soul charge for Polly for more than a week at a time’ [Dorothy inserted: ‘E would never have wished to take over charge of a baby!]’ JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 5 June 1914. 135 See: L. Stanley, ‘Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography’, Women’s History Review, 1:2 (1992), p. 197. 136 R. Hall, The Well of Loneliness, pp. 436–437 (New York: Random House, 1990). 137 See: L. Doan, Fashioning Sapphism: The Origins of a Modern English Lesbian Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001). 138 Pedersen, Eleanor Rathbone, p. 171. 139 M. Jolly, In Love and Struggle, p. 207 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008). For Jolly the ‘burned letter’ is the ‘archetypal motif of revenge, cleansing and commemoration’ p. 19. 140 BFP, D. F. Buxton, A Talk with Margaret Hill, 10 October 1929, pp. 1–3. 141 Buxton, D. F. and E. Fuller The White Flame, p. 3 (Toronto: The Weardale Press, Ltd., 1931). 142 E. Buxton, Talk with Margaret Hill, 28 September 1966. 143 The first full biography of J. M. Keynes came out in 1944 when this cor- respondence and Keynes’ own sexuality was concealed. His first biographer, Notes 249

Roy Harrod complained that he had to show the book to ‘old Mrs. Keynes, Geoffrey and Mrs. Hill’. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, pp. xx–xxi. 144 Pedersen, Eleanor Rathbone, pp. 172–173. 145 BFP, D. Buxton, Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, p. 11. 146 Ibid. 147 BFP, Francesca Wilson to David Buxton, 7 August 1967. 148 Letter to the Editor, London Times, 26 November 1909. The letter was signed, ‘A MOTHER OF DAUGHTERS’.

Chapter 8

1 Jebb Family Papers (JFP), ‘Raise the Blockade Leaflet, Times, 16 May 1919, p. 9; ‘What Does Britain Stand for? Daily Herald, 16 May 1919, pp. 1, 8. 2 Ibid., p. 8. 3 L. Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement, p. 297 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997). 4 F. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England, pp. 228–230 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). 5 J. Alberti, Beyond Suffrage: Feminists in War and Peace, 1914–1928, p. 22 (Hampshire: Macmillan, 1989). 6 H. Jones, Women in British Public Life, 1914–50: Gender, Power, and Social Policy, p. 13 (London: Longman, 2000). 7 J. Parker, Women and Welfare, p. 188 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989). 8 S. Koven, Slumming: Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, p. 203 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004). 9 Mary Agnes Hamilton was Labour MP for Blackburn (1929–1931), editor of British socialist newspapers, the Leader in 1920, broadcaster and Governor of the BBC (1933–1937). M. A. Hamilton, Remembering My Good Friends, pp. 47–48 (London: Jonathon Cape Ltd., 1944). 10 R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. 1: Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920, p. 212 (London: Macmillan, 1983). 11 Buxton Family Papers (BFP), D. Keay, Interview with David Buxton, 22 June 1993, pp. 2–3. 12 V. de Bunsen, Charles Roden Buxton, p. 49 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1948). 13 Hamilton, Remembering My Good Friends, p. 46. 14 C. V. J. Griffiths, ‘Buxton, Charles Roden (1875–1942)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/74568 (accessed 17 July 2008). 15 V. de Bunsen, Charles Roden Buxton, p. 26. 16 Ibid., p. 27. 17 Ibid., p. 34. 18 M. J. Peterson, ‘No Angel in the House: The Victorian Myth and the Paget Women’, The American Historical Review, 89: 3 (1984), p. 678. 19 S. Pedersen and Mandler, P., After the Victorians: Private Conscience and Public Duty in Modern Britain, p. 15 (London: Routledge, 1994). 20 J. Lewis, Women and Social Action in Victorian and Edwardian England (California: Stanford University Press, 1991). 250 Notes

21 B. Buxton, ‘Dorothy Buxton’s Long Crusade for Social Justice’, Cambridge: The Magazine of the Cambridge Society, 50 (2002), p. 74. 22 Hamilton, Remembering My Good Friends, p. 45. 23 C. Dyhouse, Feminism and the Family in England, 1880–1939, pp. 174–184 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1989); C. Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England, pp. 31–33 (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., 1981). 24 Newnham lecturer, Jane Harrison approved of the match. She predicted a ‘dream marriage’ along progressive ideals. She told Victoria that she was ‘only a little sad that it will be all politics and philanthropy now—and no literature, poor old literature’. V. de Bunsen, Charles Roden Buxton, p. 42. 25 Hamilton, Remembering My Good Friends, p. 45. 26 Pedersen and Mandler, After the Victorians, p. 15. 27 V. de Bunsen, Charles Roden Buxton, p. 42. 28 S. Koven, Slumming, pp. 25–87. 29 M. Anderson, Noel Buxton, a Life, p. 27 (London: George Allen, 1952). 30 F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 111 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 31 Ibid. 32 JFP, Cambridge Independent Press, July 8 circa 1910. BFP, G. Jebb, Recollections of Eglantyne Senior [n.d.], p. 4. 33 E. Fuller, The Right of the Child, p. 22 (London: Gollancz, 1951). 34 JFP, D. F. Buxton (ed.), Boots Scribbling Diary (Boots), Margaret Keynes (MK) to Eglantyne Jebb (EJ), 9 January 1913. Margaret wrote, ‘It is extraordinary to think that three months ago…nothing was further from our thoughts than the present situation, though of course you had wanted to go to Bulgaria.’ 35 Mosa Anderson explains that Noel Buxton’s reason for starting the Balkan Committee in 1903 was that, in 1899 Noel found Greeks and Serbs had been ‘crushed’ under Turkish rule. ‘With its incitement of race against race…People have been brutalized’. Anderson, Noel Buxton, p. 33, V. de Bunsen, Charles Roden Buxton, p. 54. 36 JFP, Letter from EJ to MK, 9 January 1913. 37 JFP, Letter from EJ to MK, Friday January 1913. 38 K. Freeman, If Any Man Build, Let Him Build on a Sure Foundation, p. 13 (London: Save the Children Fund, 1965). 39 JFP, E. Jebb, ‘Where War Has Been: Lady’s Work in Macedonia’, The High Street, Ayr, 30 May 1913. 40 JFP, Letter EJ to MK, 6 March 1913. 41 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archives, Gardiner Papers (GP), EJ to Dorothy Kempe (DK), Letter 10, 1895, p. 2. 42 JFP, ‘Where War Has Been’. 43 Ibid. Also see: K. Freeman, If Any Man Build, p. 13 (London: Save the Children Fund, 1965). 44 JFP, ‘Where War Has Been’. 45 Ibid. 46 JFP, Letter, EJ to MK, 30 April 1913. 47 Ibid., 4 May 1913. 48 J. Thirsk, Alternative Agriculture: A History From the Black Death to Present Day, p. 214 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). Notes 251

49 Ibid., p. 204. 50 ‘Mrs. Roland Wilkins’, London Times, 29 January 1929. 51 Lil set up the first Women’s National Land Services Corps, which was taken over by the British government in 1917. J. Martin, ‘Wilkins, Louisa (1873– 1929)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, http://www.oxforddnb. com/view/article/50178 (accessed 18 July 2008). 52 H. Pluckett, Ellice Pilkington and George Russell, The United Irishwomen: Their Place. Work and Ideals, p. 13 (Dublin: Maunsel, 1911). 53 L. Jebb, The Small Holdings of England: A Survey of Various Existing Systems, p. 202 (London: John Murray, 1907). 54 Ibid., pp. 32–33. 55 Ibid., p. 191. 56 Eglantyne mentions having a membership in co-op stores in London. JFP, Letter EJ to MK, March 1914. During the war, Emily Ussher planned to set up a local co-operative store to ‘stimulate production’ and ‘sell their own oatmeal to it’. JFP, Letter EJ to MK, 15 March 1918. 57 SCF, GP, D. Kempe, Description of Eglantyne’s Work in 1913–1914, n.d. 58 Ibid. Many Co-operators were arguing that ‘cooperation is the only poss- ible foundation for a new rural society’. See: Pluckett, The United Irishwomen, p. 13. 59 ‘Mrs. Roland Wilkins’, 25 January 1929. 60 SCF, GP, Kempe, Description of Eglantyne’s Work, EJ to DK, 25 September 1913. 61 JFP, Letter EJ to MK, 12 March 1914. 62 Ibid., 2 March 1914. 63 Colonel H. L. Pilkington Obituary, London Times, 6 March 1914. 64 Ellice Pilkington wrote influential pamphlet, Horace Pluckett, The United Irishwomen, pp. v, 2; Coulter, The Hidden Tradition: Feminism, Women and Nationalism in Ireland, pp. 31–32 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1993). 65 JFP, Maud Holgate to Dorothy Buxton, 7 December 1933. 66 SCF, GP, Kempe, Description of Eglantyne’s Work, EJ to DK, 17 March 1914. 67 JFP, Letter EJ to MK, 11 March 1914, SCF, GP, Kempe, Description of Eglantyne’s Work, EJ to DK, 17 March 1914. 68 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 15 March 1914. ‘I am very glad that Miss Holgate is able to be with you. You never write to me now but I know you are prob- ably busy. The only thing is you always will be busy in future’. Ibid., 5 June 1914. 69 JFP, Maud Holgate to Dorothy Buxton, 20 April 1934. 70 Ibid., 7 December 1933, 20 April 1934. 71 JFP, E. Jebb, Conversations With a Departed Friend, 15–19 March 1913. 72 JFP, E. Ussher, Jebb Family History (Unpublished Manuscript), c.1930, p. 28. 73 In 1875 she wrote to her sister that it amused her to watch the ‘great geniuses’ look for meaning in the center of a millstone. M. Bobbitt, With Dearest Love To All: The Life and Letters of Lady Jebb, p. 110 (Chicago: Regency, 1960). 74 JFP, EJ, Marlborough Diary, 3 June 1900. 75 JFP, Maude Holgate to Dorothy Buxton, 20 April 1934. 252 Notes

76 Ibid., 7 December 1933. 77 BFP, D. F. Buxton, Interview with Mrs Florence Keynes, p. 2. 78 SCF, GP, Kempe, Description of Eglantyne’s Work. Eglantyne Mary Jebb and Eglantyne Roden Buxton heard the same story from Jebb. 79 Ibid. 80 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 25 February 1914. 81 BFP, D. Buxton ‘A Talk With Margaret Hill’, 10 October 1929, pp. 1–2. 82 BFP, F. Wilson, ‘Visit to Margaret Hill’, 5 October 1966. 83 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 19 February 1914. Margaret wrote, ‘Now remember you are only going for three months and it is your bound duty to come back after that and you must make it an understood thing from the begin- ning. I am convinced it is not your duty to stay longer…so don’t be weak about it’. Ibid., 25 February 1914. 84 Eglantyne was very disappointed with the attitude of the MRF Committee. She had worked out a detailed proposal to establish co-operative colonies for refugees, however the Committee ‘would have none of it…not because it is impossible…[they] prefer meeting once in ten months to allocate 100 pounds here and there to envisaging the fact that we’ve been throw- ing money into the sea and are continuing to dispose of it thus through sheer slackness’. JFP, Letter from EJ to MK, 25 February 1914. 85 BFP, D. F. Buxton ‘A talk with Margaret Hill, 10 October 1929, p. 2 86 JFP, Maude Holgate to Dorothy Buxton, 7 December 1933, SCF, GP, Kempe, Description of Eglantyne’s Work, EJ to DK, 17 March 1914. 87 T. Heinrich and G. Grahm, ‘Hypothyroidism Presenting as Psychosis: Myxe- dema Madness Revisited’, Journal Clinical Psychiatry, 2003, 5, pp. 260–266, p. 261. 88 E. Kubler Ross, On Death and Dying (London, Routledge, 1973). 89 In a letter to Margaret, Eglantyne said, ‘my fits of depression for instance must have been very trying to those around me…you tried so hard to cheer me up’. JFP, EJ to MK, 25 April 1914. 90 JFP, Boots, MK to EJ, 7 March 1913, 13 March 1913, 23 March 1913, 24 March 1913, 23 December 1913. 91 Dorothy Buxton wrote in the margins to Holgate: ‘Do you think one mind or two were having these conversations?’ E. Jebb, Conversations, 8 March 1913, p. 12. 92 JFP, Letter from EJ to MK, 12 March 1914. 93 James Hournan argues that experiences traditionally known as ‘haunting or poltergeist episodes are commonly reported in many cultures throughout the world…and involve measured or inferred physical changes such as object movements, electrical failures, or strange sounds…reports of psychological experiences include “odd feelings”, intelligible phrases and sometimes the perception of human forms.’ Spirit infestation is also associated with some kinds of illness and psychological distress. See: J. Hournan, V. K. Kumar, M. Thalbourne and N. Lavertue, ‘Haunted by Somatic Tendencies: Spirit Infestation as Psychogenic Illness’, Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 5:2, 2002, p. 120. 94 JFP, Maud Holgate to Dorothy Buxton, 7 December 1933. 95 JFP, EJ to MK, 9 September 1917. 96 Ibid. Notes 253

97 Pedersen and Mandler, After the Victorians, pp. 9, 15. Frank Prochaska argues that ‘the Labour Party grew out of a voluntary culture’. F. Prochaska, Schools of Citizenship: Charity and Civic Virtue, p. 31 (London: Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2002). 98 B. Buxton, ‘A Real National Movement’, The Friend, 21 May 1999, p. 4; B. Buxton, ‘Dorothy Buxton’s Long Crusade’, pp. 74–75. 99 Bernard de Bunsen Adventures in Education, p. 15 (Kendal: Titus Wilson, 1995). 100 BFP, Keay, Interview with David Buxton, pp. 1–11. Another account of family life by Buxton children can be gleaned from her daughter. BFP, E. R. Buxton, Miscellaneous Notes on Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Buxton, 1965, pp. 1–11. Also See: V. de Bunsen, Charles Roden Buxton, pp. 46–47. 101 The Buxton’s did not reclaim the house until 1921. McMaster University (MAC) Archives, Charles Kay Ogden Papers, D. F. Buxton to C. K. Ogden, 17 May 1921. 102 B. Buxton, ‘Dorothy Buxton’s Long Crusade’, p. 75. 103 MAC, C. K. Ogden Papers, D. F. Buxton to C. K. Ogden, 12 August 1915. 104 W. T. Gordon, C.K. Ogden: A Bio-Bibliographic Study, p. 13 (London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1990). 105 Ibid., p. 17. B. Buxton, ‘A Real National Movement’, pp. 4–5. 106 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 170. 107 BFP, Keay, Interview with David Buxton, pp. 3–4. 108 Fuller, The Right of The Child, pp. 22–23. 109 Ibid., p. 23. 110 JFP, EJ to ‘Italian Woman’, 6 October 1918. 111 BFP, Keay, Interview with David Buxton, p. 3. 112 Ibid., pp. 2–3. 113 Gordon, C. K. Ogden, p. 17. 114 MAC, Box 104, File 3, Dr Foakes-Jackson to C. K. Ogden, n.d. 115 MAC, Box 106, File 1, Mrs. Crofsland to C. K. Ogden, 12 January 1917. 116 Gordon, C. K. Ogden, p. 17. 117 London Times, 11 January 1916. 118 MAC, Box 105, File 1, William Cadbury to C. K. Ogden, n.d. 119 Ibid., C. Franklin Angus to D. Buxton, n.d. 120 Ibid., A. B. Cleworth to C. K. Ogden, 27 March 1917. 121 BFP, Keay, Interview with David Buxton, p. 9. 122 MAC, Box 104, File 11, D. F. Buxton to C. K. Ogden, n.d. 123 Ibid. [1916, n.d.]. 124 Ibid., 24 April 1916. 125 B. de Bunsen, Adventures in Education, p. 16. 126 MAC, D. F. Buxton to C. K. Ogden, 28 December 1918. 127 Fuller, The Right of the Child, pp. 35–36. 128 Buxton, ‘A Real National Movement’, p. 5; V. de Bunsen, Charles Roden Buxton, p. 76. 129 Ibid., p. 71. 130 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 174. 131 B. Buxton, ‘Dorothy Buxton’s Long Crusade’, p. 75. 132 G. Bussey and M. Tims, Some Notes on the Founding, pp. 1, 17; Alberti, Beyond Suffrage, p. 85. 254 Notes

133 B. Haslam, From Suffrage to Internationalism: The Political Evolution of Three British Feminists, 1908–1939 (New York: Peter Lang, 1999), p. 145, London School of Economics Archive (LSEA), Women’s International League, Executive Minutes, 6 March 1918. G. Bussey and M. Tims, Some Notes on the Founding of Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, p. 17. 134 Dorothy Buxton was present at the first meeting and donated 45 pounds. Victoria de Bunsen donated 100 pounds. LSEA, Women’s International League, First Report, October 1915–1916. Records motion ‘in support of aims embodied in resolution of Miss Ellis’s report “Fight Famine Council.” Ayrton Gould representative of FFC committee’. LSEA, Women’s International League, Executive Minutes, 23 January 1918. ‘[C]ouncil…demands that allied government should openly and immediately endorse the policy put forward in the 5 points of President Woodrow Wilson’. Ibid., 22 October 1918; E. Pethick-Lawrence, My Part in a Changing World (London: V. Gollancz, 1938). 135 SCF, D. F. Buxton, Memorandum to Delegates of the Women’s International Committee in Zurich, 8 May 1919. 136 SCF, D. F. Buxton, Fight the Famine Council Appeal Letter, 11 May 1919, LSEA, Women’s International League, ‘Zurich Conference, 12–17 May 1919’, Women’s International League Fourth Yearly Report, 1919. 137 LSEA, Women’s International League, Third Yearly Report, 14 July 1918; Ibid., Executive Minutes, 3 April 1919. Minutes state, ‘handed out 20,000 handbills’. Ibid., Executive Minutes, 17 October 1918. Minutes state, ‘DORA required the submission of all leaflets and pamphlets dealing with war or the making of peace to be submitted to the press bureau before publication’. Ibid., Executive Minutes, 3 April 1919. 138 The National Labour Press was fined 80 pounds with 10 guineas costs; Mr Moss was fined 15 pounds with 5 guineas cost; Messers Proteaus were fined 4 pounds with 2 guineas costs. British Library (BL), The Daily Herald, 16 May 1919, p. 8. 139 Ibid. 140 Serena Kelly, ‘Gould, Barbara Bodichon Ayrton (1886–1950)’, Oxford Dic- tionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www. oxforddnb.com.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/view/article/50046, [accessed June 2007]. 141 LSEA, Women’s International League, Third Report, 17 October 1918, p. 6. 142 BL, The Daily Herald, 16 May 1919. 143 Ibid. 144 Swanwick advised her that the WIL, ‘(through you) should plead not guilty…It is most important work for the moment to keep pegging at the abomination of starving little children…I think you should keep out of prison if you can, so as to go on with the work. I think the WIL ought to raise the money for a fine. I feel very little doubt that we can’. LSEA, WIL correspondence, Swanwick to Aytron Gould, 12 May 1919. 145 BL, The Daily Herald, 16 May 1919. 146 The National Labour Press was fined 80 pounds with 10 guineas costs; Mr Moss was fined 15 pounds with 5 guineas cost; Messers Proteaus were fined 4 pounds with 2 guineas costs. Ibid., p. 8, Women’s International League records minutes show that, Lady Parmoor (Marion Ellis) also contri- buted 60 pounds. LSEA, Women’s International League, Executive Minutes, 5 June 1919. Notes 255

147 JFP, EJ to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 14 May 1919; LSEA, Women’s International League, Executive Minutes, 5 June 1919. 148 BFP, Keay, Interview with David Buxton, p. 3; BFP, E. R. Buxton, ‘Miscellan- eous Notes on Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Francis Buxton’, 1965, pp. 5, 7. 149 Fuller, The Right of the Child, p. 27. 150 K. Pickels, Transnational Outrage: The Death and Commemoration of Edith Cavell, pp. 39–42 (London: Palgrave, 2007). 151 On 21 May 1919 a press release signed by Eglantyne Jebb was submitted to newspapers. The Daily News supported Jebb’s line that ‘famine is a medical and religious question and should never be made a question of party inter- est’. The Daily Herald published the leaflets and photos on 16 May 1919. ‘The Case For The Children’, The Daily News, 17 May 1919, BL, The Daily Herald, 16 May 1919. 152 Ibid. 153 Ibid. 154 BFP, Keay, Interview with David Buxton, p. 3 155 E. Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’ (Unpublished Novel, 1912), pp. 552–555. 156 Pickles, Transnational Outrage, p. 88 157 JFP, ‘Where War Has Been’. 158 BFP, Notes made by ERB in 1928 (Dictated by EJ), E. R. Buxton, ‘Miscellan- eous Notes on Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Francis Buxton’, p. 4.

Chapter 9

1 Jebb Family Papers, (JFP), Eglantyne Jebb (EJ) to Victoria de Bunsen, 10 March 1922. 2 D. Buxton and Fuller, The White Flame, p. 5 (London: Longmans, 1931). 3 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archive, Eglantyne Jebb Papers, EJ to Mrs A. V. Hill [Margaret Keynes], 25 April 1921. 4 British Library (BL), The World’s Children: A Quarterly Journal of Child Care and Protection Considered from an International Point of View, 1 January 1921, p. 119. 5 H. Cunningham, Children and Childhood in Western Society Since 1500, p. 136 (London and New York: Longman, 1995). 6 M. May, ‘Innocence and Experience: The Evolution of the Concept of Juvenile Delinquency in the Mid-nineteenth Century’, Victorian Studies, 17, 1973–1974, pp. 7–29. 7 Cunningham, Children and Childhood, p. 137. Also see: E. Ross, Love and Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London, 1870–1918 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); L. Mahood, Policing Gender, Class and Family: Britain, 1850–1940 (London: University College London, 1995). 8 December 1921 the SCF was incorporated under the Companies Act as a nonprofit association. SCF, Save the Children Fund, Annual Report, 1922, p. 1. The first aid was sent on 28 May 1919 to Vienna, 12 June to Armenia, 14 June to Germany. BL, E. Jebb, ‘A History’, The Record of the Save the Children Fund, 3:1 (1922), p. 2; E. Fuller, The Right of the Child, p. 25 (London: Gollancz, 1951). The FFC’s next big project was a conference. On 1 November 1920 delegates from Belgium, Norway, the United States, France, Holland and Germany attended an economic conference in London. Times, 256 Notes

1 November 1920, p. 12. Ibid., 3 November, p. 13; SCF, Annual Report, 1920, p. 3. 9 BL, Jebb, ‘A History’, p. 10. 10 Buxton Family Papers (BFP), E. R. Buxton, Miscellaneous Notes on Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Francis Buxton, 1965; Fuller, Right of the Child, p. 25; JFP, E. Fuller to Dorothy Buxton, 23 February 1953. 11 D. Marshall, ‘Humanitarian Sympathy for Children in Times of War and the History of Children’s Rights, 1919–1959’, in J. Martin (ed.), Children and War, p. 187 (New York: New York University Press, 2002). 12 Eglantyne told Suzanne Ferrière, ‘I was trained in social work by the Charity Organization Society and since [sic] I trained social workers myself at Cambridge’. Archives d’Etat, Geneva (G), Save the Children International Union Papers (1919–1946), EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 24 June 1926. 13 SCF, E. Lawrence, Random Memories of the Save the Children Fund from 1921, 1 April 1957, p. 1. 14 Ibid., pp. 1–2. 15 Ibid., p. 1. 16 SCF, EJ to Grace Vulliamy, 27 November 1919. 17 Fuller, Right of the Child, p. 43. 18 Ibid., p. 66. 19 The position of the Labour Party was ‘charity is only a palliative’. G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière (SF), 20 April 1920. 20 H. M. Swanwick, I Have Been Young, p. 315 (London: V. Gollancz, 1935); JFP, Florence Haughton to DFB, 25 October 1919. Ibid., 20 October 1919. B. Haslam, From Suffrage to Internationalism: The Political Evolution of Three British Feminists, 1908–1939, p. 135 (New York: Peter Lang, 1999). 21 JFP, M. P. Willcocks to DFB, 5 December 1919. 22 SCF, Report on Staffing (Office Memorandum), December 1919. 23 Eglantyne liked him because he supported the League of Nations, M. Macmillan, Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World, p. 90 (New York: Random House, 2002). 24 JFP, J. F. Parsons, Friends Emergency Committee to SCF General Council, 25 September 1919. Ibid., 6 October 1919; JFP, E. Hobhouse to Dorothy Buxton, 7 February 1920. JFP, D. Buxton, Mr Pease and D. Sanger, Report on Staffing Committee, December 1919. 25 JFP, F. Houghton to Dorothy Buxton, 25 October 1919. 26 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 29 January 1920. 27 G. Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier, pp. 173–174 (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937). 28 JFP, D. Buxton, Reminiscing About the Early Days of the Save the Children Fund, n.d. 29 E. Jebb, ‘Ring Fence’ (unpublished novel, 1912), pp. 144, 166. 30 G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain 1830–1990, p. 218 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1994). 31 JFP, EJ to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 15 November 1919. 32 ‘I beg your eminence’s kind help for the accomplishment of a mission to which we attach the deepest importance…I am accompanied by Dr. Munro—a doctor who earned many distinctions in the course of the war and is now generously giving his services to the cause of children…[W]e have Notes 257

ventured to ask if we might be accorded the great privilege of an audience with his holiness…’ JFP, EJ to The Pope (undated draft circa, November 1919). 33 S. Raitt, and T. Tate (eds) Women’s Fiction and the Great War, pp. 72–73 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). Munro was a Scottish doctor who specialized in auto-suggestion and nature cure methods in medicine. F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 178 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 34 JFP, Dorothy Buxton to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 25 November 1919. 35 Eglantyne wrote, ‘our first idea was to utilize an existing committee’; by 1924 they had abandoned this plan. SCF, Jebb, ‘Nonproductive Stunts’, p. 2. Ibid., EJ to Margaret Keynes, 25 April 1921. 36 BL, Jebb, ‘A History’, p. 3. ‘[I]n the event of [the Comité] refusing the invit- ation contained in resolution 3 “co-operation” the SCF shall proceed Forth- with to open an office in Geneva’. SCF, Protocoles du Comité d’ Initiative, meeting at Hotel des Familles, Geneva, 19 November 1919. 37 JFP, Dorothy Buxton to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 25 November 1919. 38 JFP, EJ to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 15 November 1919. 39 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, pp. 177–178. 40 R. Morton, ‘Benedict XV and the Save the Children Fund’, The Month (July, 1995, pp. 281–283), p. 281 41 SCF, Annual Report, 1920, p. 3. ‘This was the first time in history when the churches of Christendom took united action in offering prayers and almsgiving on the same day and it is a most remarkable fact that is was the thought of the suffering child which called for this combined effort’. BL, Jebb, ‘A History’, p. 3. 42 Lady Sara Blomfield came on the executive in 1922. SCF, EJ to Lady Blomfield, 24 October 1920; JFP, Blomfield to Abdul Baha, 25 November 1920. The letter was sent on behalf of Eglantyne Jebb. 43 R. Humphreys, Sin, Organized Charity and the Poor Law in Victorian England, p. 144 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995). 44 ‘[S]ituation here is not very satisfying as all-Russian Famine Relief Fund is being set up apparently by representatives of the International War Relief Fund, the British Red Cross and League of Red Cross Societies and Quakers and Archbishop and various Labour people who they have detached from us. They appear to be at dissension amongst themselves, being only at one in their anxiety to promote a rival appeal to ours, and they are carefully ignor- ing us. It is lamentable that these petty rivalries should distract attention from the main issues when 30 million people are in danger of starvation’. SCF, E. Jebb, Private Correspondence, 2 August 1921. See J. F. Hutchinson, Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross (Oxford: Westview, 1996). 45 International Committee of the Red Cross, International Review of the Red Cross, November 1976, p. 550. 46 Eglantyne wanted the SCF to have ‘an international centre in a neutral country’. G, L. B. Golden to W. Mackenzie, 19 July 1921. 47 Another important relationship that helped Eglantyne move the SCF from a British-based charity to the international stage was with Suzanne Ferrière 258 Notes

(1886–1970) who was very active in the Social Sector Committee of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Eglantyne called her ‘interna- tional sister’ and ‘understudy’ in Geneva. 48 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 30 October 1920. 49 JFP, Dorothy Buxton to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 25 November 1919. 50 She invited Herbert Hoover of the American Relief Administration to become General Secretary. After he declined, Eglantyne approached Etienne Clouzot of the Red Cross who accepted. SCF, Memorandum from Eglantyne Jebb, 1919. For history of Red Cross see: J. Hutchinson, Champions of Charity, pp. 256, 280. 51 JFP, Dorothy Buxton to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 25 November 1919. 52 G, EJ to SCF Executive Council, Memorandum, 27 November 1919. 53 JFP, Dorothy Buxton to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 25 November 1919. 54 JFP, EJ to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 29 November 1919. 55 L. Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement, p. 297 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977). 56 M. MacMillan, 1919, p. 94. 57 M. Anderson, Noel Buxton: A Life, pp. 125–126 (London: George Allen, 1952). 58 C. Miller, ‘“Geneva—the Key to Equality”: Inter-war Feminists and the League of Nations’, Women’s History Review, 3:2, 1994, p. 220. 59 Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 120; SCF, E. Jebb, ‘Nonproductive Stunts’, 9 September 1924, p. 2. 60 L. Mahood and V. Satzewich, ‘The Save the Children Fund and the Russian Famine, 1921–1923 Claims and Counterclaims about Feeding “Bolshevik” Children’, Journal of Historical Sociology, 22:1 (March 2009). 61 JPF, Lady Norah Bentnick to Victoria de Bunsen, 26 September 1919. 62 BFP, D. Keay, interview with David Buxton, 1993; E. Jebb, The Real Enemy (London: Weardale Press, 1928). 63 Buxton’s resignation letter. SCF, Dorothy Buxton to EJ, 4 September 1919. ‘I myself abandoned politics altogether when I took up the SCF and now that I think it is time to take up politics again I am withdrawing from the SCF work’. JFP, Dorothy Buxton to Fru Schreiden [n.d.]. 64 Finlayson, Citizen, State, p. 202. 65 J. Best, ‘Rhetoric in Claims-Making: Constructing the Missing Children Problem’, Social Problems, 34:2 (April 1987), p. 106. 66 Best, ‘Rhetoric in Claims Making’, p. 106. 67 Daily Express, 19 November 1921. 68 SCF, Executive Council Minutes, 24 January 1924. 69 SCF, L. B. Golden, Memorandum to Save the Children Fund Executive Council, 28 May 1929, pp. 2–4. 70 SCF, EJ to Mackenzie, 25 April 1920. Fuller, The Right of a Child, pp. 91–92. 71 Hamilton shot footage in Austria (1922), Hungary (1922), Greece and Turkey (1923). SCF Archive, Annual Report 1923, p. 9. 72 JFP, EJ to William Mackenzie, 3 February 1920. 73 R. Symonds, Far Above Rubies (Leominster: Gracewing, 1993), p. 81. 74 JFP, E. Hobhouse to Dorothy Buxton, 7 February 1920. 75 SCF, EJ to Mackenzie, 25 April 1920. 76 BL, The World’s Children, 1 January 1921, p. 119. Notes 259

77 A letter published in the Westminster Gazette objected to sensational advertis- ing. ‘The statement by the SCF authorities that there were starving children in London and the industrial centre is being objected to by many philan- thropic workers. Mr Woolcombe, Secretary of the COS informed…The SCF’s appeal ought not to be as sensational as it was…It cannot really justify the facts’. SCF, Executive Minutes, 27 January 1921, BL, World’s Children, January 1924, p. 48. 78 BL, Jebb, ‘A History’, p. 5. 79 G, Translation of Circular, Kinderhilfe, Nurmberge, Easter 1921. 80 Cunningham, Children and Childhood, pp. 134–135. 81 BL, The Record, October 1921, p. 21. 82 Ibid., 15 January 1922, p. 135. 83 Ibid. 84 F. Prochaska, Schools of Citizenship: Charity and Civic Virtue, p. 45 (London: Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2002). 85 Their first response was to get to know him better. SCF, Save the Children Fund Office to Miss Houghton, 19 May 1922. 86 JFP, Violet Hanbury to Charles Buxton, 10 October 1919. 87 P. Panayi (ed.) ‘Anti-immigrant Riots in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Britain’, in Racial Violence Britain, 1840–1950, pp. 1–23 (London: Leicester University Press, 1993). 88 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 11 May 1921. 89 SCF, E. Lawrence, ‘Random Memories’, p. 2. 90 JPF, Lady Norah Bentnick to Victoria de Bunsen, 26 September 1919. Bentnick joined the general council in 1930 but was adamant that ‘she wished the council to understand clearly that she was interested in the British side of the work and was only prepared to help on that side’. SCF, Executive Council Minutes, 6 November 1930. 91 Ibid. 92 JFP, Violet Hanbury to C. R. Buxton, 10 October 1919. 93 JFP, Norah Bentnick to Victoria de Bunsen to EJ, 26 September 1919. 94 BL, E. Jebb, ‘A History’, p. 9. 95 R. Huntford, Nansen (London: Duckworth, 1998), p. 505. BL, The Record of the Save the Children Fund, 1 September 1921, p. 315. 96 Ibid., BL, 1 September 1921, p. 316. 97 D. Arnold, Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). 98 BL, The Record, 1 July 1922, p. 308. 99 Ibid., 21 October 1921, p. 20. 100 A. Chrisholm, A. Lord Beaverbrook : A Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993). 101 A. J. P. Taylor, Beaverbrook (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1972), p. 177. 102 Daily Express, 18 November, 1921. Ibid., 23 November 1921. 103 Ibid., 5 January 1922. 104 Daily Express, 5 January 1922; Chisholm, Lord Beaverbrook, p. 209. 105 SCF, EJ to R. D. Blumenfeld, 21 November 1921. 106 Daily Express, 6 December 1921. 107 Ibid., 30 November 1921. 108 In Ireland ‘violence had never been far from the surface’ since the sup- pression of the Easter Rising in 1916. It erupted again in 1920, which is 260 Notes

why Eglantyne had to set up the Irish SCF through Suzanne Ferrière’s office in Geneva. The Sinn Fein wanted an independent united Ireland, and when it rejected the government’s proposal to divide the predominantly Protestant northern counties from the Catholic south and to allow both home rule, violence erupted. B. Haslam, From Suffrage to Internationalism, p. 160. In response, the British government imposed martial law and assembled the Royal Irish Constabulary, which was nicknamed the ‘Black and Tans’. This militia force soon became a by-word for brutality. The Daily Express, 19 November 1921. 109 JFP, EJ to Mackenzie, 3 February 1920. 110 SCF, Executive Council Minutes, January 1921, W. Plender, ‘Letter to the Editor’, The Daily Express, 7 December 1921; L. B. Golden to The Daily Express, 24 November 1921. 111 SCF, Lord Weardale, ‘Letter to the Editor’, The Daily Express, February 10, 1922. 112 ‘Editorial’, The Daily Express, 26 April 1923. 113 Ibid. 114 BL, The World’s Children, July 1924, p. 179. 115 Fuller, The Right of the Child, p. 94. 116 SCF, Executive Council Minutes, 21 March 1927. The description of the colonists and co-operative agricultural village life is reminiscent of those recommended in Louisa Jebb’s small holding study of 1907. See: Buxton and Fuller, White Flame, pp. 55–60. 117 JFP, Victoria de Bunsen to EJ, 20 April circa 1926. 118 G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, pp. 217–218, 221–222. 119 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 11 May 1921. 120 …Private charity…does not touch the fringe of the problem…The League of Nations should also be induced to take in hand the question of the position of children of subject races. In some countries in Europe there are a large number of children of subjects of a different nationality from the dominant race, and there is always a temptation…to deny them hospital treatment and schooling. To obtain these reforms, a great deal of initial and preparatory work is required from the Voluntary Societies…I believe that in future the SCF may be able to do most valuable work in such direc- tions. For this work we should not require a large amount of money, but we should require a very large number of people behind us backing our work by small contributions and by helping to form ‘public opinion’ SCF, Jebb, ‘Nonproductive Stunts’, 9 September 1924, p. 1. 121 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 11 May 1921. 122 BFP, E. Buxton, Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, Mostly Prompted by the Inadequacies of Francesca Wilson’s Rebel Daughter [n.d.], p. 13.

Chapter 10

1 Buxton Family Papers (BFP), E. Buxton, Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, Mostly Prompted by the Inadequacies of Francesca Wilson’s Rebel Daughter [n.d.], p. 14. 2 London Times, 2 January 1946, p. 8. Notes 261

3 British Library (BL), ‘Eglantyne Jebb, ‘The World Pays Tribute’, The World’s Children: A Quarterly Journal of Child Care and Protection Considered from an International Point of View, February 1929, p. 76. A Hungarian volunteer, Rozsi Vajkai, said, ‘There will come a day when the world will realize that Eglantyne Jebb’s name should be placed next to those pioneers of human- itarian thought and feeling, such as Jane Adams and Florence Nightingale’. Ibid., 26 June 1935, p. 2. 4 BFP, Buxton, Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb (Dictated by EJ), p. 1. 5 D. F. Buxton and E. Fuller The White Flame, p. 8 (Toronto: The Weardale Press, Ltd., 1931). 6 C. Heilburn, Writing a Woman’s Life, pp. 24, 130 (New York: Norton, 1988). 7 Buxton and Fuller, The White Flame, p. 15. 8 Ibid. 9 Eglantyne contrasted the old-fashioned order of social workers—the dowdies with the ‘modern woman—that sort of woman who sits on public bodies and talks socialism’. Jebb Family Papers (JFP), E. Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’ (unpublished novel, 1912), pp. 636, 857. 10 Ibid. 11 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archive, M. Vajkai, From 1928–1950: Some Decisive Moments of the Save Children International Union [n.d.]. 12 Premature grey hair was a genetic Jebb family trait. BFP, D. Keay, Interview with David Buxton, 22 June 1993, p. 2. 13 Vajkai, ‘frail, almost ethereal figure’. BL, The World’s Children, February 1929, p. 73. 14 She did not make the link between clothing and child labour in garment manufacture. E. Jebb, The Real Enemy, p. 10 (London: Weardale Press, 1928). 15 JFP, EJ to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 25 September 1921. 16 JFP, Copy of Medical Report, June 1924, R. Symonds, Far Above Rubies: The Women Uncommemorated by the Church of England, p. 85 (Leominster: Gracewing, 1993). 17 JFP, EJ to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 30 November 1919. Dorothy Buxton revealed personal information about Eglantyne’s health in White Flame, making her out to be a martyr. She wrote that Eglantyne said, ‘I often said to myself that if only we had money I should be well’. D. Buxton and Fuller, The White Flame, p. 14. 18 City Archive, Archives d’Etat, Geneva (G), Save the Children International Union Papers (1919–1946), L. B. Golden to Suzanne Ferrière, 19 May 1921. 19 G, EJ to William Mackenzie, 25 April 1920. In summer 1922 her doctor urged her to take a three-week long ‘holiday in the Savoy after the confer- ence on Moral Education is over’. G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, [circa summer 1922]. ‘I am not sure yet how long I should stay…no one seems willing to count my being in Geneva as part of my holiday.’ Ibid., 15 August 1922. 20 JFP, Letter EJ to Margaret Keynes, 2 March 1924. 21 JFP Papers, Copy of Medical Report, June 1924. 22 J. Whorton, Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America, p. 123 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002). 23 SCF, E. Lawrence, Random Memories of the Save the Children Fund From 1921, 1 April 1957, pp. 1–2. 262 Notes

24 JFP, EJ to Victoria de Bunsen, 10 March 1922. 25 In 1918 Eglantyne began a sleep experiment and kept a diary of her dreams. JFP, E. Jebb, Book of Dreams, 24 April 1918. Ibid., 8 November 1918. 26 F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 211 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). 27 JFP, EJ to Victoria de Bunsen, 10 May 1922; BL, The World’s Children, February 1929, p. 75. 28 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 182. 29 Ibid., p. 165. 30 BFP, ‘Dorothy Francis Buxton’s Questions to Mrs. Keynes’, May 1929. 31 JFP, Letter Emily Ussher to Dorothy Buxton [n.d.]. 32 JFP, Dorothy Buxton to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 16 July 1919. 33 Ibid., 17 August 1924. 34 JFP, Copy of Medical Report, June 1924. 35 BFP, E. R. Buxton, ‘Miscellaneous Notes on Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Francis Buxton’, 1965, p. 10. 36 Eglantyne believed that ‘selfishness and indifference’ were the enemies of society. See her book of prose and verse written during her final illness, dedicated to Dorothy. Jebb, The Real Enemy (London, Weardale, 1928). 37 JFP, Copy of Medical Report, June 1924. 38 JFP, Letter EJ to Margaret Keynes, 18 June 1927. 39 JFP, EJ to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb, 25 September 1921. 40 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 20 April 1920. These concerns are the subject of her essays in The Real Enemy. SCF, Save the Children Fund, Annual Report, 1921, p. 4. 41 F. Prochaska, Schools of Citizenship: Charity and Civic Virtue, p. 29 (London: Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2002). 42 JFP, Florence Haughton to Dorothy Buxton, 25 October 1919. Ibid., 20 October 1919. 43 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 20 April 1920. 44 JFP, E. L. Jebb, The Rights of Women (Leaflet), 1882, p. 1. 45 H. M. Swanwick, I Have Been Young, p. 316 (London: V. Gollancz, 1935); C. Law, Suffrage and Power: The Women’s Movement 1918–1928, p. 239 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000). 46 BL, The World’s Children, 1 September 1921, p. 318. Ibid., The World’s Children, November 1924, p. 25. Very few of these women started out as experts in child welfare. Most were like the SCIU volunteer, Julia Eva Vajkai, a Hungarian novelist who later became a vice-president of the SCF. In 1919 while working in a prisoner of war camp she came up with the idea for a ‘little appeal’ for infants, which she launched through the Red Cross. She asked that ‘everyone should send 3 napkins for the use of infants’, which at the time were being ‘wrapped in old newspapers for lack of garments’. Thousands of people from Europe and North America responded, and amidst the mountainous stacks of cotton Vajkai said she found herself ‘suddenly classed as an expert in matters pertain- ing to the protection of children’. By 1923 she was in charge of nine SCF funded children’s workrooms in Budapest, which targeted homeless children. G, J. Vajkai, ‘For the 25th Anniversary of the SCIU’, October 1944, p. 2. Notes 263

47 B. Haslam, From Suffrage to Internationalism: The Political Evolution of Three British Feminists, 1908–1939, p. 135 (New York: Peter Lang, 1999). 48 G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, and Social Welfare in Britain 1830–1990, p. 221 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994). 49 Ibid., pp. 221–222. 50 Ibid., p. 222. 51 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Annual Report, 1921. Ibid., 1922; BL, E. Jebb, ‘A History of the Save the Children Fund’, The Record of the Save the Children Fund, September 1922, p. 9. 52 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Annual Report, 1923, pp. 3–5. Ibid., 1924, p. 5. Ibid., 1926, pp. 6–7. 53 Ibid. 1924, p. 5. Ibid., 1926, p. 7. 54 Many SCF nursery schools were given government grants in the 1930s and 1940s. This was interpreted as the successful contribution of voluntary service to the public service. In the late 1930s the SCF appointed joint committees with the Council for German Jewry, the German-Jewish Aid Society, the Society of Friends and the Church of England to aid Jewish and non-Jewish refugees. The SCF placed a number of refugee children in English boarding schools and with English families. 55 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Annual Report, 1926, pp. 6–7. Ibid., 1929, p. 6. 56 L. Rupp, Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement, p. 297 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); H. Jones, Women in British Public Life, 1914–50: Gender, Power, and Social Policy, pp. 107–108 (London: Longman, 2000). 57 E. Picton-Turbervill, Life is Good: An Autobiography, vol. 3, p. 154 (London: F. Muller, 1939). 58 BFP, E. Buxton, Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, p. 20. 59 BL, Jebb, ‘A History of the Save the Children Fund’, p. 7. 60 Buxton and Fuller, The White Flame, p. 23. 61 London School of Economics Archive, Women’s International League, Fifth Yearly Report, October 1920. 62 BL, The World’s Children, 15 May 1921, p. 106. 63 JFP, E. M. Pye to EJ, circa 1919; Jones, Women in British Public Life, pp. 40, 117. 64 L. Leneman L. In the Service of Life: The Story of Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women’s Hospitals, p. 199 (Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 1994). 65 BL, The World’s Children, December 1920, pp. 46–47. 66 ‘When the political situation worsened she accompanied refugee women and children to Constantinople. She married Major T. H. Hutton and wrote The Hygiene of Marriage, a sex manual…She became involved in the women’s movement in India and director of Indian Red Cross Welfare during WWII’. Leneman, In the Service of Life, p. 209. 67 The hospital was founded in 1919 with a small English nursing staff. Leneman, In the Service of Life, pp. 90, 207–211; Buxton and Fuller, The White Flame, p. 68. 68 L. B. Golden told Suzanne Ferrière that the only way to save the SCIU was to divide it into a theoretical side and a practical side. G, L. B. Golden to Suzanne Ferrière, 8 September 1927. 69 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 15 October 1925. 264 Notes

70 JFP, Miss Hobhouse to Dorothy Buxton, 7 February 1920. 71 In 1946 the SCIU merged with her Belgian International Association for Child Welfare and became the International Union of Child Welfare. E. Fuller, The Right of the Child, p. 50 (London: Gollancz, 1951). 72 D. Marshall, ‘The Construction of Children as an Object of International Relations: The Declaration of Children’s Right and Child Welfare Committee of League of Nations, 1900–1924’, The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 7 (1999), p. 130. 73 BFP, E. Buxton, Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, p. 25. 74 Ibid., p. 20. 75 EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 24 January 1923. 76 Buxton and Fuller, The White Flame, p. 6. 77 SCF Archive; R. Breen, The Origins of the Declaration of the Right of the Child, 1994; Fuller, The Right of the Child, p. 72; BL, The World’s Children, June 1925, p. 142. 78 ‘Though it was essentially an inspirational document, by introducing basic principles on the international plan it did prepare the ground for the pro- gressive development of international norms’. These principles were later to form the structure of the UN Declaration on the Rights of the Child. The Declaration, ‘speaks, for the first time in terms of rights and entitlement. As a resolution of the General Assembly it was nonbinding’. H. Heintze, ‘The UN Convention and the Network of the International Human Rights Pro- tection by the Union’, in M. Freeman and P. Veerman (eds) The Ideologies of Children’s Rights, pp. 73–74 (London: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992). 79 Milne, B. ‘From Chattels to Citizens? Eighty Years of Eglantyne Jebb’s Legacy to Children and Beyond’, in A. Invernizzi and J. Williams, Children and Citizenship, pp. 44–54 (London: Sage, 2008). 80 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 2 February 1923. 81 EJ’s memorandum for proposed children’s charter noted. SCF, SCF Executive Minutes, 28 July 1922. Jebb reports that the SCIU are interested in the charter idea and recommends that the Union would do ‘propa- ganda’ and a ‘practical work…itself in order to emphasize the international character of the undertaking’. Ibid., 1 September 1922, de Bunsen updates committee on her work. ‘The charter was not a fresh departure but a continuation of work already undertaken by SCF [no mention of ICW’s charter]…various societies had also been consulted in order to have the opinion of people of divergent views’. Ibid., 26 January 1923; SCF, R. Breen, The Origins of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1994. 82 JFP, Lady Aberdeen to Victoria de Buxton, 8 April 1924. 83 Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 14. 84 Ibid., p. 15. 85 International Council of Women, Women in a Changing World: The Dynamic Story of the International Council of Women Since 1888, p. 125 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966). 86 Ibid., p. 45. 87 Rupp, Worlds of Women, p. 297. See: Miller, C. ‘“Geneva—the Key to Equal- ity”: Inter-War Feminists and the League of Nations’, Women’s History Review, 3:2 (1994), p. 220. 88 D. French, Ishbel and the Empire: A Biography of Lady Aberdeen, p. 305 (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1988). Notes 265

89 International Council of Women, Women and Change, p. 45; French, Ishbel and the Empire, p. 306. 90 SCF Archive; Breen, The Origins of the Declaration. 91 London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), National Council of Women of Great Britain, Executive Minutes, 20 April 1924. Ibid., 11 May 1923, ‘…joint Children’s Charter had been drafted’, Save the Children Fund, Annual General Meeting, 18 September 1925. 92 JFP, R. Wordsworth, Recollections of EJ, Holy Innocents Day 1928. 93 W. Blunt, Lady Muriel: Lady Muriel Paget, Her Husband, and Her Philanthropic Work in Central and Eastern Europe, p. 45 (London: Methuen, 1962). 94 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Executive Minutes, 26 April 1921, 15 March 1921, 19 May 1922. In 1925, the Hungarian government began to pay half the cost of the workrooms and local factory owners offered jobs to the children. SCF, Save the Children Fund, Annual Report, 1925, p. 6. 95 Blomfield was on the SCF executive for 19 years. Many Bahai publications and writing of faith founder Abdul Baha (1844–1921) are reviewed at length in the World’s Children book review section. Eglantyne and Dorothy struck up a correspondence with Abdul Baha in 1920. See: BL, L. Blomfield, ‘The Child and the Future: Some Bahai Thought’, The World’s Children, September 1925, p. 170. 96 JFP, Lord Aberdeen, Haddo House to DFB, 24 January 1920. 97 G, EJ to Etienne Clouzot, 16 December 1920. 98 LMA, National Council of Women of Great Britain, Executive Minutes, 15 April 1921. 99 ‘Victoria de Bunsen has been working very hard on it and collecting opin- ions and information from no end of people and as we are anxious that the charter should be at the same time sound and comprehensive on the one hand and noncontroversial on the other hand—two extremely difficult things to combine!…As V. is doing all the work it is not necessary for me to attend Charter meetings’. JFP, EJ to Dorothy Buxton, 21 January 1923. 100 Letter from Lady Aberdeen to Victoria de Bunsen copied into minutes. SCF, Save the Children Fund, Executive Minutes, 8 April 1924. 101 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Executive Minutes, 18 July 1924. LMA, National Council of Women of Great Britain, Executive Minutes, 19 September 1924. 102 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Executive Minutes, 8 April 1924. 103 Cunningham, Children and Childhood, pp. 157, 161. 104 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 2 February 1923. 105 Prochaska, Schools of Citizenship, p. 11. 106 G, Eglantyne told Ferrière, ‘the result is ludicrous.’ EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 31 January 1923. Ibid., 2 February 1923. 107 Ibid. 108 Ibid. 109 SCF, Emergency Meeting for Council, Consider Draft of Children’s Charter, April, 11, 1924, pp. 46–47. Four months earlier Eglantyne wrote: ‘I am sorry to say the charter I drafted originally has been completely spoilt. Some mem- bers of our Committee who do not seem to have been at all in sympathy… have insisted on some parts being omitted and others added and others changed…If I had wanted a charter of a different type, I should have written it from the beginning…Another difficulty which had arisen about the charter 266 Notes

is that Lady Aberdeen seems indignant that we take up instead that of the International Council of Women, which she considered much better…’ G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 31 January 1923; Breen, The Origins of the Declaration. 110 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 2 February 1923. 111 Eglantyne’s letters indicate that she fully expected Ferrière to support her point of view regarding the charter. G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 2 January 1923, 24 January 1923; 31 January 1923, 2 February 1923. 112 Fuller, The Right of the Child, p. 71. 113 SCF Archive, Breen, The Origins of the Declaration; Miller, Geneva—the Key to Equality, p. 220. 114 G, EJ to Professor Atkinson, 15 January 1925. 115 D. Marshall, ‘The Construction of Children as an Object of International Relations: The Declaration of Children’s Rights and the Child Welfare Committee of League of Nations, 1900–1924’, The International Journal of Children’s Rights, 7, 1999, p. 129. 116 P. Veerman, The Right of the Child and the Changing Image of Childhood, p. 156 (Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1992). 117 D. Marshall, ‘The Construction of Children’, p. 128. 118 S. Pedersen, ‘Back to the League of Nations’, American Historical Review, 112 (October, 2007), p. 1091. 119 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Executive Minutes, 27 June 1924, p. 996. 120 Ibid., 14 December 1924. BL, The World’s Children, 11 April 1924, p. 139. 121 SCF Archive, Annual Report, 1931, p. 5. 122 Lady Aberdeen indicated a degree of anger with Eglantyne. She wrote to de Bunsen: ‘The ICW would be glad to repeat its endorsement of your Geneva declaration and the principles therein contained being after all very similar to those contained in the preamble of our Charter’, SCF, Save the Children Fund, Executive Minutes, 8 April 1892; BL, The World’s Children, 11 April 1924, p. 49. Ibid., July 1925, p. 166. 123 Ibid., May 1925, p. 108. 124 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 24 January 1923. In 1925 she told 200 delegates at the International Summer School in Geneva that child welfare was just the jumping-off point for a much larger social movement: ‘Our object is to rally the people of goodwill of every race and clime into a common effort to carry out the Declaration of Geneva and to make it the charter of a new civilization.’ Ibid. 125 The minutes contain a memorandum by EJ called ‘The Future of the Save the Children Fund’ where she states, ‘My personal conclusion is therefore that it would be better to sacrifice any other branch of our work rather than our international relief, if it is impossible to maintain this it might be better to liquidate our work. It may also be pointed out that were the opinion of those who hold the national point of view to prevail, the quickest and best way to carry them into effect would no doubt be to liquidate and let a new society be started upon quite different lines’. SCF, Save the Children Fund, Executive Minutes, 6 December 1929, p. 7; BL, The World’s Children, October 1925, p. 3. 126 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Annual Report, 1926, p. 9; BL, The World’s Children, 25 July, 1925, p. 166. Notes 267

127 BL, E. Jebb, ‘What the League of Nations Can Do For Children’, The World’s Children, June 1927, p. 130; BL, E. Jebb, ‘The League and the Child’, The World’s Children, June 1925, pp. 153–155. 128 G, The Church of England Newspaper, 15 August 1925 [press clipping]; BL, The World’s Children, January 1929, p. 144. 129 Ibid., May 1929, pp. 141–143. 130 JFP, Emily Ussher to Louisa Jebb, 25 March 1925. In a letter to Tye, Eglantyne thanks her for the ‘magnificent contribution to our work—which I cannot see how you can possibly afford. I should not give more the 50 pounds for the time and see how you are later’. JFP, EJ to Eglantyne Louisa Jebb [n.d.]. 131 Wilson states the death of the elder Jebb women was a terrible loss to the biographer, for after this there are fewer personal letters. Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 210. 132 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 30 November 1925. 133 Ibid., 9 March 1926. Ibid., 18 June 1927. Eglantyne apologized for missing the Crystal Palace event. ‘It was obvious that I should faint on the way if I attempted it’. JFP, EJ to Margaret Keynes, 18 June 1927. 134 G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 10 April 1926. 135 BL, World’s Children, April 1929, p. 190. 136 R. Wordsworth, ‘The Brown Book’, Lady Margaret Chronicle, n.d., p. 34. 137 BL, The World’s Children, July 1927, p. 53. Ibid., E. Jebb, ‘International Social Service’, The World’s Children, July 1928, pp. 151–153. 138 BFP, Buxton, Miscellaneous Notes on Eglantyne Jebb and Dorothy Frances Buxton, 1965, p. 5; BFP, Buxton, Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, p. 25. 139 G. Finlayson, Citizen, State, p. 201. 140 Fuller, Right of the Child, p. 50; Y. Beigbeder, The Role and Status of Inter- national Humanitarian Volunteers and Organizations, pp. 192–193 (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1911). 141 BL, E. Jebb, ‘International Responsibilities for Child Welfare’, The World’s Children, October 1927, pp. 4–6. 142 Ibid., E. Jebb, ‘The New Education’, The World’s Children, April–May 1927, pp. 103–104. 143 Ibid., ‘The War on Poverty’, The World’s Children, August–September 1927, pp. 155–157. 144 JFP, EJ to Margaret Keynes, 26 September 1928. 145 BFP, E. Buxton, Notes Made by ERB in 1928, p. 1. 146 BL, E. Jebb, ‘The Dawn of a New Era, The World’s Children, January 1928, pp. 50–51. 147 JFP, EJ to Mrs Radcliffe, 12 December 1928; BL, The World’s Children, February 1925, p. 14. 148 Her sister Emily recorded last days of Eglantyne’s life. She told the family that Eglantyne’s ‘whole left side, face and arm were ridged, but she could still smile from one side of her mouth and her speech was still under- standable’. Eglantyne’s throat was partially paralysed and she had trouble swallowing, but Emily thought that the stroke had ‘knotted up the guts’ and told Mabel Few that she would ‘never forget the moans, broken with snatches of psalms and hymns’. JFP, Emily Ussher to Mabel Few, 21 December 1928. 268 Notes

149 BL, The World’s Children, March 1929, p. 94. 150 Times, 19 December 1928, p. 14. 151 Including a tribute from the Red Cross of the Soviet Union, with the inscription, ‘the Children of Russia’. Fuller, The Right of the Child, p. 152; BL, The World’s Children, January 1929, p. 47. 152 BFP, Buxton, Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb (Dictated by EJ), p. 1.

Epilogue

1 Buxton Family Papers (BFP), E. Buxton, Notes for a Possible Biography of Miss Eglantyne Jebb, pp. 1–2. 2 BFP, E. Buxton to David Buxton, 29 June 1967. 3 Buxton told her brother David, ‘I wrote several times to Cousin Eglantyne about my dissatisfaction, and once at my club I told her verbally most strongly how I felt’. Ibid. After the book appeared, Eglantyne Buxton wrote a 25-page response to Wilson’s Rebel Daughter, which is referred to as, Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, Mostly Prompted by the Inadequacies of Francesca Wilson’s Rebel Daughter [n.d.]. 4 BFP, E. Buxton to David Buxton, 11 June 1967. 5 R. Symonds, Far Above Rubies: The Women Uncommemorated by the Church of England, p. 274 (Leominster: Gracewing, 1993). 6 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archive, General Council Minutes, 3 January 1930. Ibid., 6 February 1930; B. Buxton, ‘Dorothy Buxton’s Long Crusade for Social Justice’, Cambridge: The Magazine of the Cambridge Society, 50 (2002), p. 76. 7 SCF council minutes state that Buxton planned to approach Basil Matthews (1879–1951), a well-known writer on interfaith and missionary organizations to write Jebb’s biography. SCF, Save the Children Fund, Executive Minutes, 1 January 1931; D. Buxton and E. Fuller, The White Flame (Toronto: The Weardale Press, Ltd., 1931), p. 1. Katie Pickles’ analysis of the propaganda images of Edith Cavell can be applied to Eglantyne Jebb who was only five years older when she died. Buxton and Fuller’s The White Flame tries to show that Eglantyne was not a disappointed spinster but motivated by deep religiosity and a mission to ‘save’ children, reminiscent of the social mother- hood doctrines of the previous century. To construct her as a ‘child-lover’, Buxton and Fuller down played Jebb’s involvement in other social causes. Eglantyne regarded ‘the world’s children’ as a metaphor for a new inter- national world order. She had no commitment to social motherhood and no particular interest in children. K. Pickles, Transitional Outrage: The Death and Commemoration of Edith Cavell, p. 90 (London: Palgrave, 2007). 8 E. Buxton, Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, p. 21. 9 C. Steedman, Childhood, Culture and Class in Britain: Margaret McMillan, pp. 5–6 (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1990). 10 R. Pesman, ‘Autobiography, Biography and Ford Madox Ford’s Women’, Women’s History Review, 8:4 (1999), p. 655. 11 L. Stanley, ‘Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography’, Women’s History Review, 1:2 (1992), p. 194. 12 C. Heilburn, Writing a Woman’s Life, p. 130 (New York: Norton, 1988). Notes 269

13 City Archive, Geneva (G) EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 15 October 1925. 14 H. Jones, Women in British Public Life, 1914–50: Gender, Power, and Social Policy (London: Longman, 2000), p. 13. 15 Ibid., p. 74. J. Alberti, Beyond Suffrage: Feminists in War and Peace, 1914–1928, p. 22 (Hampshire: Macmillan, 1989). 16 B. Haslam, From Suffrage to Internationalism: The Political Evolution of Three British Feminists, 1908–1939, p. 135 (New York: Peter Lang, 1999); H. M. Swanwick, I Have Been Young, p. 315 (London: V. Gollancz, 1935). 17 The British Library (BL), The Record of the Save the Children Fund, 1 November 1920, p. 27; L. Leneman, In the Service of Life: The Story of Elsie Inglis and the Scottish Women’s Hospitals, p. 209 (Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 1994). 18 S. Raitt and T. Tate (eds) Women’s Fiction and the Great War, pp. 72–73 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). 19 Leneman, In the Service of Life, p. 2. 20 BL, The World’s Children: A Quarterly Journal of Child Care and Protection Considered from an International Point of View, 1 May 1921, p. 191. 21 Leneman, In the Service of Life, pp. 207–211. 22 Lil Jebb wrote about her adventures with de Bunsen. See: Mrs Roland Wilkins, By Desert Ways to Baghdad (London: Charles Scribner, 1909); see: V. de Bunsen, The Soul of a Turk (New York: J. Lane, 1910); BL, ‘Child Life in Turkey’, The World’s Children, January 1925, p. 57. Ibid., ‘Cures in Turkey’, July 1924, p. 163. 23 Ibid., The World’s Children, January 1924, p. 49. 24 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Annual Report, 1925, p. 5. 25 Ibid., 1922, p. 7. 26 Ibid., 1925, p. 9. 27 V. Brittain, Pethick-Lawrence: A Portrait, p. 84 (London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1963). 28 SCF, Lawrence, Random Memories, p. 1. 29 Ibid., p. 2. 30 E. Ross (ed.) Slum Travelers: Ladies and London Poverty, 1860–1920, p. 12 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). 31 The World’s Children can be regarded as a literary and historical account of how women saw the world in the 1920s. See: Ross, Slum Travelers, p. 10. 32 SCF, D. Buxton, Appeal Letter, 11 May 1919. 33 JFP, Dorothy Buxton from Miss Hobhouse, 7 February 1920; L. Mahood, ‘Feminists, Politics and Children’s Charity: The Formation of the Save the Children Fund’, Voluntary Action, 5 (2002), p. 79. 34 M. Mulvihill, Charlotte Despard: A Biography, pp. 129–130 (London: Pandora, 1989); C. Law, Suffrage and Power: the Women’s Movement 1918–1928, p. 369 (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000). 35 J. Alberti, Beyond Suffrage: Feminists in War and Peace, 1914–1928, p. 86 (Hampshire: Macmillan, 1989). 36 She reported on her trip to Vienna and Budapest in The World’s Children. BL, The World’s Children, 1 February 1921, p. 92. Ibid., December 1920. 37 Ibid., 15 April 1921, p. 173. 38 JFP, E. Jebb, private papers [circa, 1928]. In The White Flame, Dorothy published a great deal of Eglantyne’s personal writing including, ‘Heart trouble set in, due (from a medical point of view) to other causes…I took 270 Notes

long journeys, travelling as simply as possible in order to economize, and generally by myself. Sometimes I wondered whether I should still be alive when I reached by journey’s end…it was strange I knew I was killing my self for nothing…’. Dorothy editorialized: ‘It was true she was killing herself’. Within eighteen months of writing these words she died. D. Buxton and Fuller, The White Flame, pp. 14–15. 39 K. Jayawardena, The White Women’s Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Rule (London: Routledge, 1995), p. 2. 40 Ibid., pp. 21, 65–66. H. Jones, Women in British Public Life, 1914–1950, Gender, Power and Social Policy, pp. 112–113 (London: Longmans, 2000). 41 E. Jebb, ‘What the League of Nations can do for Children, June, 1927; The World’s Children, p. 130; E. Jebb, Save the Child!: A Posthumous Essay, pp. 49–50 (London: Weardale Press, 1929). Eglantyne quoting Andre Gide and Nina Boyle, writes, ‘Wherever the education of girls is neglected, and especially where marriage is allowed too early…there is the danger of the condition of marriage degenerating into a system of [sexual] slavery; at any rate in many individual cases…’. E. Jebb, The Real Enemy, p. 27 (London: Weardale Press, 1928); Jones, Women in British Public Life, p. 112. 42 Jebb, The Real Enemy, pp. 6, 42. 43 D. Buxton and Fuller, The White Flame, p. 7. Hawes argues that since the late nineteenth century ‘cruelty societies’ had been raising the question of chil- dren’s rights and publicized child abuse but they failed to understand the realities of life among the poor. J. Hawes, The Children’s Rights Movement: A History of Advocacy and Protection, p. 24 (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991). 44 K. Jayawardena, The White Woman’s Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia, p. 96 (London: Routledge, 1995). 45 Jebb, The Real Enemy, p. 16. 46 This technique began with the SCF’s photograph of a dead Russian boy, which they published repeatedly in major British papers in 1921. Koven argues that Save the Child did better than Barnardos regarding exploit- ative images of children. In response to criticism, in the 1980s the Save the Children Fund developed strict guidelines concerning the images of children and the preservation of human dignity; Koven, Slumming, pp. 134–138. 47 JFP, Nora Bentwich to Victoria de Bunsen, 26 September 1919. 48 D. Marshall, ‘Humanitarian Sympathy for Children in Times of War and the History of Children’s Rights, 1919–1959’, in J. Marten (ed.) Children and War (New York: New York University Press, 2002), p. 196. There used to be a moneybox circa 1920s in the SCF archive, with the slogan: ‘Sambo says Save the Children!’ 49 Symonds, Far Above Rubies, p. 88. 50 Jebb, The Real Enemy, p. 9. 51 BFP, E. Buxton, Notes made by ERB in 1928 (dictated by EJ). 52 SCF, Gardiner Papers, EJ to Dorothy Kempe, Letter 83b, 19 September 1898, pp. 75–77. 53 SCF, Save the Children Fund, Executive Minutes, 23 January 1932. 54 Eglantyne first used this term in a letter to Suzanne Ferrière. G, EJ to Suzanne Ferrière, 19 March 1921, ‘a line to ask you to stay with me when you come to Notes 271

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Abbot, Grace, 196 Baltic, 180, 209 Abbott, Mary, 36 Banks, Olive, 125 Aberdeen, Lady, 195–200 Barnett, Samuel and Harriett, 30 Aberdeen, Lord, 197 Bathurst, Katharine, 85, 86 Acton Lodge, 172 Belgium, 203 Africa, 178, 203, 213, 214 Bennett, Judith, 125 Agriculture, 18, 19, 22, 23, 27, 41, 91, Benthem, Ethel, Dr., 210 156 Bentinick, Nora, Lady, 179 co-operative farming, 2 Berne, 173, 174 co-operative movements, 91, 150, Besant, Walter, 25 151 biography; historical sources, 4, 14, small holdings, 150, 151 15, 41, 54, 88, 122, 207, 208, 216 Agricultural Organization Society, 2, diaries, 36, 45, 49, 50, 210 151, 154, 155, 165, 166, 208 letters, 7–11, 14, 15, 124, 139 Aitken, Max (Lord Beaverbrook), 181 Birmingham, 44, 117 Albania, 154 Bishop Otter College, 75, 78 Albert Hall, 142, 161 blockade, 142, 160, 168, 169, 180 Amnesty International, 6, 215 Blomfield, Sara, Lady, 173, 196, 211 Anderson, Anne, 22, 23, 43 Blumenfeld, R. D., 181, 182 Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett, 123 board of guardians, 14, 20, 109, 110 Andrew, Donna, 13 board school teacher, 75, 77, 83, 86, Anglo-Serbian Children’s Belgrade 110 Hospital, 193, 209 Bodkin, Archibald, Sir, 161 Anti-Socialist Union, 181 Boer War, 168 Anthony, Susan B., 195 Bolshevism, 179–181 Apponyi, Albert Count, 199 Bolt, Christine, 125 Armenia, 169, 180, 192, 201, 209 Bondfield, Margaret, 210 Armistice, 158, 168, 169, 171, 189 Booth, Charles and Mary, 30, 115 Arts and Crafts Exhibition, 44 Booth, William, Captain, 24 Asia, 214 Boots Scribbling Dairy, 10, 11, 125 ‘A Starving Baby’ (Leaflet), 162, 163 Bosanquet, Charles, 105 Astor, Lady, 192, 210 Boyle, Nina, 185, 190, 210, 211, 216 Atholl, Duchess (Katherine Stuart Breen, Rodney, 198 Murray), 191, 210 British Committee for Relief in Atholl, Duke (John George Stuart Poland, 172 Murray), 170, 183 British War Office, 209 ‘Atolovo’, 183 Brittan, Vera, 72, 210 Australia, 144, 151, 199 Brownlow, Lady, 25 Austria, 142, 161, 168, 177, 180 Brownlow, Lord, 25 Buckmaster, Stanley Owen, 147 Baghdad, 209 Budapest, 203 Baha’i, 173, 196, 212 Bulgaria, 154, 183 Balkans War, 135, 148 Butler, Josephine, 30, 76

280 Index 281

Burne-Jones, Edward, 81, 108 Cadbury, William, 158 Buxton, Charles Roden, 41, Cambridge, 3, 12, 32, 107, 110, 116, 135 136 attacked by Anti-German Cambridge Boys’ Registry, 119, 126 Union, 158 Cambridge Ladies Discussion British Delegate League of Society, 3, 11, 110, 111 Nations, 199 Cambridge Magazine, 11, 157, 158, 165 early career, 147 Cambridge Review, 144 Fight the Famine Council, 160 Cambridge University (Newnham Land Inquiry, 148, 150 College), 56, 58, 78, 92, 106, 108, Macedonia relief, 148 125, 144 position on First World Apostles, 137 War, 158 Girton College, 111, 114 reflections on Dorothy, 144, Newnham, 4, 58, 59, 60, 87, 104, 147, 208 144, 146 slumming, 148 Trinity College, 107, 109, 146 supports Declaration of the Canada, 199 Rights of the Child, 199 Careers for women (paid and unpaid), supports League of Nations, 174 8, 30, 32, 56, 68, 88, 116, 119, Trinity Mission, 156 120, 208, 215 ‘War: Problem of Settlement’, 158 Agriculture, 151 Buxton, David, 10, 124, 125, 156, board school inspectors, 86 158, 159 duty, 68, 73, 74, 76, 81, 91, 143, Buxton, Dorothy Frances (née Jebb), 151, 165, 215 2, 3, 4, 10, 15, 32, 36, 37, 46, 49, nurse; health care, 68, 70, 88, 110, 52, 54, 59, 64–87, 108, 109, 112, 121, 150, 148, 163, 215 113, 133, 143–144, 153, 192, 208, relief worker, 209, 210, 212, 211, 212 215 at Newnham, 104, 143 sexuality, 7, 113, 140 attitude toward Margaret social investigator, 12, 106, 115, Keynes, 139, 140 116, 121, 129, 130, 165, 207, boarding school, 107, 143 210, 212 death, 206 social worker, 1, 2, 8, 12, 68, 70, Eglantyne’s arrest, 163 71, 73, 88, 106, 109, 110, 113, Eglantyne’s charisma, 189 114, 119, 121, 122, 126, 130, founder of Save the Children 155, 165, 185, 207, 208, 210, Fund, 164 215 ‘Notes from the Foreign Press’, teacher; grammar school; Cambridge Magazine, 157–159 gentlewomen schoolmistress, 3, Political Debating Society, 144 12, 23, 68, 70, 73–75, 78, 84, ‘Quacks’ in SCF, 171 88, 90–92, 110, 207 The White Flame, 3, 139 university lecturer, 68, 69, 72 Women’s University see also charity work; Settlement, 144 philanthropy Buxton, Eglantyne Roden, 4, 71, 140, Carpenter, Mary, 167 156, 206, 207, 208 Cecil, Robert (Minister of the Buxton, Roden Noel, 135, 147, 148, Blockade), 160, 170 160, 183 Central Prisoner of War president of SCF, 170 Agency, 173 282 Index

Charity Organization Society, 3, 11, Cooke, Geraldine, 210 12, 14, 30, 94, 96, 105, 106, 109, Courtney, Kathleen, 67, 170, 191 110, 111–117, 121, 123–128, 130, Creighton, Louise, 211 131, 137, 141, 149, 151, 154, 157, Crimea, 209 165, 166, 177, 189, 200, 207, 215 Cunningham, Hugh, 197 charity work, 1, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 20–24, Czechoslovakia, 169, 192, 209 26, 27, 43, 70, 73, 76, 81, 91, 110, 119, 121, 127, 132, 143, 165, 179, Daily Express, 176, 181, 182 189, 190, 215 Daily Herald, 142 Chief Rabbi of England, 173 Daily Mail, 181 childbirth; pregnancy, danger, 15, 31, Daily Mirror, 2, 177 138, 154, 155 Daily Telegraph, 5 childhood, Darwinism, 30 apprenticeship system, 22 Darwin, George, 111 girls’ diaries, 34, 45, 49, 50 Darwin, Gwen, 111, 112, 119, 120 girls, 11, 34–55, 128 Darwin, Lady, 111 girls’ accomplishments, 37, 48, 126 Darwin, Nora, 111 immunization, 17 daughter-at-home, 8, 97, 98, 104, poor Irish, 27, 31, 43, 76, 99, 182 121, 130, 133 puberty, 53 Davidoff, Leonore, 15 SCF attitudes toward, 190, 203, Davidson Randall (Archbishop of 213, 214 Canterbury), 171, 173, 182 Victorian middle-class ideal, 11, Davis, Margaret Llewelyn, 191, 211 37, 54, 70, 128 Davitt, Michael, 27 working class, 94, 95, 116, 117, de Bunsen, Bernard, 156 165, 190, 213, 214 de Bunsen, Victoria, 146, 166, 183, Children Acts, 168 188 children’s charity, 167, 178, 185, 191, children’s charter, 195, 197, 198 205, 212, 214 companion in By Desert Ways to children’s charter, see Declaration of Baghdad, 210 the Rights of the Child Declaration of the Rights of the children’s rights, 12, 143, 168, 194, Child; Declaration of Geneva, 2, 195, 197, 198, 205 6, 46, 185, 194–202, 203, 205, child-saving, child-saving movement, 214 2, 3, 116, 168, 175, 178, 193, 216 children’s charter, 194–199, 216 China, 178, 180, 190, 200, 214, 215 International Council of Women, Christians; Christianity, 39, 212 195–199 Christian Science, 188 International Council of Women Church of England, 39, 65, 148, 159, (GB), 194, 197, 198 172, 173 Defence of the Realm Act, 142, 157, Church of Scotland, 173 161 Church Times, 4 Dendy, Helen, 146 Churchill, Winston, 160 Despard, Charlotte, 182, 191, 210, Clark, Alice, 193 211, 212 Clark, Hilda, 192, 209 Dickenson, Goldsworthy Lowes, 112 Clavell, Edith, 164, 165 Dillon, John, 27 Clay, Catherine, 10 Dimsdale, Marcus Southwell, 112, Clouzot, Etienne, 199 113, 140 Conservative Party, 210, 212 Doan, Laura, 193 Index 283

Donzelot, Jacques, 2, 22 Fletcher, Anthony, 34 Dr Barnardo, 127, 168, 178 Foucault, Michel, 124 Dresden, 58 France, 169, 177, 180, 181 Dunant, Henri, 157 Friends Emergency War Victims Du Pay, Maude, 111 Relief Committee, 172, 192 Dyhouse, Carole, 69, 122 Friends of the Earth, 6 friendship; women’s intimate Edinburgh, 149 friendship; homoerotic, 12, 60, Education, 121, 124, 125, 139, 140, 215, 216 domestic science curriculum, 83, Freedman, Kathleen, 3 84, 92 Freud, Sigmund, 132, 155 education department, 15, 17, 18, Froebel, Friedrich, 22, 24, 79, 203 37, 85, 86 Fry, Elizabeth, 144 girls home education, 11, 34, 46, Fry, Ruth, 192, 209 48, 50 54, 55, 61, 128 Fuller, Edward, 3, 148, 157, 159, 172, higher education of women, 51, 57, 183, 200 58, 68, 88 lady inspectors, 86 Gardiner, Dorothy (née Kempe), 10, lower-middle class girls, 47, 73 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 80, 83, male tutors, 64, 66 85, 87, 103, 104, 115, 126, 151, Revised Code 1900, 83 152 self-education, 21, 48, 50, 54, 55 Geneva, 159, 169, 173–175, 191, 193, university, 12, 51, 61 198, 200, 203, 204 working class education, 73, 75, 76 Germany, 126, 157, 160, 161, 168, see also governess 169, 174, 177, 180, 196, 210, 212 Ellesmere, 15, 32, 130 Anti German Union, 158 Ellesmere Debating Society, 38, 40 Firing Squad (Edith Cavell), 164 Elliot George, 129, 133 Kaiser, 160 Ellis Havelock, 125, 139 Ghandi, Mahatma, 204 Ellis, Marion (Lady Parmoor), 160 ghosts, 152, 155 Emslie, Isabel, Dr, 193 Gilmore, Emily (Eglantyne’s Aunt English poor law, 6, 14, 105, 109, 110 Nonie), 47, 48, 53, 91 Esperanto, 202 Gilmore, James (Eglantyne’s Uncle), 52, 90, 91, 92, 103 Faderman, Lillian, 138 Gladstone, William, 17, 19, 28 fatherhood, 17, 38 Glendenning, Victoria, 58, 60 feminism, 5, 9, 11, 74, 92, 171, 174, Globalization, 215 191–193, 198, 212 Golden L. B., 175, 177, 187, 202 Ferrière, Frederic, 173 Gordon, Eleanor, 31, 123 Ferrière, Suzanne, 10, 173, 187, 202 Gordon, Maria Ogilvie, 191, 196, 198 Fight the Famine Council, 2, 59, 67, Gorst, John Sir, 85, 86, 90 142, 160, 161, 166, 174, 191, 208, Gould, Barbara Ayrton, 142, 161, 163 211 governesses; servants, 42, 45–47, 63, Finland, 180 74, 85, 125, 157, 210 Finlayson, Geoffrey, 13, 14, 171, 183, Grant, Clara Ellen, 99 191 Grant, Duncan, 134, 137 First World War, 2, 7, 25, 32, 45, 74, Greece, 148, 154, 182, 183, 201, 210 125, 155, 157, 159–160, 165, 178, Greenpeace, 6, 215 183, 190, 208 Guelph, Ontario, 9 284 Index

Haggard, Rider, 150 Ireland, 14, 26, 27, 29, 31, 43, 76, 99, Halford, Jeanette, 198 148, 156, 182, 199, 210 Hall Radclyffe, The Well of Loneliness Irish Home Rule, 27, 44, 153, 155, (1928), 139 182 Hamilton, Agnes Mary, 58, 144, 146 Italy, 129, 130, 158 Hamilton, Earnest, 176, 177 Harrison, Brian, 6 Jebb, Arthur Trevor, 11, 13–16, 19, 27, Haslam, Beryl, 8 35, 37, 77, 85, 86, 106, 146, 208 Haverfield, Evelina, 193 Book of Psalms, Rendered into health cures, 121 English Verse (1898),32 Heilburn, Carolyn, 185, 207 Christmas Tradition, 40, 41 Hellerstein, Erna, 55 education of women, 58, 59 Henley Regatta, 179 Inspector of Returns, 16 Hewa, Soma, 5 objections to Tye’s charity work, Hill, Archibald Vivian, 136–139, 29–31, 131 148, 155 Jebb, Caroline, Lady (Eglantyne’s Hobhouse, Emily, 170, 177, 212 Aunt Carrie), 10, 20, 29, 31, 44, Holgate, Maud, 152, 153, 155 54, 86, 92, 106–112, 124 Holloway Prison, 161 description of Tye’s health, 31 Holme, Vera, 193 marriage, 107, 208 Home Arts and Industries Association, matchmaking, 111, 112 11, 13, 21, 23–26, 31, 38, 42, 44, rejects spiritualism, 152, 153 45, 74, 76, 91, 103, 111, 131, returns to United States, 121 159, 190, see also Eglantyne Jebb, Eglantyne Jebb, Louisa Jebb ‘A Note to Murder’, 214 Hubbard, Louisa, 75, 78, 90 admission to Stockwell (Education Humphries, Robert, 173 Act Article 115), 79, 85 Hungary, 168, 177, 180, 187, 192, Advisory Committee on the Traffic 196, 209, 211, 212, 213 of Women and Protection of Children, 200 India, 178, 190, 199, 204, 210, 214 Agriculture Organization Society, Indian Young Men’s Christian 151, 152, 154–156 Association, 158 arrest, 142, 161 Infant Life Protection Act, 168 ‘A Starving Baby’ (Leaflet), 162, Inglis, Elsie Dr, 193, 209 163 International Committee for Russian attitude toward charity work, 185, Relief, 180 202, 216 International Committee of the Briarland Recorder, 45 Red Cross, 172, 173, 180, Cambridge: A Brief Study in Social 191–193, 204 Questions (1908), 106 115, 118, International Council of Woman; 119, 127, 128, 151 International Council of Women Cambridge Independent Press (1910), (GB), see Declaration of the 148 Rights of the Child, 11 Cambridge Register of Educational, International Labour Organization, Economic, Philanthropic, and 174, 204 other Agencies for Promoting International Year of the Child, 214 Self-Help and Mutual Help in Internationalism, 12, 174, 185, 191, the Town and Neighbourhood, 205, 215 115 Index 285 clothing, 91, 92, 189 Tye proud, 33, 201 ‘Conversations with a Departed Viva, 71 Friend’, 152, 153, 155 ‘Where War Has Been: Lady’s death and burial, 204 Work in Macedonia’, 149 degrees for women, 68 ‘Women of the Past’, 98, 118 depression, 123, 155, 189 see also Declaration of the detests teaching, 100 Rights of the Child; Russian Dimsdale’s marriage to Elisabeth Famine; Save the Children Philips, 112 Fund ‘Dream Diary’, 188 Jebb, Eglantyne Louisa (Tye), 11, 13, fears for future of SCIU, 202 14, 23, 25–30, 35, 42, 43, 58, 59, Fight the Famine Council, 157, 75, 79, 91, 111, 141, 160, 187, 158 190, 208 gentlewoman school mistress, attitude to Eglantyne’s teaching, 88–104 91, 103 girlhood, 20, 24, 25, 34–55, attitude to suffrage, 129 98 death, 202 Honorary Secretary SCF, 165 decision to move to Cambridge, international ideal, 161, 174, 185, 107 191, 205, 215, 216 decision to travel abroad, 121, 124, Lady Margaret Hall, 56–72 127 League of Nations support, 183, hypochondria, 31, 44, 47, 54, 184, 194 123 letter to Daily News, 163, 164 marriage to A. T. Jebb, 15, 18 Liberal Party member, 148, Royal Dublin Society School of 165 Art, 21 low social status of board Sussex house, 143, 153, 201 schoolteacher, 93 see also Home Arts and Industries Macedonian Relief Fund, 135, Association; Home Rule 148–150, 151, 154 Jebb, Eglantyne Mary, 4, 71, 112, ‘Manual of Prayers’, 147 140, 206 medical information, 123, 124, Eglantyne tutors, 118 187–189, 204 Jebb, Gamul (Eglantyne’s brother), move to Lacarno, Switzerland, 202 15, 36, 45, 46, 50–52, 58, 62 ‘Murder’, 214 Jebb, Geraldine (Eglantyne’s pacifist, 157 aunt), 4, 112 president SCIU, 186 Eglantyne tutors, 118 relationship with Margaret Jebb, Heneage (Eglantyne’s Keynes, 121, 124–141 uncle), 17, 20, 76, 109 resigns COS, 121–125 Jebb, Louisa (Eglantyne’s aunt), 15, sets up SCF, 166–184 20, 30, 37, 42, 47–49, 51, 56, Stockwell Teacher College, 73–87 58, 75, 76, 80, 118, 143, 174, ‘Sunday Best Tilda’, 96, 102 187 ‘Suzies of Life’, 97, 104, 118 Death, 202 ‘The Ring Fence’, 1, 3, 41, 45, 113, Jebb, Richard (Eglantyne’s brother), 120, 130–133, 135, 151, 165, 15, 17, 25, 32, 50, 51, 53, 58, 59, 171 61, 63 tutors A. R. Marriott and W. H. marriage to Ethel Lewthwaite, 107, Hutton, 65, 66, 79 133 286 Index

Jebb, Richard, Sir (Eglantyne’s uncle), Lady Margaret Hall; Oxford 18, 20, 27, 65, 86, 92, 104, 144 University, 10, 12, 56, 58–61, 65, death, 121, 124 67, 70, 73, 77, 78, 80, 99, 112, marriage to Caroline Slemmer, 107, 117, 118, 152, 207, 215 208 Brown Book, Lady Margaret Hall objections to Tye’s charity work, Chronicle, 149 29, 30, 31 chaperones, 62 Jebb, Robert (Eglantyne’s uncle), 20 ‘Crickets’, 60 Jeffreys, Shelia, 125 cycling, 67 Jerome, Jerome K., 160 esprit de corps, 80 Jews, 179, 212 freshers, 66, 67, 118 Jingoism, 170 field hockey, 67 Jolly, Margarette, 11, 139 mentors, 98 Jones, Helen, 88 room of one’s own, 61, 66 rowing, 67 Kate Greenway, 52 Lady Muriel Paget’s Mission, see Keynes, Florence, 108, 114, 115, 117, Muriel Paget, 170, 175, 196 118, 120, 125–128, 134, 135, 136 Russia, 193, 209 Keynes, Geoffrey, 126, 134 Landlords; landownership, see Keynes, John Neville, 125 agriculture, 18, 22, 24, 41, 45, Keynes, John Maynard, 16, 64, 126, 150, 151 127 Lapore, Jill, 7, 9 Fight the Famine Council, 160 Lawrence, Susan, 191, 210 Homosexuality, 134, 137, 138 League of Nations, 2, 12, 160, 166, Duncan Grant, 134, 137 173, 174, 180, 183, 185, 191, 194, tutoring women, 64, 144 199, 204, 216 Keynes, Margaret, 12, 112, 119, 120, Children’s Charter of the League of 148, 188, 203 Nations, 199 Eglantyne’s fear of Margaret’s Child Welfare Committee, 200 pregnancy, 153–155 feminists support, 195 Homosexuality, 134, 137, 140 Advisory Committee on the Traffic Marriage, 128, 134, 137, 140, 155 of Women and Protection of relationship with Eglantyne, 121, Children, 200 124–141 Social Section Committee, 193 The Problem of Boy Labour (1911), League of Red Cross Societies, 180 127 Lees, Hollen Lynn, 6, 110 Killiney, 14, 26 Leighton, Stanley, 40 Kollwitz, Kathe, 185 Leipzig, 212 Koven, Seth, 2, 75, 82, 101, 130, 131 Leland, Charles Godfrey, 21, 23, 28 Kraft-Eding, Richard von, 139 Lenin, Vladimir, 180 Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth, 155 lesbianism, 125, 139, 140 Kulaks, 180 Leslie, Henrietta, 210 Liberal Party, 18, 143, 146, 147, 156, Labour Party; Independent Labour 209, 212 Party, 159, 161, 175, 182, 190, Lloyd, George David, 128, 157, 192, 195, 210, 212 168 Lacarno, 153 Lloyd, George Margaret, 170 Lady Bountiful, 3, 5, 8, 45, 108, 120, Loch, Charles Steward, 105 165, 169, 185, 187, 196, 214, 216 Lodge, Eleanor, 58, 61, 65 Index 287

London, 89, 91, 106, 115, 131, 157, Mews, George H., 177 191, 193, 203 Microhistory, 7, 9 London School Board, 75, 90 Mills, C. W., The Sociological London Tube Railways, 176 Imagination, 8 Luddy, Maria, 6 Milne, Brian, 194 Miners’ Children Fund, 192 Macadam, Elizabeth, 133 Miss Lawrence, 169, 211, 212 Macarthur, Mary, 191 Mitchell, Sally, 58, 66 Macedonian Relief Fund, 2, 135, 141, Monastir, 135, 148, 149, 165 148–150, 154, 165, 166, 170, 187, Montessori, 203 208, 210 Morris, William, 21 Macphail, Katharine Dr, 193, 209 Moscow, 178, 181, 212 maladies imaginaries, 50, 123 Mosley, Cynthia Lady, 191, 210, 211 Manchester, 117 Moss, William Francis, 161 Manley Lydia, 78–80, 82, 84, 86, 87, Munro, Hector Dr, (Munro Medical 89, 118 Corps), 171, 209 Manson House Police Court, 142, Muslim, 148 161, 165 Markham, Violet, 210 Nair, Gwyneth, 31, 123 Marlborough, 12, 91, 97, 99, 103, Nansen, Fridtjof (High Commissioner 105, 108, 114, 116, 117, 135, for Russian Relief), 180 147, 207 National Council for Unmarried Marlborough College, 47, 50, 95 Mother and her Child, 192 marriage and courtship, National Council of Women angel of the house, 15, 20, 21, 30, (Great Britain), 11, 136, 191 134, 146 National Labour Press, 163 companionate ideal, 18 National League for Health, Maternity disappointment and social work, and Child Welfare, 192 113, 140 National Union of Women’s Suffrage Edwardian, 143, 146, 208 Societies; National Union of Eglantyne’s attitude, 68, 69, 111, Suffrage Societies, 160, 193, 210 131, 132 National Union of Teachers, 192 Proposals, 107, 113 National Union of Women grand passion, 113, 140 Workers, 211 late-Victorian, 15, 208 Nature cures, 171, 188 matchmaking, 111 Naylor Margaret Darnley, 210 marriage question, 29, 123 Newnham Settlement Society, 127 Times, 29 Newspaper Proprietors’ women tutors and professors, 69 Association, 181 Marshall, Catharine, 191 new thought, 188 Marshall, Dominique, 169, 193, 214 new woman, 8 Marshall, Mary Paly, 113, 114, 118 New Zealand, 199 Maternity and Child Welfare Nightingale, Florence, 76, 185 Committee, 198 Nineteenth Century, 27 Mayhew, Henry, London Labour and Nobel Peace Prize, 206 the London Poor (1864), 115 Nuremberg Refugee camp, 177 Mayo Katherine, Mother India, 204, 214 Oakley, H.E. Sir, 79 McCraw, Pat, 9 O’Brien, Charlotte, 27 288 Index

Ogden, C. K., 10, 157–159 Purvis, June, 9, 61, 64 Orthodox churches, 173 Pye, Edith, 192, 193, 209 Orwell George, Road to Wigan Pier (1837), 171 Queen’s Scholarship, 78, 79, 81 Oslo, 195, 197 Queen Victoria, 8 Oxfam, 6, 215 Oxford University, 16, 58, 59, 61, 63, Ragged School Union, 195 64, 71, 73, 77–80, 85, 88, 90 Raitt, Susan, 209 see also Lady Margaret Hall Rathbone, Eleanor, 73, 133 Rebel Daughter, 5, 7, 9–11, 71, 112, Pacifists, 159, 171, 191 140, 206, 207 Paget, Muriel Lady, 191 Red Army, 179 Pankhurst, Emmeline, 160 Red Cross, 157, 167, 169, 173, 174, Paris Peace Conference, 191 179, 180, 193, 204 Parker, Julia, 6, 23, 31, 143 Reformatory and Industrial Schools Parmoor, Lord, 169 Act, 168 paternalism, 6, 19–22, 40 Robinson, Wendy, 81 Pathe Gazette, 181 Roman Catholics, 171–174 payment-by-result system, 83 Romania, 180, 209 Pederson, Susan, 125, 133, 199 Ross, Ellen, 5, 7, 8, 92, 110, 116, 130 Period Piece (1952), 111 Rothchild, Rozsika, 196, 211 Persia, 214 Royal Academy of Art, 25 Pesman, Ros, 9, 207 Royal Highness, The Princess Royal, 9 Pethick-Lawrence, Emmeline, 146, Royden, Maude, 67, 170, 191 191, 210 Rupp, Leila, 142, 174, 195 Pethick-Lawrence, Fredrick, 146, 179 Ruskin, John, 21, 24 philanthropy, philanthropist, 1, 3, 4, Russia see Bolshevik, 169, 177, 178, 8, 13, 14, 19–22, 24, 28, 32, 42, 181, 159, 192, 209, 212 44, 73, 74, 76, 91, 110, 111, 115, Famine, 179–182, 188, 193 118, 126, 142, 164–168, 171, 177, collective farms, 182 183, 185, 190, 196 language, 158 phrenology, 44 militarism, 159 Picton Turberville, Edith, 191, 192, 210, 213 Salonika, 202 Pilkington, Ellice, 152 Salvation Army, 23, 212 Pilkington, Henry Lionel, 151, 152, Sapphism, 137, 138 154, 155, 188 Saratov, 180, 181, 210 Platt, Anthony, 2 Save the Children Fund, Save the The Plough, 2, 151 Children (SCF), 2–7, 9, 10, 12, 45, Pluckett, Horace, see agriculture, 150 67, 99, 111, 124, 139, 142, 148, Poland, 169, 180, 192, 209 156, 160, 161, 163–165, 185, 188, Pope Benedict XV, 171–174, 181 206, 208, 210, 215 Prochaska, Frank, 2, 6, 28, 29, 142, ‘adoption’ schemes, 177 179 advertisements, 176, 177 Protestant Cathedral of St Peter’s Canada, 9, 175 (Geneva), 200 children as famine victims, 176, provident society, 14, 20 177, 181 Pullan, Miss, 93, 94, 101, 118 criticism, 166, 181, 182, 214 Punch, 105, 123 formation, 168–184 Index 289

fundraising, 176–179, 181, 182, Simcox, Edith, 75 184, 214 Sinn Fein, 182 home committee 180, 182, 191 Skidelsky Robert, 137 model refugee villages, 183 Slovakia, 209 New Zealand, 175 slumming, 1, 82, 91, 92, 113, 147 nonproductive Stunts, 183 Slum novel, 130 papal encyclical, 172, 173 Smiles, Samuel, 19, 28 propaganda, 176, 177, 181, 182 Snowden, Ethel, 191, 212 refugee camps, 177 social action, 12, 14, 28, 30, 32, 130, South Africa, 175 142, 165, 208, 216 use of statistics and facts, 176, 177, social motherhood, 76, 91, 94 181 socialists, 41, 67, 129, 171, 181, 187, ‘vocabularies for giving’, 175 189, 190, 197, 212 women council members, 191, 217, Society for the Prevention of 218 Cruelty to Children, 168 Save the Children International Society of Friends; Quakers, 11, 22, Union; International Union for 41, 167, 170, 171, 177, 179, 180, Child Welfare, 2, 10–12, 175, 182, 192, 208, 209 185, 192, 193, 206, 208 Buxton’s join, 144, 159 female founders, 213, 217, 218 261 Quaker feminists, 191–193, 208 League of Nations, 194 Solerino, 157 merges with International South Africa, 148, 151, 199 Association for the Promotion South America, 210 of Child Welfare, 202, 203 South Asian, 213 see also Declaration of Right of Spiritualism, 152, 187 Child St George’s Cemetery, 204 Scandinavian, 158 St Martin’s-in-the-Field, 205 school inspector, 15, 77, 85 St Peter’s Church of England scientific social work, 109, 116, 117, School (Marlborough), 91, 101, 166, 177, 200, 205 103, 118 Schreiner, Olive, 113, 191 Stanhope Philip James (Lord Scotland, 149, 156, 197 Weardale), 170 Scottish Women’s Hospital, 193, 209 Stanley, Liz, 7, 9, 207, 208 self-help doctrine, 18, 28, 150, 166 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 195 Serbia, 148, 193 Steedman, Carolyn, 3, 9, 34, 45, 54, settlement work, 1, 5, 70, 71, 75, 84, 95, 96, 101 91, 111, 118, 130, 131, 156 Stockwell Teacher College, 12, 18, 47, Marriages among workers, 146 77–85, 88, 90, 94, 95, 103, sexology, 125, 138–140 116–118, 207 Shaftsbury, Lord, 167, 178, 195 suffrage; suffragette, 48, 67, 128, 129, Sharp, Evelyn, 212 142, 149, 160, 161, 185, 211 Shaw, George Bernard, 140, 175 Sunday Times, 5 Sheepshanks, Mary, 170 Sutherland Jillian, 15 Shropshire, 5, 8, 11, 14, 22, 31, 108 Swanwick, Helena, 59, 61, 170, 190 Shropshire Providence Society, 20 Sweden, 181 Sidgwick, Ethel, 133, 210, 216 Swiss Comite Internationale de Sidgwick, Henry, 107, 109 Secours aux Enfants, 172 Society for Psychical Research, 152 Switzerland, 130, 169, 174, 202 Six Point Group, 211 Symonds, Richard, 3 290 Index

Tagore, Rabindranath, 204 voluntary action; agencies, 1, 14, 20, Talbot, Edward Dr, 56 32, 75, 121, 142, 165, 171, Talbot, Mary, 60, 68–69 174, 183, 185, 191, 197, 208, Teachers college, 73, 84, 88, 105 209 esprit de corps, 80 Vulliamy, Grace, 170 hidden curriculum, 78 Queen’s Scholarship, 78 Wales, 31, 41, 44, 47, 49, 50, 108, socialization, 80, 81 148 Temperance Visitor, 24 War Charities Act, 168 Theosophy, 173, 187, 212 Webb, Beatrice (née Potter), 113, Thoreau, Henry David, Walden, 66 146, 185 Thyroid: goitre; myxedema; West Indies, 151 myxedema madness, 154, 155, Westland, Alice, 75 156, 187–189, 204 Widdowson, Frances, 81 Times (London), 4, 19, 29, 85, 94, Wilde, Oscar, 134 122, 123, 133, 134, 141, 142, Wilkins, Louisa (Lil) (née Jebb), 15, 181 35, 36, 37, 44, 53, 58, 61, 91, Toynbee, Charlotte, 70, 71, 75, 77, 109, 143, 140 90, 92, 118, 156 Cooperative Small Holdings Trafalgar Square, 2, 142 Society, 150 Treaty of Versailles, 159, 169, 174 Newnham, 150 Trevelyan, George, 93 Select Committee on the Small Tucker, Edith, 210 Holdings and Allotments Tuckwell, Gertrude, 75, 76 Act, 150 Turkey, 148, 154, 183, 209 Women’s Land Army, 32 Wilkins, Roland, 133, 150 Uban District Council, 20 Wilson, Francesca, 4, 60, 71, United Irish Women (1910), 152 101, 112, 125, 140, 188, United Nations, 6, 9, 194, 200, 206 216 Woodrow, Wilson, 160, 166 United States (America), 107, 108, Woolf, Virginia, 134, 185 181, 195, 196, 200 Women’s Cooperative Guild, 211 unmarried women, see also Women’s Emergency Corps, 193, marriage and courtship; 209 women’s friendships, 122, Women’s Freedom League 208, 215 Settlement, 192 duty, 123, 208 Women’s Intercollegiate Debating lesbianism, 125, 139 Society, 67 sexology, 139 Women’s International League spinsters, 6, 7, 48, 51, 136, 187 for Peace and Freedom, 11, Times debate, 122, 123, 133 142, 160, 161, 164, 166, 170, unpaid social work, 121–123 175, 190, 192, 208 Ussher, Emily (née Jebb), 15, 17, 19, Women’s Labour Federation, 160 25, 32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 53, 58 Women’s League of Service for Offers to look after Tye, 135 Motherhood, 192 Women’s Memorial Fund for Queen Vajkai Julia, 215 Victoria, 110 Vicinus, Martha, 8, 122, 125 Wordsworth, Elizabeth, 65–67, 75, Vienna, 193, 209, 212 76, 82, 118 Index 291

Wordsworth, Ruth, 92, 94, 103, 196 Xhebana, 183 World’s Children; The Record of the Save the Children Fund, 175, 176, Young Irelanders, 27 178, 180, 200, 202–204, 212, 213 Zurich, 161