Appendix 1: Women Founders of the Save the Children Fund: General Council Members (1920–1939) The Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair 1920–1938 Mrs. Francis Acland 1920–1921 Lady Acton 1920–1921 Mrs. S. A. Barnett, C.B.E. 1920–1921 Miss Ethel Bentham., M.D. 1920–1930 Catherine Booth 1920–1938 Miss C. Nina Boyle 1920–1938 Lady Brunner 1920–1938 Mrs. C. R. Buxton 1920–1938 Lady Cantlie 1920–1921 Miss Castelloe 1920 The Lady Florence Cecil 1920–1921 Miss Magda Coe 1920–1938 Mrs. Creighton 1920 Miss M. Llewellyn Davies 1920–1921 Mrs. de Bunsen 1920–1938 Muriel, Countess de la Warr 1920–1921 Mrs. C. Despard 1920 Miss M. E. Durham 1920–1921 Lady Fletcher 1920–1921 Mrs. Franklin 1920–1921 Mrs. A. Ruth Fry 1920 Mrs. Margaret Lloyd George, O.B.E. 1920–1921 Mrs. Ogilvie Gordon, D. Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. 1920–1921 Mrs. Ernest Gowers 1920–1921 Mrs. E. Hood 1920–1921 Miss Eglantyne Jebb 1920–1928 Mrs. Pethick Lawrence 1920–1938 Mrs. A. Sarah Lawrence, L.C.C. 1920–1921 Mrs. Lindley 1920–1938 Mrs. E. M. H. Lloyd 1920–1938 Lady Emily Lutyens 1920–1921 Lady Lyttelton 1920–1938 Mrs. E. H. Major 1920–1921 Miss Violet Markham 1920–1938 Lady Maurice 1920–1938 Mrs. McKenna 1920–1938 217 218 Appendix 1: Women Founders of the Save the Children Fund Lady Scott Moncrieff 1920–1938 The Dutchess of Norfolk 1920–1921 Miss Oldham 1920–1932 Muriel Paget 1920–1937 Lady Palmer 1920–1938 Miss E. Picton–Turbervill, O.B.E. 1920–1921 The Countess of Plymouth 1920–1921 The Dutchess of Portland 1920–1921 Mrs. Walter Roch 1920–1921 Mrs. Charles Rothchild 1920–1938 Lady Rumbold 1929–1938 Mrs. C.P. Sanger 1920–1938 The Countess of Selborne 1920–1921 Mrs. Philip Snowden 1920–1938 Mrs. Harold Spender 1920–1921 Lady Sykes 1920–1921 Mrs. Stephen Tallente 1920–1921 Mrs. George Trevelyan 1920–1938 Miss Jane Walker, M.D., L.R.C.P. 1920–1921 Miss M. P. Willcocks 1920–1921 Miss Ethel Williams, M.D. 1920–1938 Lady Blomfield 1922–1938 Miss Yolande de Ternant 1922–1938 Miss Jeanette Halford 1922–1938 Miss Ethel Sidgwick 1922–1938 Mrs. Thompson 1922–1932 The Lady Weardale 1923–1932 Mrs. Henrietta Leslie 1924–1938 Mrs. G.M. Morier 1924–1938 Lady Cynthia Mosley 1924–1931 Miss Grace C. Vulliamy, C.B.E. 1924–1938 Mlle. Suzanne Ferrière 1926–1937 Edith Tucker 1929–1938 Mrs. M. T. Anderson 1929–1938 Dr Stella Churchill 1929–1939 Miss Annie W. Cooke 1929–1939 Miss Geraldine Cooke 1929–1932 Mrs. de Lafont 1929–1932 Mrs. Edgar Dugdale 1929–1938 Mrs. E. M. Pye 1929 1931–1936 Lady Nora Bentinck 1930–1938 The Countess Beauchamp 1932–1938 Mrs. Horace Farquharson 1931–1938 Adelaide Anderson 1932–1936 Mosa Anderson 1932–1938 Lady Young 1932–1938 Miss C. Lambert 1934 1936–1938 Mrs. Gilbert Ponsonby 1936–1938 Mrs. Gladys Skelton 1936–1938 Notes Prologue 1 Save the Children Fund (SCF) Archive, London, Gardiner Papers, Eglantyne Jebb (EJ) to Dorothy Kempe, Letter 162, October 1900, p. 37. 2 Jebb Family Papers, private collection (JFP); E. Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, pp. 71–72 (Unpublished Novel, 1912). 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid., pp. 248–249. 5 Ibid., p. 555. 6 Ibid., p. 805. 7 S. Koven, Slumming, Sexual and Social Politics in Victorian London, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004). In 1893 Louisa Hubbard and Angela Burdett-Coutts did a survey that estimated that about 500,000 women were ‘continuously and semi-professionally employed in philanthropy. Addition- ally, 20,000 supported themselves as ‘paid officials’ in charitable societies. These figures do not include the 20,000 nurses, 5,000 women in religious orders, and 200,000 members of the Mother’s Unions, which did a consid- erable amount of charity work and over 10,000 women who collected money for missionary societies. See: F. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-Century England, p. 224 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980). Parker makes a distinction between two kinds of philanthropy, and so does Maria Luddy. The first kind is simply fundraising and distributing aid. Luddy calls this ‘benevolent’. It is simply doing ‘good work’ within an organization for local people. The second type of philanthropy is more complex. It deals with the impulse itself. For Parker it entails the philosophy, intellect and spirit behind the effort. For women it goes beyond benevolent fundraising to an exercise of women’s right to freedom, occupation and independent life devoted to public matters. In Parker’s view it was work that women had a right and duty to take part in. J. Parker, Women and Welfare, pp. 29–31 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989). Luddy focuses on the reformist agenda in her defin- ition of the second type of philanthropy. She argues that women’s phil- anthropic work led to public and political action and campaigns. Reformist philanthropic work was powerful; it required ameliorative social action and a change of consciousness. M. Luddy, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth- Century Ireland, p. 5 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995). In the late-nineteenth century well-to-do women were not expected to find paid work, and very few were prepared for it. Women who did have to support themselves also did unpaid charity work. I do not make a distinction between paid and unpaid social work, because the women themselves did not make this distinction. Women in unpaid social work regarded it as their profession. 8 Daily Herald, 16 May 1919. 9 F. Prochaska, Schools of Citizenship: Charity and Civic Virtue, p. 5 (London: Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2002). 219 220 Notes 10 Ibid., pp. 3, 6. 11 A. Platt, The Child-Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1969). 12 J. Donzelot, The Policing of Families, p. 16, trans. R. Hurley (London: Hutchin- son, 1979). 13 L. Mahood, Policing Gender, Class and Family, Britain, 1850–1940, p. 7 (London: University College London, 1995). 14 ‘Great Army of Busybodies’, in Prochaska, Schools of Citizenship, pp. 1–6. 15 S. Koven, Slumming, pp. 14, 187–188; J. Peterson, Family, Love and Work in the Lives of Victorian Gentlewoman, p. 136 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989). The character-type originated in George Farquhar’s 1707 play The Beaux Stratagem. Lady Bountiful is a gracious gentlewoman whom everyone praises for her generosity and benevolence. She ‘is a constant cornucopia; she gives freely and unaffectedly whatever she has’. She heals the sick neighbours without ever dispensing money or realizing that she is being fooled by their false complaints. Eric Rothstein, George Farquhar, p. 152 (University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, 1967). McCarthy describes the stereotype as a ‘stock figure in the gallery of feminine stereotypes’ albeit she created a parallel power structure to that used by men through philanthropy and charity work. K. McCarthy (ed.) Lady Bountiful Revisited: Women Philanthropy and Power, p. ix (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1990). 16 SCF, Gardiner Papers, EJ to Dorothy Kempe, Letter 233, 24 November 1902. 17 Jebb, ‘The Ring Fence’, p. 556. 18 C. Steedman, Childhood, Culture and Class in Britain: Margaret McMillan, p. 7 (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1990). 19 D. F. Buxton and E. Fuller The White Flame, p. 20 (Toronto: The Weardale Press, Ltd., 1931). 20 E. Fuller, The Right of the Children (London, Victor Gollancz, 1951); K. Freeman, If Any Man Build, Let Him Build on a Sure Foundation (London: Save the Children Fund, 1965); R. Symonds, Far Above Rubies: The Women Uncommemorated by the Church of England (Leominster: Gracewing, 1993). 21 Buxton Family Papers (BFP), E. Buxton, ‘Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb, Mostly Prompted by the Inadequacies of Francesca Wilson’s Rebel Daughter’, n.d., p. 19. 22 Buxton was 22 when Jebb died. She had vivid memories of her. She told Wilson, ‘with her one seemed to breathe a freer air.’ F. Wilson, Rebel Daughter of a Country House: The Life of Eglantyne Jebb, Founder of the Save the Children Fund, p. 220 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1967). At Oxford in the 1920s one of Buxton’s lecturers used the SCF as an example of an organization that contributed to internationalism. Buxton ‘was thrilled that SCF was noticed in the academic world’. BFP, E. Buxton, ‘Notes for a Possible Biography of Miss Eglantyne Jebb’, pp. 1–2. 23 BFP, E. Buxton, ‘Eglantyne’s Notes on Eglantyne Jebb’, p. 12. 24 Geraldine Jebb C.E.B. (1886–1959) was Principal of Bedford College from 1930 to 1951. Eglantyne Mary Jebb C.E.B. (1889–1978) was the Principal of the Froebel Institute from 1932 to 1955. See obituary: ‘Miss E. M. Jebb, Times, 11 May 1978; F. Wilson, Gem Jebb: A Portrait by Francesca Wilson, Bedford College [n.d.]; Royal Holloway, University of London Archives (BC RF141/1/1); E. J. Jebb, A Personal Memoir of her Sister [n.d.]; Royal Holloway, University of London Archives (BC RF141/1/1). Notes 221 25 F. Wilson, In the Margins of Chaos: Recollections of Relief Work in and Between Three Wars (London: John Murray, 1944); F. Wilson, Aftermath: France, Germany, Austria, Yugoslavia, 1945 and 1946 (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1947); F. Wilson, They Came as Strangers: The Story of Refugees in Britain (London: Hamilton, 1959). See obituary: ‘Miss Francesca Wilson’, Times, 22 April 1981, Contemporary Authors, vol. 103, 1982, p. 549. 26 Wilson, Rebel Daughter, p. 83; BFP, Francesca Wilson to David Buxton, 7 August 1967. 27 Church Times, 10 November 1967. 28 Sunday Times review summarized by Wilson in a letter to David Buxton. BFP, Wilson to David Buxton, 7 August 1967.