La Industria Automotriz En La Relación México - Estados Unidos Post Crisis Del 2008

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La Industria Automotriz En La Relación México - Estados Unidos Post Crisis Del 2008 Giammarino, Damián Ariel La industria automotriz en la relación México - Estados Unidos post crisis del 2008 Tesis presentada para la obtención del grado de Licenciado en Geografía Director: Narodowski, Patricio Giammarino, D. (2019). La industria automotriz en la relación México - Estados Unidos post crisis del 2008.. Tesis de grado. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. En Memoria Académica. Disponible en: http://www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/tesis/te.1661/te.1661.pdf Información adicional en www.memoria.fahce.unlp.edu.ar Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Universidad Nacional de La Plata Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación Departamento de Geografía La industria automotriz en la relación México – Estados Unidos post crisis del 2008. Tesina presentada para la obtención del grado de Licenciado en Geografía Director: Dr. Patricio Narodowski. Damián Ariel Giammarino Ensenada, febrero de 2019 Resumen. A partir de la crisis del 2008 se observó una gran reconfiguración del capitalismo a escala global mediante las acciones de las empresas y los gobiernos con el fin de superarla y conseguir que el capitalismo siga funcionando como un sistema “estable”. Desde diferentes perspectivas se intentó analizar las causas de la crisis y de qué forma superarlas, pero si hay algo que la historia nos está demostrado y afirmando las palabras de Karl Marx escribió en el Capital, es que las crisis son inherentes al sistema y hasta necesarias para que continúe la acumulación del capital. Comprender el impacto de lo que fue esta crisis es fundamental para lograr entender los cambios en la configuración que conlleva para la acumulación del capital como en la espacial. Además, como llamativo esta crisis tuvo que su epicentro fue en las economías de los países centrales. Con el fin de analizar lo anteriormente mencionado este trabajo se enfocará en uno de los sectores que más se vio golpeado por la misma, como fue el sector automotriz y para tener una mayor comprensión de la reconfiguración que significó tomaremos la relación que establece esta industria entre Estados Unidos y México, teniendo en cuenta el desarrollo histórico de la relación bilateral entre ambos países. Por lo tanto, el objeto de este trabajo final está enfocado en los cambios en la configuración espacial de la industria automotriz en México y Estados Unidos a partir de la reestructuración de la producción generada por la crisis del 2008. Los objetivos del trabajo serán dos, el primero es indagar los cambios en la producción automotriz de México y Estados Unidos a partir del NAFTA hasta la actualidad y el segundo es analizar la configuración espacial de la producción automotriz luego de la crisis del 2008. La metodología utilizada para la elaboración del trabajo final combina técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas. Con respecto a la primera, principalmente el análisis documental de informes técnicos, publicaciones periodísticas, artículos científicos y análisis de cartografía. Con relación a la segunda, análisis estadístico. Los criterios de análisis que se tuvieron en cuenta tienen que ver con el reconocimiento del proceso histórico, contextualización espacial, identificación de actores y se tuvieron en cuenta un gran número de variables de análisis del sector automotriz ligadas a la cuestión productiva. 1 Índice. Introducción ...................................................................................................... 4 1. Desarrollo histórico de la producción automotriz. .................................... 8 1.1. Fordismo ................................................................................................. 8 1.2. Acumulación Flexible .......................................................................... 10 1.3. Crisis del 2008 ...................................................................................... 12 2. Relación bilateral México – Estados Unidos. ........................................... 15 2.1. Relación bilateral México-Estados Unidos en general. ................... 15 2.2. Antecedentes en la relación México-Estados Unidos en la industria automotriz. ................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1. Modelo apuntado al mercado interno (1925-1972). ..................... 18 2.2.2. Inicio del Modelo apuntado a las exportaciones (1972-1994) .... 19 2.2.3. A partir del NAFTA (1994-2009) .................................................... 20 2.2.4 Periodo Post- crisis (2009-2019). ................................................... 24 2.2.5. Aproximaciones en torno al T-MEC (2019-) ................................. 30 3.Manifestaciones espaciales ....................................................................... 33 3.1. Cambios de la producción en los estados de los países del NAFTA. ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.2. Reestructuración de la producción .................................................... 38 3.3. Apertura y Cierre de Plantas en México y Estados Unidos. ............. 45 3.4. Corredores comerciales/industriales en el NAFTA. .......................... 52 4. Reflexiones Finales .................................................................................... 55 5. Bibliografía .................................................................................................. 60 6. Anexo .......................................................................................................... 71 2 Agradecimientos A mi hermana Natalia y mi papá Mario por apoyarme desde el primer momento en que empecé la carrera y siendo indispensables para que logre llevar a cabo este proceso. A mi mamá Mónica donde quiera que se encuentre por sentirla siempre presente y acompañándome en los momentos más difíciles. A Gabriela por estar y apoyarme siempre y más durante la etapa final de escritura en el verano. A Patricio mi director por comprender mi forma de ser, la confianza que me transmite y por todo el trabajo en conjunto que realizamos estos años que de alguna forma terminaron desembocando en este trabajo final. A Luis por los consejos, su generosidad y todo el trabajo realizado juntos a lo largo de la carrera A Santiago que se tomó el trabajo de leer la tesis para ayudarme con los retoques finales. Al departamento de Geografía por estar siempre presente y a disposición de todas las inquietudes que surgieron a lo largo de la carrera, entre ellos y ellas, Daniela, Ariel, Néstor, Juan Cruz y a todo el resto de los profesores y profesoras que brindaron las herramientas a lo largo de la carrera. A mis amigos de toda la vida, Bruno, Said e Ignacio que siempre me apoyaron para que estudie y complete este proceso. A los amigos y amigas que me dio la carrera y con las que además de compartir momentos como los viajes y las cursadas formamos lazos por fuera de la carrera. A todos y todas ellos/as va dedicado este trabajo final. 3 Introducción Las crisis esenciales para la reproducción del capitalismo y en ellas sus desequilibrios son confrontados, remodelados y reorganizados para crear una nueva versión de su núcleo dinámico. Mucho es lo que se derriba y se deshecha para hacer sitio a lo nuevo. Los espacios que fueron productivos se convierten en eriales industriales, las viejas fábricas se derriban o se reconvierten para nuevos usos, los barrios obreros se gentrifican (…) (Harvey, 2014: 11). Este trabajo final de licenciatura se fue desarrollando, de manera complementaria, a través de los trabajos realizados y los aportes de las distintas materias de la Licenciatura en Geografía: entre ellas Metodología y Técnicas de la Investigación Geográfica, el Seminario de Tesis, Geografía Económica Argentina, Geografía Humana General, Geografía Económica Mundial y Geografía de la Región Ártica, Estados Unidos y Canadá. Además, es parte del trabajo de la adscripción realizada entre 2017 y 2018 en la materia Geografía Económica Mundial, de la participación en los proyectos de investigación “Estudio de las estrategias actuales de EEUU, otros estados centrales y de las corporaciones multinacionales y las nuevas condiciones generales para el desarrollo productivo de la periferia” y “Territorios, actores, redes y cadenas de valor de la actividad industrial”, ambos del Centro de Investigaciones Geográficas del IDIHCS (Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales) y de ponencias presentadas en las Jornadas de Geografía realizadas en la FaHCE. Tiene como objetivo analizar cuáles han sido los cambios en la configuración espacial post-crisis del 2008 en la industria automotriz mexicana y estadounidense, haciendo hincapié en las manifestaciones espaciales que generó la reestructuración de las empresas automotrices. La íntima relación entre estos dos países se viene desarrollando hace poco más de 25 años debido al dinamismo que produjo, en las relaciones comerciales, la implementación del North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)1 en 1994. 1 También es conocido como Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN). 4 La importancia del tratado comercial, en la relación entre México y EEUU, es fundamental para entender la situación actual de los intercambios y comprender la dependencia de las exportaciones mexicanas, tanto industriales como de materias primas, respecto a EE.UU. La magnitud del NAFTA la podemos plantear
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