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Universi^ MicrdRlms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 85É6247 Shalabieh, Mahmoud Ibrahim A COMPARISON OF POLITICAL PERSUASION ON RADIO CAIRO IN THE ERAS OF NASSER AND SADAT The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1985 University Microfilms I nternsti O n SI 300 N. z eeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1985 by Shalabieh, Mahmoud Ibrahim All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this docum ent have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or p ag e s. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or______ print 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several_______ pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost_______ in spine 10. 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Shalabieh Dedicated to the memory of my late brother, Mohammed Ibrahim Shalabieh, and to the memory of my father-in-law, the late Ahmed Ali Shahatta, to my parents, and to Zeinab, May, and Suha for their continued support, understanding, and encouragement. 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted and very grateful to my advisor. Professor Robert R. Monaghan, who has been an inspiration to me, as he has to many of his students, for his kind understanding, guidance, advice, and perceptive sugges­ tions. My thanks and great appreciation are extended to Professor James L. Golden for his practical advice, support, and encouragement. I found his comments and suggestions most useful. My indebtedness and special thanks also go to Professor Ali Elgabri for his advice and continued support and encouragement, and for giving constructive criticism. His intelligence and wit have been a source of inspiration. Appreciation is expressed to my friend,' Hussein Amin, who brought to me up-to-date Arabic material related to this study acquired during his four-week study trip to Cairo and to the Egyptian Radio and Television Center in Fall 1984. A special note of appreciation and indebtedness goes to my wife, Zeinab, and my little daughters. May and Suha, for their understanding and encouragement, which kept me on track to completion of this work. Ill Thanks to all these people who made this experience possible, for it has proven to be most rewarding and valuable to me, both personally and professionally. I would like to express my gratitude to Yarmouk University for providing me with the full scholarship which made it possible for me to continue my graduate studies and complete this work. IV VITA December 25, 1947 Born - Beissan 1973 ........... Diploma of higher studies in Mass Communication— Radio and Televi­ sion, Cairo University, and Master of Arts, Cairo University. 1974 ........... Announcer— Amman Broadcasting Service (Radio Jordan). 1975 ........... Announcer and Programming Director— Riyadh Broadcasting, Saudi Arabia. 1976 - 1982 . Head of News Section and newscaster, Jordan Television. 1980 - 1981 . Sabbatical leave— Master of Public Visual Communication, S. Illinois University. Fall 1982 . Continue my graduate studies at The Ohio State University. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION .............................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................... iii VITA ..................................................... V CHAPTER I. A COMPARISON OF POLITICAL PERSUASION ON RADIO CAIRO IN THE ERAS OF NASSER AND SADAT .... 1 Introduction and Method ...................... 1 Scope and Statement of the Problem (Research Questions) of the Study ............ 8 Values and Significance of the Study .... 10 Assumptions....................................... 12 Method and Procedures ............................ 14 Reliability of Coding ............................ 18 Data Collection and Source Material ............ 19 Chapter I Notes ............................ 21 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..................... 24 An Overview of Broadcasting in Egypt......... 24 Literature on Television ..................... 28 Post-Revolution History ....................... 33 Literature on Voice of Palestine and Voice of Peace from C a i r o ............................ 42 Chapter II N o t e s .............................. 48 III. RADIO AND THE POLITICAL PROPAGANDA PROPAGANDA AS A FORM OF P E R S U A S I O N ......... 53 A General View of Propaganda--Definitions of Propaganda................................ 53 Principles of Political Propaganda ......... 60 Tactics of Propaganda ......................... 63 Objectives of Propaganda ..................... 65 Counter-Propaganda ............................ 65 Vehicles of Propaganda 6 6 VI War, Peace, and P r o p a g a n d a .................. 71 Persuasion as a Supplementary Method of Propaganda................................ 73 Persuasive Message Strategies— Creating Effective Persuasive Messages .............. 76 The Propaganda and Persuasion Devices— The Effective Strategic Techniques .... 82 Chapter III Notes .............................. 89 IV. EGYPTIAN BROADCASTING SYSTEM ................... 96 H i s t o r y ......................................... 96 Radio Services ..... ..................... 98 Chapter IV N o t e s ......................... .. 120 V. RADIO CAIRO AS A VEHICLE OF POLITICAL PROPAGANDA IN THE ERA OF PRESIDENT NASSER— META ANALYSIS .................................. 126 President Nasser and the Egyptian Foreign Policy: Radio Cairo as a Primary Instrument of Egypt's Foreign Policy . 126 Radio Cairo as a Primary Instrument of Egypt's Foreign Policy in the Era of N a s s e r ..................................... 132 Radio Cairo and Its Role in the Independence Struggle ....................... 136 "Radio Cairo Calling"— For the Arab Unity "From the Atlantic Ocean to the Arab Gulf" 140 Propaganda as a Potentially Effective Method of Achieving Egypt's Policy O b j e c t i v e s .................................. 147 The UAR's Radio and the Civil War in Lebanon 154 Voice of the Arabs and the Suez Crisis . 155 Egyptian Propaganda and the Arabian Peninsula 156 The Period of Propaganda Success Came to an Abrupt End with the June War, 1967 .... 159 The S h i f t ....................................... 161 Other Methods and Strategies Used By Egyptian Propaganda in the Era of Nasser . 163 To What Degree Did the Egyptian Propaganda Succeed with the Arabs in the Era of President Nasser? ........................... 172 Chapter V Notes ................................ 176 VI. RADIO CAIRO AS AN INSTRUMENT