THIRD CONSOLIDATED REPORT OCTOBER 1990

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OPERATION SALAM

THIRD CONSOLIDATED REPORT OCTOBER 1990

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United Nations ..OJ>'o .. ,, ~~".J' Nations Unies TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD BY THE CO-ORDINATOR 5

PART 1: OVERVIEW

Introduction 9

Status of Contributions ...... 14

UN Field Presence ...... 27

UN Volunteers Programme ...... 31

Inforn1ation System for Afghanistan ...... 32

PART II: SECTORAL ASSESSMENTS ...... 34

Population Movements ...... 35

Agriculture ...... 42

F()Ocl Aid ...... 49

Mine Clearance Progratnme ...... 54 Infrastructure . . . ACKU...... 63 1-Iealth ...... 69

Disabled ...... 81

Culture ...... 83

Education and Training ...... 85

Disadvantaged Groups ...... 90

Logistics and Communications ...... 92

1 PART III: PROVINCIAL PROFILES ...... 97

Badakhshan ...... 99 Badghis ...... 103 Baghlan ...... 106 Balkh ...... 109 Bamyan ...... 113

Farah ...... 0 •••••• 0 •••••••••• 0 • • • • • • • 117 Faryab ...... 120 Ghazni 123 Ghor 127 1-Ielmand ...... 131 1-Ierat ...... 134 J<)wzjan ...... 138 Kabul ...... 141 Kandahar ...... 145 Kapisa ...... 149 Kunar ...... 152 Ktinduz ...... 156 l.Alghman ...... 159 wgar ...... 162 Nangarhar ...... 165 Nimroz 169 Paktia 172 Paktika 176 Parwan ACKU 179 Samangan 182 Takhar 185 Uruzgan 189 Wardak 192 Zabul 195

2 ANNEXES

Annex I: List of Acronyms 197

Annex II: Programme and Role of the Coordinator ...... 201

Annex ITI: Guiding Principles of UN Assistance ...... 207

Annex IV: Terms of Reference of Salam Mobile Units ...... 209

Annex V: Compendium of Projects and Sub-Projects ...... 213

TABLES

Table 1: Total Nun1ber of Projects and Sub-Projects by Status 11

Table 2: Total Budget of Projects and Sub-Projects by Status 11

Table 3: Contributions Pledged or Received ...... 14

Table 4: Earmarkings of Cash Contributions Received 15

Table 5: Estimated Direct Cash Contributions ...... 21

Table 6: Cash Contributions by Donor and Type ...... 22

Table 7: Transfers and Allocations to Agencies ...... 25

Table 8: Contributions In Kind ...... 26 Table 9: Inter-Agency MissionsACKU ...... 30 Table 10: Projects Supported by World Food Programme ...... 53

Table 11: Afghan Graduates of Demining Courses ...... 54

Table 12: Mine Awareness Programme ...... 60

Table 13: Health Workers and Facilities ...... 80

3 MAPS

UN Presence in Afghanistan ...... 28

Provincial Map of Afghanistan ...... 96

Individual Provincial Maps:

Badakhshan ...... 98 Badghis ...... 102 Baghlan ...... 105 Balkh ...... 108 Bamyan ...... 112 Farah ...... 116 Faryab ...... 119 Ghazni ...... 122 Ghor ...... 126 f-Ielmand ...... 130 Herat ...... 133 Jowzjan ...... 137 Kabul ...... 140 Kandahar ...... 144 Kapisa ...... 148 Kunar ...... 151 Kunduz ...... 155 l-aghman ...... 158 wgar ...... 161 Nangarhar ...... 164 Nimroz ...... 168 Paktia ...... 171

P<..tktika ...... ·...... 0 ••••••••••••••••• 175 Parwan 178 Samangan 181 Takhar 184 Uruzgan ACKU 188 Wardak 191 Zabul 194

Note: The Boundaries shown on the maps tn this Report do not imply official endorsement by the United Nations.

4 FOREWORD BY THE CO-ORDINATOR

Although Afghanistan remains divided and in some areas, armed conflict continues to loom large, the picture is quite different at the grass roots level in so far as humanitarian and economic assistance to the Afghan people is concerned. As the Third Consolidated Report demonstrates, it has been possible for the United Nations to considerably expand its aid activities throughout the country during the last year. At present, there are 473 projects and sub-projects funded by the United Nations of which 157 have been completed, 206 are under implementation and 110 are in the pipeline. A complete compendium of these activities is annexed to this Report.

The two basic concepts on which the UN activities were based have stood the test of time: "humanitarian consensus" at the local level to ensure the successful impleme'ntation of projects and "humanitarian encirclement" of the country to facilitate the supply of aid commodities to all parts of Afghanistan in an efficient and cost­ effective manner.

During the two years since Operation Salam was launched, the UN teams have travelled across the country, north, south, east and west, to establish contacts, to identify needs, to initiate aid activities and to monitor their results. In many provinces, the cooperation of non-governmental organizations has been an invaluable part of this process. ACKU

While it may still be difficult for many to move between zones under different control, it has become almost a routine matter for the UN staff in many parts of the country. Thus what might be called "cross-line operations" within Afghanistan, as distinguished from cross-border operations, are expanding because they are increasingly understood and accepted by all concerned.

5 The UN contacts with Afghan leaders at the national and local level show that individually they agree with and support UN assistance activities. It is only when they have to collectively take a public stand that sometimes considerations extraneous to humanitarian concerns tend to prevail.

It is clear that the need to help the needy is recognized by all Afghans irrespective of their affiliations. Although security risks continue to exist for those working in the field, the experience gained during the last two years points to a sustained support of the population to an expansion of the UN activities.

It is sometimes asked in certain quarters as to why the UN activities are not adequately known to the public at large. This is so not only because the attention of the media and the world comrnunity is no longer as focused on Afghanistan as it used to be. It is also because the United Nations System itself chose to keep a low profile for practical reasons. The success of its projects in any part of the country is usually resented by rival forces, particularly if it is publicised. Only peace at the national level can resolve this dilemma.

For those interested and concerned, this Third Consolidated Report is intended to fill the information gap. ACKUMore than its two predecessors, it contains details in terms of hard facts and figures. Admittedly, statistics do not 1nake an interesting newspaper story but they are of vi tal iinportance to those directly involved, especially Governments and the donor cornmunity to whom this Report is pri1narily addressed.

It is increasingly being recognized that the economic and humanitarian activities of the United Nations are essential building blocks for peace. A solid base for such

6 activities upon which to build now exists. The 1nomentun1 must not be lost. The words of the Secretary-General, Javier Perez de Cue11ar, when he launched the original appeal for aid to Afghanistan are demonstrably even more apt today:

"Despite the conflict, and in many ways because of it, a process of social and economic change is underway in Afghanistan that cannot be ignored in planning for recovery... In the midst of continued hostilities, it is vital that donors do not hold back; they must give the United Nations· System the means to drive in a humanitarian wedge for peace."

Sadruddin Aga Khan ACKU

7 /

_, ~ ~~' _d__

______......

Numerous are the conditions which at first are hard, But are later relieved and lose their harshness. Hope does often come after hopelessness, Many a time doesACKU sunlight follow darkness. ,Jalaluddin Rurni

8 PART I: OVE~VIEW

Introduction

The Third Consolidated Report covers the second full year of the coordinated efforts of the United Nations System to provide humanitarian and economic assistance to the war-ravaged people of Afghanistan. It has been a period of optimism mingled with despair: optimism because despite the volatile situation, it has been possible for the United Nations to extensively implement aid projects in all parts of the country; despair because an overall settlement of the Afghan issue continues to be evasive.

The Office of the Co-ordinator for l-Iumanitarian and Economic Assistance relating to Afghanistan (UNOCA) was established by the Secretary-General in 1988 following the Geneva Accords. The developments in the country since then have belied the optimism to which these Accords and the consequent withdrawal of foreign troops had given rise in many quarters. Throughout this period, the challenge facing UNOCA has been to rescue hope from a disn1al situation; to build humanitarian bridges between rivals; to coordinate UN efforts to bring emergency aid to the needy, irrespective of their affiliations; and to scrupulously maintain a strictly neutral and purely humanitarian attitude. As this Report demonstrates, the challenge has been by and large n1et.

It will be recalled that the First Consolidated Report (September 1988), intended to back up the Appeal of the Secretary-General to the world community, was based on whatever information was then available to the UN regarding conditions in Afghanistan. Most of theACKU country had not been accessible to the UN during the previous decade. The Report nonetheless provided a framework for action and traced the direction to take. Donors responded generously at the Pledging Conference in New York the following month, enabling "Operation Salam," representing the concerted efforts of the UN Agencies and Programmes, to be launched forthwith. The Report, covering all sectors of assistance, emphasized the importance of assessment missions to ensure efficient project planning and urged a pragmatic and flexible approach to overcome the constraints imposed by the prevailing situation.

9 The Second Consolidated Report (October 1989) provided details of what had been achieved in the context of the 1989 UN Plan of Action, elaborated jointly by the UN Agencies and Programrnes under UNOC1\'s overall guidance. During the first year, Operation Salam established essential points of access around the country and proved that the idea of "humanitarian encirclement" was a workable one. Substantial material assistance was provided to the needy through cross-border operations from Iran, Pakistan and the USSR. UN presence was ensured at several points inside Afghanistan and in the neighboring countries. Working at the grass-roots level, the UN was able to dernonstrate that a "humanitarian consensus" an1ong rivals was possible in the context of Operation Salam. Experience gained during the initial period through the itnplen1entation of wide-ranging progratnrnes showed that with the exception of a few specific areas, still prey to armed conflict, the aid activities could be extended to the whole country. Titnely assistance reached vast sections of the population, particularly in the fields of food, agriculture and health.

The Third Consolidated Report is the rnost detailed of the series in terrns of facts and figures relating to the activities of the UN System. Table 1 below shows the distribution of the projects by sector and indicates their present status. Table 2 provides details relating to the funds allocated to each sector of assistance. Annex V to the Report is a compendiurn of all the projects and sub-projects funded by the UN.

The principal part of this Report is devoted to Provincial Profiles which contain details of UN assistance activities and show the extent of its outreach. A major breakthrough was achieved when early this year, the UN teams led by UNOCA started to undertake what have come to be known as "cross-line n1issions" whicl1 involve moving between zones underACKU control of opposing forces. During the last nine months, over thirty such missions were successfully undertaken. They testify to the acceptance of the UN's hun1anitarian role by Afghans irrespective of their affiliations. They also demonstrate the pragmatic attitude of Afghans toward international aid. These missions enabled UN aid to reach all sections of needy populations and to work in areas to which access had hitherto been difficult.

10 TOTAL NUMBER OF "OPERATION SALAM" PROJECTS AND SUB-PROJECTS: 473

Out of a total of 239 projects : 225 are single projects 14 major projects are divided into 248 sub-projects

TABLE 1. TOTAL NUMBER OF PROJECTS AND SUB-PROJECTS BY STATUS

Completed Operational Pipet ine Proposed Total Total excl. Proposed ------Agriculture 86 52 8 11 157 146 Culture 0 1 0 0 1 1 Disabled 2 6 4 2 14 12 Education 0 9 4 1 14 13 Food Aid 23 42 2 68 66 Health 8 34 6 16 64 48 Logistics & Communications 7 12 2 4 25 21 Management, Training & Support 0 2 0 0 2 2 Mine Clearance 0 5 3 1 9 8 Power & Telecommunications 0 0 0 0 Road Repair 11 4 5 3 23 20 Shelter & Public Buildings 0 2 4 2 8 6 Voluntary Repatriation 13 15 0 1 29 28 Vocational Training 4 13 4 0 21 21 \.Jater Supply & Sanitation 0 0 6 10 16 6 Multi-sectoral and Miscellaneous 3 9 4 5 21 16

TOTAL 157 206 51 59 473 414

TABLE 2. TOTAL BUDGET OF PROJECTS AND SUB - PROJECTS BY STATUS (in US$)

Completed Operational Pipeline Proposed Total Total excl. Proposed

Agriculture 9,578,271 21,607,970 10,000,412 47,572,500 88,759,153 41,186,653 Culture 0 300,000 0 0 300,000 300,000 Disabled 290,000 2,282,007 3,708,775 0 6,280,782 6,280,782 Education ACKU0 4,096,000 6,661,213 218,050 10,975,263 10,757,213 Food Aid 82,748,236 40,604,661 2,688,912 10,320,000 136,361,809 126,041,809 Health 1,490,823 36,067,014 12,656,980 27,901,800 78,116,617 50,214,817 Logistics & Communications 55,631 ,313 118,338,441 1,605,000 26,300,000 201,874,754 175,574,754 Management, Training & Support 0 1,975,587 0 0 1,975,587 1,975,587 Mine Clearance 0 17,970,576 28,576,170 240,000 46,786,746 46,546,746 Power & Telecommunications 0 0 0 2,000,000 2,000,000 0 Road Repair 350,807 616,404 17,350,000 14,600,000 32,917,211 18,317,211 Shelter & Public Buildings 0 276,884 18,955,000 4,276,500 23,508,384 19,231,884 Voluntary Repatriation 11,105,944 16,625,238 0 7,810,000 35,541,182 27,731,182 Vocational Training 6,222,098 2,340,575 358,230 0 8,920,903 8,920,903 \.Jater Supply & Sanitation 0 0 15,732,529 25,022,000 40,754,529 15,732,529 Multi-sectoral and Miscellaneous 29,386 22,022,065 7,924,150 19,818,900 49,794,501 29,975,601 ------TOTAL 167,446,878 285,123,422 126,217,371 186,079,750 764,867,421 578,787,671

11 Operation Salam has benefitted greatly fro1n the cooperation extended by the participating UN Agencies and Progran1mes to UNOCA. At the field level, inter­ agency meetings are regularly held in Kabul as well as in Islarnabad and Teheran. Participation in inte.r-agency missions and the Salam Mobile Units (SMUs) has also contributed to bringing staff members of various agencies into closer working relationship with each other. This is further strengthened by the need to work In unison in view of the prevailing situation and the attendant security risks.

An Inter-Agency Working Group was established at the outset by UNOCA to coordinate policies and project activities. This group has regularly met at the UNOCA Headquarters in Geneva and has successfully elaborated the guiding principles for UN action (Annex III) and common policies regarding elaboration and monitoring of projects. While maintaining their separate identity according to their mandates, each agency has nonetheless tried to adhere to a common UN policy.

Coordination has, however, not been always easy n1ainly due to constraints inherent in the UN System. Firstly, the modus operandi of each agency vanes according to its mandate and vocation and is not always geared to responding speedily and effectively to emergency situations. Secondly, the financial regulations as well as reporting procedures of agencies are governed by the directives given by their respective governing bodies and vary from agency to agency. Thirdly, the mandates of many UN Agencies and Programmes and consequently their programme activities require them to work through the government.

Afghanistan is a sui generis case where it is not yet possible to reach, or plan for, the entire population throughACKU a single central authority. These constraints are further exacerbated by the prevalent volatile situation, characterized by uncertainty and insecurity, which encourages a cautious "wait and see" attitude. While this is understandable, it is difficult to accept that impoverished, hungry, sick or wounded persons, including large numbers of children and women, should wait for help until all national issues have been resolved. The overall situation has imposed upon UNOCA a catalytic role which is unusual. In addition, it has been called upon to carry out tasks not covered by existing UN bodies, such as the Mine Clearance Programmes detailed later in this Report.

12 The role of NGOs in the implementation of cross-border projects fron1 Pakistan has been vital to the success of UN programmes. There are practically no NGOs on the Iran and Soviet sides. I-Iowever, those operating from the south and south-east have accumulated considerable operational experience in certain areas of Afghanistan and have helped in the impletnentation of projects of the UN Agencies and Programmes. In order to promote self-reliance, UNOCA has encouraged the formation of Afghan NGOs. Eighteen such entities have been registered with UNOCA and more are in the process of being established with the UN support. The results achieved by most of those already operational are encouraging.

It has been the policy of UNOCA from the outset to keep its organisational structure very small. TI1e total administrative expenses of UNOCA since its inception have remained less than one and a half per cent in relation to the pledges received.

In addition to administering the Afghanistan Emergency Trust Fund (AETF), UNOCA has had to coordinate all activities of the UN System in the context of the pledges made to Operation Salam. Due to the lack of experience and first-hand knowledge of many of the participating agencies, UNOCA has been expected to initiate activities in the field, to negotiate with local as well as national authorities, to organise inter-agency missions, to field Salam Mobile Units and, above all, to take all necessary measures to ensure UN presence in key areas of Afghanistan. Such presence has thus been ensured by UNOCA in 10 different locations inside Afghanistan in provinces including Badakhshan, Balkh, Bamyan, Herat, Kandahar, Kunar, and Paktika. The ACKUmain presence of UN Agencies is, of course, in Kabul although in view of the present circumstances, a very decentralized approach has had to be adopted by UNOCA.

The initial donor response to the appeal of the Secretary-General was generous. However, in recent n1onths, competing demands imposed by situations elsewhere have tended to thrust Afghanistan into oblivion. The main problem remains the cash flow management in relation to the bulk comprising in-kind contributions, as will be seen in the paragraphs that follow.

13 Status of Contributions

As of 1 September 1990, contributions in response to the original Secretary­ General's Appeal totalled US$ 1,031.1 million. The pledges and actual receipts are broken down into the following broad categories: Afghanistan Emergency Trust Fund (AETF), Cash Contributions Direct to Agencies or NGOs, and Contributions ln Kind. The total amounts pledged or received through these contributions are detailed in Table 3 below:

Table 3: CONTRIBUTIONS PLEDGED OR RECEIVED $ 1.000 % Afghanistan Emergency Trust Fund 232.2 22.52 Cash Contributions direct to Agencies or NGOs 104.5 10.13 Contributions In Kjnd 694.4 67.35 Total 1,031.1 100.00

Contributions in Cash

In establishing AETF for receipt of cash contributions, the intention of the Secretary-General was twofold: to ensure flexibility in operational terms and to strengthen the coordinating n1echanistn through a centrally controlled fund. It is gratifying to note that a number of major donors chose to use this channel through unearrnarked contributions. IACKU-Iowever, some sixty percent of the funds were made available with specific stipulations regarding their use and the organizations to which they should be applied.

As of 1 September 1990, a total of US$ 232.2 million had been pledged in cash contributions. Of this amount, US$ 207.4 million had been received into the AETF while US$ 27.5 million in unpaid cash pledges remained outstanding. The breakdown of cash contributions actually received are contained in Table 4.

14 Table 4: EARMARKINGS OF CASH CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED

( 1988) ( 1989) (1990) TOTAL $( 1,000) $(1,000) $( 1,000) $( 1,000) Earmarked to Agencies 10,319.8 72,905.2 2,285.3 85,510.3 Earmarked to Programmes 2,576.7 21,491.3 2,487.2 26,555.2 Co-ordinator's Office 2,642.7 2,796.1 825.8 6,264.6 U nearmarked 10,121.1 41,222.8 37,759.0 89,102.9 Total 25,660.3 138,415.4 43,357.3 207,433.0 Details relating to donor countries and recipient agencies are contained in Tables 5 and 7 at the end of this section.

It will be noted that cash received in the form of unearmarked contributions totalled US$ 89.1 million. Of this amount, however, US$ 54 million was in the form of a reserve for use in activities relating to refugee repatriation and could only be allocated to programmes with the agreement of the donor. Only limited amounts have hitherto been allocated on a case-by-case basis. Table 5 and 6 at the end of the section present a detailed statement of cash receipts by each donor as well as earmarkings specified for 1988-1989 and 1990.

It appears that certain donors are increasingly reluctant to consider additional allocations in the absence of large-sG.ale refugee repatriation. Consequently, the UN is limited in its capacity to undertake rehabilitation activities that are likely to influence the process of refugee return. Similarly, as long as repatriation remains a condition for funding of Operation Salam activities, the UN is constrained in its ability to implement relief and rehabilitationACKU activities on behalf of the needy populations inside Afghanistan. While respecting the wishes of donors, it is extremely difficult for the United Nations to ignore the fact that the vast majority of Afghans are, after all, in their country and not outside. The situation appears particularly poignant if one considers the plight of large numbers of internally displaced persons whose needs are analogous to those of refugees. The only difference is that they did not cross an international border. On purely humanitarian grounds, it is impossible to justify that genuine needs of large sections of deprived populations sh.ould not be met until others

15 have made up their minds to return home. In recent months 9 the Co-ordinator has been under increasing pressure from UN Agencies and Progratnmes to provide them with necessary funds required hy them, particularly since such funds have actually been transferred to UNOCA and are available. This unusual situation needs to be addressed on an urgent basis. Details relating to present status of transfers, allocations or commitments to other UN Agencies as well as NGOs are contained in Table 7 at the end of this section.

In view of the continuing expansion of the UN activities and the large nun1ber of pipeline projects based on identified needs, it is of utn1ost importance that the unpaid pledges are honoured as soon as possible and further contributions are announced at the earliest. This would not only ensure a smooth continuation of the on-going activities but also help maximise the impact of the in-kind contributions which constitute the bulk of pledges hitherto made.

Contributions in-kind

Eighteen donors have hitherto announced pledges in-kind in response to the Secretary-General's appeal. As of 1 September 1990 these amount to US$ 694.4 million. Many of the donations consist of food aid directly to WFP as well as vehicles, clothing, blankets, medical supplies and miscellaneous commodities of daily necessity that have been made availab-le to .UNH.CR, UNICEF, WliO etc. Donors have also supported the UN Mine Clearance programmes by providing essential equipment as well as the services of trained de-mining experts. Details relating to donors and recipients are containedACKU in Table 8 at the end of this section. The Soviet Pledge

By far the largest part consisting of the Soviet pledge has been .put directly at the disposal of the Co-ordinator. While making it clear that its aid should be made available to the needy Afghans, irrespective of their affiliations, the Soviet Union has also requested that its contribution should be exclusively handled through UNOCA which should determine its channelling as well as its beneficiaries. The

16 pledges of the USSR and of the Byelorussian and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics together amount to US$ 613.7 million, calculated at the exchange rate at the time of the pledge. The breakdown of the pledged contribution of the USSR is indicated below: SRU (Millions) i) Food and ite111s of first necessity 100.0 ii) Equipment and comtnodities from various Soviet Republics 50.0 iii) Settletnent facilities 50.0 iv) Transshipn1ent through USSR and related support costs 50.0 v) Projects 150.0 Sub-total 400.0

In addition, Byelorussian SSR has pledged SRU 0.46 million and the Ukrainian SSR, SRU 8.0 n1illion.

Agreen1ent has been reached between the USSR and UNOCA that in valuing and accounting for the Soviet contribution in-kind, international prices, wherever applicable, of comparable commodities, supplies and materials will be applied by the United Nations.

Following are details relating to the various components of the Soviet in-kind contribution. ACKU i) Food and items of first necessity: Of the SRU 100.0 million allocated to food and itetns of first necessity, SRU 79.0 n1illion worth of supplies and materials were delivered in 1988 by the Soviet authorities and distributed directly through the Afghanistan counterparts mainly in order to meet emergency needs during the harsh winter period. The balance of commodities and supplies, valued by the Soviets at SRU 21.0 million, are being made available to UNOCA according to priorities set and needs identified by it. Thus during recent discussions in Moscow, the Soviet Union

17 pledged 10,000 MT of wheat and 5,000 MT of sugar to be delivered before winter when food shortages in certain areas of Afghanistan become n1ost acute.

In the context of commodity aid, it should be noted that in view of the need to make as effective a use of the Soviet contribution and taking into account the fact that the rouble remains non-convertible, the Soviet authorities and UNOCA agreed that a part of the commodities supplied by the USSR can be monetized, as necessary, inside Afghanistan. Thus, some of the Soviet-supplied salt, sugar, fuel and other miscellaneous commodities have been monetized through UNOCA with the agreement of both the Soviet and the Afghanistan authorities at fixed government prices. These reflect prevailing domestic prices of the commodities as regulated by the Afghanistan authorities, taking into account local market conditions. The funds in local currency thus generated are used within the context of relevant on-going projects of various UN agencies and programmes. For example, unlike most donors, Soviet food aid does not include a cash component for transportation. Consequently, a major part of the Afghanis available through monetization is used for inland transport and distribution of UN assistance. Similarly, the related communications, equipment and logistical support costs are also covered within the framework of aid projects. Reporting on these activities is a part of the regular project monitoring and reporting process of participating UN bodies. ii) Equipment and commodities from various Soviet Republics: The amount of SR U 50.0 million has been allocated from the contribution of USSR equipment and machinery to be delivered from various Soviet Republics. Part of the Soviet equipment and machinery is currently being delivered in the Hairaton and Mazar-i­ Sharif warehouses, including waterACKU pumps, trucks, farm machinery, bulldozers, and other assorted items.

The Soviet authorities are in the process of preparing a complete list of equipment and machinery worth SRU 50.0 million. UNOCA for its part has prepared and submitted to the Soviet Ministry of External Economic Relations a list of its requirements in connection with the 1990 United Nations Plan of Action.

18 Taking into account the lack of information available to the United Nations regarding the production and delivery capacity of various Republics and bearing in mind the rapidly evolving situation within the USSR, it is clear that UNOCA will have to make arrangements for a very active follow-up for ensuring speedy and effective implementation of this component of the Soviet pledge. This would include missions to and technical discussions with the local authorities in addition to the on­ going negotiations in Moscow. iii) Settlement facilities: An amount of SRU 50.0 million has been allocated for settlement facilities. The Soviet Union has included 14 camps, proposed to be given to the United Nations out of its facilities left behind after the withdrawal of Soviet forces. UNOCA officials have visited three of them in the Kabul and found one to be acceptable for use as a hospital for the disabled in the context of projects of WHO and other UN bodies. The sensitive nature of this component of the USSR contribution at this stage, as well as the need to accept only those facilities which can be of use in the framework of the identified requirements of UN projects, have been made clear to the authorities concerned. The offer and acceptance of the facilities, therefore remain a subject of continuing negotiations involving both the Soviet and the Afghan authorities.

iv) Transshipment costs through the USSR: The Soviet authorities have set aside SRU 50.0 million to provide logistical and related support to Operation Salam including, in particular, transshipment through the USSR. The sum is intended to cover not only the costs related to their in-kind contributions but also the costs related to the transshipment of other donors' commodities destined for Afghanistan. During 1990, this componentACKU of the Soviet contribution has been regularly used not only to transport Soviet goods to Afghanistan but also the contributions of other donors, such as Finland, France, Italy and Turkey, as well as commodities belonging to the programmes of UN Agencies and Programmes. After detailed negotiations with UNOCA, new routes have been opened by the Soviet authorities along the Afghan border in order to facilitate the delivery of goods directly to the provinces in urgent need of assistance. The extensive Soviet rail system is being used by the United Nations for supplies not only from Europe but also the Near East and the Far

19 East. UNOCA has also ensured durable UN presence on several points along the Soviet-Afghan border and made arrangements for warehousing and pre-positioning of essential commodities, notably food, in order to meet emergency needs in various provinces directly reachable from the Soviet Republics of Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. v) Project Aid, which is the largest component of the Soviet pledge, has been the subject of detailed negotiations between the USSR and UNOCA. The Co-ordinator considers it important for the collective effort of the United Nations System in Afghanistan that the Soviet input is, to the greatest possible extent, demand rather than supply-oriented. In consultation with the participating UN Agencies and Programmes, UNOCA has prepared preliminary project proposals covering the total USSR pledge under this iten1.. Sixty-six projects relating to all sectors of activity contained in the 1990 UN Plan of Action have been submitted to the Soviet authorities. Seventeen of these have already been approved by the Soviet side and, in some cases, the implernentation process has already begun.

Bearing in mind the prevailing circumstances and the Soviet n1odus operandi, the Co-ordinator foresees that successful in1plementation of the proposed projects will call for considerable technical input and a sustained effort on the part of hoth the Soviet Union and the United Nations. Details of the projects financed through this component of the Soviet pledge can be found in the compendium of projects attached to this Report as Annex V as well as in the sections relating to sectorial and provincial activities.

Pledges of the Byelorussian andACKU Ukrainian SSRs

UNOCA has initiated contacts with the authorities of the Byelorussian and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics in order to ensure that the aid from their pledged contributions corresponds to needs identified by the United Nations in the context of Operation Salam. It is expected that an effective utilization of these pledges will require a series of missions and on-the-spot negotiations with these Republics.

20 Table 5: ESTIMATED DIRECT CASH CONTRIBUTIONS

Donor (mil. US$) Comments

AUSTRALIA (a)U.N. Agencies 0.07 UNFDAC (b}NGO's 0.9 ICRC, ACBAR, Other NGOs

BELGIUM (a)U.N. Agencies 0.7 UNHCR, 3,000MT Wheat (b)NGO's 0.1 ICRC

CANADA 1.7 Canada Fund, Islamabad

EEC (a)NGO's 4.7 ICRC, MOM, MSF, AFRANE, Christian Aid (b)U.N. Agencies 7.4 UNHCR, UNDP, WFP Food Transportation

DENMARK (a)U.N. Agencies 0.3 Relief & survival commodities(UNICEF) (b)Specific NGO's 4.8 ICRC, DACAAR (c)Other NGO's 0.8 Unspecified

FRANCE (a)U.N. Agencies 1.3 UNICEF, UNHCR, UNESCO (b)NGO's 3.6 Subject to donor clarification

GERMANY (a)U.N. Agencies 0.3 UNICEF (b)NGO's 3. 3 ICRC and HELP (c) Unallocated 11.3 Subject to donor clarification

ITALY (a)Interl. Orgs. 5.2 Subject to donor clarification (b) Other 1.0 Ministry of External Affairs (c) Unallocated 2.8 Subject to donor clarification

IRELAND 0.05 UNICEF JAPAN (a)Initial Pledge 18.6 UNHCR/ WFP Emergency Relief (b)Direct Aid 1.8ACKU Emergency Disaster NETHERLANDS 0.3 Subject to donor clarification NORWAY (a)U.N. Agencies 0.4 UNICEF (b)NGO's 5.0 Various NGO's

SPAIN 0.1 UNICEF SWEDEN 7.0 Subject to donor clarification

UNITED KINGDOM (a)U.N. Agencies 13.4 UNHCR, UNICEF (b)NGO's 5.6 ICRC and oth.ers USA (De-mining) 2.0 Direct Funding TOTAL 104.5 Direct cash to international organisations & NGOs

21 Table 6: CASH CONTRIBUTIONS (AETF), BY DONOR AND TYPE, 1988-90

TYPE I Country Cash Received Indicative Confirmed Total Balance Pledges Pledges 1988 1989 1990 Received Promised

EARMARKED TO AGENCIES Australia 2,863,S13.60 2,094,913.60 768,600.00 2, 863 ,S13.60 0.00 BelgiLm 296,SSS.S8 296,SSS.S8 296,SSS.S8 0.00 Canada 7,222,264.12 702,285.81 315S3,876.62 412S6, 162.43 2 , 966, 10 1 . 69 EEC 417,524.50 4171S24.50 4171524.50 0.00 Finland 513191602.03 41S961026.75 723,575.28 513191602.03 0.00 France 119971066.49 9061S13.26 906,S13.26 1,0901S53.23 Germany 31 1971S34.83 3,1971534.83 3, 1971S34.83 0.00 Ireland 9S,004.00 951004.00 9S,004.00 0.00 Italy 7,037.000.00 0.00 7,037,000.00 Japan 631750,000.00 631750,000.00 631750,000.00 0.00 Netherlands 1,6671476.62 403,175.00 S06172S.87 9091900.87 7571S75.75 Norway 111921843.51 6921843.51 soolooo.oo 11 1921843.S1 0.00 Sweden 110001000.00 1,0001000.00 110001000.00 0.00

Switzerland 1 I 29S I 163. OS 6321911.39 66212S1.66 1 I 295 I 163. OS 0.00 Private Donations 10 000.00 10 000.00 10 000.00 0.00 9713611548.33 1013191781.29 72190SI210.SO 2128SI32S.87 8SI5101317.66 1118S11230.67

EARMARKED TO PROGRAMMES Austria 115001000.00 0.00 1,SOOIOOO.OO Australia 9331146.40 1641S46.40 7681600.00 9331146.40 0.00 Canada 110561606.47 2091148.84 2091148.84 847 14S7 .63 EEC 3801748.75 3801748.75 380,748.75 0.00 France 2,093,224.07ACKU 3171619.S3 110S6188S.04 7181719.SO 21093,224.07 0.00 Germany 2 1438 1931 •84 11 1S01946.66 1 12871 98S o 18 2, 438, 93 1 . 84 0.00 Japan s,ooolooo.oo 5,000,000.00 slooo,ooo.oo 0.00

Netherlands 1 11 08 I 096 o 75 111081096.75 1, 108 , 096. 75 0.00 Norway 1,013,861.83 14,000.00 9991861.83 1,013,861.83 0.00 Spain 878,024.79 878,024.79 878,024.79 0.00 USA 12 soo 000.00 12 soo 000.00 12 500 000.00 0.00 28,902,640.90 2,576,662.94 211491,339.00 2,4871181.33 26,SSSI 183.27 2,347,4S7.63 Table 6: (continued)

TYPE I Country Cash Received Indicative Confirmed Total Balance Pledges Pledges 1988 1989 1990 Received Promised

CO-ORDINATOR'S OFFICE Canada 124,036.32 124,036.32 124,036.32 0.00 EEC 632,791.38 632,791.38 632,791.38 0.00 France 338,919.29 163,172.37 175,746.92 338,919.29 0.00 Germany 287,863.82 287,736.66 127.16 287,863.82 0.00 Japan 2,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 2,000,000.00 0.00 Norway 230,947.60 230,947.60 230,947.60 0.00 Sweden 2 650 015.44 2 000 000.00 650 015.44 2 650 015.44 0.00 6, 264,573.85 2,642,720.58 2,796,090.91 825,762.36 6' 264' 573.85 0.00

UNEARMARKED Bangladesh 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 0.00 Cameroun 3,506.31 3,506.31 3,506.31 0.00 Denmark 2,021,130.43 1,109,837.31 911,293.12 2,021,130.43 0.00 Finland 1,059,059.51 1,059,059.51 1,059,059.51 0.00 France 175,746.67 175,746.67 175,746.67 0.00 Holy See 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 0.00 Iceland 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00 0.00 Indonesia 20,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 20,000.00 0.00 Ireland 10,556.00 10,556.00 10,556.00 0.00 Islamic Conference 62,274.00 62,274.00 62,274.00 0.00 Italy 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 0.00 Japan 54,023,009.35ACKU 34,023,009.35 20,000,000.00 54,023,009.35 0.00 Luxerrbourg 532,974.87 239' 981.33 292,993.54 532,974.87 0.00 Norway 2,815,468.08 2,000,000.00 815,468.08 2,815,468.08 0.00 Philippines 945.66 945.66 945.66 0.00 Sweden 11,827,001.39 4,232,956.76 5,978,063.15 1 , 615 , 981 . 48 11,827,001.39 0.00 Switzerland 1 , 948 , 75 7. 82 632,911.39 662,251.66 653,594.77 1 , 948 , 75 7. 82 0.00 USA 13,283,000.00 13,283,000.00 13,283,000.00 0.00 Private Donations 301 515.15 301 515.15 301 515. 15 0.00 89,102,945.24 10,121,101.28 41,222,820.64 37,759,023.32 89,102,945.24 0.00 Table 6: (continued)

TYPE I Country Cash Received Indicative Confirmed Total Balance Pledges Pledges 1988 1989 1990 Received Promised

UNALLOCATED PLEDGES

Canada 6, 779 I 661 o 02 0.00 6, 779,661.02 Denmark 1,452,187.47 0.00 1,452,187.47 Norway 2 310 917.76 0.00 2 310 917.76 10,542,766.25 0.00 10,542,766.25

GRAND TOTAL 232,174,474.57 25,660,266.09 138,415,461.05 43,357,292.88 207,433,020.02 24,741,454.55

ACKU Table 7: TRANSFERS, ALLOCATIONS, OR COMMITMENTS TO AGENCIES

(Thousands US$}

Earmarked AETF Allocations Agency Transfers Disbursed Commit. TOTAL

FAO: 10,000.0 3,318.0 380.0 13,698.0 UNDP: 1,059.1 6,895.7 2,407.2 10,362.0 UNHCR: 21,382.6 1,230.5 500.0 23,113.1 UNICEF: 10,084.1 1,852.8 2,339.7 14,276.6 WHO: 8,586.3 2,616.4 0.0 11,202.7 WFP: 22,648.1 2,743.5 4,128.5 29,520.1 UNV: 0.0 1,000.0 3,440.0 4,440.0 UNESCO 0.0 1,300.0 700.0 2,000.0 ILO 0.0 1,000.0 0.0 1,000.0 HABITAT 0.0 0.0 700.0 700.0

DEMINING: UNOCA 620.0 740.3 1,360.3 PRCS 0.0 5,000.0 2,000.0 7,000.0 ATC 0.0 2,290o0 0.0 2,290.0 IRC 0.0 1,000.0 0.0 1,000.0 APA 0.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 SWAAD 0.0 700.0 0.0 700.0

OTHER NGO's: ACKU RIFA 0.0 209.1 0.0 209.1 ICRC 9,000.0 0.0 0.0 9,000.0 ICM 2,750.0 0.0 0.0 2,750.0 IRCS 0.0 300.0 400.0 700.0

TOTAL 85,510.2 32,081.0 17,735.7 135,326.9

25 Table 8: CONTRIBUTIONS IN KIND PLEDGED OR RECEIVED

Donor (mil. US$) Composition of Contribution

AUSTRALIA 1) 11.2 Predominantly food aid: WFP and Australian NGOs. AUSTRIA 0.5 Diverted by donor to assist Afghan refugees. BYELORUSSIA 0.7 See detailed analysis (USSR) . BULGARIA 0.6 Drugs, clothes, blankets and transportation of goods. First installment received in Termez. CANADA 2.5 Food aid (WFP) . EEC 12.7 Food aid (WFP) . FRANCE 5.8 Food aid (WFP) . FINLAND 0.5 Materials & supplies. GERMANY 3 ) 6 . 4 Food aid (WFP) . GREECE 2.5 10,000 tons of wheat. INDIA 3.6 Food aid and medicine (US$0.6 million) part of which has been airlifted to UNOCA/Kabul; Miscellaneous (US$3.0M). ITALY 12.0 Wheat and seed oil (WFP). MONGOLIA 0.1 Received in UNOCA/Kabul office for distribution. NORWAY 1.4 Food aid (WFP) including 0.4 diverted by donor for Afghan refugees. r 2.0 Building and other materials. TURKEY 1.0 Food aid and de-mining. UKRAINE SSR 13.0 See detailed analysis (USSR). USSR 2) 600.0 See detailed analysis. USA 16.7 Food aid (WFP) . 1.1 Food aid (WFP) . YUGOSLAVIA 0.1 Tents, clothing to be distributed through UNHCR.

TOTAL 694.4 Total contributions in kind

NOTE: Despite some newACKU pledges in kind, the level of the total contributions in kind remained unchanged since a part was converted by donors into cash contributions to meet some emergency needs during the last winter.

1) The reduction, as compared to previously reported figure is due to the fact that Australia chose to pay a part of its in-kind pledge in cash. 2) Equivalent of 400 million roubles at the rate of exchange prevailing at the time of the Pledging Conference in October 1988. 3) Cumulative total of the German contribution which was previously reported as FRG: 5.7 and GDR: 0.7 million.

26 UN FIELD PRESENCE

Since the publication of the Second Consolidated Report, and during the period under review, the UN has gradually moved from early fact-finding missions intended to forn1ulate strategies for rehabilitation and emergency relief work to the establishment of a semi-perrnanent, delivery-oriented presence in several provinces.

UN Missions

Three types of UN n1issions are undertaken inside Afghanistan in the context of Operation Salam. Firstly, the "Salatn Missions" continue to explore areas not previously visited by international staff. These missions carry out preliminary

I exploration of areas, establish local contacts and report on local conditions. They recommend whether and how the UN should provide future assistance. Many have paved the way for the establishment of Salarn Mobile Units (SMUs) and, often, field offices in the areas visited; this was the case following missions to Balkh, Ban1yan, I-Ierat, Kandahar, Kunar and Paktika provinces.

Secondly, "inter-agency n1issions" go to areas already known and initiate progran1n1e activities. When appropriate, they are also accotnpanied by representatives already working in the areas. During these missions -- which, like the Salam Missions, are usually led by UNOCA -- the participating agencies determine the scope and limits of their role, ensuring coordination and avoiding duplication of effort.

l,hirdly, "UN monitoring n1issions" visit areas familiar to the UN, where a number of UN-funded projectsACKU are already underway. These monitoring missions are typically comprised of international staff whose objective is to inspect specific project sites and report on progress. A nun1ber of UN agencies are also fielding trained Afghan staff to rnonitor projects. As Table 9 shows, there have been tnonitoring trips consisting of international staff to most provinces of Afghanistan during the last year.

27 UN PRESENCE IN AFGHANISTAN Through September 1990

TE RMEZ

• TEHERAN

• PESHAWAR • IS LA.MA BAD

Ill Field Offices ACKU A SMUs UN Inter-Agency Missions

Denotes provinces in which • individual districts have been QUETTA visited by UN staff In view of the security and logistical difficulties, all these n1issions are preceded by extensive negotiations with Afghan notables and detailed preparations in terms of equipment and con1munications. All these matters are handled by UNOCA on behalf of the UN System and consutne considerable time and energy of UNOCA field staff.

In addition to these missions of varying duration, a relatively durable presence of the UN is ensured in selected provinces through the innovative concept of SMUs. In provinces where SMUs have been established, assessment and rnonitoring activities are assumed by the SMU. The qualitative difference between SMUs, Salam missions and monitoring missions ts that SMUs are funded to support projects over an extensive period. Through the mechanism of the SMU Rehabilitation Facility (SMURF), various UN agencies operating on SMUs can initiate sn1all-scale projects or bring forward inputs for immediate use. SMUs are thus invaluable catalysts for relief and rehabilitation work. Their fu11 potential rnay not be apparent until the large-scale return of refugees is underway, when their presence in areas to which n1any will return may prove invaluable. The Terms of Reference of SMUs, including responsibilities of team members, are contained in Annex IV.

SMUs are now operational in Arghestan (Kandahar province), Asadabad (Kunar province), Faizabad (Badakhshan province), Urgun (Paktika province) and Zindejan (flerat province). Furthermore, SMUs in Bamyan City (Bamyan province), 1-Jerat City and Mazar-i-Sharif (Balkh province) have already evolved into Operation Salam suboffices within the past year. Preparations are in hand for two more SMUs to Nimroz and the 1-lazarajat area which will be launched from Iran. Additional Operation Salam posts haveACKU recently been established in Qarabagh (Ghazni province), Taloqan (Takhar province) and Zargun Shahr (Paktika province).

The present strategy of the UN System is to expand its presence into as many areas as possible in order to establish a wider access to various regions and to increase the UN capacity for delivery of material assistance.

29 Table 9: INTER-AGENCY l'vtiSSIONS BY UNOCA AND UN AGENCIES AND PROGRAMMES PARTICIPATING IN OPERATION SALAM: FAO,ILO,UNCHS,UNDP,UNESCO,UNFDAC,UNHCR,UNICEF,UNILOG,WFP,WHO Covers Period of Activity Since Second Consolidated Report (October 1989)

NO. MONTH/ YEAR PROVINCE 1. Oct. 1989 Bamyan 2. Nov. 1989 Samangan 3. Nov. 1989 Paktia 4. Dec. 1989 Badakhshan 5. Dec. 1989 Badghis 6. Dec. 1989 Paktia 7. Jan. 1990 Kandahar 8. Jan. 1990 Badghis 9. Jan. 1990 Baghlan 10. Jan. 1990 Badakhshan 11. Feb. 1990 Nangarhar 12. March 1990 Kandahar 13. March 1990 Nimroz 14. March 1990 Balkh 15. March 1990 Nangarhar 16. March 1990 Paktika/G hazni 17. March 1990 llerat 18. March 1990 Kunar 19. April 1990 Badghis 20. April 1990 Samangan/Balkh 21. April 1990 Nangarhar 22. April 1990 lie rat 23. April 1990 Dadakhshan 24. May 1990 Logar 25. May 1990 Farah 26. May 1990 Balkh/Faryab/Jowzjan & Sar-i-Pul 27. May 1990 Kunar 28. May 1990 Kandahar 29. May 1990 Badghis 30. May 1990 Badakhshan 31. May 1990 Nangarhar 32. May 1990 Faryab 33. June 1990 Badakhshan 34. June 1990 ACKUBamyan 35. July 1990 Balkh 36. July 1990 Logar /Paktia 37. July 1990 Kandahar 38. July 1990 Faryab 39. July 1990 Farah 40. July 1990 Samangan 41. Aug. 1990 Badghis 42. Aug. 1990 lie rat 43. Aug. 1990 Badakhshan 44. Aug. 1990 Faryab/Jowzjan & Sar-i-Pul 45. Sept. 1990 Bamyan 46. Sept. 1990 Kandahar

30 United Nations Volunteers Pro2ramme (UNV)

In the common endeavour to speed UN assistance to every province of Afghanistan, the United Nations Volunteers play a valuable role. Under an agreement between UNOCA and UNDP /UNV, about 100 UNVs are expected to be deployed in the context of Operation Salam. By September 1990, 46 UNVs had already been fielded.

The volunteers assist the UN Agencies and Programmes in the implementation and monitoring of projects. So far, the focus of their activities has been mainly on logistics, including the monitoring of food supplies and other convoys in liaison and collaboration with non-governrnental organizations, on warehouse management.

In addition, a health planner attached to WHO is assisting in the col1ection and analysis of data; an educational building architect with UNESCO is supervising the construction and rehabilitation of school buildings; and a field monitor with UNFDAC is responsible for monitoring dn1g abuse control activities and crop substitution, as well as for id~ntifying further potential projects.

Although most UNVs were initially fielded in Pakistan, more requests from the UN Agencies are now being received for UNVs to work inside Afghanistan. So far there are no UNVs in Iran. Some UNVs undertake cross-border missions-to monitor population movements in border areas, others are frequently crossing the border into the Soviet Union and accompany deliveries. Often they act as a link between the Afghan population and the UN.ACKU Although most posts deal with short-term relief work, there is an increasing need (or specialists in long-term rehabilitation projects.

The UNV component of Operation Salam is generally considered to be a very successful programme. As UN activities increase, the demand for the services of these volunteer specialists will undoubtedly grow accordingly.

31 Information System for Af2hanistan (UNIDATA)

Since the launching of Operation Salam, the need for socio-economic data on the damage caused by war and on existing conditions was immediately recognized as a prerequisite for the preparation of relief and rehabilitation programmes. A great deal of information was provided by NGOs operating cross-border programmes, Salam Missions and SMUs with the assistance of local populations and authorities. Socio­ economic surveys were conducted in refugee villages and in several areas inside Afghanistan. UNHCR has collected information on key areas in 14 provinces of priority interest for voluntary repatriation. Similarly, WHO and other UN agencies have developed sector-specific database for the formulation and impletnentation of their programmes and projects.

Significant progress has now been made in the collection and collation of basic information, both on a sectoral and a geographical basis. However, there is still room for considerable improvement in its analysis. Coverage is still incomplete, as many areas remain inaccessible for security reasons and logistical difficulties. In response to the need for the consistent collection of comprehensive information regarding conditions throughout Afghanistan, the UN System has launched a major project, UNIDAT A, to collect information on a scientific basis and to establish a computerised database.

UNIDATA, a joint UNOCA/UNDP project, collects data on Afghanistan to be used both for short-term emergency relief work and for long-term development needs. UNIDAT A has established field offices in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. The offices in Pakistan, locatedACKU in Quetta and Peshawar, have supported work on the administration of cross-border surveys in Afghanistan. Its data collectors have participated in a number of missions and have administered surveys in 12 provinces.

A computerized information system is now in place in the central office in Geneva as well as in the field offices in Kabul, Teheran, Peshawar and Quetta. Separate databases exist for the treatment of donor contributions, financial matters, and for monitoring UN projects related to Afghanistan. Field survey data and other

32 plannjng related information is also available in the data bank. UNIDAT A has also added a computer mapping service for planning and analysis purposes.

Analysis of socio-economic data is presently in progress. The first socio­ economic report of Wardak province has been completed. Drafting of three additional provincial reports is expected to be accomplished by the end of the year.

To strengthen its manpower base, UNIDATA has also provided on-the-job training to 38 enumerators and data analysts in the administration of field surveys, data analysis, drafting reports and computer applications.

ACKU

33 PART II. SECTORAL ASSESSI'v1ENTS

The following Sectoral Assessments describe the current situation of the major socio-economic infrastructure of Afghanistan and the damage incurred by the various sectors as a result of war. The Assessments also document the sectoral activities of the United Nations Agencies and Programmes participating in Operation Salam during the past year. As outlined in the United Nations Plan of Action, 1990, these sectors represent the fields that were jointly identified by the UN Agencies under the guidance of the Co-ordinator as requiring assistance in Afghanistan at this stage: Food and Agriculture; Physical Infrastructure; Health; Human Resources; Logistics and Communications; and o.ther sectoral activities related to these general fields.

Population Movements, which have a considerable influence on the course of assistance activities, merit special attention and are consequently dealt with in the opening section of Part II. The sections concerning production, including rehabilitation activities that are inherently tied to the country's production capacity -- Agriculture, Food Aid, the Mine Clearance Programme and Infrastructure -- follow this initial section. The subsequent Assessments -- Health, the Disabled, Culture, Education and Training, and Disadvantaged Groups -- concern programmes involving human resources and social welfare. Logistics and Communications, which constitute the concluding section of Part II, have called for much greater effort and financial input than had been foreseen in the 1990 Plan of Action. Due to security hazards and the poor state of roads, the cost of in-land transport, particularly in rural areas is exceptionally high. ACKU

It will be noted that the Assessments, presented in a summary form, are based on a sector-by-sector analysis of the related projects and the reports received by UNOCA regarding the progress made in their implementation. It is suggested that Part II be read in conjunction with the "compendium of projects" attached to this Report as Annex V.

34 POPULATION MOVEMENTS

In the absence of current demographic data, . the statistics of the official Population Census of 1979 are often used in making population estimates relevant to the current situation. Although the tragic effects of protracted armed conflict have affected the entire population, it is impossible at present to provide demographic estimates that are totally reliable and up-to-date. However, there are reasonable estimates by UNIDATA in 1990 that the total Afghan population may have reached some 16.9 million.

The total number of refugees living in neighbouring countries is reportedJy over five million. Of these, an estima'ted 3.3 million are currently located in refugee villages in Pakistan, mainly in the North West Frontier Province and Baluchistan; another 2.3 million are reported to be in Iran. It is believed that, additionally, as many as 100,000 Afghans are currently living in exile overseas.

Besides the known refugee caseload, UNHCR reports that from winter 1988 to early summer 1990 there were some 90,000 new arrivals in Pakistan. The majority of these newly-arrived Afghans fled the country as a result of increased fighting near Jalalabad in Nangarhar province.

In order to avoid the duplication of ration privileges and to prepare for the implementation of direct repatriation assistance, UNHCR has issued ration passbooks with forgery-proof stickers to some 525,000 refugee families in Pakistan, comprising some 3.3 mil1ion persons, ACKUwhich represents the entire registered refugee population residing in Pakistan.

Voluntary Repatriation

A certain amount of cross-border population movement between Afghanistan and Pakistan was considered to be normal, even during the pre-war period. Following

35 the withdrawal of foreign troops in 1989, Afghans were reported to begin returning home after years of refugee camp life. Initially, these returns were often limited to periodic visits to assess the state of individual landholdings and harvest.

Since May 1990, however, it has become apparent that refugees are beginning to return in noticeable numbers in order to reestablish themselves in their former homes. Evidence of more widespread agricultural and economic production and increased construction activity (especially involving the reconstruction of homes) support recent reports that up to 70 families from Kandahar alone were returning ho'!le daily during early summer. As a result of this return flow, UNI-ICR estimates that some 100,000 persons returned during the early summer months of 1990.

There are recent reports of returnees to Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, Kunar, Kunduz, Nangarhar, Paktia, Paktika and Zabul. This spontaneous return movement may have resulted in the return of over 200,000 persons to Afghanistan. It is difficult, however, to ascertain precise numbers because of the spontaneous nature of the return process and because most of these returnees claim that they were not initially registered as refugees.

Obstacles to mass repatriation include lack of security tn certain areas, continuing danger from mines, doubts of economic survival, and in some areas, the uncertain political situation and the opposition of some political leaders and factions. There is, however, growing evidence that the refugees themselves consider certain areas of Afghanistan as safe for return.

UNHCR/UNOCA/WFP Pilot ProjectACKU for Voluntary Repatriation

In order to assist those refugees who wish to return to Afghanistan from Pakistan, UNHCR along with UNOCA and WFP and in close collaboration with the Government of Pakistan, launched a pilot project on 25 July 1990 of voluntary repatriation for an initial period of three months. The results of this pilot project will help in deciding on appropriate follow-up activities including, in all likelihood, the continuation of the project. If the repatriation movement gains momentum, necessary

36 arrangements can be made at a short notice to cope with the -large influx. The prepositioning of food and other necessary items in Pakistan and Iran as well as inside Afghanistan is in hand.

In the context of the pilot project, it was decided that transport costs and a basic food package must be provided to help meet the immediate needs of returnees. A cash grant of Rps 3300 (approximately US$ 150) and 300 kg of wheat are provided to each returning refugee family upon surrender of their ration book.

UNHCR and WFP work in close cooperation throughout the refugee repatriation and deregistration process. UNHCR maintains daily reports and statistics on repatriation which will provide useful input for future planning, especially in preparation for the winter months in Afghanistan and in the refugee camps. UNHCR also maintains close contacts with the Pakistan authorities to help ensure the protection and safety of the returning refugees.

Despite the discouragement by some Afghan authorities of refugee participation In the repatriation project (and, in some cases, harassment of returnees), the repatriation process has been gradually gathering momentum. After ten weeks of operations, UNHCR reports a total of over 10,000 families, representing over 60,000 persons, who had participated in this project.

Designed to be flexible, the project has been adapted to meet needs as they arise. Towards this end, the number of banks designated to administer the encashment of ration booksACKU was increased during the first month of the project. In response to reports of harassment of returning refugees, UN staff worked with Pakistan Government officials to help ensure improved security conditions. UNHCR is satisfied with the progress of the repatriation project and looks forward to implementing future schemes designed to facilitate the Afghan repatriation process.

The spontaneous return of some refugees from Iran has been reported in recent months. There are reliable reports that over 100 Afghans are currently crossing the border into Afghanistan each day. During the last few months, UNHCR

37 registered and provided assistance to over 25,000 Afghan returnees from Iran. In the expectation that larger numbers will be returning from Iran in the coming months, plans for substantially increasing reception and transit facilities are in hand.

Located directly on the route of refugees returning from Iran, Herat City is populated by a significant number of returnees because transport to the interior of the country is not readily available. In order to facilitate the flow of returnees from Iran, an airlift operation has been organized by UNHCR/UNOCA to transport returnees from Herat to destinations closer to their places of origin. The airlift became operational in early September. Some 4,500 persons are to be moved during a two-month period in order to relieve reception facilities in Herat and Islam Qala. An additional airlift is planned to transfer returnees, particularly the disabled and the elderly directly to Afghanistan from Iran.

A UNHCR/IFAD project, supported by UNOCA, in South Khorasan region in Iran aims to encourage voluntary repatriation of Afghan refugees through training and skills development, besides supporting other developmental aspects.

Follow-up Action

It is clear from the present trends that a major return movement of Afghan refugees from Iran and Pakistan following the next winter, should be considered a realistic possibility. Plans are in hand for facilitating the repatriation process as well as for speedy rehabilitation of returnees. However, both processes would require major financial input from donors.ACKU

Internally Displaced

The number of internally displaced persons in Afghanistan is estimated to be approximately two million, the majority of whom are believed to have fled the countryside and moved either to the main cities during the war or fled to the mountains and other areas of relative peace. Consistent monitoring of their

38 n1ovement has been difficult but recent UN missions have reported that the internally displaced persons are beginning to return home in some parts of the country in increasing numbers. The trend in most noticeable, according to reports, in the provinces of Ghazni, Herat, Kabul, Paktika and Zabul as well as the Hazarajat region.

According to recent reports, fighting among Hazara and Pashtun populations in Ghazni and Zabul provinces has resulted in the displacement of several thousand Pashtun families who have been forced to move to the districts of Qarabagh, Moqor, and Shahjoui.

In the 1990 Plan of Action, five major considerations had led UNOCA to the conclusion that the problem of internally displaced persons called for special attention. They were:

i) the return home of internally displaced persons would be relatively easy as compared to those who crossed national borders and chose to become refugees;

ii) assisting the internally displaced would facilitate the process of overall rehabilitation and help promote a climate conducive to repatriation;

iii) stnce most of the internally displaced are of rural ongtn, their return home would help alleviate the burden on the urban economy;

iv) as compared to Afghan refugees abroad, the internally displaced have received little ACKUor no assistance from the international community;

v) helping the internally displaced would (a) lessen the social tensions created by their influx; (b) decrease their own frustration as the

"for:gotten group" and (c) lessen their resentment v~s-a-vis those who became refugees and thus beneficiaries of external aid.

39 Experience during 1990 has clearly shown that these considerations were well­ founded although the persistent volatile situation, both in urban and rural areas, did not allow large-scale projects to be undertaken specifically for them.

Assistance Inside Af2hanistan

Most of the assistance needed by the internally displaced persons is covered within the overall context of projects elaborated upon in the sectoral chapters. For returning refugees, however, in addition to the assistance package offered on departure, UNHCR has taken measures to provide direct assistance inside the country. Reception and transit centres, for example, are operating in Herat, Kabul and Mazar­ i-Sharif in order to provide shelter to needy Afghans on their way home. Supported by UNOCA, WFP provides a four-month ration while payment for road transportation to returnees is made through UNHCR once they are registered with the guest house. UNHCR plans to extend these facilities to other cities and to expand existing ones when needed. Between late June to late August, some 35,000 returnees had benefitted from guest house facilities.

In order to help the returning families to resettle in their homes, delivery­ oriented Salam Mobile Units (SMUs) have been established in Herat, Kunar, Paktika and Kandahar provinces to provide assistance to local communities in resuming normal production activities. These include demining, agricultural support, irrigation system rehabilitation, veterinary services, education, health, food aid and material assistance, as well as infrastructure maintenance. It is planned to support similar programmes in areas that haveACKU generated significant refugee outflows as a means of encouraging voluntary repatriation.

During 1989-90, assistance-oriented UN offices have been established in areas with considerable need; specifically, in Badakhshan, Bamyan and Kandahar provinces. These facilities are being further strengthened. For assistance and relief purposes, the UN makes no distinction in its activities between internally displaced persons, returnees and local needy people.

40 The success of the repatriation process depends upon the rehabilitation of physical infrastructure, roads, health and education facilities, shelter and, above all, the revival of economic activity. Agriculture dominates Afghanistan's economy. The UN therefore considers agricultural rehabilitation to be the highest priority. Necessary agricultural inputs, like improved seed and fertilizer, crop protection, and irrigation system repair, are being provided in most provinces. In addition, a large-scale locust and sunn pest control programme has been undertaken in the northern provinces during this period.

Operation Salam has introduced demining programmes in Badakh~han, Bamyan, Kandahar, Kunar and Paktika provinces. These activities are being extended to other areas as a means of helping the population tp return safely. The UN also supports skills training in refugee villages in order to prepare potential returnees to gain experience that may increase their potenHal for income-generation upon returning home. Recognising the linkage between rehabilitation activities inside Afghanistan and the return home of refugees, the activities in the provinces of potential high return are being given the highest priority by the UN system.

ACKU

41 AGRICULTURE

Agriculture, gravely affected during the last decade, rematns the main sector of activity, occupying approximately 85% of the population. Even in provincial capitals, which have diversified their economies, agriculture and rural-based activities have again become the main source of income for large numbers of people.

In different ways, every aspect of life on the land has been affected. Destruction of the infrastructure, including irrigation systems, deforestation, shortages in the distribution of basic agricultural inputs (fertilizers, seeds, pesticides, farm implements and mechanical equipment), deterioration of agricultural services (extension, rural credit, seed production, certification and veterinary), dismantling of the marketing infrastructure, severe losses of draught cattle and other animals, and shortages of manpower have all combined to cause a drastic reduction of agricultural production. It is estimated that during the eight years following the events of 1979, production in the agricultural sector fell as a whole by 28 per cent while the sector's share in total GDP declined from 52.8 per cent to 44.7 per cent. Consequently many parts of the country, both urban and ~ral, are experiencing acute shortages of food gratn.

In 1989-1990, the United Nations contributed to the rehabilitation of agriculture by providing inputs (mainly seeds and fertilizers), implementing a large-scale emergency sunnpest/locust control programme, distributing fruit trees and poplar saplings, and regenerating the silk worm industry. The re-introduction of veterinary services and of draught cat~le,ACKU as well as of machinery and mechanical equipment, have also been supported in different areas.

In the 1990 harvest, agricultural production in the provinces where the United Nations, in addition to providing emergency relief, also launched agricultural rehabilitation programmes, increased substantially. These areas include Kandahar, Kunar, Nangarhar, Paktia, and Paktika. In 1989, Salam missions to these provinces had already witnessed the farmers' determination to keep their land productive. This

42 year's yields indicate that while present agricultural production can support the reduced existing population, additional measures must be taken to cater to refugees returning home. Where it has been possible to provide su~stantial inputs of improved varieties of wheat seed, together with fertilizer or fruit trees, the increase in production and resulting rehabilitation can be impressive, as this year's harvest shows. It can also serve as a source of encouragement for refugees to return home.

A2ricultural inputs

As a result of genetic deterioration in many of the old seed varieties (including loss of resistance to disease such as leaf rust), an intensive programme was started to introduce and multiply improved high-yielding wheat varieties. In addition to wheat, other cereals such as maize, barley and rice, as well as vegetables and pulses, are to be included in the programme. An essential complementary input is fertilizer, on which satisfactory performance of the wheat seed depends.

In 1989, 2,300 MT of certified wheat seed (together with 2,000 MT of diammoniu1 tl phosphate and 3,000 MT of urea) was distributed through F AO to 17 NGOs for their agricultural rehabilitation programmes inside Afghanistan; UNHCR also provided wheat seed from 1989 stocks as part of this programme. The seed and fertilizer distribution took place not only in the provinces bordering Pakistan, but also in Ghazni, Wardak and Logar, as well as in Badakhshan and Takhar for local multiplication. The harvest exceeded expectations.

In 1990, F AO procured in Pakistan another 2,000 MT of certified improved wheat seed, plus a quantity ACKUof early generation seed for multiplication. An additional 1,300 MT of wheat seeds from India, 350 MT from Turkey and 10,000 MT from USSR have been provided for delivery in north-western provinces of Afghanistan. This year, F AO has also distributed 250 MT of improved varieties of maize seed, which was planted in Afghanistan during the spring/summer. A pilot programme with vegetable seeds has been initiated, in which small quantities of different varieties are provided to NGOs for local trial and multiplication.

43 As for fertilizer, 3,000 MT of diammonium phosphate and 2,000 MT of urea are scheduled to be delivered with the seeds to NGO agricultural rehabilitation programmes in Farah, Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, Kunar, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Paktia, Paktika, Wardak and Zabul. Seeds will also be distributed again in the central and northern provinces of Badakhshan, Bamyan, Kapisa, Kunduz and Takhar, mainly for multiplication.

Likewise, support was also provided through UNDP to 16 NGOs involved in seed and fertilizer distribution, seed multiplication (mainly improved wheat and maize), vegetable production, fruit tree planting and fruit production, in 12 provinces. Several locations where certified seed could be produced inside Afghanistan have been surveyed.

The major seed multiplication programme managed by the SCA has tested 17 varieties of wheat for both irrigated and rain-fed agriculture. The trials are being carried out in 19 locations in Afghanistan. IFAD provided support to SCA to help prepare a programme of agricultural and irrigation rehabilitation in Keshm Valley and Taloqan areas in Afghanistan.

A programme for the rehabilitation of the important seed farm in Alichopan, near Mazar-i-Sharif, began in September 1990. It produces improved varieties of wheat, cotton, vegetables, and other crops for distribution to farmers.

Training is an essential component of successful agricultural rehabilitation and extension activities. A training course for Afghan field workers was organized in May 1990 on the subject of "HarvestingACKU Seeds". Workshops are planned to strengthen village-level seed use as part of the follow-up to the main distribution programme.

Sericulture

The provision of silk worm eggs in Herat province (Herat City and Zindajan district) has re-activated the silk industry, recently in decline in an area where it had traditionally been important. This pilot project is to be followed by a large-scale

44 rehabilitation programme in the coming months: FAO estimates that 10,000 boxes will be needed. The programme includes training in mulberry cultivation and tending silkworms in Kabul, 1--Ierat and Mazar-i-Sharif. It is also planned to reconstruct the Darulaman silk worm station in Kabul and to establish two new stations in 1-Ierat and Mazar-i-Sharif, thus raising production to 30,000 boxes annually from 1992 onwards.

Orchard rehabilitation & reforestation

In many provinces of Afghanistan, orchards have traditionally not only provided fruit as an essential part of the diet of the rural population, but have also earned a useful supplement to family income. During the last decade, many were neglected or destroyed.

In 1989, FAO implemented a combined orchard rehabilitation and community forestry (poplars) programme. Between November 1989 and March 1990, FAO delivered a total of some 207,000 budded fruit tree saplings for distribution to villages in nine provinces in Afghanistan, with the assistance of 16 NGOs. The trees were purchased in Pakistan from selected nurseries in Swat for stone fruit and Quetta for apples. In addition, the FAO imported 16,500 apple rootstocks from the United Kingdom for reproduction with selected apple varieties. These have been planted in nurseries inside Afghanistan. Two nurseries under Afghan management in Pakistan also received some of these rootstocks for eventual cultivation.

Implemented in Ghazni, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunar, Logar, Nangarhar, Paktia, Wardak, and Zabul, this programme has been very successful. A similar programme, with some technical and managementACKU improvements, is foreseen for 1990-1991.

The programme also included practical training in orchard management for 85 Afghan field technicians, who attended the course before taking the trees to the project areas inside Afghanistan.

In addition to fruit trees, poplar cuttings were purchased to be rooted and cultivated in eleven nurseries inside Afghanistan and in two on the frontier with

45 Pakistan, similarly for distribution. A total of 80,000 cuttings were purchased from Pakistan and 20,000 .f!om Turkey. Poplars provide an important renewable source of domestic timber in many parts of Afghanistan.

Farm power

11,-e number of draught oxen in use in Afghanistan declined sharply over the years. It has been planned to import a number from the neighbouring areas to help make up for the loss.

The F AO's present programme has a budget allocation for procuring 400 head of oxen as a "pilot" exercise. In 1989, two NGO projects were supported by F AO for the delivery of 80 head of oxen in Achin (Nangarhar) and 90 in Jaghatu (Wardak).

Whereas the project in Wardak has been reasonably successful, as the oxen were given to a well-motivated community, the same cannot be said of the project in N angarhar. Due to the extremely high prices offered for slaughter animals in and around Jalalabad during the winter of 1989-90, many of the oxen ended up in the hands of butchers. As a result, this aspect of the program·me is being reconsidered. Selected programmes involving breeding animals, however, remain under review.

As regards mechanical power, the mechanization of post-war rural Afghanistan is apparent to every visitor. There are more tractors in the country than before and fair money can be earned throughACKU contract cultivation, threshing and similar activities. Another FAO project provides for 50 tractors together with accessories, such as trailers and threshers. A UNDP project in the western provinces for the purchase of 24 tractors, with the same equipment, is under consideration. The intention is that this machinery should be delivered to existing agricultural rehabilitation programmes, particularly those supported by the UN with FAO/UNDP /UNHCR inputs.

A programme for agricultural hand tools and equipment such as knapsack

46 sprayers is also being supported through F AO, as a possible supplement to other on­ going programmes involving inputs of seeds or for irrigation repair.

Veterinary Services

Under the UNDP /OPS Support to NGOs project, a number of local partners have been identified to provide veterinary services. Eight NGOs in Peshawar and one in Quetta have been assisted by UNDP /OPS in preparing project proposals. As a result, a total of 30 veterinary field units and 7 mobile vaccination teams are presently operating in 19 provinces of Afghanistan.

The lJNDP/OPS veterinary team has conducted 4 cross-border missions to Kunar, Nangarhar and Paktika to investigate animal health, and a project has been prepared to upgrade services in 79 clinics or sub-clinics located in the province. towns.

Locust and Sunn Pest Control

Following the devastation caused to the cereal crops in the north-western provinces of Badakhshan, Badghis, Faryab, Herat and Jowzjan, FAO and UNOCA initiated a control programme. BHC pesticides and knapsack sprayers were delivered in several provinces in the North well in advance of the locust hatching period in some of the most affected districts. Extension workers receiving assistance through NGOs contributed to the success of this programme, and significant gains were made. In particular, the UN was able to distribute insecticides held in Mazar-i-Sharif and Herat to the rural areas inACKU a highly successful cross-line operation. In order to attack and, if possible, to eradicate the locust/sunnpest before the 1991 harvesting season, a project is planned for implementation in 8 provinces (Badakhshan, Badghis, Balkh, Faryab, Herat, Jowzjan, Kunduz, and Samangan), which together contain the greater part of the arable land in Afghanistan. The aim of the project is to substantially reduce wheat losses in 1991 and so reduce the need for aid. The project is also expected to create confidence among farmers who will, in turn, increase the area under cultivation and raise their standards of husbandry. More

47 importantly, it will prevent the continued migration of people out of the area as well as to encourage refugee return.

Repair and reconstruction of irrigation systems has become one of the highest priorities in most provinces, as a large part of the population is entirely dependent on food grown on irrigated land. UNDP, UNHCR and WFP have been involved in this work, with the collaboration of NGOs. Projects have been implemented in Badakhshan, Farah, Ghazni, Kabul, Kandahar, Kunar, Logar, Nangarhar, Nimroz, Paktia, Paktika, Wardak and Zabul.

F AO, for its part, has approved the implementation of projects focusing on irrigation canals and water systems, including the karez, in Kunar and Paktika. A similar one is foreseen in Kandahar.

Crop substitution

Poppy cultivation has increased considerably as a result of the collapse of the agricultural economy and cultural values during the war.

To prevent further extension of poppy cultivation and to encourage its substitution with other cash crops, especially in the context of refugee return, the United Nations has initiated a rural rehabilitation and reconstruction programme in Badakhshan and Nangarhar. A significant effort by UNFDAC, iri cooperation with UNDP /OPS, is now underACKU way. Two projects for opium substitution were implemented during 1990 in Achin (Nangarhar), while an opium crop substitution survey was completed in Badakhshan.

The programme also atms to increase awareness of the danger of narcotics. Awareness campaigns for young Afghans are included in ongoing or planned programmes in basic education, agriculture and health.

48 FOOD AID

Food aid remains a maJor component of the overall UN relief and rehabilitation activities in Afghanistan. The World Food Programme (WFP), responsible for coordination of food aid, focused during 1989-90 on the delivery as well as the prepositioning of food.

An important new feature in the distribution of wheat is the establishment of a mechanism of sales through the bazaars. Under this scheme the wheat is released to bazaars at a fixed price allowing a maximum retail profit of 20 per cent. The scheme made it possible for wheat to become more widely accessible at lower prices to the affected populations in several Northern provinces. This approach has relieved the United Nations of the inherently complicated task of distribution to individual beneficiaries.

The principal objectives of food aid are:

to ensure that the emergency needs of vulnerable groups are met;

to create conditions conducive to encouraging refugees to return and to contain any further internal displacement of the Afghan population;

to secure the availability of food assistance in times of natural disasters, e.g. floods, earthquakes,ACKU bad harvests. As for the strategies to achieve these objectives, WFP works closely with Afghan and international implementing partners working across the border from Pakistan into Afghanistan. Over the past year, successful food deliveries have also taken place in northern Afghanistan, through local commercial transporters.

By providing food-for-work (FFW) through agriculture and infrastructure projects, a wheat ration is ensured to labourers and their families.

49 At present, pr

For vulnerable group feeding (VGF), the UN has established common guidelines in order to avoid abuse, dependency and phasing-out problems, and to maintain consistency in UN policy. In short, these guidelines are as follows:

projects should be initiated in response to genuine needs only; underlying food difficulties such as extremely high food prices must exist before the weakest sections of that particular section of society can be considered for food assistance;

assistance in cases of emergencies (natural disaster or sudden influx of returnees/refugees) requiring prompt intervention should always be short­ term and should be replaced as soon as feasible by food-for-work projects aimed at redressing the effects of the initial emergency;

under exceptional circumstances, VGF projects may be considered for assistance; in order to avoid any form of favouritism by UN officials, lists of proposed beneficiaries must be authenticated by at least ten recognized representatives of the concerned area, constituting the broadest political/ACKUethnic spectrum; VGF should be carried out through institutions in exceptional cases when no other adequate assistance is available;

individual VGF daily rations should not exceed 400 grammes wheat, and (if available) 40 grammes sugar and 30 grammes oil.

50 Food-for-Work schemes (FFW) are designed to provide food for families who have no other mean~ of support and are therefore willing to work voluntarily on projects for infrastructure development. The UN agency responsible should not be seen as competing with the private sector for employees, but as providing compensation for those who would otherwise have no work. The family food ration is standard; it consists of seven kilos of wheat.

The concept of FFW was well-known in the country even before the war, when the schemes were implemented by the Government and monitored by WFP. Consequently, satisfactory implementing and supervisory standards have been set. The details on workdays and standards are agreed upon between UN officials and local representatives. Whenever possible, the latter provide a technical expert to ensure that agreed standards are being met.

In order to reduce the need for monitoring, the project can be established on a contract basis for a work schedule against a fixed amount of food, with monitoring on completion. Alternatively, a project can be based on monthly monitoring.

Bazaar Sales: In order to ensure acceptable standardization of prices, wheat and, in some cases, sugar is released for distribution through bazaars at a fixed price allowing a profit of up to a maximum of 20 per cent. The pricing structure, regularly reviewed by WFP and UNOCA, is planned expressly to be higher than the local farmers selling price in order to further encourage local harvests and local sales. Transport costs are paid for from the funds generated from the bazaar sales proceeds. Remaining funds are used to pay for moving food for VGF and FFW projects and for socially beneficial communityACKU projects.

Voluntary Repatriation Project: In order to facilitate the return of refugees from Pakistan, WFP participates in the Pilot Project for Voluntary Repatriation. Under this scheme each returning family is offered 300 kg wheat, intended as a supply for three months. For this purpose WFP has allocated from its prepositio'ned stock wheat sufficient for 40,000 families. The Government of Pakistan's Commissionerate for Afghan Refugees (CAR) personnel are responsible for distributing the correct

51 quantity of wheat and for maintaining records on the date of distribution, the code number of each ratio~ card and ·the bank serial number. Cash provided by UNHCR and WFP food are distributed at border crossing points only against ration cards revalidated in the recent revalidation exercise. Once a ration card has been encashed, the refugee family is no longer entitled to food rations in the camps in Pakistan. Through monitoring the data assembled by CAR and UNHCR relating to the refugee population, WFP reduces the food deliveries to the camps.

Food aid for SMUs: WFP's initial wheat commitment to the regional SMUs for immediate deployment to meet the needs for activities by the SMU is 2,500 MT for Kandahar and 1,500 for Paktika/Ghazni. The higher figure for Kandahar reflects the higher proportion of refugees returning to the area, for which the SMU has started food-for-work community projects aimed at rebuilding of community centres, construction of shelter for needy people including returning refugees and the internally displaced population.

Due to the relatively good local harvests in the area, the Paktika/Ghazni SMU has been slower to initiate food-for-work projects. In anticipation of a significant return of refugees from Pakistan, the situation is expected to change.

Through its Pakistan-based Afghan Relief and Rehabilitation Office (ARRO), WFP has assisted in 50 projects in 16 different provinces in Afghanistan. Of these, 31 have been completed, 13 are continuing, while for 6 delivery has been completed but work is continuing. These projects are related to vulnerable feeding activities or food-for-work, intended to enhance the rehabilitation process inside Afghanistan. Food for both categories of projectsACKU continues to be delivered on a regular basis throughout the duration of the projects.

The table below indicates the types of projects, resources allocated and deliveries made by WFP through UNILOG up to 31 July 1990.

In Northern Afghanistan, as of 31 August 1990 WFP has committed about 30,000 tons of food ·commodities for 14 various projects, as endorsed collectively by

52 the UN agencies concerned. Within the activities of Operation Salam, WFP has delivered food so far. in 22 out of 29 provinces in Afghanistan and will continue to explore possibilities to penetrate in the remaining provinces, when security and logistics permit.

WFP staff are present posted in the UN offices at Faizabad, Herat, Mazar-i­ Sharif and Termez as well as Kabul.

Table 10: PROJECTS SUPPORTED BY THE WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME (WFP)

Type of Project Projects Quantity Food Quantity Food Committed(MT) delivered(MT) 89 90 Total 89 90 Total 89 90 Total

Food-For-Work 9 11 20 3,226 4,180 7,447 2,161 1,362 3,523

Food-for-Seeds 1 1 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,050

Cereal Bank 1 1 1,200 1,200 1,200 1,200

Emergency Feeding 14 12 26 7,195 5,847 13,042 2,672 5,628 8,300

School Feeding 1 1 9 9 9 9

SMU 1 2 3 800 4,000 4,800 262 853 1,115

Triba~ areas 339 339 (UNILOG) ACKU

TOTAL 26 26 52 13,511 14,036 27,548 7,684 7,852 15,536

53 MINE CLEARANCE PROGRAMMES {MCP)

During 1990, the Mine Clearance Programme moved into Phase II, i.e., actual demining inside Afghanistan. At the same time, the Training Programmes in Mine Clearance and Mine Awareness of Phase I have been continued and expanded. Operation Salam began projects for actual mine clearance, with the support of the Afghan people and donor governments, in January 1990. At the end of September, 432 trained Afghan deminers were worlcing in 16 teams of 27 men each in the provinces of Badakhshan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Kandahar, Kunar and Paktika. Work was expected to begin shortly in Badghis and Wardak and, depending on the availability of funds, will be expanded to all mined areas of the country. Priority will be given to those regions where refugees are expected to return in large numbers.

The mine clearance programme now has 4 cotnponents: Mine Clearance Training; Mine Clearance Operations inside Afghanistan; Mine Awareness Programme and Medical Aid Training and Support.

Mine Clearance Trainin2 {MCT)

There are currently 5 courses being taught. All are designed and supervised by the international military experts provided by the participating governments (the following governments made available de-mining experts for training of Afghan volunteers: Australia, Canada, France, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Turkey, UK and l.JSA). ACKU Table 11: AFGHAN GRADUATES OF DEMINING COURSES (as of October 1990)

Basic Mine Clearance 12,105 Instructors 86 Team Leaders 267 Pre-deployment 702 Mine Survey, Mapping & Monitoring 22

54 i) Basic Mine C~earance Training

The training is intended to provide Afghans with sufficient awareness of the dangers posed by mines and unexploded ordnance and the skills needed to address them. It also enables them to initiate basic mine clearance activities in their areas of origin. As originally planned, the purpose of the training was to promote Afghan self-reliance and to ensure that in every province, and possibly every district of Afghanistan, there would be some Afghans who could be called upon by the local community to help out if mines or unexploded ordnance were discovered. This is why in the selection of Afghan volunteers, care was taken to select candidates from all provinces as well as various affiliations.

The course includes recognition of mines, fuses and booby-traps, identification of mined areas, extrication from minefields and marking their limits, use of mine detectors and probes and use of demining kits. Training in first aid is also provided. On graduation, each successful trainee receives a certificate of attendance, a demining kit and a first aid kit. Graduates also sign a solemn oath binding them to use the skills acquired solely for humanitarian purposes. The programme is implemented through the Pakistan Red Crescent Society.

In addition to Pakistan where encouraging progress has been made, similar arrangements are being made for mine-clearance training of Afghan volunteers inside their own country as well as_ in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

ii) Instructors' TrainingACKU

86 Afghan volunteers were trained as demining instructors to supplement, and gradually take over from, the multi-national teams. The most successful graduates of the Basic Demining Course received 6 weeks of specialised training in methods. of instruction and of UN-supervised teaching. They then became UN-certified demining instructors. This programme was completed in March 1990 when enough instructors had been trained to meet the present training requirements.

55 iii) Team Leaders' Training

The Team Leaders' Training Programme is a two-week training package, in which Afghan demining graduates who show leadership qualities are selected and are given training in a range of subjects including planning, organizing, directing and control of mine clearance tasks. A'i of October 1990, a total of 267 Afghan volunteers had gone through the course, which is continuing. iv) Pre-Deployment Training

Before the Afghan de mining units (of 27 men each) are deployed in Afghanistan, they go through a pre-deployment training course. This entails developing special task skills, e.g clearing of roads, canals, karezes, built-up areas, agricultural fields, etc., using mine clearance methods with live mines and specialized equipment. The programme began in December 1989. To date, 26 full units have completed this course.

v) Mine Survey, Mapping and Monitoring Course

In May 1990, a new mine survey, mapptng and monitoring course was introduced. Selected graduates are trained to survey and map areas affected by mines and un-exploded ordnance. Their work precedes the deployment of mine-clearance teams. Later, they also monitor operations. By mid-October 1990, 20 Afghans had been trained through this course.ACKU Mine clearance operations inside Af2hanistan

In January 1990, UNOCA funded the first pilot project for the eradication of mines from access roads, canals, community areas and agricultural land in Kunar province. This successful project expanded very rapidly. The following purely Afghan NGOs, set up with the assistance of UNOCA, are now being contracted to carry out the work:

56 Mine C_learance ahd Planning Agency (MCPA); Afghan Technical Consultants (ATC); South West Afghan Agency for Demining (SWAAD).

i) Mine Clearance and Planning Agency (MCP~)

MCPA was contracted in March 1990 to carry out key elements of the UN Mine Clearance Programme in Afghanistan, with a budget of US$ 495,000. Their task includes: surveys of mined areas, data collection and distribution of updated information to agencies concerning mined and cleared areas, preparation of survey and operational maps, preparation of provincial demining plans, identification and allocation of tasks to demining teams of Afghan NGOs, technical and advisory support to demining teams, monitoring and reporting of demining activities, preparation of a handbook for UN-sponsored mine clearance programmes in Afghanistan and, finally, ensuring that all mines and un-exploded ordnance are indexed and destroyed. One of the MCPA teams recently carried out the route reconnaissance to Urgun (Paktika province), for the deployment of Flail Units there.

MCPA is currently carrying out its survey and planning tasks in the provinces of Bamyan, Ghazni, Kunar, Paktika and Kandahar. At present, it employs 6 teams with international demining experts and 22 UN-trained Afghan minefield surveyors. It is planned to increase shortly the number of operational teams to 10. ii) Afghan Technical ConsultantsACKU (ATC) In order to carry out mine clearance projects in the eastern provinces of Afghanistan, a UN-funded Afghan NGO, Afghan Technical Consultants, was established in October 1989. It started with the implementation of a pilot project for mine eradication of designated areas of Kunar and Paktika provinces, budgeted at US$ 240,000. This operation proved very successful. In April 1990, ATC began, at a budgeted cost of US$ 1,950,400, to expand its operations to eight 27-man demining units.

57 ATC responds_ to requests for help from the local people in the areas, covered by the UN programmes. In order to gain the confidence of the population, ATC explores the designated area with the help of mine detectors, searches the area again for plastic mines with the USAID-supported mine detecting dog sets and, finally, confirms the clearance of demined roads by running a heavy vehicle filled with stones along the section several times.

ATC presently has 17 demining units, employing 495 persons, working 1n Badakhshan, Bamyan, Ghazni, Kunar and Paktika.

iii) South-West Afghanistan Agency for Demining (SWAAD)

For the mine eradication of South-Western provinces of Afghanistan, an agreement for US$ 1,100,000 was signed in June 1990, establishing 4 de mining units very similar to ATC demirung teams.

By the end of October 1990, SWAAD will have ten teams operating in South­ West Afghanistan.

Mechanical Mine Clearance Programme

On the recommendation of -the UN international military teams, it was decided that two Aardvark flail units should be procured and deployed in Afghanistan to clear mines mechanically. ACKU The Aardvark Flail is a self-propelled tracked vehicle driven by a conventional diesel engine. It consists of a prime mover with a flail unit mounted at the front. The flail rotor is fitted with 72 strike chains and clears a path 10 feet (3 meters) wide. The tips of the ·chains can be adjusted according to the requirements of the area to be cleared. The flails are designed to detonate or disrupt all known conventionally-laid anti-tank and anti-personnel mines. Both flails are at present in operation in Urgun (Paktika province).

58 On 17 May 1990, an agreement was signed with ATC establishing a Mechanical Mine Clearance Pool, budgeted at US$ 1,823,000. The agreement envisaged raising the infrastructure necessary to support the Flail units, procurement of 2 Aardvark Flails, with their spare parts and accessories, training of Afghan volunteers by 5 expatriate Aardvark specialists, and ultimately, deployment of the units.

The two flail units, with their spare parts and accessories and technical staff, were airlifted (at no cost to UNOCA) by courtesy of the United States Government from Aberdeen (Scotland) and arrived at Islamabad in June 1990. Since then, training and logistics have been established for Afghan flail operators, flail maintenance mechanics and supporting two 10-man manual demining units. Road reconnaissance to Urgun was undertaken by Aardvark personnel and the flail units were dispatched in August 1990. After assessing their performance, procurement of more flail units may be considered.

Cooperation in Mine Detection

The detection of plastic mines by conventional mine detectors is difficult, if not impossible. On the basis of the earlier, successful opera:tion of teams of dog trained specially to detect mines, the UN provides logistic support to this project, which is funded bilaterally by USAID.

Mine Awareness Pro2famme (MAP)

This component of theACKU programme aims to create a basic awareness of the dangers of land mines and un-exploded ordnance among the Afghan population and refugees in neighbouring countries. It is structured to enable the refugees to detect, identify and avoid mines and to teach them how to react when caught in rninefields. The programme also emphasises the dissemination of the knowledge gained by the course participants to others.

59 Table 12: MINE AWARENESS -PROGRAMME (MAP)

Basic Mine Awareness Course, Men 247,731 Basic Mine Awareness Course, Women 29,683 Mine Awareness Safety Lessons, Women 9,864 Mine Awareness Instructors, Men 657 Mine Awareness Instructors, Women 54

The Mine Awareness Programme is being implemented in Pakistan by the UN through the International Rescue Committee (IRC), using Afghan Master trainers, with the assistance of UN military experts who have developed the curricula. These include audio-visual aids and practical exercises.

An agreement has been signed by UNOCA for a similar programme to be initiated in the Islamic Republic of Iran for the benefit of refugees. As for the population in urban and suburban areas of Afghanistan, an agreement has been signed for MAP to be initiated from Kabul in collaboration with the Halo Trust, a British NGO working in Afghanistan. In both cases, the National Red Crescent Societies will be playing an important role and will be provided with all technical assistance they may requtre.

Great emphasis is placed on the involvement of the refugee camp communities in MAP. Elders and Maliks propose suitable candidates to become MAP teachers, provide teaching sites and ensure that each member of the family attends the basic 6-hour MAP course. Existing ACKUhealth and educational structures are also being used to disseminate the MAP message.

To date, 247,731 Afghan refugees, including 29,683 women, have been given 6 hours' training. 657 Afghans, including 54 women, have been trained as instructors. The MAP programme in Pakistan is being gradually afghanised. An Afghan Director has been employed and two Operations Managers have been identified.

60 Emphasis is being shifted to MAP training inside Afghanistan and appropriate arrangements are bei!lg made so that all sections of the national population exposed to dangers of mines receive the training, irrespective of their affiliations, origin or geographic location.

Particular attention is being given to the diss~mination of MAP to women and children, so as to enable them to avoid mine hazards. In this respect, the work of a team of Canadian women officers has been of great value. A special women's project is now being introduced into the programme.

Medical Aid Train ina: and Support (MATS)

All those graduating from the Basic Mine Clearance Training course also receive first aid training and a basic kit of supplies. The number of those having been trained corresponds to the breakdown in Table 3 above.

A MATS course is in progress to train 30 paramedical staff to the higher standards required to serve alongside the mine clearance teams. Medical teams have been provided in support of demining teams operating at a distance from medical facilities. A Family Awareness Course providing basic first aid advice is also planned.

Follow-up Action

It is clear that the UNOCA activities in Phase I and II must be pursued simultaneously. In other words, while the mine clearance training and awareness programmes must be expandedACKU further inside Afghanistan and in Iran, the actual demining of selected areas of the country must gather momentum. This is all the more important in the context of the voluntary repatriation of Afghan refugees from Iran, Pakistan and elsewhere.

Obviously, the UN cannot be expected to completely demine all of Afghanistan. It will, however, commit the limited resources available to it in order to geographically expand programmes and thus maximize the impact of its economic and humanitarian

61 activities in the country. UN · efforts are, therefore, targeted at access routes, community areas, land surrounding villages, irrigation infrastructure and those areas designated for specific reasons identified by the UN survey teams. The criteria for determining priprities for mine clearance include:

Repatriation / rehabilitation potential of the area; Level of economic activity and population density; Support and cooperation of local authorities and community; Impartial and strictly humanitarian character of the undertaking.

The UN 1989-90 Plans of Action called for a total allocation for mine clearance traiq.ing and awareness programmes of US$ 43.8 million in cash, kind and services. Against this target, only US$ 17 million have been hitherto received. The budgetary implication of initiating Phase II is that a portion of Phase I funds in hand have had to be allocated to mine clearance operations inside Afghanistan. The plans for these operations foresee, at present, the deployment of 60 teams of 27 men each as well as 10 flail units. These extra expenses will add another US$ 10.4 million to the previous budget elaborated in the 1990 Plan of Action, bringing the total to US$ 54.2 million. In view of the present shortfall of US$ 37.2 million, the Coordinator has approached a targeted group of major donors. It is hoped that the latter will respond speedily and generously in order to enable UNOCA to ensure continuation and expansion of these vital programmes. ACKU

62 INFRASTRUCTURE

Shelter

The traditional self-sufficiency in shelter enjoyed by most rural and urban communities in Afghanistan has been drastically affected during the last decade. Many communities have had their hqmes destroyed, while others have had to abandon their villages, which have deteriorated and in many cases· have become uninhabitable. The development of construction skills within many of the displaced communities has been disrupted. More than four million people are estimated to need housing in the rural areas alone.

Traditionally, the house-holder in Afghanistan builds his own house, possibly with the assistance of skilled labour. The main building materials are earth, stone, brick and timber, which under normal circumstances all used to be available locally. In the towns, there is usually a greater involvement of hired labour than in villages, although the same local materials are also used. The tendency in the main provincial cities, however, is now to build private and public buildings with modern materials.

Technical and financial assistance is urgently required for the reconstruction of houses, in order to encourage resettlement in urban as well as rural parts of the country. The emphasis is on the reconstruction of basic shelter on a self-help basis through the supply of building materials and technical assistance. Building activities are likely to give momentumACKU to the re-establishment of urban communities in areas that are felt to be safe enough to resettle.

A project to be implemented by the UN Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) has been designed to encourage small-scale self-built reconstruction schemes in rural areas where families are returning and to develop techniques and materjals for upgrading existing urban housing and traditional rural homes. The project seeks to develop alternative approaches to do-it-yourself reconstruction as a means of encouraging resettlement in urban and rural areas of Afghanistan affected by the war.

63 Under this project, a national housing policy will eventually be formulated covering both reconstruction and long-term development works. Upgrading and multiplying Afghan skills in housing reconstruction by appropriate training programmes would be emphasised.

To meet the immediate shelter needs of returning refugees under the pilot voluntary repatriation plan, another project has been prepared by UNCHS, to be implemented in cooperation with UNHCR. This project intends to supply timber or precast concrete building components, and to establish cash-for-work programmes for skilled labour, in order to build basic shelter in rehabilitation areas. Emphasis on materials and labour supply is recognized as the most appropriate approach to the shortage of housing. The maximum cost recovery strategy will apply to all materials, especially timber: the objective is to deliver materials to local populations at reasonable prices while encouraging further cultivation of poplars. The timber is thus to be bought in surplus areas and transported to those where there is a shortage. Priority zones include Kandahar, Kunar, Nangarhar, Paktia, Paktika and Zabul, where the return of refugees has been observed.

Research has been undertaken on low-cost building materials by UNCHS. Another project proposal has been submitted for the provision of 10,000 tonnes of cement as part of an in-kind contribution.

Under the programme on low-cost building materials, a survey on living conditions and war-related damageACKU in the main towns (Kabul, Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kunduz) has been undertaken. It identifies the reconstruction materials required and emphasizes the urgent need for providing both supplies to areas where there are shortages and the assistance of skilled labour to facilitate the reconstruction of houses.

The four towns concerned show distinct signs of urban growth, mainly owing to the influx during the armed conflict of rural families to areas of greater security.

In both Kunduz and Mazar-i-S~arif, significant numbers of people have moved to the city and built houses for themselves, while in Kabul and Herat there has been

64 considerable displacement within. the urban areaso Most of the houses surveyed were built using traditiona~ materials; and very few have walls of concrete blocks or roofs of steel or precast beams. With the exception of Herat, most houses have flat roofs on timber beams. The follow-up survey confirmed that building materials were increasingly available.

In all cases, the scope of rehabilitation work in cities should include clearance of rubble from streets and courtyards, assistance·with the reconstruction and the repair of houses, re-connection of damaged water supplies to home and stand pipes, repair and re-connection of existing drainage systems, and repair and reconstruction of damaged community buildings.

Experience gained by NGOs in rehabilitating houses is an asset, and must be incorporated into a national shelter strategy. Activities in the reconstruction of rural housing, which provide on-the-job management training for Afghan staff, are at present limited to small-scale NGO projects. UNCHS envisages sub-contracting NGOs or civilian reconstruction committees and will provide technical back-up where necessary. SMUs and Salam missions to specific areas are also expected to stimulate reconstruction activities.

Road repair

TI1e destruction caused by the lack of maintenance, armed conflict, and mine explosions have aggravated the appalling state of the roads in Afghanistan. 2,000 km of paved roads, 3,000 km of secondary roads, and more than 30 bridges were destroyed. Furthermore, manyACKU stretches of roads are impassable owing to the security conditions.

The current situation of roads in most areas has called for quick, simple repairs using basic equipment and local labour.

UN road repair programmes are concentrating on routes of importance for the return of refugees and the internally displaced, as well as the transport of goods.

65 Reconstruction and repair work will eventually focus on damaged areas and those previously isolated from commercial centres.

NGOs are currently working in several provinces, notably Badakhshan, Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, Kunar, Paktia and Paktika, to implement specific repair projects.

Six projects, for a total length of 283 km of road repair, have been approved

by UNDP; two have been completed and the ot~ers are in the pipeline. Two projects for road repair of 65 kms have also been completed in Badakhshan province: they benefited more than 3000 road workers.

For its part, the START project (Short Term Assistance for Rehabilitation Team) carried out preliminary and detailed surveys for 1,369 km of roads in 9 provinces. A mobile road repair team with a staff of 70 to undertake simple road repair work is being assembled; it is expected to start on the Sorowhza-Sharan road in Paktika province. Several further project proposals are in hand, including 27 km in Paktika and another 48 km in Kunar.

Food-for-work schemes have been used for other rural road repair projects in the northern provinces (Badakhshan, Badghis, Balkh and Herat). In Badghis, road repairs in Kushk-i-Kuna significantly improved UN logistic capacity in providing emergency assistance to the local population.

Various road rehabilitation pilot projects have been under~aken outside Kabul, where road conditions are equallyACKU bad. Other proposals have been formulated for the rehabilitation of roads including the Kabul-Torkham, Kabul-Kandahar, Herat-Maimana­ Sheberghan, and Kunduz-Keshem roads.

Water supply

A UNICEF programme for the provision of safe water supplies and sanitation, including the installation of hand pumps and latrines for schools, health facilities and

66 private housing, continued and expanded in 1990.

UNDP /UNCHS is supporting the implementation of two projects aimed at improving the urban water supply in Kabul through the extension of the distribution network: one deals with the need for a sewerage master plan, the other with solid waste collection and disposal. Work is in progress to upgrade the existing services in Kabul and some provincial capitals, where pumps have been installed and a nng supply to connect all the water resources is under construction. In Kabul, water­ drains are being cleaned in 11 zones of the city, and similar work has been undertaken in Mazar-i-Sharif.

Preliminary survey and design work for water supply systems is under way in Jalalabad, Kunduz, Maimana, Mazar-i-Sharif, Pul-i-Khumri and Samangan.

Industrial Infrastructure

A project for the development of two industrial serai (handicraft centres) has been approved for implementation by UNIDO. These are to be established in Mazar­ i-Sharif and Kabul, where a similar centre is already operational. The project will extend technical assistance in working methods, including the use of new tools and machines, product quality and design, and export promotion. 'Its inputs are expected to be replicated in some 150. existing production units. The project is expected to contribute to industrial growth, improve productivity, and increase exports throughout the country. It will also contribute significantly to the integration of women.

Other projects submittedACKU by UNIDO for the development of industry include assistance in the reconstruction of the private sector, including the creation of an Industrial Management Training Centre, establishment of a garment manufacturing workshop, rehabilitation of various industrial enterprises, production of orthopaedic equipment, and small-scale assistance for the manufacture of solar panels. Stu

67 Telecommunications

ITU has made recommendations for the rehabilitation and development of the telecommunications network, according to a detailed four-phase plan. Still in the planning stage and depending as it does on an improvement of the overall situation, its implementation is to be considered in the future essentially on a long-term basis.

ACKU

68 HEALTH

Although it is not possible to repair the damage inflicted by a decade of war in a short period, one of the main achievements of the United Nations System during the past year has been its ability to plan and implement health programmes in many areas of the country, independently of their political control.

The combined effects of large family size, malnutrition, exposure to infectious diseases, and lack of prenatal care, have fatal consequences for ten per cent of Afghan women during delivery. Twenty per cent of all children die in their first year. The mortality rate of children under five years of age in Afghanistan is believed to be the highest in the world, while disability due to disease is estimated at ten per cent. The problem of disability continues to be aggravated by mines.

It has become increasingly apparent that full reconstruction of the health system at the national level can take place only with restoration of peace and security in the country. In relatively peaceful areas, however, health workers have started to return and new health posts have been opened, a trend noticed during recent missions by UNICEF and WHO. Health care facilities are unevenly distributed: the more secure the area, the better the health services.

According to the WHO h~alth data base, there are nearly one thousand health facilities throughout the country, ranging from health posts to referral hospitals. Most still lack essential equipment,ACKU supplies and manpower. Many of the healthworkers who received their training during exile are now responsible for basic health centres or dispensaries in theii- home villages. They also assist in immunization, especially with registration and follow-up. Community participation is important and underlies the future health infrastructure at the national level.

WHO PROGRAMMES

WHO has taken up the challenge of providing emergency health care for

69 refugees during the repatriation phase. At the same time it has continued its work on the rehabilitation and development of a Primary 1-Iealth Care infrastructure for Afghanistan. To reach the goal of providing health services for all Afghans and to ensure proper allocation of aid and inputs, WHO coordinates the provision of health data as well as technical and financial resources. It implements some 37 projects throughout Afghanistan and provides specialized medical training. WHO is the only UN agency that works in Ghor province.

WHO's strategy, as defined within the UN Plan of Action, 1990 includes:

Development and adoption by all parties concerned of a comprehensive Master Plan for the health sector;

Assistance to disabled Afghans;

Re-establishment of the health infrastn1cture through Afghan counterparts, including the logistic, supportive and supervisory mechanisms required to sustain it;

Rehabilitation of health facilities and services within the framework of a sustainable health system;

Development of health manpower to meet staffing needs; Establishment ofACKU an information data base for planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Programmes to meet these objectives are: i) Strengthening of Managerial Structure and Field Offices

The network of technical field offices in Pakistan has been extended by the establishment of an office in Quetta, in cooperation with UNOCA. The WHO field

70 offices in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan provide technical assistance in the esta~lishment of medical training, standardization, physical assistance activities and the development and maintenance of a comprehensive Health Information System (HIS). They also strongly focus on the development of and support to projects for disabled Afghans.

Over the last six months, the WHO Office in Kabul has prepared, in cooperation with the authorities, a draft Master Plan with a comprehensive approach to the basic needs for the health sector. This draft is being technically scrutinized at WHO Geneva and by others concerned. Its acceptance by all parties will be a considerable step towards an integrated health system benefitting all Afghans.

WHO's capacity for technical assistance and coordination of activities has been strengthened by the recent appointment of a Coordinator for Immunization Activities as well as a Rehabilitation Coordinator. ii) Rehabilitation and establishment of health facilities, and emergency supply of essential drugs

The establishment of new health centres has become necessary to replace and extend those damaged by the war. A classification of health facilities at different zonal levels has been formulated and is now being used by donors and implementing agencies for planning the network of health centres. In 1989 WHO allocatedACKU US$ 2,027,000 for three referral hospitals and 29 clinics in eight provinces. During 1990 WHO has continued its reconstruction programme and provided an additional US$ 2,253,000 for two hospitals in Logar, 28 clinics in 11 provinces and seven basic health posts in the province of Wardak.

In October 1990, WHO is also starting the rehabilitation of the health infrastructure in Herat and Badghis. Preparation for the renovation of Urgun Hospital (Paktika province) and construction of clinics in Paktia are under negotiation.

71 In collaboration with NGOs and UNICEF, WI-IO developed a list of essential drugs and equipment. to be made available to all WHO-sponsored health facilities in AJgharustan. In this context, two WHO consultants visited the area and provided valuable technical recommendations to facilitate and provide technical support for drug procurement, quality control and distribution. iii) Development of health manpower

To address the lack of qualified middle-level health workers, technicians and doctors, WHO completed part of a health worker standardization and retraining programme; the objective is to standardize training through the introduction of m_inimum training standards, guidelines, curriculum development, skills check lists, standard examination procedures and skills profiles for all levels of paid health workers. The programme emphasizes active cooperation with all NGOs and Afghan counterparts.

During the Physician Refresher Course, which was successfully completed in July 1990, 100 Afghan physicians graduated from a one-year training and refresher course and received course materials for future use in Afghanistan. The programme will be continued through an NGO under WHO supervision and gradually transferred to Afghanistan.

Further training is provided through implementing partners for orthopaedic staff, field microscopists, MCH dental staff, and community health workers. WI-lO staff have also been involved in the development of training materials into Dari and Pashtu, intended to help reduceACKU maternal and child mortality.

iv) Establishment of information database

The WHO Health Information System (HIS) collects, processes, updates and analyzes all information relating to health resources (facilities, equipment, manpower) in Afghanistan. The project receives data from UN partners, international agencies, Afghan NGOs and government institutions through questionnaires. The data has also

72 been used in maps and can now be provided to other users, donors and implementing agencies, according -to their requirements in coordination of inputs and evaluation within Afghanistan.

Assessment and monitoring of health conditions inside Afghanistan has taken place through numerous missions, visiting Badakhshan, Badghis, Balkh, Ghazni, Herat, Kandahar, Kunar, Logar, Nangarhar, Paktia and Paktika. The potential of certain provinces as sites for a permanent WHO presence is currently being assessed. In the case of Herat, a new base will be opened in October 1990.

Other WHO activities i) Disease Control Prograrnme

Immunization: WHO has appointed a consultant to provide technical support to upgrade the EPI programme in partnership with UNICEF.

Malaria control: A WHO mtsston is planned to assess the malaria situation in Afghanistan and in refugee camps in Pakistan. This mission will provide technical support services to UNHCR.

Tuberculosis control: WHO provided technical support to agenctes implementing tuberculosis control programmes, in coordination with the training programme for field microscopists to be placed in existing facilities. ACKU ii) Rehabilitation of the disabled

WHO supported the establishment of three new orthopaedic workshops in rural Afghanistan. The rehabilitation of the Kabul Orthopaedic Centre is near completion. The request to provide a two-month fellowship in production of prosthetics is under consideration. A rehabilitation coordinator will be providing technical support to rehabilitation programmes and develop new programmes for the disabled. A WI-IO

73 consultant has visited Afghanistan in the context of the programme for the prevention of blindness.

WHO supports tratntng and the provtston of paediatric servtces tn Ghazni, Helmand, Herat, Logar, Parwan and Takhar provinces. iii) Drug abuse control

WHO has extended its cooperation to the UNFDAC programme on drug abuse control and has participated in the planning workshop on the prevention and treatment of drug dependence. It has consistently insisted on inclusion of the "poppy clause" in all project agreements with implementing agencies. iv) Drug Procurement

WHO attaches prime importance to the strengthening of local drug production and balanced distribution throughout Afghanistan of essential drugs. Quality control mechanisms were therefore approved for drugs supplied cross-border. Drug production and supply mechanisms are being strengthened with a WI-10 input of US$ 3.47 million.

UNICEF PROGRAMMES

The focus of UNICEF programmes so far has been on the provision of basic and emergency services to womenACKU and children inside Afghanistan and to Afghan refugees in Iran and Pakistan. The programme is now in its third phase. In order to address the very high child mortality rate, UNICEF, with support from WHO has been providing vaccines, equipment, technical and financial support to the immunization activities implemented through ten NGOs. The concept _of regionalization is presently being discussed with counterparts, in order to avoid any overlap of immunization activities and to maximize resources.

74 In addition to its regular programme activities, UNICEF has been heavily involved in the Emergency Winter Relief (EWR) programme and extended services in Badghis, Balkh, Jowzjan and Herat. The extensive activities of the Emergency Relief Team laid the basis for strong presence in the North. The Emergency Winter Relief programme ran until the end of May and was recommended to become a part of the regular UN country programme. Plans are· now being prepared for a new emergency intervention for the next winter.

Under the EWR programme, UNICEF carried out an extensive nutritional screening programme in the cities of Kabul and Mazar-i-Sharif. 1l1e 38 screening centres were visited by a total of some 90,000 children and developed successfully, despite certain operational constraints. Of the children screened, 28% suffered from moderate and 0.6% from severe malnourishment. Unfortunately, relatively few severely malnourished children and their families were willing to come to the hospital for treatment after the screening. UNICEF decided that the therapeutic feeding programrne should be continued as an integral part of the agency's long-term assistance programme.

Malnourishment in those government-controlled areas in the North where surveys have been carried out, seems more related to poverty than actual shortage of food. In the mujahideen-controlled areas in the North, starvation is believed to exist in pockets, within overall significant malnutrition. From the pilot surveys in Kabul and the Northern provinces, it appears, however, that the level of malnourishment is "normal" for a least-developed third world country whose children suffer among the highest under-five mortalityACKU rate and infant mortality rate in the world.

During the EWR, some 14,000 food rations were distributed, totalling 135 MT wheat flour, 21 MT sugar, 47 MT high-protein biscuits, 9,400 bars of soap and 28,000 blankets. Under the same programme, 7,643 adults and children in Kabul, and 27,700 adults and 22,200 children in the rest of the country, received blankets. Large quantities of soap were also distributed to hospitals and recipients of UNICEF-food packages in various provinces.

75 Activities und~r the regular UNICEF programme are: i) Immunization

UNICEF's Expanded Programme for Immunjzation (EPI) is implemented through ten N.GOs. 154 trained male Afghan vaccinators are now engaged in 62 districts of 26 provinces. Three freeze-points are under construction. EPI is accepted by both sides of the present conflict and implemented by many mobile teams who undertake cross-line operations without hindrance. At the same time, the rate of immunization in refugee camps in Pakistan was 35% of under one-year-olds and 60% for under two-year-olds by mid-1990. Although immunization rates have risen, the target of 80 per cent full immunization of under one-year-olds and 50 % tetanus coverage for women of childbearing age in NWFP has not yet been reached. EPI activities in refugee camps are implemented as a joint UNICEF /UNHCR project.

The goal of EPI in rural Afghanistan is to achieve at least 30% coverage of children under five years of age for the six targeted diseases, and at least 40% coverage of women of childbearing age for tetanus by the end of 1990. In Kabul, a survey showed immunization coverage of 80 per cent for children under one year of age and 50 per cent for women of childbearing age. ii) Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases (CDD)

Under the campaign launched during 1989, UNICEF delivered 57,000 kgs of raw material for the productionACKU of 785,000 Oral Rehydration Salt packets. 483,000 ORS packets were distributed throughout ten provinces, together with 32,000 leaflets and posters to 300 distribution centres, comprising health and educational centres as well as government and private pharmacies. A video on the preparation of ORS solutions and prevention of dehydration was also supported by UNICEF and received extensive airtime.

76 iii) Mother and Child Health Services (MCH)

The security situation has been a major obstacle to the implementation of activities by local health authorities. UNICEF has provided medical supplies and equipment and conducted training courses on maternal child health for serving health personnel. The assistance to Afghan NGOs for MCH services, both for refugees and for rural Afghanistan, has been increased. iv) Training of Female Health Workers and Supervisors

Since 1985, UNICEF has sponsored the training of about 720 female health workers in immunization, safe delivery techniques, pre- and post natal care, diarrhoea control, weaning and nutrition. Furthermore, 56 female supervisors received training in 1990. Under a programme to expand MCH services to rural communities, UNICEF has supported training courses for Field Health Workers and Traditional Birth Attendants, conducted through various Afghan NGOs. A UNFP A-funded project providing one year training for 20 mid-level Afghan female health workers among refugees in Pakistan is also being implemented by UNICEF.

v) Health Education

UNICEF has produced stx types of silk screen posters and two types of flipcharts carrying simple health messages for use by health care workers. They have been widely distributed in refugee catnps and rural Afghanistan. Under the School Health Project, six books areACKU being produced on the causes of infectious diseases. vi) Assessment and Monitoring

During 1989/90, UNICEF participated in joint UN assessment and monitoring

mtsstons to Badakhshan, Badghis, Bamyan, Herat, Kunar, Paktika, Qandahar ~nd Wardak.

77 vii) Early Child Health Activities (ECHA)

Through 55 health centres, two polyclinics, 23 kindergarten health centres and one central clinic, activities were undertaken for eye and dental care, immunization, growth monitoring, health checks, first aid services, provision of ORS and health education. Additionally, 5,259 rations of food were distributed to more than 5,000 children. viii) Emergency Medical Supplies

Where necessary, UNICEF has delivered over 1,000 emergency health kits, 300 cartons of medical supplies and more than 100 cartons of wheat flour, sugar and biscuits by air. Vaccines, in particular, are regularly delivered by air. ix) Area-based Social Development

In January 1990, UNICEF initiated area-based projects in Wardak and Zabul provinces. This development approach focuses multiple sectoral assistance to areas where inputs in health, education, nutrition, rural water-supply and sanitation are combined, to provide community-based development. Although still in its primary pilot year, this approach can be considered a strong initiative to achieve cost­ effectiveness in terms of programme inputs.

Besides all activities aimed at the provision of health services for women and children, UNICEF has contributedACKU significantly to: x) Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS)

Although the mandate of UNICEF emphasizes rural water supply, the agency's activities have focused mainly on sanitation and water supply to health and child-care institutions in cities. This was due to the fact that the lack of adequate water supply had caused an epidemic of intestinal diseases, especially in children under five.

78 Under its regular country programn1e, UNICEF has provided and n1aintains water supply to 170 .institutions (schools and clinics) and to 15 hospitals in Kabul city. UNICEF planning for 1990/91 covers 42 schemes to increase access to local clean water supplies and maintenance of similar schemes in Kabul as well as in Baghlan, Balkh and Herat, where water drilling rigs are already in operation.

UNICEF has hitherto ordered handpumps from abroad, but in future proposes to upgrade the plant for manufacturing of handpumps in Kabul, which will reduce costs by about 50 per cent. Cost-saving is an important consideration if all rural areas are to he provided with access to water under the strategy for Water for All by the Year 2000. UNICEF aims for 60 per cent coverage, which will require 40,000 hand pumps.

UNFPA PROGRAMMES

The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) has appointed a full-time Country Director for Afghanistan Operations, based in Islamabad. The Project Technical Adviser from Kabul is temporarily assigned to UNICEF to assist in implementing MCH/Training Programmes, as well as the identification and monitoring of UNFP A-funded projects.

UNFP A is funding four projects for two Afghanistan-based NGOs in training of Afghan female health workers and providing reproductive health services at two clinic.s in Peshawar. Two otherACKU training projects lasting one year will train 40 Afghan women paramedical staff, mostly in preventive medicine including family planning services. Two more projects provide logistic support to clinics specializing in similar areas, the objective being to create a more appropriate environment for the treatment of Afghan female patients. In Kabul, UNFP A's MCH / Family Planning and demography-training activities which were interrupted are to be restarted in slightly modified form.

79 Table 13: HEALTI-I WORKERS AND FACILITIES IN AFGHANISTAN

Province Health Clinics Hospitals Workers

Badakhshan 70 24 2 Badghis 44 15 1 Baghlan 148 36 1 Balkh 72 29 3 Bamyan 85 21 2 Farah 54 15 2 Faryab 98 25 Ghazni 317 85 2 Ghor 100 26 1 Helmand 90 25 5 He rat 100 54 6 Jowzjan 69 19 Kabul 223 51 4 Kandahar 236 39 5 Kapisa 126 39 1 Kunar 307 54 1 Kunduz 84 34 1 Laghman 51 17 Logar 244 34 1 Nangarhar 266 35 2 Nimroz 5 2 1 Paktia 49 39 2 Paktika 167 19 2 Parwan 75 32 1 Samangan 17 12 Takhar 134 26 2 Uruzgan 92 26 Warclak 417 82 5 Zabul ACKU61 9 1 Total 3,801 924 54

Source: WIIO Health Database

80 THE DISABLED

The war has left tens of thousands of Afghans, combatants and non-combatants alike, disabled by injury, in some cases sustained from mines and unexploded ordnance. The need for preventive programmes and for artificial limbs, both for adults and for children, will persist for years to come. NGOs such as ICRC and OHI, with UN assistance, have made a start for Afghans in refugee camps, but little accurate information is available about the extent of disability inside the country. There are almost no orthopaedic treatment or counselling facilities in rural areas.

The rehabilitation programmes are being developed in the context of the guidelines provided by the Committee on Assistance to Disabled Afghans (CADA), which was established by UNOCA last year for this purpose. These comprehensive guidelines cover the social integration of the handicapped and plans for specialist centres.

The 1990 Plan of Action foresaw US$ 4,150,000 for workshops, physiotherapy services, mental health clinics, eye care, integrated services and rehabilitation. Additionally, US$ 1 million has been earmarked to ILO for vocational training. In 1990, UNOCA encouraged establishment of basic orthopaedic centers in Afghanistan and promoted the inclusion in schools and vocational training centers of components for the integration of the disabled. In addition, it worked closely with UN Agencies, particularly WHO, UNESCO, ILO, and UNICEF, as well as NGOs, to include substantial components relatingACKU to the disabled in all their programmes. 1990 also saw the development of strategies and programmes for assistance to affected families and communities. UNOCA also worked with WHO and NGOs to ensue that health facilities take the particular requirements of the disabled into account. The training of Afghans with appropriate skills to assist the rehabilitation of the disabled was also initiated.

81 UNOCA continues to work for the integration of servtces relating to the disabled throughout · ~fghanistan. It has also encouraged the establishment of local institutions for the disabled. There is still an acute shortage of artificial limbs. In specific developments, under Operation Salam, ILO set up a training center in Kabul, WHO has signed agreements with two NGOs for three new centres (run by the Sandy Gall Fund as well as by OHI) for the disabled inside Afghanistan, and Swedish Save the Children has seconded a Field Coordinator for the disabled to UNOCA.

ACKU

82 CULTURE

Recognising the importance of preservtng the rich cultural heritage of Afghanistan and bearing in mind the social and psychological relevance of UN assistance in the field of culture, UNESCO undertook, with the financial support of UNOCA, the following activities:

Carpet weavin2

TI1e preservation of traditional skills and handicrafts is considered vital for the survival of Afghan culture. In spite of the war, carpets still constitute 10.9 per cent of Afghan exports and are the only finished manufactured product to be exported. The quality and design of Afghan carpets have deteriorated during the last ten years of turmoil and changing market pressures. UNESCO therefore decided to sponsor a project for the rehabilitation of traditional carpet weaving. Two consultants sent by UNESCO organised in May a first experimental workshop in Mazar-i-Sharif on the rehabilitation of traditional carpet weaving, including natural dye techniques, reintroduction and transcription of traditional designs, types of looms and silk dyeing. The workshop, attended by 46 participants, representing a large spectrum of Afghan society including Hazara, Pashtun, Sadat, Tadjik, Turkomen and Uzbek people. The participants and the Afghan authorities considered the workshop productive and successful. It is envisaged to set up model workshops in Andkory, Agcha and l-Ierat. Ikat and Silk \Veavin2 ProjectACKU An extensive survey and assessment of the needs of ikat and silk weavers started in April 1990 in Korchangu, Jowzjan province.

Preservation of historical monuments

After recommendations of a UN mission to Bamyan, the site of many important historical monuments, both Islamic and pre-Islamic, arrangements have been

83 made to carry out ,a training programme for surveyors which was initiated by UNESCO in March 1990. An assessment of the restoration needs of Bamyan's Buddhas, tombs and other monuments is in hand. A food-for-work project has been approved in the context of the restoration activities.

UNESCO has also signed a contract with an Afghan NGO to prepare an updated architectural inventory of the monuments of Herat and to propose a similar programme of activities for their preservation.

Assistance to the National Museum

During a mission to Kabul in January 1990, a UNESCO consultant prepared plans for the safeguarding of the National Museum in Kabul. Its implementation depends on a government decision to move the Museum to another site. Most artworks are currently packed in boxes and some have been moved to safe places. An expert of the India National Museum is drafting a project proposal to address the needs of the Museum, in particular its damaged ivory collection.

Preservation of the National Archives

Arrangements are being made by UNESCO to carry out a needs assessment of the Archives and to organize a staff training workshop in the latest preservation techniques, suitable for the climate of Afghanistan. Herat Exhibition ACKU A mission was sent in September 1990 to prepare a film; an initial video has recently been completed. During this recent mission to Herat, UNESCO participants also identified the need to repair the fifth Minaret.

84 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

In recent months, an increased interest in the role of education and vocational training in the rehabilitation of the country has become noticeable, particularly in the urban and suburban areas. On the other hand, there are at present practically no educational services in much of rural Afghanistan.

Educational assistance to the area centres on the concept of Basic Education, a component of UNESCO's philosophy of Basic Education for All, as presented at the UN World Conference on Education for All, which maintains that education should be available to all members of society. In the Afghan context, this approach encourages the establishment of local educational projects identified, administered and supervised by local communities. The concept of Basic Education has shaped the approach of the UN to educational assistance in Afghanistan.

The following activities have been developed for education:

Villa2e Basic Education Centres CVBEC) and reoair of schools

Under a two-year programme started in May 1990, UNESCO has planned basic education services for south-eastern Afghanistan starting with a pilot programme, funded by UNOCA, of seven centres. They will also serve as social centres, providing health care and health education to women, food for children, and skills training and education for the disabled. ACKUThe two-year programme, approved by UNOCA, includes the construction of 40 VBECs provided adequate funding be provided.

Two VBECs are being constructed in Wardak province. Two additional VBEC are also being constructed in Farah province, which involve two Afghan NGOs as implementing partners. In Ghazni province, remodeling and upgrading to VBEC of an existing educational building is also being implemented through an Afghan NGO. In conjunction with the local community, the UNESCO team is directly implementing the reconstruction of two existing educational buildings in Arghestan (Kandahar

85 province). This work is expected to be completed by November 1990. In additiony UNESCO is starting _repair work on 6 functioning primary schools in Kabul, fie rat and Mazar-i-Sharif.

In the continuation of this programme, a flexible, integrated approach is being adopted involving the preparation of educational information packages that will be distributed at the local level along with the establishment of educational comrnittees, VBECs and training in community development. Interested communities will be provided with tents, furniture and schools supplies in order to start using them as multipurpose educational space. It is envisaged that training will empha~ize income­ generating activities, master building and the needs of the disabled. It is planned that UNESCO, in collaboration with other agencies, will provide construction materials, teachers kits and school supplies to communities that make available a local site for education and skill training.

Provision of Educational Supplies

UNESCO and UNICEF have prepared a list of supplies for use in the VBECs and packaged in the form of kits for children, teachers and schools. With assistance of UNILOG, UNICEF and UNOCA, the supplies will be distributed before the winter to 265 schools. UNICEF has already provided since last year supplies and funds to 375 schools in rural areas in 21 provinces.

Production of readin2 materials

Since no agreed curriculumACKU is used in Afghanistan, considerable differences exist in the syllabus and materials offered by schools. It was therefore decided that UNESCO assistance would be confined to books that could be used in basic education programmes. The curriculum of government schools is currently being revised, while in the refugee camps as many as eight different curricula are in use. UNESCO has assisted with the translation into Dari and Pashto and publication of a well-known book on primary health care, "Facts for Life", jointly prepared by WI-10, UNICEF and UNESCO.

86 A similar publ~cation is in preparation intended to increase awareness of drugs. A children's book, "Beautiful Afghanistan", is also being prepared in Dari, Pashto and English. The book is intended to enable children to change their image of their

'$ country, as a more peaceful place, n<:t only devastated by war.

Trainine courses for Basic Education

Through an NGO familiar with the concept of Basic Education for All, UNESCO has started training teachers, community representatives and leaders expected to organize and administer the programme at local level concentrating on Kandahar and Zabul. The training course is adapted to the local context and includes the use of distance learning techniques. Significantly, it emphasizes the integration of disabled children in the regular school system.

UNICEF has supported the establishment of a teacher training institute in Takhar province and in-service training for teachers in G hazni and Logar provinces.

Literacy Trainine

UNESCO has launched a pilot project with the "Literacy Affairs Office" in Kabu 1 to improve the enrollment of girls in primary education in the province of Paktia. This project teaches literacy, numeracy, handicrafts, general knowledge on hygiene, child care and safe drinking water. This experiment has recently been extended to other rural areas also to encourage children to join primary schools and literacy programmes. ACKU

The teaching of English is spreading, with training completed for 60 high school and 100 English language teachers. A manual has also been produced. A Dari/Pashto language teaching and translation programme is being prepared with NGO assistance.

87 Vocational Trainin2 I Vocational Rehabilitation

Under its Umbrella Project for Occupational Skills Training, ILO started vocational training component for Afghans in February 1990. Its objectives are threefold:

(1) the establishment of a sound base for planning and implementing short­ term activities and identification of a longer-term strategy for a training project;

(2) the provision to Afghan refugees of skills suitable for repatriation and community development in Afghanistan;

(3) assistance to other projects addressing the needs of Afghans by providing training programmes in supervisory, training and instructional techniques.

Activities have included several rmss1ons inside Afghanistan, with a view to identifying training needs and preparing Mobile Training Units (MTUs). In Arghestan (Kandahar), 26 trainees have been under instruction since June, while the number of trainees in the MTUs bas increased to 70.

The project has conducted short seminars for Afghan NGOs operating inside Afghanistan. During the Kandahar SMU, ILO provided on-the-job training in construction techniques to 120ACKU labourers hired by UNOCA. Under the component for disabled persons, vocational training courses for up to 500 disabled Afghans per year are to be organized in the MTUs and refugee villages. Vocational rehabilitation supervisors, instructors and technicians will be trained and deployed in the MTUs. The project will assist NGOs to address _the needs of disabled persons by improving the effectiveness of their vocational training programmes.

88 The pilot project for Hum.an Resources Development is managed by an NGO while ILO is helping- ~n the training centre in Arghestan (Kandahar province). Under this project, a training centre for basic management and administration training for Afghans working in Shuras, Afghan NGOs and other local bodies is planned. Interested Afghan NGOs, eligible for financial support from the UN for administrative and operational costs, are being registered.

TI1e UNOCA-sponsored Vocational Training Programmes under implementation in Iran and across the border in Herat province are nearing completion. Proposals from Iran are under study for additional projects in Birjand, in manufacturing wooden doors and window frames, first aid training, the production and repair of traditional agricultural tools and welding as well as in tailoring for women.

UNDP is considering support from IPF funds to an Afghan Vocational Training Programme. This ILO-executed project aims to meet the need for skilled people in industrial and rural occupations. The project will be integrated with the UNOCA Vocational Training pilot project in cooperation with the All-Afghan Women's Council.

UNIDO is starting a UNDP-financed project to be implemented by the Industrial Development Bank. The project concerns extension services Jor two industrial serais in Kabul and Mazar-i-Sharif and is intended to involve about 60,000 employees in ten demonstrationACKU and 150 production units.

89 DISADVANTAGED GROUPS

During the winter of 1989-90, the United Nations showed particular concern for the wellbeing of the disadvantaged and vulnerable groups in the Afghan population. All relief programmes have given spe~ial attention to the disabled, to widows and orphans, to pregnant or lactating mothers, and to the elderly and the sick.

While the traditional structure· of extended families would normally have absorbed these groups, the economic disruption and prevailing deprivation have made it impossible for most people to take care of their needy relatives. A large proportion of women must be counted in vulnerable groups, either because of their own disability or because they are taking care of disabled persons and live below the poverty line.

The UN Emergency Winter Relief Project for 1989-90 addressed especially the needs of these groups, providing medical supplies, relief items and supplementary food to alleviate further suffering during the most difficult period of the year. A similar programn1e is under consideration for the coming winter.

The war has not only caused thousands to be crippled by disease and injuries from mines, but has also created a group of highly dependent victims, estimated at about 50,000, suffering from severe psychological trauma. It is only recently that institutionalized care has become socially accepted for patients suffering from mental disorders. Special programmes for the accommodation, treatment and reintegration of this category of very vulnerableACKU people need to be designed.

UNOCA has given assistance to the Marastoon Foundation in Kabul, which provides relief services to those affected by mental disorders as well as to homeless children and the aged.

Although it is generally accepted policy that women should not be singled out I for special projects but rather that their needs should be borne in mind in the

90 elaboration of aid projects, special attention has been paid to their integration in the social rehabilitation · ~f the country. The first step towards integration lies at the village and community level. Women make up more than half the Afghan population and the discrepancies existing between rural and urban areas in the access women have to education and health services, as well as to income generating activities, must be addressed as a matter of priority. UNOCA remains committed to enabling Afghan women to fully participate in the rehabilitation process and to lead a productive and fulfilling life.

In education, UNESCO has appointed education advisers in Kabul and Islamabad whose task is to promote increased access to basic education and to provide educational programmes for women and girls.

Through the training of female health workers and supervisors, the role of women in health and sanitation is being more clearly established and primary health care, as well as gynaecological care is becoming more accessible. Through income­ generating projects such as silk production and carpet weaving, as well as several food-for-work schemes, income generating activities are gradually gathering momentum.

A UNDP-funded project, which is executed by the ILO, emphasizes the provision of rehabilitation services particularly designed for widows, for women whose husbands are severely handicapped, and for disabled women and children. The activities of this Kabul-based project will be co-ordinated with the rehabilitation component of the ILO-executedACKU Umbrella Project. In the UNOCA Mine Awareness Programme, thousands of women were included in the courses funded by UNOCA. Special measures were taken to ensure their participation including provision of female instructors, both foreign and Afghan. Afghan women are following courses to become Masters Trainers and instructors, while a course programme to further reach Afghan women living in the refugee camps is being pursued.

91 LOGISTICS AND COMMUNICATIONS

Operation Salam supports two logistics systems which ensure deliveries of relief items:

(i) UNILOG: The jointly managed United Nations Logistics operation based in Pakistan was established last year by WFP and UNliCR in collaboration with UNOCA. Its objectives and strategies, as outlined in the Second Consolidated Report, namely to provide transport and storage facilities and coordinated logistic support for the UN and other agencies responsible for rehabilitation work in Afghanistan, remain unchanged. It has provided valuable services during its short existence. It is now well on its way to operating an independent fleet of 114 trucks for cross border operations. This will greatly reduce its dependence on private transporters, on whom it has hitherto had to rely heavily.

(ii) LUNA: In order to deliver food and relief items in northern Afghanistan, WFP established the Logistics United Nations Afghanistan (LUNA) this year. Its objectives and strategies are exactly the same as those of UNILOG. It handles logistics, maintains warehouses and operates Salam aircraft inside Afghanistan. Road transport ACKU Road transport costs inside Afghanistan are very high owtng to very poor condition of roads, physical insecurity and levies imposed by different groups controlling various portions of the roads. As the momentum and volume of assistance programmes are increasing, it has been considered necessary to develop self-sufficiency in transporting goods to an increasing number of destinations.

The first rune trucks of the fleet to be used by UNILOG and donated by Japan arrived in August 1990. The total fleet will be fully operational in early 1991.

92 The independent fleet of UNILOG will provide emergency relief services and ensure rapid transport of ess~ntial items. Up to August 1990, UNILOG has been operating through commercial transporters to deliver food, fertilizer, wheat seeds, fruit trees, agricultural equipment and other relief items inside Afghanistan. Since the beginning of its operations UNILOG has delivered 27,500 MT of food and relief items to 17 provinces in Afghanistan. UNILOG has provided transport and logistic services, wherever required, to the SMUs. A number of delivery points inside Afghanistan have been established.

Transport of UN supplies for Northern and Northeastern provinces of Afghanistan is organised by LUNA. Supplies are channelled through the USSR from Termez, Ishkashim, Khorog, Shirkhan, and Takhtabazar to northern and north-eastern provinces. Several entry points have been opened on the USSR - Afghanistan border, at Kushka, Ishkashim, Qala-i-Khumb, Khorog, Points 35 and 45 and Nijnij Podj.

Stora~:e facilities

Apart from the transport of commodities, UNILOG maintains warehouses in Peshawar, Quetta and Karachi, whereas inside Afghanistan LUNA has established warehouses in Hairaton, Herat City, Mazar-i-Sharif, Torghundi and in certain locations in Badakhshan for a total storage capacity of 30,000 MT. A warehouse funded by UNHCR and UNOCA will shortly be built in Mashad, Iran, to preposition relief items for western Afghanistan, particularly in the context of voluntary repatriation. Food and other items have also been prepositioned in Pakistan to support voluntary repatriation efforts. ACKU UNILOG presence in Karachi has been reduced while the warehouse in Chaman, Baluchistan was closed earlier this year. UNILOG Quetta has rented open and covered storage space, for a total of 112,000 square feet, from the Pakistan National Logistics Cell (NLC); there, 15 prefabricated warehouses have been erected, securing a storage capacity of 8,000 MT. UNILOG Peshawar has a covered storage capacity of 4,000 MT in Kohat Road, with 8 prefabricated warehouses. All planned UNILOG installations, including covered storage for 15,000 MT and a workshop for

93 the trucking fleet are expected to be operational by March 1991. In June 1990, a Rubb-hall tent was installed at ·Arghestan in Kandahar province.

Rail transport - Salam Expresses

Relief and rehabilitation assistance from European donors continue to reach northern provinces. Rail transport through the USSR to Termez and thereafter by road to UN warehouses in Hairaton, Mazar-i-Sharif, and elsewhere for distribution of relief items has proved to be a major success. A total of 13 Salam Expresses, carrying in-kind contributions, some of them blocked trains, had transported approximately 35,000 MT of cargo by August 1990. These Salam Expresses have greatly facilitated transport of goods to areas otherwise inaccessible from Palcistan.

Air transport

As the momentum of rehabilitation work inside Afghanistan builds up, more and more organizations are increasing their activities, and in many cases moving inside the country. Although demining of access roads has begun in earnest, there is still a pressing need to open up many more provinces. This task would be greatly facilitated by air transport. A number of cities (Herat, Mazar, and Faizabad), have airstrips which are used by the UN. Bamyan airport has been demined and may soon become operational with the cooperation of the local authorities. It is planned to expand UN presence to every province by making use of existing airfields. Presently the UN has two aircraft serving in Pakistan and Afghanistan to transport UN personnel and emergency cargoes.ACKU An airlift of refugees, particularly the disabled and the elderly, to decongest Herat City has begun thus releasing transit facilities to other returning refugees. If circumstances permit, this limited airlift operation may be expanded to cover various areas of origin of refugees.

94 Communications network

A telecommunications network is now in place to maintain radio contact with the field offices and mobile UN staff on a regular basis. SITOR and radio links are operational, linking up with the existing UNHCR net work in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Radio equipment for the Zindajan SMU and other SMUs planned to Nimroz and Hazarajat has been released by the Iranian authorities. These SMUs had been delayed because of the lack of equipment, which is considered essential for field work and for security of personnel.

ACKU

95 ,)> G) :c ):> z ACKU (/)- -1 )> z PART III. PROVINCIAL PROFILES

The Profiles that follow provide a brief sketch of current conditions in each of the twenty-nine provinces of Afghanistan and summarize the UN assistance that has been provided in these areas.

Each Provincial Profile is prefaced by a table of basic statistics, including official population figures and current population estimates. As indicated, the Official Population is based upon the most recent official national census, which was undertaken in 1979. Estimates relating to the 1990 Population of each province are based on a September 1990 study, "Afghanistan's Population Inside and Out," by Thomas l-I. Eighmy. These are indicative figures and do not involve the responsibility of the United Nations. As for the number of Afghan refugees living in neighbouring countries, UNHCR figures regarding the province of origin of refugees in Pakistan have been used, while additional figures regarding refugees in Iran have been derived from an independent study commissioned by UNHCR, entitled "Maps of Afghanistan and Afghan Refugees", by Terry Jeggle.

In the case of certain provinces, information concerning current conditions is indeed limited. Although, aside from Operation Salam activities, assistance is being provided through bilateral sources and through NGOs throughout the country, these Profiles are based solely upon information available at present to UNOCA and re.late : essentially to activities funded by or through the United Nations System.

It should be noted thatACKU international NGOs have been involved in certain parts of Afghanistan for a considerable period of time, notably in the provinces neighbouring Pakistan. Without judging the relative importance or scale of activities of individual NGOs, which in any event would be beyond the scope of this Report, the UN recognises, with appreciation, the role played by them in the humanitarian field. In order to present a complete picture of UN-related activities and those involved in them, a list of the UN Agencies and Programmes as well as of the NGOs concerned is provided at the end of each Provincial Profile.

97 .~. /e -.. (" Darwa·z .,

J ·"-. 0 10 20 50 100 km / 1/ N .<~ ~- --· f -..... II f. .J.-. ,·. t_ / - \..\ Khwahan ,;.-_' .... -< ; c·l j -- ...... (- J Sheghnan e j OJ ...---·,. ): ).. ( )> 7' • " • Ragh I \\ ,-... ( !")'- - { \ a '- -..... , ' I \ i. /'·""'· ·-., • J ._,...·~·~ . / / '\...) ...... I • • --· / \ l> J I ..... I ..--~· . ...J'" ~. Shahre Boz~rg e 1 ( "...... ,\'--. v·'-'· ,_-·-' \_· ~ I I ... ) \ ( F./ :c '\\/ FAIZABAD ) 8 h k \ \ .i <; en (._ • ~'<.. a ara \ I ~·-·r- r .) / \ I '-~- I • •e W kh :I: I '", \\J 1 '· I • a an ·-·....,.·-· ,._. - "'-'·.-/ .___.-· l> ( • \\ ~ J~rm I // I /. /·--·-·_, ...... ( \ 1 Eshkashem • • --• z I Kes h em -- \ t e)-. / _( \ ) --\-...... l ._. ' I / '-"'\ \ ./ TAKHAR ) ( .JI e \ I ,.,...., J \ / Zebak \ :'-. • \ ) / 'r' " \ ./ I r-· --~-{ ../_....( l _,./r \ J •./ ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF I ' r I \ . ACKU . BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE l • \ ~. ,) Keranomonjan f' '-·""' International boundary I I Province boundary --- - _,_rf' / Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary - ---- KAPISA )/··\ _) Province Center I \ \ KUNAR Woleswali Center • LAGHMAN I,...('\..~ Alaqadari Center • . / • BADAKHSHAN

Area (sq. km): 47,393 Official Population (1979 census): 497,758 Estimated 1990 Population: 554,370 of which: . At Home Population 554,060 . Refugees 310 Provincial Capital: Faizabad Districts (Woleswalis) and Subdistricts (Alaqadaris): 13

The isolated northeastern province of Badakhshan has always been one of the most impoverished areas in the country, a situation which has been exacerbated by the war. In April 1990, an earthquake shook Wakhan and Darwaz districts, causing a threat of famine for some 62,000 people. To provide relief, food and blankets were immediately flown in and distributed by the UN, followed by a larger distribution in May by road.

For logistics purposes, UN posts have also been established in Khorog and Eshkashem. WFP has erected temporary storage facilities to preposition food and material assistance for the coming winter. UNIDATA data collectors are presently assembling information required for the planning and implementation of local project activities. ACKU After several inter-agency missions to the province, particularly to the areas bordering the USSR, Operation Salam established a sub-office in Faizabad in August 1990. This office, assisted by WFP staff, greatly facilitates the assessment of local needs and the promotion and coordination of UN assistance activities in the area. UNFDAC and WHO are also planning to appoint staff members to this sub-office.

99 The main crops are wheat, barley, vegetables, fruits and nuts. Prior to the war, however, local agricultural production rarely met more than 50% of the province's requirements. In recent years, locust and sunn pest infestation has further decreased yields. To address this problem, Operation Salam has provided assistance for crop protection and locust and sunnpest control. The cleaning and repair of irrigation canals are being undertaken through FFW schemes. IFAD has submitted a large­ scale project for the rehabilitation of the agricultural infrastructure in the northern provinces, including Badakhshan.

Animal husbandry has traditionally provided an additional source of income, particularly in the mountainous parts of the province. It is estimated that this sector decreased by 40% during the course of the war. Veterinary services to areas including Badakhshan are being provided through UNDP /FAO projects that include extension activities by UNV veterinarians.

Through its 1989-90 agricultural programme, FAO provided 98 MT of wheat seed and 20 MT of fertilizer to the Northeastern Valleys, including Keshem and Jurm. By late September 1990, FAO had approved projects to dispatch 152 MT of improved wheat seed to the Northeastern Valleys, including Keshem. These projects will involve selected farmers in seed multiplication to increase redistribution of seed next year.

Traditionally, Badakhshan has been a significant producer of poppy, which continues to be widely cultivated throughout the province. Following a 1989 survey reporting a significant increase in opium production and heroin addiction, a crop substitution programme was initiated through Operation Salam in the districts of Jurm, Keshem, Ragh and Faizabad. ACKU

It is estimated that the province has at least 18,000 internally displaced persons, putting extra pressure on the already scarce supplies of food and housing. Overall food production can only prqvide for one-third of the population. In order to provide food assistance directly to isolated areas and vulnerable groups, WFP and UNOCA

I started a distribution mechanism through sales made directly to bazaars or private sector traders, leading to lower market prices. In all, an estimated 2,500 MT of

100 wheat have been distributed through this channel. Delivery of 7,000 MT of wheat is planned through local FFW projects, 500 MT for vulnerable group feeding and 2,000 MT for distribution through bazaar schemes between September 1990 and July 1991. The rehabilitation of roads, irrigation canals and the helicopter airfield has been undertaken through FFW projects.

Further activities are planned to open up the province and relieve the acute food shortages in Darwaz and Wakhan districts. Roads have been repaired and upgraded and a major road rehabilitation project is planned to improve 50 km of road between Zebal and the Shah Salim Pass. Plans to repair the road between Eshkashem and Langar, including the building of six bridges, are being prepared. The clearance of mines from the most important access roads from Pakistan and the USSR is planned through Operation Salam.

The health conditions of the population are extremely poor. Malaria, infectious diseases and malnutrition are widespread. During a mission to Faizabad, UNICEF started a vaccination programme and distributed essential medical drugs. An NGO­ supported health programme covers Jurm and Baharak and will be extended to the provincial hospital in Faizabad. WHO supports the construction of clinics in Keshem, Keranomonjan and Baharak. Negotiations are underway to reopen the Central Hospital in Kalai-Khumb. UNDP is developing a plan for water supply and sanitation for Faizabad, which will be expanded to rural areas.

The rehabilitation of local educational facilities and the provision of teaching materials are urgently requiredACKU in the province. UN Agencies: FAO, IFAD, UNDP, UNHCR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO

Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, AFRANE, MSF (until summer 1990), NCA, VSF

101 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF . . . BAnr,J-HS PROVINCE International boundary --·-·- Province boundary --- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

BADGHIS

N /.,. .J /.--· ' ~· \ .-.~· \ ( ( ~ Ghormach l ~ { \ I . FARYAB r· ) "\ " ~\ . e Morghab .~ \, ) ) \ '--T'; -~·J '-"I / ~-r~ ./ ", \ / ) . / I \ "/ '-· _,· \ " {'\ J ( ,._ ( ) ...._"-./ '----.// '-----~/ \ I ACKUf 1 \\ ) { 1 / 8 Jawand I I OALA-1-NAU II \ \.) ', I _J ( I • \_...;-') r 1 " \. ( Ku-shke-Kohn3 <..._) l • Oades '\.'\.'\.) r -.....r-...... / , ___ _...-.. ( _J_ (

\__j~ /..--- ...... --"--, \ ,.--/'J~~ I -../ '---...... ,;-/ I GHOR I ~,_ I HE RAT\

0 10 20 50 ' 100 km BADGHIS

Area (sq. km): 21,854 Official Population (1979 Census): 233,613 Estimated 1990 Population: 317,530 of which: . At Home Population 150,430 . Refugees 167,100 Provincial Capital: Qala-e-Nau Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Aiaqadaris): 6

An estimated 50% of the population of this northwestern province is reported to have taken refugee in Iran. The diminished economic activity, the decline in the local population and the deterioration of the physical infrastructure have led to increasing isolation and poverty in the province.

In 1990, Operation Salam provided special assistance to Badghis in the context of locust and sunnpest control activities, which had almost ceased in the province since 1984. UN efforts to counter the effects of the local infestation were considered essential because Badghis continues to be one of the most food-deficient provinces in Afghanistan. This year, however, Operation Salam obtained the equipment and insecticides necessary to undertake a major training programme in locust and sunnpest eradication. ACKU In April 1990, a joint UNOCA/FAO mtsston to the most affected districts delivered an initial consignment of 150 MT of BHC pesticide, well in advance of the annual locust hatching. By June 1990, when a UN team visited Qala-e-Nau and Koshke-Kohna, a total of 230 MT of BHC pesticide had been delivered to 26 distribution sites. In order to encourage refugee return in the area, a larger-scale locust and sunnpest control programme has already been initiated for the 1990-91 season to reduce crop losses and the need for food aid in the coming year.

103 Wheat seed has been dispatched to some areas by an NGO under a UNDP­ supported project. Before the recent planting season, 70 MT of improved wheat seed reached various parts of Badghis.

During the first half of 1990, UNOCA/WFP initiated FFW projects for the especially needy groups and also supported ten private sector support projects. The latter were designed to increase the supply of commercially available food and, at the same time, to reduce the price to the levels existing in food surplus areas. A UNICEF mission to Qala-e-Nau initiated a health project to deliver medical supplies and equipment to the area.

To help meet the need for food and other commodities, road repa1r 1n the province is an urgent requirement. Routes from the USSR, Iran (via flerat province) and Mazar-i-Sharif (via Balkh, Jowzjan and Faryab provinces) have priority. The only asphalt road in the province at present is located between Torghundi and llerat. A few unsealed dirt roads have been improved with culverts, hut the remaining road infrastructure is in a chronic state of disrepair. Local communities have contracted for FFW projects involving the rehabilitation of over 350 km of commercial access roads in food-deficient areas.

A survey of the road linking Bala Morghab to Ghormach was recently completed for the purpose of mine clearance. UNOCA is making arrangements in the context of its Mine Clearance Programmes (MCP) to make the road negotiable before the winter season in order to ensure easy access for the supply of essential aid commodities. ACKU

UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO

Implementing NGOs: 1-Ialo Trust, SCA

104 ------~~ ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF BAGHLAND PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary --- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

BAGHLAN

KUNDUZ N -,--,/\ \ "v- \ '-~ ) I ...... ~ _.../) TAKHAR ( \...... _,_ __ / ,, SAMANGAN BAGHLAN ---.. • I I ) //,-1._\;..:_//\ l,

_./ -'Y \ Nahrein : J • \ ...,- ' . ( Khost wa Fering · \ _.,--- \ Pul-i-Khumri \ I e \_ -\ 1 ~ f Dahan-i-Ghori Y ... / \ }--- '--.....,-...... _ / I J ) --- ", I ( I I \ /~/ ' / --< ..__/ I ', /------ACKUr//, '\.\ Andarab 1 Doshi )"' '---- Khenjan I ( ' ' . ~ / "'-, I \ ,_....._r KAPISA

- c_-~, • Tala-wa-Barfak '--- ...... ' rl " i---{ l) " ;_,.--- ,- I 1 ,../

BAMYAN I (./ PARWAN : \ /--~--- "-{ 1 1 \ 0 10, 20' 50 100 km : BAGHLAN

Area (sq. km): 17,106 Official Population (1979 Census): 493,882 Estimated 1990 Population: 484,480 of which: . At Home Population 262,720 . Refugees 221,760 Capital: Baghlan Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 10

Straddling the matn supply route from the north to Kabul and through the Satang Pass, Baghlan is of major strategic importance. Operation Salam has successfu11y used this route, the site of considerable fighting during the war, to channel wheat supplies to Bamyan and Kabul province. The road is in good condition and is regularly used by commercial traffic.

While having generated a significant refugee population, Baghlan has also produced a large number of displaced persons. In the lower Andarab Valley, an estimated 80% of the villages were destroyed. There are reliable reports that the local population has nonetheless started to return, to rebuild their houses and to cultivate their former lands.

Prior to the war, BaghlanACKU was an important producer of cotton. Pul-i-Khumri functioned as a major commercial centre and contained several industrial plants, including a major cement factory. A sugar plant of 16,000 MT capacity was closed as a result of the war. Before it can provide job opportunities for returnees and increase the local availability of sugar, it will need major repairs. Plan are underway to replace this facility with a new, 27,000 MT-capacity plant.

106 Prior to the war, most of the agricultural land was irrigated; wheat, rice, and barley were the region's main crops. The area has now been severely affected by locust infestation, drastically reducing the agricultural yield. In order to address this problem, FAO has initiated a major locust control programme in the northern provinces, including Baghlan. UNOCA and technical staff from the Plant Protection Department of the Ministry of Agriculture in Kabul are supplying technical assistance. The local labour shortage and lack of fertilizer have further contributed to the decline of agricultural production.

To improve productivity, FAO has estimated fertilizer and wheat seed requirements for 1990 in consultation with the Ministry of Agriculture. Efforts are being made to provide these necessary inputs for the next sowing season. In addition, a UNDP seed testing and multiplication project in the area has been completed. A UNDP project involving rural rehabilitation and reconstruction in several provinces, including Baghlan, is now operational. Project proposals involving the production and multiplication of vegetable seeds, increased farm power and food assistance are under review. FAO also supports basic veterinary services at Pul-i-Khumri, Doshi and Andarab veterinary clinics.

The main health facilities are situated in the city of Baghlan; there are also hospitals in other areas. A modern health care centre is operational in Khenjan. WHO is financing the rehabilitation of Nahrein hospital and has undertaken a project for quality control and storage of medicines. Two consignments of medicines were delivered to Tala wa Barfak for distribution through local channels.

UN Agencies: ACKU FAO, UNDP, UN~CR, WHO

Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, AMI, Avicen, CMC, DCA, FMD, GAC, GAF, IMC, ISR, MSH, NCA, SCA, SCF (US), SNI, VITA

107 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF BALKH PROVINCE International boundary -·-·- Province boundary ------BALKH Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary

Province Center Woleswali Center --. '-'"""\. ·-. • ( ·...._./ • '--·-...... ' Alaqadari Center •• ) Shortepa · I ~ 1------·"·-r·.../· J I I I L~----J I\ Dowlatabad I ,' I-""', e I I " _ I I \ ...... _ / ...... _ I \ ', '\-/ I ' '\. I Balkh I ', -..J I e \ l 1 I I Char Bolak e I /'\ J N j_/-- .._ _l,. ( \ MAZAR-1-SHARIF _ / Chemtal e,, \ \ • \ ( ~hd~di \. e Nahre Shahi ' \ \ / r--\ '\ >._.,....-..... I \ ( ~/ ,- \ __ ...... \ ! \ r- 1 I I e Char Kant J \ I \' I ) / e Sho lgera\ ..--) ) ~/ \ / / \ ( "---{ \ J '--.... \ / \ ;,...... --- )_ ...... -.-\ /_.. I/ KeshendeACKU '\. '- I JOWZJAN \ SAMANGAN I " \,1 : I J I / I ( I r> I '--"\. / --. , ---- \ I I \ I <.'-.!; . l / 0 10. 20 50 I BALKH

Area (sq. km): 11,833 Official Population (1979 Census): 569,255 Estimated 1990 Population: 629,220 of which: . At llome Population 585,660 . Refugees 43,560 Provincial Capital: Mazar-j-Sharif Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 4

Prior to the war, Balkh was one of the largest wheat-producing areas of the country. The capital, Mazar-i-Sharif, the second largest city in Afghanistan, has cereal storage facilities of 40,000 MT. Operation Salam has established a sizable UN presence in Mazar-i-Sharif and has increased local storage capacity by building its own warehouses so that food and other forms of assistance may be dispatched to other provinces. A number of UN missions have been organized to neighbouring areas from this base.

In additional to its sizable refugee population, there are reportedly a large number of internally displaced persons from northern Balkh and Jowzjan who have moved to the southern parts of the province. Rehabilitation of agriculture is a major priority to create conditions that will facilitate the return of these populations to their native homes. ACKU Of the 1.3 million jeribs of agricultural land in the province, approximately 80% is irrigated. However, agricultural yields have decreased considerably in recent years. Current annual wheat production is estimated to be under 150,000 MT. Additionally, the Northern provinces, including Balkh, have been severely damaged by locust and sunn pest infestation. FAO has undertaken measures to address this problem through a large-scale locust and sunn pest control programme. A long-term comprehensive plan is now in an advanced stage of preparation.

109 To further increase agricultural production in the province, UNDP /FAO are implementing a major project to rehabilitate the pilot farm of Ali Chopan in order to produce improved wheat seed, cotton and vegetables, among other crops, for distribution to local farmers. Plans are also underway to expand veterinary services, to increase local livestock, to further develop local sericulture, to construct facilities for plant protection, and to establish three laboratories for cotton cultivation. A programme that aims to increase the local flocks of karakul (Persian lamb), a major export prior to the war, is also underway.

The fertilizer factory with a capacity of 120,000 MT per year near Mazar-i­ Sharif has been in the past a valuable support to agricultural activity throughout the country. It continues to function but reportedly not at full capacity.

Health facilities are minimal, especially in rural areas. There are two clinics in Sholgara district. Basic health kits have been distributed to existing health centres, but there is still a great shortage of essential surgical and other medical equipment.

A six-month VGF project tn Mazar-i-Sharif was completed in June 1990. UNICEF has started a nutritional-screening programme, which includes distribution of protein-rich biscuits. A special programme has been undertaken for severely malnourished children in the hospital of Mazar-i-Sharif. ICRC has begun construction of a badly-needed rehabilitation centre for the sizeable disabled population in the area. Water and sanitation facilities are inadequate. A large water supply and sanitation programme is underwayACKU with the assistance of UNDP /WFP /UNOCA. There are a few schools in Sholgara Valley, with teachers mostly trained in Peshawar. Between Ghuajae Sekandar and Sholgara, four schools are operational. Local authorities have approached the UN for the construction of a school and provision of educational materials. UNESCO has initiated a programme for the repair of a number of damaged schools in Balkh province.

110 The main road linking Kabul with the northern border town of Hairaton, the major supply route for the capital, has been maintained in good condition. Other routes have been severely damaged and require urgent repairs.

The war has resulted in decreased rural housing and limited construction materials. UNDP /UNCIIS plan to assist in reconstructing dwellings in the war­ affected parts of the province.

Abundant supplies of natural gas, estimated at 100/200 billion cubic meters, are found near Mazar-i-Sharif and Shibergan. The existing power system is functioning but provides energy only to Mazar-i-Sharif and in particular to the fertilizer factory.

In the past, small-scale industries provided opportunities for employment and income generation in Mazar-i-Sharif. To provide support for the development of industrial infrastructure, UNDP /UNIDO have approved the establishment of an industrial serai (handicrafts centre) in Mazar-i-Sharif.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNCIIS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, WFP

Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, AMI, Avicen, FMD,ACKU GAF, IMC, LBI, MSH, NCA, SCA, SCF (US), SNI

111 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF BAMYAN PROVINCE International boundary -·-·- Province boundary. . ------. Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ·-~ --__

Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

N i BAM VAN

SAMANGAN J / ~ ,.---...... ~ ~\ ~-~v --~ ~ )~ ~ ' ~1; /' - --- } Kahmard '----.... )0 -' ()-..,_ • ,---1 l ( _,. , '--- - I ) ) Saighane \ f BAGHLAN r / I ( \ ( _,;-'-\ ---' " '( ./--...... -----tr-->' " '{ /' ") \ .__., '\ Shibar ( ) ~ e PARWAN '-.._,_ e Yakawlang / BAMYAN • l ~ I ) ~~, GHOR ) ACKU-- _.1 ,_ .._./ \ "'"'.,-/ ...------Z -- _., r-~ ...... _ / ,...., \ / J -- /" ___ ---.., e Panjao ( WARDAK _...{ ------""\ / ) '"\ e Waras 1 ( I"~ '-, (../ '-~--/--.'-"/ GHAZNI URUZGAN ' ......

o 1o 20 50 BAMYAN

Area (sq. km): 17~414 Official Population ( 1979 census): 268,517 Estimated 1990 Population: 317,140 of which: . At Home Population 301,530 . Refugees 15,610 Provincial capital: Bamyan Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub districts (Alaqadaris): 7

Located at the center of Afghanistan, Bamyan is a potentially significant base for the distribution of UN-supplied comtnodities and inputs for a large part of the country. The province is also known for the variety of its village communities. In cooperation with the local authorities, the UN has encouraged the formation of a civilian administrative body which will facilitate the implementation of projects. A newly-established sub-office will facilitate UN assistance and monitoring in the region.

Bamyan was among the very first provinces to be visited by UN officials who participated in an extensive mission visiting several provinces in 1988. However, difficulties relating to access and the situation prevailing in surrounding provinces did not allow for any sizable direct assistance from the UN.

A Salam mission toACKU Bamyan in May-June 1990 reported more senous deprivation than previously identified in the region. Historically, Bamyan like the rest of llazarajat area has been among the least-developed areas of Afghanistan. TI1e mission noted that, unlike other provinces which have suffered significant loss of manpower, Bamyan has a labour surplus. As a result, Bamyan may prove to be a viable site for FFW projects that may lead to increased rehabilitation and reconstruction in the months ahead. The mission also reported as much as 85% deforestation in the province, which is likely to hinder new construction.

113 UN mtsstons to the province have reported the presence of minefields in strategic locations, especially around the city of Bamyan. Through MCP, a mtne survey team is currently operational tn the areas known to be mined. A mine clearance teams have been deployed In Bamyan since early August 1990; a mine awareness programme is also being planned for the area.

No significant refugee movements have been reported from the province. A number of Bamyanis are, however, reported to have been displaced, having migrated to urban centres in search of better prospects. They are now reported to be returning to the area from the cities or from the north.

Bamyan, where agricultural land is limited to sma11 landholdings in the va11eys and on mountain slopes, is a food-deficient area. Agricultural yields are low, estimated at 40 seers of wheat per jerib per year in Yakawlang district. Natural disasters also tend to reduce agricultural production. This year, excessive damage caused by flooding in Bamyan and the neighbouring provinces has exacerbated the food shortage. Food assistance in the form of FFW projects is being provided with a view to promoting greater local self-sufficiency. An umbrella project to respond to the needs identified by the mission has been drawn up by WFP.

FAO has sent 8 MT of wheat seed and 2 MT of fertilizer to both Bamyan and Yakaolang districts to coincide with the Bamyan SMU. The rehabilitation of veterinary services would further strengthen the local economy.

Health facilities are concentratedACKU around district centres, with three small hospitals located in the city of Bamyan. While some small clinics have been operated hy NGOs with the help of the local community, there is little or no coverage of remote rural areas. Preventive medicine and primary health care are the first priorities in the restoration of health services. The major diseases and related problems are characteristic of those found in impoverished areas. A mission to the province reported an outbreak '()[ cholera to which the UN responded by dispatching medical supplies on an emergency lbasis.

114 Bamyan has an airfield that could be used for the distribution of material assistance to other, largely inaccessible neighbouring provinces. UNOCA arranged recently for the demining of air strip, thus enabling a UN plane to land for the first time in a decade. To allow for a UN logistics base, the road conditions in the province need urgent attention. Alternative routes to the various parts of the country served from Bamyan are being assessed.

With its diversity of historical monuments, Bamyan has an exceptionally rich cultural heritage. Before the war, the Buddhas of Bamyan and the "Whispering City" were important tourist attractions. Unfortunately, lack of maintenance is causing them irreparable damage. Their restoration and preservation must be seen as an investment for future generations of Afghans. The UN is addressing this issue through increasing awareness of the importance of preservation and training local people. Two projects along these lines have been approved for implementation by UNESCO.

The local population has emphasized the importance of education as a high priority in development efforts for the province. Before the war, there were 120 primary and secondary schools in the province. Few survived during the last decade. The newly-established UN sub-office will prepare projects for the construction of VBEC in the region.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFPACKU Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, AMI, Avicen, GAC, GAF, IMC, ISR, MAR, MSF (Belgium / Holland), MSF (France), NCA, SCA

115 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF FARAH PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary _ Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

FARAH

N -)-­ HE RAT _.// l ( \ ( \ ) e Farsi/ GHOR ..,.- -:r ...... _ --~ )-"" ,- 1 .,--' / I ~ ' ../ ,, \ /' l • -- h.r-_...; \ .I \ _(-- \ ,__- \ ' '-...._/ - ) \. I / __ \ e Purchaman / \ Anar Dara e \ ,---- ) -~ ( . ,.J---ACKUI (' / /l // \--__ Khake Safid e '-._ \ ~../ / ....._,_ • '-- I -...... ;e ----/ -<~ala Balouk \ Gulistan e ,:) \ ( • l / \- • \ FARAH \- \ / ( Oala-e- Koh e ) ) e r- HELMAND • r 1 Bakwa \-- ---1 -----~....__./I ------..,.,--- I / NIMROZ

1 Q . 20 50 100 km I I I I I FARAH

Area (sq. km): 47,786 Official Population (1979 census): 234,621 Estitnated 1990 Population: 377,800 of which: . At Home Population 129,140 . Refugees 248,660 Provincial Capital: Farah Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 11

The lowlands of Farah extend from the Khorasan in Iran. The Khash Rud and Farah Rud are the main rivers of the province, which provide local irrigation. According to reports, the population of this largely desert province, primarily of Pashtun, Tadjik and Baluch origin, is slowly returning from Pakistan and Iran. With more than 50% of its population estimated to be living as refugees in neighbouring Iran and Pakistan, Farah is considered one of the target areas by UNHCR. Internally displaced families have settled near district or provincial bazaar centres.

In agriculture, assistance was provided before the 1990 planting season through a UNHCR-supported programme for the delivery of 200 MT of improved wheat seed. As part of its 1989-90 programme, FAO sent 95 MT of improved wheat seed and 90 MT of fertilizer to Farah. AdditionalACKU projects are expected in the months ahead. Following severe flood damage during the spring in 1990, UNDP /WFP initiated a number of FFW projects to repair canals and buildings. Floods caused by the melting snows are very frequent in March and April, after which the climate becomes extremely hot and dry. Increased agricultural production therefore depends on the local availability of irrigation. A UNDP-supported pilot programme for the rehabilitation of karez in Bakwa has been launched and is expected to be replicated elsewhere in the province.

117 Irrigation systems with either karezes or dug wells are in place throughout the province;' most of these require intensive rehabilitation. Cereals produced locally provide 80% of the population's needs. Local food supplies originate from the provinces of Herat and Helmand as well as from the USSR. The main crops include cereals, fruit and vegetables.

Health facilities, at present, are rudimentary and widely scattered. The infant mortality rate is extremely high. UN implementing partners have provided medical assistance on a limited scale.

Education has deteriorated over recent years, with only a few religious schools tn operation. The rehabilitation of school facilities is therefore being given high priority.

The road infrastructure also needs extensive repair, and proposals have been formulated for work to be initiated on routes linking the provincial capital with surrounding districts.

UN Agencies:

FAO,UND~UNHCR,WFP

Implementing NGOs: FRF, SCA ACKU

118 . . ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF FARYAB PROVII\ICE .

International boundary Province boundary - --- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

FARYAB

0 10 20 50 100 km '

I \ N .(~/-- -._IJ JOWZJAN. I \ ) I ,_/...__i"-.... \ J -, I ( 7 ) ) SAR-1-PUL! I I ACKUJ '\ / --.Y Darzab : r---. \ ' '..L/--.. \ --. -.J Pashtoon. ·Kat: I -· -- -···· ! , · _ / Belcheragh_! ) ' r...__ Oaysar ; \ // ) I \ \ I./ '--l . / ) )--._I ( / t3ADGrfls ; \._,./j---J---...,.,. '...._/""...... _._/ { e Kohistan~ ( \'r----_./----, \ '\-­ I ...... ,/ FARYAB

Area (sq. km): 22,274 Official Population (1979 Census): 582,705 Estimated 1990 Population: 674,000 of which: . At Home Population 665,980 . Refugees 8,020 Provincial Capital: Maymana Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 12

Bordering the USSR, Faryab could form an important transit point for food and other assistance destined for Badghis and Herat provinces. The lack of an adequate road network, high transportation charges and local conflicts have hindered the rehabilitation process in the province. Operation Salam has established a UN presence at Darzab and Almar, from which local needs and the availability of food commodities may be assessed.

The decade of war has devastated the agricultural economy of northern Afghanistan, causing widespread malnutrition and isolated cases of famine. For the third consecutive year, sunn pest infestation has severely damaged the wheat harvest in southern Faryab. This year, however, FAO was able to document the problem in time and test the use of pesticides. It is hoped that this serious threat to wheat production, which is already ACKUinsufficient, can be prevented in the future by further control programmes, including the provision of 240 MT of BHC pesticide and sprayers, distributed to five strategic points.

Under a UNDP/UNI-ICR/FAO programme, 70 MT of wheat seed, 19 MT of agricultural chemicals and 140 knapsack sprayers are being provided. In addition, 1 UNDP is funding a programme for the establishment and improvement of veterinary services throughout the north, while similar programmes are implemented with technical support from the government.

120 Food deficiency will persist as long as the agricultural sector remains under­ assisted and the province remains largely dependent on outside food supplies. During May-June 1990, Operation Salam delivered over 3,800 MT of wheat, 130 MT of sugar and 8 MT of edible oil for vulnerable group feeding. These commodities were delivered through local shuras. In July, 650 MT of wheat were delivered across the Soviet border to Almar and other districts, folJowed by 300 MT reaching Meymana, A1mar and Qeysar in August. The proceeds from the sales are used for local rehabilitation. The Andkhoy district, with a population of an estimated 50,000, has consistently suffered from drought in recent years, causing significant livestock loss. Projects to address the needs of this area are under review by UNDP and UNICEF.

Through an FFW project, the road from Jar Quduq to Darzab was improved, but some 50 kilometres along the main delivery route from Shibergan and Mazar-i­ Sharif via Andkhoy to the provincial capital of Meymana requires massive repair. A large-scale FFW project is under study for the repair of road between Dawlatabad and Maymana. The airport was recently opened to helicopter traffic but not for civilian air movements.

During a monitoring m1sston to Almar district in May, UNICEF found high rna1nutrition levels (50% in children under-five) causing reduced immunity and growth impairment. The most common health problems are diarrhoea, malaria, respiratory infections and tuberculosis. Educational facilities are supported by NGOs in Almar, Andkhoy, Darzab, Meymana and Pashtoon Kot districts.

UN Agencies: ACKU FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP

Implementing NGOs: ACAF, SCA, SNI

121 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF GHAZNI PROVINCE International boundary -·-·- Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----- Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

0 10 20 50 100 km

-" ...,.,...,J, GHAZNI ).... -. ,-,I .J . '\ BAMYAN ( J ) "' . / '""" ) WARDAK _, ,_Jr "I ~ '-~ /' "-~ c_ / ----, ' eNawor ~ I (/ Khwaja / .., URUZGAN. // ) Omr.i e ( ~ LOGAR // \.. l ;-- •'-- ' . / f"' ""\ Zenakhan ",_,...... / ,_./ -r- >---./('----'t /', ( Jaghatu e f ) I / '- I • PAKTIA· / cl ( GHAZ~I Dehyak \.... · · / / ~ ...... , I >--,, ___ ...,._,.._., ""'- ""'-J"\\ ,--''-"--- / -~-A / ' ~ / /e Malestan 1 / / -- Andare 'v ( ...... /.) /( ,' \ : - ( \. ,1 ..... ' / '>/ ( 1 Jaghori I, ,-...... _ // • Kiro / 1 e ( _,.,,-..I ACKU// ~---<\ ' -'< I (, I r/ ' / '1 ""' /' '1 ' ( ( I / ~ I ' "' .I '--~ r1 , • ...... '!, (. _ /~· - \ Moqor, Ab-band / --v "':_.....__~ ... , / J Gelan; \ ---- PAKTIKA N ZABUL ('- ' '-l ---~ I / ' /'---/ \ i / \ / ) Nawa'e I' I ) I \ \ ,~, I "-'"\ J -.., I .._ \_....,l\ GHAZNI

Area (sq. km): 23,378 Official Population (1979 census): 646,623 Estimated 1990 Population: 770,680 of which: . At Home Population 700,790 . Refugees 69,890 Provincial Capital: Ghazni Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris) 15

Ghazni province occupies the southern mountains of Afghanistan and the foothills of the Hindukush, where semi-desert lands gradually give way to desert. The population is mostly concentrated along the rivers, which provide an essential source of local irrigation. Due to local ethnic and tribal conflicts, there are believed to be significant number of internally displaced persons in the province.

Several UN missions have visited Ghazni in the recent months. Operation Salam recently established a UN presence in Qarabagh in order to increase local rehabilitation activities and to facilitate regular needs assessment. Activities of the neighbouring Paktika SMU are being extended to Ghazni to initiate projects providing education and vocational training as well as increased health services.

There are a number of large bazaars on the major trading routes, where foreign goods are easily exchanged.ACKU The traditional export trade of sheepskins, coats and woolen products has declined considerably. Prior to the war, Ghazni exported surplus wheat, but it is currently a food-deficient area. The Kabul-Kandahar highway is in good condition. Other smaller roads are also usable; UNILOG has been able to channel supplies to Ghazni both from Quetta and from Peshawar.

Due to vast flat land and adequate underlying water, Ghazni basin can be very productive if cultivation methods are improved and subterranean water supplies

123 tapped. The existing infrastructure includes the Sarde dam as the Khivanjanur state farm for seed multiplication.

In 1989-90, FAO distributed 109 MT of improved wheat seed as well as 114 MT of DAP and 205 MT urea fertilizer to the province. By late September, F AO had approved projects involving the distribution of 345 MT of wheat seed and 279 DAP fertilizer to the province. Additiona11y, 1 MT of improved maize seed has been distributed for farmer trial and seed multiplication. In order to rehabilitate the orchards of Ghazni, FAO projects have distributed a total of 34,070 fruit trees and 2750 poplar cuttings to nurseries in the province for rooting and propagation. Additional projects are expected for the second round of this programme: To date, FAO has provided five threshing machines through projects in Qarahagh and Dehyak. Veterinary services, including the training of vaccinators, are also being implernented. UNHCR and WFP have provided support for the rehabilitation of local agriculture and irrigation.

It is believed that extensive areas of land adjoining the Kabul-Kandahar highway are mined. There are also well-identified minefields around the city of Ghazni itself. Through MCP, UN-supported demining teams, representing the Afghan NGOs ATC and MCPA, are presently undertaking demining activities in the province. In view of its central position and the existing network of secondary roads, once the latter become fully negotiable, Ghazni could play, as in the past, a vital role in

logisti~ and commercial terms.

The health sector is receiving considerable attention. WHO is funding projects to strengthen local health facilities,ACKU to provide disease control and to upgrade a local medical training institute. Support has also been extended to LEPCO for leprosy control programmes in Malestan and Jaghori districts. An immunization programme (EPI) continues, the Shuhda hospital project is underway, and work has started on an important socio-economic survey of the region. In Spandai, WI-IO supports the establishment of an orthopaedic workshop to assist disabled Afghans.

124 Operation Salam supports considerable education and training activities in Ghazni. UNESCO is presently supporting one VBEC in Jaghori. FFW and vulnerable group feeding projects, which are implemented by NGOs and monitored by WFP / ARRO, are continuing. It is envisaged to make the Heavy Equipment Workshop Complex in the city of Ghazni operational. A multi-s.ectoral assistance project for the Shaki valley is being implemented. A mobile training unit has also been established at Qarabagh.

UN Agencies: F AO, UNDP, UNESCO, UNfiCR, UNICEF, WFP, -WHO

Implen1enting NGOs: AAA, Afghanaid, AFRANE, AIME, ARC, ASA, Avicen, CID, CMC, DCA, DACAAR, ESAR, FMD, FRF, GAC, GAF, HCI, IAH, ICA, IMC, KAG, LBI, LEPCO, MAR, MCI, MCPA, MOM, MRCA, MSF (France), MSII, NCA, RAFA, SCA, SCF(US), SNI, VITA, WRC

ACKU

125 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF GHOR PROVINCE

International boundary ·-·~·.....;.... Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswall Center • Alaqadari Center ••

GHOR

N FARYAB J -- _L JOWZJAN/SAR-1-PUL --....,,....., """"'-r-./ '\. \ ,_

BADGHIS \ i\ I ( ~ '-.._r--( BAMYAN --"""'- \ ' I J . \ _,...,-.,._,_./'- CHAGHCHARAN / '-\ HE RAT I ~ • f ( I '-, l • J ·f-- _._ / \ ( Lai-Wa-Sarjangal ( f '---( ~ \ I I r---,' ....___ /l( \ Toolak ( e Stiahrak l/-\ / \/ \ \ • J ACKUr-\ ' ' ( // / )----.....-L- /,-,.../ t URUZGAN ,--/'-' • L ,...... Pasaband \ { Saghar (..__/ ---(, \

\ /-{ / ~ (....._ ./ _,. \ Ghore Taywara. ./ / \ ~ " r / FARAH '- /''------/ \ "-/ I . I HELMAND

0 ! 10 20 50 100 km I I I I I GHOR

Area (sq. km): 38,666 Official Population (1979 census): 353,494 Estimated 1990 Population: 318,380 of which: . At llome Population 302,500 . Refugees 15,880 Provincial Capital: Chaghcharan Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 7

Isolated G hor province has become even more inaccessible as the result of war. Located west of the f-Iazarajat in central Afghanistan, it consists of rugged mountains and narrow canyons, rnany of which can be reached only on horseback. Before the war, one main road, now destroyed, linked the provincial capital Chaghcharan to Bamyan province to the east and Herat province to the west.

Another main road leading to Ghor from Pakistan via the Paisang Kotel Pass is closed during the winter months, which restricts the transport of commodities into the province. Under these circumstances, Ghor has so far received litnited assistance from the UN since Operation Salam was initiated. It has not yet been possible to field a Salam rnission to the province although data has been gathered by NGOs as well as Afghans for the UN.ACKU

According to UNI-ICR estimates, approximately 5% of the province's estimated 1990 population are refugees. Given its location and the difficult terrain, it is likely that most of those who fled their homes during the war have become internally displaced rather than travelling to a neighbouring country. No statistics exist, however, regarding internal displacement. Ghar appears to have largely escaped the worst of the war and to have suffered minimal population movements. The needs for

127 assistance of its population, however, are considerable since, like the rest of Ilazarajat, it has been traditionally a neglected area.

F AO has approved the distribution of 7 MT of wheat seed and 2 MT of DAP fertilizer to Ghor through its 1990-91 programme. In mountainous regions, arable land is limited. Livestock has traditionally provided the main source of income in the province. Karakul (Persian lamb), which together with sheep and goats are traditionally raised in Ghor, provided five percent of Afghanistan's export earnings before the war. Little is known about the effects of the conflict on animal husbandry in the area, but veterinary extension services will be required in grazing areas.

WI 10 supports LEPCO in the construction of a new clinic in Lal-Wa-Sarjangal which will provide services to leprosy patients. Through the summer of 1990, a training course in deformity prevention was provided. Outreach programrr1es currently underway complement these training courses.

Several NGOs support assistance activities in the province on a lirr1ited scale. In Chaghcharan district, for example, basic health posts, a basic health centre, and a primary education centre are supported by NGOs. In La I-Wa-Sarangal, two in­ patient centres, an immunization project and five basic health posts are supported by NGOs. In Shahrak district, one basic health centre is supported.

NGOs are also operating in all districts of southern Ghor. In Pasaband district, basic health centres and basic health posts are supported through NGOs. In Ghore Taywara district, health centres and some 25 basic health posts are supported; the rehabilitation of a village school,ACKU clinic and mosque are also underway as a result of NGO efforts. In Saghar district, NGOs support one basic health centre and three basic health posts. In Taolak district, one comprehensive health centre, basic health centres and three basic health posts are supported by NGOs. NGOs provide essential information regarding local conditions: in late 1989, MCI supported a mission to southern Ghor by Afghan staff who reported food scarcity in the region.

128 Despite the support of NGOs in various parts in the province, comprehensive information regarding local needs is relatively limited. As with other, similarly isolated provinces like Bamyan, U ruzgan, and Badakhshan, G hor is so poorly endowed with natural resources that it is un1ikely to develop to the level of the rest of the country. Unless new sources of economic activity are introduced, it is probable, as rehabilitation and reconstruction assistance become increasingly available In neighbouring provinces, that a proportion of the population will migrate to other areas. This is why both for Ghor and Uruzgan, Operation Salam plans, in addition to the supporting NGO activities, to have as many UN aid activities as possible. It is expected that these would gather momentum only after winter.

UN Agencies: WIIO

Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, Avicen, FMD, GAF, IMC, IIRO, MCI, MSH, SCA, SNI, UNO

ACKU

129 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF. HELMAND PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary - --- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

HELMAND I GHOR { .;--',-/, / ...... r '-"-- r _J /")' • . I \ \ Baghran { U RUZGAN 0 10 20 50 100 km -- ,-\~ I 1 I I FARAH ( \ ( ( .-...'\ / ~"'_.... ) \ J y J \ Nauzad I Mosa Oala J r_./ \.. • { • \ • Kajaki I e Washir . -~ \ 'v\ ( _...,.--( r \..,-:./-- . \ J "• Sarbon Gala _ \.-/ ,, ~-~­ Girishk · N / -- 1 Nadi-Aii • t '-- -/ NIMROZ I .., LAS~KARGAH : I Nawa-i-Barakzai. \ j- ---~-= __!----" ACKU KANDAHAR / \ e Garmser I J \ \ ~ \ I / \ /...... _ Khanneshin // 1 I ' ,.. __._, ' I Desh~/ \ ( } \ \ I \ \ \ I I

' I \ I \ J I \ 'I ,.--. ,--•--1...... _,_ _l.-..-- . ..---• --. ~. . ~· .J HELMAND

Area (sq. km ): 61,816 Official Population (1979 Census): 517,545 Estirnated 1990 Population: 541,550 of which: . At Home Population 278,210 . Refugees 263,340 Provincial Capital: Lashkargah Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (AJaqadaris ): 13

A large part of Helmand lies in Registan, an area of shifting, treacherous sand dunes, with an exceedingly harsh climate -- hot and dry in summer and bitter cold during the winter. Violent sand storms whip the areas extending to the border of Baluchistan, in Pakistan, from June to September. The UN and various NGOs have mounted assessment missions from Pakistan to the southern parts of this province and along the Helmand River. A continuous UN presence has not yet been established.

Like other provinces of Afghanistan, Helmand depends heavily on agriculture. The land is irrigated by canals and underground karez, many of which were constructed in the late 1950s. As a result of the exodus of population, however, the agricultural lands and infrastructure have been seriously neglected. Lack of wheat seed and irrigation facilities have resulted in increased poppy cultivation along the 1-Ielmand River. NegotiationsACKU for the elimination of poppy cultivation in exchange for economic assistance have taken place.

In its 1989-90 programme, F AO distributed 235 MT of improved wheat seed as well as 207 MT DAP and 337 MT urea fertilizers to the districts of Doweshan, Baghran, Nauzad, Nandi-Ali and Dehadam. By late September 1990, FAO had received proposals to distribute a total of 190 MT improved wheat seed and 190 MT DAP fertilizer in 1-Ielmand through its 1990-91 programme. Since almost half of the

131 total population has sought refuge in neighbouring Baluchistan, 1-Ielmand is a priority area for UN assistance. UNHCR will also be sending wheat seed to Helmand in the comtng year. Food shortages in Baghran district were reported earlier in 1990. Operation Salam has three ongoing projects in livestock, transport and infrastructure rehabilitation. Projects involving seed and fertilizer project are currently under review.

The literacy rate in Helmand is very low. According to mission reports, almost all schools have been destroyed or heavily damaged. Drinking water facilities are limited; local residents typically depend upon river water to meet their needs. Improved local water supplies are an urgent necessity.

WI 10 supports an Of-H workshop in Baghran district that provides rehabilitation services to the disabled. There is a 70-bed hospital in Lashkargah, which is under government control. Four dispensaries are operating in other districts. A number of clinics manned by Afghan-trained paramedical staff are run by local authorities. Only a few health workers are active in this area. Through Operation Salam, medicine, vaccines and other medical supplies are obtained from Pakistan and an EPI programme continues. There is an urgent need for female expatriate medical personnel to attend to the female population.

FFW projects, supported by WFP, are continuing; these involve the rehabilitation of 150 karez. When completed, these systems will irrigate 4,000 hectares. To increase the irrigation available in the province, the irrigation dams of Kajaki and Boghra need urgent repairs. For logistical purposes, the roads leading to the border crossing point at Chaman are ACKUintact. UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNI-ICR, UNICEF, WFP, Wl-10

Irnplementing NGOs: AMI, ASA, Avicen, DCA, FMD, GAF, IAH, ICA, IMC, MCI, MSH, RAFA, SCA, SNI, VITA, UNO

132 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF HERAT PROVINCE International boundary -·-·- Province boundary --- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary. ----..:... Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

j-~. HE RAT J. ' ·'-·-· I. ,~. . \\ '· -\ \' . .I\.,. ./' I (I I . \ I Golrane J . I ) I / I {'" ( I BADGHIS ...... _ \ / -.. - I \ Kohsan l -...... \ I ) A .__ -T- \... ./ I ) -~ ~ I / I --..... ,...... --r_....,_ .A ~- ( '-" ./ \. _.,.. ( .'\ -- -'-.../ J ...... --, ...... ·· - Ze.nda Jan: ( e Karukh 1 I ,,__.. ( \. / I Ch . h 'f ' ( /.~·-----· ..--~----- HE_RAT("''---....-} . : es~ - S an ! ' Enjil .,... \ e Obe l... /) / Gozara -- -, \ r ---, • (I I e '- f\ - ..... _/ \ / l \ Pashtun Zarghunl / I 1 \ I I \ J \ 'r---~ I / / \ /--./ v '--V -~ ACKU\ I / / '.,/ .-...__'-... /- ) GHOR . ( ...... _ __... /

'·-·-:>-- , /-"- -...._.,.. ./ -- / ...... ? " ...... _____ ' , ____ ...... "

o· 20 50 100 km: I I I I I HERAT

Area (sq. km): 50,249 Official Population (1979 Census): 749,111 Estimated 1990 Population: 870,400 of which: . At Home Population 382,700 . Refugees 487,700 Provincial Capital: Herat City Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts ( Alaqadaris ): 13

With more than 50% of its original population registered as refugees in neighbouring Iran and Pakistan, I-Ierat is considered a priority area for UN assistance. Situated on the Iranian border, Herat is the main point of transit for returnees from Iran. Indeed, the border town of Islam Qala is one of few passage points into Afghanistan from Iran.

As a result of the strategic importance of the province for returnees, the city of Herat has become bloated by recent arrivals, most of whom require transportation to their places of origin further inside the country, which is not readily available. For this purpose, an airlift has been organized by UNHCR/UNOCA for refugees returning from Iran to Mazar-i-Sharif and elsewhere in the north. In cooperation with WFP, UNHCR also provides emergencyACKU relief assistance to returnees passing through the facility administered by the local authorities. The installation of reception facilities in Islam Qala, at the Iran border, has been proposed to facilitate voluntary repatriation.

UN agencies have successfully undertaken rehabilitation projects aimed at improving the local economy and facilitating refugee return, both to Herat City, which is controlled by the government, and to rural areas, which are controlled by the mudjahideen. With a sub-office established in Herat City and a SMU operating near

134 Zindajan, Operation Salam provides economic and humanitarian assistance equitably to both the rural and urban areas. A civil entity, the Molki Edare, is responsible for rural administration in mudjahideen-controlled areas and cooperates closely with UN agencies implementing projects in the region.

From Herat City, UN missions have been carried out by FAO for locust and sunn pest control. WFP supports FFW activities in both Herat and Badghis provinces. From Iran, food aid has been provided in mudjahideen-controlled areas. In the context of rural rehabilitation, the improvement of the Musabad-Ghoryan road and the feeder road beyond Zindajan where UN presence has been established, is considered to be a high priority.

Through its 1989-90 programme, FAO provided 5 MT of wheat seed and 5 MT of fertilizer to Obe district; an additional 1 MT of wheat seed was provided to G horyan. By late September 1990, projects involving the distribution of 2 MT of wheat seed for n1ultiplication had been approved for 1990-91. FAO has prepared a long-term agricultural development programme to increase crop production and rehabilitate animal husbandry in Ghoryan and Zindejan districts. UNDP and UNI-ICR have also provided assistance for the rehabilitation of the agricultural sector. To encourage the rehabilitation of local silk production, which is a traditional income­ generating activity, silk worm eggs were delivered to Herat City and Zindajan through Operation Salam.

Through the 1989-90 Emergency Winter Relief Programme, essential drugs, basic health kits, hospital blankets and EPI equipment were flown to Herat for local distribution. There are presentlyACKU a number of health projects in the area. The Herat Ophthalmic Centre is supported by a Kabul-based NGO through a UN-funded programme. A project is being considered for strengthening hospitals and health facilities across the Iranian border to ease the burden on those in l-lerat. The repair and reconstruction of the main hospital in 1-Ierat is being carried out by WHO.

Two projects for the rehabilitation of the hospitals in Ghoryan and Zindajan, where a Health Commission has been established, is in progress under the auspices

135 of WHO. These include the rehabilitation of local hospitals and the procurement of urgently needed drug stocks. The Centre for the Disabled established in Zindajan by OI-11 is operational.

Following the recommendations of the SMU, the reconstruction of schools in Zindajan and Ghourian is being coordinated by UNICEF and implemented by the Molki Edare. Repair to badly damaged warehouse facilities has also been undertaken by UNHCR.

With its rich artistic heritage and historical monuments, the city of Herat is one of the most famous cultural sites in the Islamic world. An exhibition on the history of the city is to be held in Paris, London and Venice in 1991. Its purpose is to promote Afghan culture and to sustain international support for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Afghanistan.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNESCO, UNI-ICR, UNICEF, WFP, Wl-10

Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, Afrane, AMI, FMD, IMC, IIRO, ISR, MSF (France), MSH, NCA, 01-II, SCA, SNI, UNO ACKU

136 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF JOWZJAN/SAR-1-PUL PROVINCE International boundary ·-·-·- Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

Khamyab~·~. -. JOWZJAN/SAR-1-PUL . \ •'- J / Oarqin ·-...... -'\·- /·-( -, " ( ~--~ I ---~ ' "~ I \ M~ngajek • Mardyan { \ \ 0qcha·e> \ • ,-- _. N ' J Faizabad/'. ' \ ) { ____, ) SHEBERGHAN ~ } " BALKH --/---~-J-~1 FARYAB \ \;~ \ I __ ,{ I SAR-1-PUL. j --...___ ,- ) { \ I \_ ~ ( ( 0 10 20 50 km . I I I /--..-' '"'-y)ACKU Sang Charak\ I ) ( ( / . \ " Kohistanat "-- 1 -'.-...._ ./ """\ ( 'I" \ I

) _.-) • Balkhab lj SAMANGAN ( J ~ " /' r'--- """- '-..-""' \ / ~ \ I ", y/ .. . ' -- j BAMYAN ·

GHOR '\ ( \. ,....._--<. ~ ' .JOWZ.JAN <& SAR-1-PUL)

Area (sq. km): 25,548 Official Population ( 1979 Census): 588,609 Estimated 1990 Population: 677,880 of which: . At llome Population 608,060 . H.. efugees 69,820 Provincial Capital: Sheberghan Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Aiaqadaris): 12

At the crossroads between the Soviet repuhlics of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to the north and the J-Iazarajat highlands to the south, Jowzjan has remained largely untouched by the war. Limited rehabilitation activities have taken place in the province. The population, mainly of Uzbek origin and including a large number of Turkomen in the north, did not migrate in large numbers during the course of the war. Semi-nomadic tent-dwellers living along the Amu river are mainly of Pashtun stock. According to reports, village populations have remained relatively stable.

UN missions visited the area during the spring and sumn1er 1990 to open communications and supply routes. The distribution of wheat during 1990, either through bazaar sales at subsidized prices or through en1ergency assistance to vulnerable groups, have been theACKU primary form of assistance to this population. Recent locust and sunn pest infestation has greatly decreased agricultural yields in the province. To combat the plague in the region and to rehabilitate the provincial economy, Operation Salam provided an initial delivery of pesticides during the spring of 1990 in Sar-i-Pul and surrounding districts. According to UN assessments, the province has the potential to produce a wheat surplus once a comprehensive locust and sunn pest control programme is be successfully implemented.

138 Through a UNDP /FAO-supported programme, new varieties of wheat seed were delivered to Sar-i-Pul, Sang Charak and Kohistanat districts to assist farmers. Through the UNDP Support to NGOs project, veterinary services are being provided that may benefit as many as 1,500 herdsmen. As part of a vocational training programme, a UNESCO-supported project for the rehabilitation of ikat and plain silk weaving has been approved.

In Sheberghan district, UNICEF distributed medical supplies and essential drugs. During a UN assessment mission to the provincial capital, a nutritional survey was carried out in 18 surrounding villages, with an evaluation of health needs and facilities. FFW activities have been organized to lay the groundwork for the rehabilitation of the local physical infrastructure. These activities have provided essential assistance to many needy families in the province.

Roads in need of extensive repair have been identified; priority is being given to those linking the provincial capital, Sheberghan, to Faryab and Balkh provinces.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, WFP

ln1plementing NGOs: AAA, ACAF, AMI, FMD, IMC, SCA, SNI, UNO ACKU

139 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF KABUL PROVINCE

International boundary . Province boundary ·---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

KABUL N

PARWAN

LAGHMAN Sarobi ' · / ( ACKU'--\ __ _ '-... '\.---- Khake Jabar '\r- __.,---- ..,-,._, __.,. ./ / / / NANGARHAR LOGAR \ I '-\ I /.,. ~/

50km KABUL

Area (sq. km): 4,583 Official Population (1979 Census): 1,373,572 Estimated 1990 Population: 2,280,420 of which: . At Home Population 1,930,340 . Refugees 350,080 Provincial Capital: Kabul Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 11

Kabul province has suffered extensive damage as a result of war. The poor condition of roads, water supply and sanitation, coupled with the difficulty of receiving goods from outside the city, have made Kabul heavily dependent on foreign aid. Supplies are flown in regularly from the USSR in the framework of bilateral aid programmes. The long-term effects of the war are considerable. The current population of Kabul City estimated to be over 2 million has been bloated by large numbers of internally displaced Afghans from the countryside. It may be necessary to provide assistance to a large proportion of this vulnerable population for years to . come. This was borne out already in 1988-89 when during an exceptionally harsh winter, large quantities of supplies, particularly food, made available through Operation Salam by the USSR was distributed by the latter through the local authorities. ACKU In recent months, several projects have been initiated in the agricultural sector in the province. FAO has distributed nearly 9,000 apple and stone fruit tree saplings to nurseries for cultivation and multiplication. UNOCA is considering support to an income-generating project for sericulture development in Kabul and other provinces specializing in silk production, which will be implemented by FAO in conjunction with the technical departments concerned. UNDP supports a veterinary services project implemented by F AO and the Ministry of Agriculture, which aims to upgrade the

141 facilities of 17 local subclinics. The UNDP /FAO seed production project in Kabul receives inputs from WFP.

WFP also provides food assistance to vulnerable groups through MCII facilities located in the poorest districts of the capital. Wheat rations have been delivered to needy families. Two projects provide food assistance to internally displaced persons and vulnerable groups in Chardehi district, while two new projects have recently been approved to provide food rations to TB and leprosy patients and to the mentally ilL

In the Kabul Peace Guesthouse, an average of 1,500 returning refugees receive food and medical assistance each month from UNI-ICR and WFP before travelling to their provinces of origin. Additional food aid is given through a variety of FFW projects for the improvement of water supply and sanitation, reforestation, embankment construction and institutional rehabilitation. Ditches in eleven zones will have been cleaned through one FFW projects thus improving local sanitation.

The need for a large-scale campaign for demining and mine awareness training was endorsed by UNOCA in March 1990 and an agreement signed with the l-lalo Trust, an international NGO, to implen1ent a training project. Arrangements were also made with the Afghan Red Crescent Society for a related n1ine awareness programme. Despite limited access, Kabul remains a focal point for transit trade.

Under the Emergency Winter Relief Programme 1989-90, UNICEF provided assistance to the Indira Gandhi Children's 1-Iospital for repairs and maintenance, provision of supplies and drugs and staff training. UNICEF has undertaken a nutritional screening programmeACKU to identify moderately or severely malnourished children and to provide them with supplementary feeding. UNOCA has provided financial assistance to the Marastoon Foundation for the purchase of an ambulance and repair of buildings.

During the last decade, UNICEF has provided and maintained the water supply to 170 schools and health clinics as well as 15 hospitals in Kabul City. In 1990-91, UNICEF plans to concentrate on the maintenance of the water supply system of

142 Kabul and other cities, where drilling rigs are already present. UNDP has installed four pumps to increase the cities' water supply, while construction of a ring supply system to connect all existing water networks is progressing. The Master Plan for Solid Waste Management in Kabul City is currently under preparation.

UNESCO supports the rehabilitation of seven educational institutions that will benefit as many as 15,350 students. UNDP has sponsored evening courses in English, lasting six weeks, for 260 students from UN agencies, public services and the university. WfiO has agreed to fund courses in the Ministry of Public 1-Iealth beginning February 1991; UNDP provides teaching materials. UNDP also supports the four-year Industrial Sera is (craft centres) Project, which will be implemented in both Mazar-i-Sharif and Kabul, providing machinery as well as n1anagement and skills training to participants. UNDP has hosted seminars on Involvement of the Private Sector in National Development, Developtnent of Government Planning Capability and Developn1ent of Low-Cost 1-Iousing in the city of Kabul.

Through Operation Salam, Inedical equiprnent has been provided to the Kabul Physiotherapy School as well as the Orthopaedic Clinic and Physiotherapy School. The WI 10 project for rehabilitation of the Kabul Orthopaedic Centre, which produces 60-100 artificials limbs each month, is nearing completion. A WliO-supported project involving the local production of drugs, oxygen and intravenous fluid requires additional funding.

A UNESCO consultant is training staff and students of the National Archives and archaeology students inACKU techniques for the preservation of these collections. A needs assessment is being made for the preservation of Kabul Museum, focusing particularly on repair of the ivory collection.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNCI-IS, UNDP, UNESCO, UNIICR, UNICEF, WFP, Wl-10

In1plementing NGOs: ARCS, Halo Trust, IAH, NCA, SCA

143 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF KANDAHAR PROVINCE International boundary -·-·- Province boundary -----, Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary --...:. --__ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

URUZGAN

) ~,- -t"""t / _, r e Nesh \.. KANDAHAR ,J ) \ \ r-"'-~ j ,r...__ -' \ ( J !---..... ,__/ \ -..:.J I 'I I ZABUL r ./ 1 \ ) • Ghorak j ~hakrai~ ""' \ / r I -- 1 r.l._, . / ,.- ) ...... _.-\ 1 ) Shah Wallkot/.1'" /-. '1Arghandati~,...-~,./ ( _r-' '-____ _.., .) ,- . / ' ,_ I 1 . 1 Daman 1 e -"- ( ,... _.., Maruf '"\. e Dan KANDAHAR / Arghistan e \ 't-·- I 1 . ) \ / " • I Panjwa1 /~,..__,_"-. \ '\ 1 \. ·-· \ I -, e '- ~ \ < .) ' I I Shega \\ \....,. , • ...)·) ,_./ I I ; ----\.-/ --...... ,-·I' ·--·'--·-·---· ' \ "I I I ~ I I Spin Boldak I I 1 I I I I ACKUi N 'I I I I . ~ I 1---_l_T _ _J-----1. ~ I I I \ uj I I I j I I I I . I I J ' I I Shorabak e j ' I I I ' 'I I I .) I I ~ .~·/ I I .~ I Reg ·· J·__....·..,..... I I ~· I I .., .~· -- ...... ____ .~ 0 20 50 100 km KANDAHAR

Area (sq. km): 47,666 Official Population (1979 Census): 567,200 Estimated 1990 Population: 737,760 of which: . At llome Population 445,120 . Refugees 292,640 Provincial Capital: Kandahar Districts (Woleswalis) and Su h-districts (Alaqadaris ): 16

According to UNI-ICR estimates, Kandahar alongwith 1-lerat has generated the largest proportions of refugees and is considered a priority area for UN assistance. Noting an increasing trend during 1990 toward repatriation from neighbouring Baluchistan province in Pakistan, UN agencies have been seeking to facilitate the return of Afghan refugees to their homeland by supporting a comprehensive rehabilitation programme in Kandahar. Towards this objective, in May 1990 Operation Salam deployed a SMU in Arghestan district to ensure access, to ten districts in the province.

Through the SMU, a rehabilitation plan has been drawn up by UNDP for the remainder of 1990, focusing on the provision of education, training, and health services as well as rehabilitation of the physical infrastructure. Food assistance, in the forn1 of food-for-work, is beingACKU used to support these projects. Operation Salam has prepositioned essential items such as tents, commodities and medicines to meet the potential needs of returnees.

Reconstruction work in certain parts of the province will require extensive efforts over a long period. For exan1ple, the South-West part of the province, once well-populated, suffered destruction of up to 80 per cent of habitations. Damage is concentrated mainly along strategic supply routes and around Kandahar City. Most

145 public buildings -- schools, hospitals, administrative offices -- have been heavily damaged or tota11y destroyed.

The production of fruit, one of Afghanistan's key export crops, has traditionally dominated the local agricultural economy. To bolster fruit production in Kandahar, through its 1989-90 programme FAO distributed 12,000 fruit trees -- including apple, apricot, peach, plum and almond -- in the province, particularly in Panjwai, Talogan and Maroof districts. Additionally, 400 apple root stocks and 42,500 poplar cuttings were distributed to local nurseries for rooting and propagation. UNDP supports veterinary services in the province.

Through its 1989-90 programme, FAO distributed 236 MT of improved wheat seed as well as 190 MT of DAP and 379 MT of urea fertilizers to Arghestan, Panjwai, Shah Walikot, Maruf and Khakrez districts. UNI-ICR has also distributed wheat seed to Panjwai and Maiwand districts. By late Septen1ber 1990, F AO had approved projects involving the distribution of 530 MT of wheat seed and 530 MT of fertilizer to Kandahar through its 1990-91 progratnme. In addition, FAO provided local farmers nearly 15 MT of improved maize seed for seed multiplication and trial. Bumper crops have been reported in Kandahar for the second consecutive year.

Den1ining has been initiated in areas identified by UN m1ss1ons. Through MCP, a survey team followed by two teams of deminers have started mine clearance in Arghestan, supported by two mine detection dog teams. Two additional mine clearance teams are being deployed to Maruf and the valley straddling Kandahar and Zabul. ACKU Health services in Kandahar are at a minimal level. Existing structures will be rehabilitated to provide some coverage in the areas accessible to the SMU, including the district hospital in Panjwai. As a part of a larger project, UNESCO has undertaken the construction and repair of two VBECs. In all, 40 such centres are envisaged in Kandahar and Zabul provinces. A project for the training of teachers in basic education has also started. ILO is supporting a training project in the area for the maintenance of farm machinery, water pump installation, sanitation and

146 carpentry. Local ski11s are being upgraded, using traditional approaches and local materials. A mechanical workshop is also being funded through UNDP.

Preliminary survey work for the reconstruction of the Spin Boldak-Arghestan­ Maru f road has already begun. Three other road repair projects have been completed. It is expected that provided adequate rehabilitation work is undertaken and aid commodities pre-positioned, the province would have a high number of returnees from Baluchistan in the near future. A large-scale repatriation of refugees would thus depend on relative security and peace but also the refugees' feeling that they would not be returning to a desolate land with limited resources and would receive rehabilitation assistance to normalize their lives speedily.

UN Agencies: FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNESCO, UNf-ICR, UNICEF, WFP, WIIO

Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, AFRANE, AIISAO, AMI, ANII, ARC, Avicen, DCA, ElL, ESAR, IAI-1, ICRC, IMC, LBI, MCI, MCPA, MSI-1, NCA, NRC, SAG, SCA, SCF (US), SNI, UNO, VITA

ACKU

147 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF I

International boundary . -·-·- Province boundary Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

TAKHAR KAPISA \ / \ /.,..,.. -- "-..I/ '-__,.. { BADAKHSHAN I \ I / ( .,.. BAGHLAN // ({//

I \ J ' ,~) /./ I / J / ~ /....._../\ -- / \ / ---r I ePanjsher(1) /,./ I I_--. _( I I I • " - __.. / \ LAGHMAN· Panjsher I Panjsher (2) ) I e I I I j 1------. I Durnama e ---y 1 '--""""' / I ( ACKU I "' /-- {, ___""'\ \ • KohistanI '~/\ N .

MAHMOUD RAOI 0..1 I • N . b / \ ·" --...~ eJra / \... ,.---.. / \ ~, '{ \ \ ) • '. e Alasay \ PARWAN { Tagab \ ', _.;\ ( r \ \ I \ I \- _ ./ KABUL1 \ 0 10 20 50 km KAPISA

Area (sq. km): 5,382 Official Population (1979 Census): 345,775 Estimated 1990 Population: 433,160 of which: . At llome Population 423,160 . Refugees 10,00 Provincial Capital: Mahmoud Raki Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris ): 9

This small, mountainous province, situated north of Kabu 1, lies in the Panjshir Valley. It was visited by the Salam 3 Mission in October 1988 to assess local needs and to provide recommendations for future UN rehabilitation work. No further mission has taken place since that time and no major programme has yet been initiated. Kapisa has established civilian entities under the Shura-e-Nazar ("Shura of the North") with the possibility of acting as UN counterparts in rehabilitation activities.

While there are few refugees from this province, according to reports there are n1any internally displaced persons. Reconstruction work and a certain amount of return was already noted by the Salam Mission, which recommended several assistance programmes to reinforce theACKU trend. Agriculture is the main activity. Farm size is generally less than 10 jeribs in Kapisa; local yields have declined considerably as a result of lack of fertilizer and other inputs. Through its 1989-90 progratnme, FAO provided 98 MT of wheat seed and 20 MT of DAP fertilizer to the North Eastern Valleys, including Panjshir. By late September 1990, FAO had approved projects involving the distribution of 152 MT of improved wheat seed to the North Eastern Valleys through its 1990-91 programme. F AO /UNHCR have supplied 10 MT of Blue Silver improved wheat seed for

149 multiplication, and a crop protection project has heen completed. UNDP is considering projects for the development of animal farm power, land and water resources. Plans indude the reconstruction of 15 km of canal in Kohistan, the establishment of fruit seed nurseries in Panjshir, and the construction and repair of roads in Taqa-Ozbin.

flealth facilities, such as the hospitals in Rocha and Anawa, are badly in need of rehabilitation. WIIO is funding the upgrading of a clinic and a hospital, and a major country-wide programme for drug supplies and quality control of medicines and their storage has been initiated that provides necessary supplies to Kapisa. Medical facilities are currently run by Afghan staff trained in Peshawar. These individuals work in more than 20 locations.

The Panjshir Valley was heavily mined during the war. Effective demining operations have been carried out by the local population, who have now been joined by UN-trained deminers. It is planned to intensify this activity in the months to con1e in collaboration with the Shura-e-Nurar. ' UN Agencies: F AO, UNDP, UNI-ICR, WI 10

Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, AMI, Avicen, DCA, FMD, GAF, IMC, ISR, MSII, NCA, SAG, SCA, SNI, SERVE, UNO, VITA ACKU

150 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF KUNAR PROVINCE International boundary -·-·- Province boundary ----- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary KUNAR Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center •• ...... ,I r/ .'-., I / \ I .

\/ Bargey Metal '·J BADAKHSHAN j . --( /- ( \ \ \ --1 _,.., ...... _ ., /"" \ I ,,..,-'-...... _j '- ~ ) l ·, J ...... , ) ' ~~I ( . / / I ( \ I ' I -~i \_/\ ,-'------)-...__ \ '·

\ I ,t ', / >- ) Naray," LAGHMAN ) / / .._ I ./ 1 / I I!"''/ I ( /-{ ' ( ( \ Peche / \ / _ ./ j ( Chapa~ara f\ • \ \"- r e Dangam '\ \ " \l/./ ( ASApABAD ACKU) I I I I'.--, ~"'-: -- \ .----<. NaranJ ~ / . \ \ Chawki ., \ ;- I /'... . / " I /.,4 Khas K:n;r \ l ! \ _, J--r·./. NANGARHAR , \ .

0 10 20 50 100 km KUNAR

Area (sq. km): 10,479 Official Population (1979 Census): 250,132 Estimated 1990 Population: 308,090 of which: . At I-Iome Population 97,090 . Refugees 211,000 Provincial capital: Asadabad Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub districts (Alaqadaris): 13

Kunar shares a common border of approximately 200 km with Chitral and Dir tn neighbouring North Western Frontier Province of Pakistan. The province also shares the ethnic diversity inherent in the border provinces of this region. Central authority is vested in two Shuras, the Salafi Shura and the Central Shura. Although the level of destruction varies in different areas of the province, Kunar has been on the whole severely affected by the war. Nearly seventy percent of the estimated 1990 population are currently refugees in Pakistan, one of the highest proportions of any province in Afghanistan. Kunar is considered one of the UNliCR target areas of first priority for rehabilitation assistance.

The UN has established a SMU in Kunar to assess local needs and coordinate operations in the region. A localACKU UN office has been established in Asadabad, the provincial capital. FAO maintains a national staff member there and has seconded an Afghan engineer employed by WFP to supervise local irrigation rehabilitation under an FFW project.

Prior to the war, ninety percent of the population was engaged in agriculture. During the conflict only limited agricultural activity continued. Today, much agricultural land has been brought back into use. In fall 1989, FAO distributed 480 MT of improved wheat seed as well as 393 MT of DAP and 620 MT urea fertilizers

152 to the province. UNHCR provided an additional 140 MT of improved wheat seed to Asadabad. According to reports from monitoring mission to the area, the subsequent harvest has been excellent, in many areas surpassing even pre-war yields.

Given the heavy input of improved seed in the province during 1989, the 1990- 91 programme is not expected to be as substantial. FAO plans to provide assistance to areas that received little assistance during the past year, particularly the upper section of the valley. By late September 1990, F AO has approved projects involving the distribution of 210 MT of wheat seed and 210 MT of DAP fertilizer to Kunar. F AO-supported irrigation projects are beginning in Chawki, Upper and Lower Catsay, Hakimabad and Khas Kunar; six canals will be repaired through these projects. Additional irrigation projects in Nourgal and Donchi will begin later in the year. An F AO irrigation consultant is scheduled to make a second visit to the province in October 1990.

Through its 1989-90 programme, F AO has also provided 33,800 fruit trees -­ including apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, cherry, almond and persimmon -- to Kunar. In addition, 1000 virus-free apple rootstocks, 8000 poplar cuttings and 25 kiwi vines were planted in a local nursery for rooting and propagation; local distribution is expected in coming years. A wide variety of vegetable seeds have also been provided for local farmer trials and multiplication at over sixty sites in the Kunar Valley. FAO has provided five threshing machines to Kunar province. Several proposals are under review for the provision of tractors and farm machinery.

Health care in KunarACKU has improved significantly since the first UN mission to the province in 1988. The hospital in Asadabad is now an established referral facility. There are 43 health care centres operational throughout the province.

Despite the war, the educational system in Kunar has not ceased to function. According to recent reports, fifty percent of school-age children are enrolled in some primary school.

153 Infrastructure and other support facilities, however, are virtually non-existent. Since last year, the condition of most roads in Kunar has deteriorated. With the exception of the Pashad-Khas Kunar road, the primary road system is generally free of mines. An integrated rural development programme for the province is currently under review. Parts of key access roads and irrigation system around Asadabad were cleared of mines early in 1990 by the deminers trained under the UN auspices. This task was the first undertaken inside Afghanistan in the context of MCP. Three 27- man mine clearance teams are currently operating in Kunar in the context of the UN funded mine clearance programme.

While maintaining a regular presence in Kunar since 1989, Operation Salam has faced the challenge of reconstruction in the province. In June 1990, all UN activities were suspended due to the threat of security risks. liaving received assurances from local authorities which, despite their internal differences, jointly approached the UN with necessary assurances, the UN operations were resumed in the provi nee.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNI-ICR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO

Implementing NGOs: ACLU, AI-IS, AMA, ANI-I, ASA, Avicen, CAS, CARE, DCA, DACAAR, DES, FMD, GAF, 1-ICI, ICA, ICRC, IIRO, ISR, LBI, MAR, MCPA, MADERA, MSI-I, NCA, NRC, RAFA, SCA, SNI, SERVE,ACKU UNO, VSF, VITA, WRC

154 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF KUNDUZ PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary --- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

KUNDUZ

ACKU TAKHAR N l ( ) c---­ \ I

BAGHLAN

0 10 20 50 km KUNDUZ

Area (sq. km): 7,825 Official Population ( 1979 Census): 555,437 Estimated 1990 Population: 576,580 of which: . At 1-Iome Population 382,960 . Refugees 293,620 Provincial Capital: Kunduz Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 7

Situated on the border of Tajikistan SSR, Kunduz is crossed by a major north­ to-south supply route from Dushanbe to Kabul that was severely damaged during the war. A critical east-west supply route from the Northern provinces also crosses Kunduz. The section of this route that runs from Mazar-i-Sharif (Balkh province) through Kunduz to Faizabad (Badakhshan province) is largely inoperable. Most supplies destined for Badakhshan are currently routed through the USSR. Opening this route will facilitate the movement of supplies to the Northeastern provinces.

It is estimated that 70% of the farmers in the provtnce cultivate holdings between six and fifteen jeribs in size. Wheat, rice, barley and cotton are the main crops. Agricultural production has declined sharply in recent years as a result of the scarcity of labour, the decline in farm· power and the lack of irrigation. Although many farmers are familiar withACKU the use of fertilizers, these are in very short supply. In its 1990-91 programme, FAO has approved projects involving the distribution of 152 MT of improved wheat seed to the North Eastern Valleys, including Khanabad . and Chahardara in Kunduz. In addition, UNDP has completed a seed testing and multiplication project to select appropriate varieties for the area including country­ wide rehabilitation and reconstruction programme. Provision of these inputs, coupled with the sharing of oxen or tractors already practised on certain farms, is expected to revive production.

156 According to reports, a number of internally displaced persons are currently returning to their home villages. UNHCR has indicated that a significant number of returning refugees requesting assistance in llerat or Kabul are on their way home to Kunduz.

Assistance is being provided by the UN for veterinary services through an NGO. An initial assessment survey of a 40 km irrigation canal, an agricultural survey and extension work are also being completed in the area. Additional projects involving vegetable seed multiplication and agricultural skills development are currently under review. UNOCA/WFP is supporting an FFW project for the rehabilitation of the Gaw Kush canal that will irrigate 500 hectares of agricultural land.

Health care is provided mainly by health workers trained in Peshawar by various NGOs. According to the WHO database, a total of 35 medical facilities are operational in the province. A government hospital providing essential services for the urban population is located in the city of Kunduz. WHO is building a health clinic and has approved a major programme for drug procurement and for the quality control and storage of medicines.

No specific programme has yet been undertaken to repair or improve physical infrastructure. Pending the return of refugees, the local labour shortage is a major constraint to large-scale rehabilitation in the province. A UN mission is envisaged to assess the extent of damageACKU to public and private buildings. A socio-economic survey of the province is being undertaken by UNIDATA. The results are expected to be available by November.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNHCR, WFP, WHO

Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, AMI, Avicen, DCA, FMD, GAF, SCA, MSH, UNO

157 ..------·--- -··------··-···-~ ·- -- .... - - - ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF L.AGHMAN PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary --- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

LAGHMAN I .r-"'-- 1 I "- BADAKHSHAN ~..../ '\ J \

KAPisA ('J) '1 r ,--) J _,) j /,_ (- ( \ ~ J~ ' '- t ~ l ( \ J ~/ I I N ( '---""' I \ \ I \ ;""- ( KUNAR ACKU\ Dawlatsha • \ Nooristan I I'--~ ...--\ ' ~ ...... / / _____ ,....,... \ Y -- I -/ \ e Alingar J /./ \ Alishing e J ....--J.. ) I f \ // ------'\, I 1 /MEHTERLAM - -~ / \ ;, \- I ( KABUL ,______/ \ / \: '-.. e Oarghaie J NANGARHAR '-.. ~ Katz-Aziz-Khan · _ / ...... _.,..-.-_ ~ , r- 0 10 20 5o km ,-_, LAGHMAN

Area (sq. km): 7,209 Official Population (1979 Census): 310,751 Estimated 1990 Population: 379,070 of which: . At I-Iome Population 297,510 . Refugees 81,560 Provincial Capital: Mehterlam Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts ( Alaqadaris ): 6

Laghman is situated in a mountainous region, featuring deep, narrow valleys in the north and agricultural land along the southern border of Kabul province. Given the difficulty of transportation and communication in the region, this province has received very limited assistance. Because there is no regional Shura to act as a UN counterpart, it is difficult for the UN to implement projects in the area.

Tribal relations between the four ethnic groups -- Nouristani, Kohistani, Tajik and Pashtun -- are reported to be relatively stable. The northern valleys of the province, which experienced little migration, have been virtually unaffected by the war. The south, however, suffered extensive destruction: it is estimated that nearly 80,000 refugees have moved from this part of the province to Pakistan. There are no reports of any major return so far. ACKU The traditional sources of income -- farming, livestock, the timber trade and transportation -- have greatly suffered during the past decade. Before the war there was considerable migration to urban centres and family members were often sent abroad. Agriculture in the high, northern valleys continues according to traditional practices. Agricultural constraints include the lack of farm power, the prevalence of livestock disease and the scarcity of seed and irrigation, which have resulted in greatly increased food prices.

159 In its 1989-90 programme, FAO distributed 2 MT of improved wheat seed in the provtnce. By September 1990, F AO had approved projects involving the distribution of 22 MT of wheat seed and 22 MT DAP fertilizer as part of its 1990- 91 programme. Additionally, it is expected that FAO will provide fruit trees and poplars to Laghman during 1990-91. Three UN-supported projects in the agriculture sector have been undertaken by NGOs so far. Additional a_ctivities supported through Operation Salam include the strengthening of veterinary clinics, local irrigation rehabilitation, distribution of herbicide and provision of seed for multiplication. Additional projects are under review.

Several NGOs are working In the health sector to support and supply local medical trainees and vaccinators. A high incidence of malaria is reported. WllO attempted to undertake a malaria spraying programme through the Ministry of Health, but this effort was rejected by the local population.

NGOs support a total of 76 operational schools and madrassas, of which 20 are for girls, supported by various NGOs, resulting in a relatively high level of education within the province.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNHCR, WHO

Implementing NGOs: AAA, AMI, ASA, Avicen, CAS,ACKU DCA, FMD, ISR, IIRO, LBI, MAR, MADERA, MSll, SCA, UNO

160 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF LOGAR PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary --- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center · Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

LOGAR

\ KABUL \ /l ,.----, / I NANGAR~_ AR I L' I /1--.... \ I _...... / ...... \ \ \.' I / " f \ 'f / e Azro " I Kolangar" ' "-. __ -"' / / ,-.... " } 1 ~-- ' L WARDAK/Maydan \"- PULl ALAM .(, /---\ _J ) . I I ~ I ) \ \ • Khoshi f J \ \...._ I / ( Baraki l ""'_ _ /" N \ r\ ,....1I " v I I --'ACKU \ I 'V /_./ /'/ Charkh e \ / PAKTJA A "-..,...... ,...... ' / "'\ / I GHAZNI r--_.,/ \ \

0 10 20 50km · I I I I LOGAR

Area (sq. km): 3,944 Official Population ( 1979 census): 202,823 Estimated _1990 Population: 264,970 of which: . At l-Iome Population 49,230 . Refugees in Pakistan 215,740 Provincial Capital: Puli Alam Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 6

Prior to the war, Logar province was considered "the granary of Kabul". More recently, Logar was identified as one of the provinces where agriculture has suffered most. Today many Logaris reportedly travel to Kabul to buy goods, so long as the main road remains open and prices in the capital are acceptable. Logar is among the provinces considered a priority area for UN assistance in view of the high number of refugees originating from it.

Almost 80% of the province's total population consists of refugees owtng to the proximity of intense fighting around the capital. According to a recent UN mission to Azro district, as many as 90% of the houses have been destroyed. It has been reported that 40% of the refugees in Azro district have returned. The UN will target assistance to facilitate theirACKU resettlement. Within the past year, a bazaar has been established at Dah Naw. The Kolangar and Mohamad Agha bazaars on the Kabul-Gardez road, however, have been almost completely destroyed. Given its location, the province is a centre of trade with central Afghanistan as well as Kabul and Pakistan. Fruit, especially grapes, apples and vegetables, have traditionally been the main products of Logar. Despite frequent conflicts along its routes, trade with Kabul has continued. The major route from Kolangar to the capital is in good condition and has remained open.

162 Due to the decrease in local irrigation and labour, agricultural production has declined dramatically. In its 1989-90 programme, FAO distributed 34 MT of wheat seed as well as 35 MT DAP and 85 MT urea fertilizers to the province. In addition, F AO distributed 9,500 fruit trees -- including apple, apricot, peach and plum -- during 1989-90, mainly to the district of Baraki Barak. By September 1990, FAO had approved projects involving the provision of 96 MT of improved wheat seed and 69 MT of DAP fertilizer to Logar. 2000 poplar cuttings were planted in nurseries in Baraki Barak for rooting and propagation through F AO as part of its 1990-91 programme. Operation Salam has also supported a crop protection programme in the province. Animal husbandry and irrigation rehabilitation projects are being also currently supported through Operation Salam.

A UN mtsston to selected areas reported that a significant proportion of the land in Azro district is cultivated with cannabis. Crop substitution programmes are still difficult to implement under the present conditions. The mission also assessed the rehabilitation of the hospital in Azro district. EPI activities, already being provided in some areas, will be expanded as hospital facilities improve.

Prior to the war, Logar was distinguished for its high level of education. Fifty­ eight schools for boys and 29 schools for girls previously operated in the province. The war and resulting depopulation have almost totally disrupted formal education. The UN is assessing means of potentially bolstering the education sector in the provtnce.

UN Agencies: ACKU

FAO,UND~UNHCR,WHO

Implementing NGOs: ACLU, AFRANE, AI-IS, AMA, AMI, ARC, ASA, DCA, DACAAR, DNT, FMD, GAC, GAF, HCI, IMC, IRC, ISR, LBI, MAR, MSH, NCA, NRC, SCA, SNI, UNO, VITA

163 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF NANGARHAR PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center I Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center • /\ • / \ / \

/ I KUNAR / Darae Noor { ( ---~· \ I z LAGHMAN l ·--\ /. J Kouz Konar \ ----· l> j_ '-"""' I N --- /-1 \ z KABUL V- - Behsud -_.,...... / \ G) \...... _ /- JALALABAD \ • / Kama \ /"· -- ).--' \ I e \ ) l> r-.//-/-~-.,..,_, Surkh Rode '._- 1 .-- lGoshta/ / \.....,' :c / ~/ ;-----~----/ _.. \-J,~ !'\ Lalpur J :I: / ( I . . 1 Chaparhar / I ' ( 1 • )> / Hesaral< ) 1 Khog:m I • / Bati Kot Mohmand Dara ( 1 / r- \ e { • \ ( _ // Rod at e , /...... _ • :c ' I / l \/ \ / ...... __..,..) \ I _.,.--- '- 1 Sherzad /..-• I ,..(..- • '- \( // \ I /I 1 Pachier 1-.--" 1 '"Shinwar ~ _..1- \ · \1 ' e\ , " , LOGAR \I If II / J Deh. Bala' / .- ---< \. ACKU,. e N'aziyan • - (""' \ •,- •...... } I \; Achin Je / Dorbaba J / ... '-.-/ ~/ " ., I I I ,_/ ./. / . ·--·-!. I I .,..,· / / ./ ·--. --·-·-·-----·I -·-· PAKTIA I

0 10 20 50 100 km NANGARHAR

Area (sq. km): 7,614 Official Population (1979 Census): 745,986 Estimated 1990 Population: 1,002,880 of which: . At llome Population 482,920 . Refugees 519,960 Provincial Capital: Jalalabad Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 21

Nangarhar, the third largest and most populous province of Afghanistan, provides a critical link between Kabul and Pakistan. Its capital, Jalalabad, used to be an important centre of trade and transit. The areas under cultivation in the province are small in relation to the total size of the province. The Safeed Koh mountains dominate much of the landscape; its forests, however, have been largely depleted as a result of the timber trade and the destruction of war. To address the need for alternative construction materials, UNHCR has funded the establishment of a roofing factory in Mohmand Dara as a pilot project which may later be expanded to other provinces.

Nangarhar is among the areas of first priority for UN rehabilitation and repatriation assistance. A largeACKU number of its population is believed to be internally displaced. The local population includes Pushtuns, Shinwar (Tirakin), Khogiani, and Mohmand tribes. Tribal conflicts are characteristic of this region. Following security threats in May, UN activities were temporarily suspended in the province. Operations were resumed following discussions with local leaders who have promised to ensure the safety of UN staff working in the province.

Operation Salam chiefly supports irrigation rehabilitation, the provision of agricultural inputs and basic infrastructure rehabilitation in Nangarhar. WFP supports

165 an FFW programme in the Ghaziabad Farms involving irrigation rehabilitation. These farms, among the largest model farms in the country, have the capacity to produce 20,000 MT of cereals, vegetables and fruit. This area of Nangarhar is being restored to full production in order to establish a base for economic and social development and to facilitate the return of refugees. UNDP supports training in agriculture extension and farm management based on these objectives.

Through its 1989-90 programme, FAO distributed 348 MT of improved wheat seed as well as 3308 MT of DAP and 452 MT of urea fertilizers to the province and provided 12,000 fruit trees -- including apricot, peach and plum -- to Deh Bala district. F AO also provided 7,500 poplar cuttings to nurseries in Khogiani district and 25 kiwi vines on an experimental basis to the Ghaziabad Farms. During May-June 1990, FAO also provided local farmers with 20 MT of improved maize seed. The results of these projects are being monitored. As part of an FAO-supported project, sixty draught oxen were purchased for Achin district during this period. Given the high cost of meat in Jalalabad, however, two-thirds have reportedly been slaughtered.

By late September 1990, FAO had approved projects involving the provtston of 230 MT of wheat seed and 230 MT of DAP fertilizer through its 1990-91 programme. The areas to receive assistance include Ghaziabad, Mohmand Dara, Khogiani, Achin, Rodat, Darae Noor aod Chaparhar. Projects involving the supply of farm machinery to the Ghaziabad Farn1s and the provision of additional fruit trees and poplars are currently under review. FAO has provided one threshing machine to the province. ACKU WllO provides supplies to and supports the rehabilitation of a medical centre in Khogiani. WHO has also supported the training of local health workers through various NGOs. Recognizing the need for additional health facilities, WI-IO plans to undertake a provincial survey in the months ahead. During 1989-90, WFP provided 1000 MT of food assistance to vulnerable groups in the province.

In March 1990, a UN inter-agency mission visited several districts to monitor a crop substitution programme supported by UNFDAC. Should the overall situation

166 stabilise, it is planned to intensify UN's efforts in the field of anti-narcotics campaign with the collaboration of local populations at grass roots levels.

Additionally, WHO has been monitoring local health facilities. During UN missions, it was noted that the local population specifically identified health and education as priorities for future assistance.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNFDAC, UNHCR, WHO, WFP

Implementing NGOs: AAA, Afghanaid, AilS, AIME, AMI, AOG, ARF, ARC, Avicen, CID, DCA, DES, FMD, GAF, ICRC, IIRO, ISR, MSI-1, NCA, SCA, SCF, SNI, UNO, VITA

ACKU

167 . ·-· -- - ·- --- ·- ·· -· ·-1 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF NIMROZ PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

NIMROZ

/ FARAH -- -1"' \ ~~~ I --- /-- I i ------;--\ ~ I .\ ;r \ I Lash Jaween e / \ / \ /___ \ • Khosh Rod J -·-- I "\ \ I ·-. -L_ . " \ I \ ' \ I ·\ l e Asle Chakhansur / N Kang e \ ·, .f--1 ' \ / } ZARANJ_. (_ \ / I "\_- / ...... -- -- ""'" -- I /ACKU ---~ f I HELMAND / J / e Char Burjak J I ( / \ ( \ ·~ \ ·~ --...... \ ""·~ \ ...... ·--·--.--·__.1.--' . --

0 10 20 50 100 km NIMROZ

Area (sq. ktn): 1,356 Official Population ( 1979 Census): 103,634 Estimated 1990 Population : 139,R50 of which: . At f-Iome Population 50,810 . Refugees 89,040 Provincial Capital: Zaranj Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 5

Located in southwestern Afghanistan, Nimroz province has remained largely cut off from Operation Salam assistance activities. With more than 50% of its original population estimated to be living in neighbouring Iran and Pakistan as refugees, Nirnroz is among the provinces considered a target area of first priority area for UN assistance. An SMU is to be fielded shortly from bordering Iran to increase the level of assistance available to the area.

The Seistan Basin and I Ielmand Valley, with their lakes and marshes, comprise the most fertile lands in this province. Rocky, barren deserts characterize most other parts of Nin1roz. These areas are chiefly inhabited by nomads, largely of Baluch ongm.

The border points ACKUbetween Iran and Nimroz provtnce may prove to he important for the repatriation of refugees from Iran. A UNIICR/IFAD project, supported by UNOCA, is to provide skills training to Afghan refugees in neighbouring Khorasan in order to facilitate the eventual repatriation and resettlement process. Operation Salam has identified Khosh Rod, Char Burjak and Asle Chakhansur districts as likely sites for refugee return. According to recent reports, a sizable number of internally displaced families have already returned to their homes.

169 Agriculture and animal husbandry are the ma1n activities of the area. Apart from wheat, harley and maize crops, orchards provide fan1ilies with a variety of agricultural products. Non1ads largely rely upon livestock for subsistence.

Projects have been formulated involving the provision of seeds, fertilizers, tractors and water-pumps, on a priority basis, to districts. UNI ICR-supported projects to increase crop production have already heen implemented on a sn1all scale. Wf'P has supported the rehabilitation of agricultural lands through local FFW projects.

In Nimroz, the Khosh Rod and Helmand nver are the n1<.un sources of irrigation. Karcz and wells also operate in some areas. Irrigation systems need extensive repair; a UNIICR-supported rehabilitation programrne has heen initiated. A project proposal for the repair of Khosh Rod bridge has also been prepared.

The Afghan data-collectors fielded by UNIDATA from Quetta have carried out useful surveys of most of the province and have provided valuable information for planning projects in the context of Operation Salam.

To expand the scope of health services for the rural population, WflO Is planning the rehabilitation of the district hospital in Char Burjak.

UN Agencies: UNDP, UNI-ICR, WFP, WHO

Implementing NGOs: ACKU ICA, MCI, MSI-1, SCA, SNI

170 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF PAKTIA PROVINCE International boundary -·-·- Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

N PAKTIA

\ NANGARHAR \ ~I' .-..... LOGAR r-- ''-.// '-( ·, /I e Jaji ,· / //-..., ,...... , I" _, ' -/ . _... Hasan Khel y- '\ e Dareh _Darang ./ \ e/ I \" _../ / \/ / • • I eOand-wa-Patan /- Lajmangal Chamkani \. Sayed Karam 1 /I / '\. 1~ • --"' • / I / . I 1 J- _. --< l ) -"'\ '- I- A' e Jani Khel 0 Jaji Maidan \. / '- -...... I ...... / \ \ I 1--- \ I Mosa l

Area (sq. km): 10 ~ 286 Official Population (1979 Census): 497,503 Estimated 1990 Population : 523,810 of which: . At llome Population 9,910 . Refugees 513,900 Provincial Capital: Gardez Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Aiaqadaris): 26

Situated in east-central Afghanistan, this province shares a border of 200 krn with Pakistan. It is estimated that in some districts up to 90% of the population fled during the course of the war, largely in response to intense fighting around Khost and Gardez. A recent FAO rnission, however, reported that in eastern Paktia up to 70% of local farmers had returned to Paktia. These findings support those of other UN and NGO staff working in the province. Given its proximity to the Pakistan border and its accessibility to refugees, Paktia is considered a priority area for UN assistance.

Operation Salam has supported projects for the repair and construction of warehouses and for prepositioning supplies in Mosa Khel, Jaji and Danda-Wa-Patan districts. WFP has supported an FFW project and provided food assistance to the interna11y displaced. To provide infrastructural support, UNDP completed the repair of road from Sharinau (ChamkaniACKU district) via Jani Khel to Zurkot (Mosa Khel district). With the onset of winter, assistance to provide shelter to meet the needs of returnees will be required. Though some families are reported to be rebuilding their homes, the majority do not have the resources needed. Building materials are also generally scarce in the area. A pilot project to preposition roofing materials is under review. UNI-ICR has also funded a factory in Zormat to manufacture precast construction material.

172 Agricultural production provides the main source of income in the province. Landholdings in this mountainous area, however, are relatively small: according to estimates, the average family plot consists of three jeribs. Major crops include wheat, maize and alfalfa. Double-cropping is standard practice in this area. Plant protection programmes have been successfully initiated in the province. It is reported that fertilizer inputs have increased yields by 200-300%. Furthermore, it has proven possible to grow F AO-supplied wheat seed at an altitude of up to 2,200 meters, which is a significant development for local agricultural production. Serious deforestation has depleted the hardwood forests of Paktia. The pinus geradiana, however, a valuable export commodity, has largely survived. According to reports, small walnut nurseries have also been maintained despite the war.

In its 1989-90 programme, FAO provided 594 MT of improved wheat seed as well as 575 MT of DAP and 1159 MT of urea fertil_izers to the province. The districts of Dand-Wa-Patan, Chan1kani, Jani Khel, Mosa Khel and Lajmangal received the majority of these inputs. FAO has also distributed 40 MT of improved maize seed. A maize seed n1ttltiplication and testing farm has been established in the province. FAO distributed a total of 55,100 fruit trees during this same period, mainly to the districts of Chamkani, Dand-Wa-Patan, Jani Khel and Mosa Khel. UNHCR has contributed to agricultural development by supporting local irrigation rehabilitation as well as providing 594 MT of improved wheat seed, 40 MT of improved maize seed and 1,737 MT of fertilizer.

By late September 1990, F AO had approved projects involving the provision of 351 MT of improved wheatACKU seed and 341 MT of DAP fertilizer to the province, chiefly to the districts of Chamkani, Sayed Karam, and Zormat. Seed multiplication projects are planned for Dand-Wa-Patan, Mosa Khel and Lajmangal districts. Further projects involving the provision of fruit trees and poplars are also planned by FAO for the coming year.

With the exception of various small clinics and the Chamkani hospital, which are currently supported through Operation Salam, the health sector requires considerable assistance. In terms of prevention, an EPI programme is being funded

173 by UNICEF and will be further strengthened by WIIO. A permanent cold chain will be established to supply vaccines to areas that are not presently served. UNICEF­ supported projects provide improved sanitation to the region.

Mines are a serious problem in some districts. Sorne mine clearance activity was undertaken in the context of NGO projects but will need to be considerably intensified when circumstances and the overall situation in the province permit.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNI-ICR, UNICEF, WFP, WJ-IO

ln1plementing NGOs: ACLU, ARF, AMI, ANI-I, DES, ESA, GAC, GAF, FMD, IMC, IRC, ISR, IIRO, LBI, LDI, MAR, MSH, NCA, NRC, SCA, SNI, UNO, WVI

ACKU

174 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF PAKTIKA PROVINCE International boundary -·-·-, Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary

Province Center Woleswali Center •0 Alaqadari Center •

PAKTIKA I PAKTIA ,)...... / "" /) \ / (} • Mata Khan /-..\ I -._ ' / / \ \ .,...~eka •/ "') GHAZNI I • "'\- _\._...../ I ....1. J ./ SHARAN f • (·\::elook( ( \. Sarhawza 1 - l ' / I ' \ I '-· /-..... /--T--\ I ( • I ( '-. / J } J • \ Gayan • - / I 1 / Urgun ~---) f (/ ~mna "' /-. ( • ,..., eKatawaz _/ I ----1 / 1 1 f I .....-- I Sarobi I • -.. /\ '- -( \.. • I Barmal e ") N ( ...... _-...... _...... - t \ 1 I ,. \ .__ I I \ \ / I \.... • Dila _,...\ 1 L--L ./ '-. ./ ...... , I • I ...... / ' r Goma -{ " \ '\ I • ! \ \ '--r' \ l ) J • }-,_/ I (,.._ l \ ~ . ACKUI ...... __ ___ \ \ l I '- ,_ Jwazakhwae \ l I \ ,. I v \ I I • \ . '\. _} \ Wol Mamay \ \ ...... , ...... ' \ '--'\ \ \ . ZABU L · ) '-J ---/ / I . ( I ~ ) .r·""'·-./·7"\..l- ( { I . / y\ . ' . ,.J. /.-· '-·--'

0 10 20 50 100 km PAKTIKA

Area (sq. km): 19,383 Official Population ( 1979 Census): 245,229 Estimated 1990 Population: 250,860 of which: . At Home Population 140,660 . Refugees 110,200 Provincial Capital: Sharan Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 18

Paktika, bordering Pakistan, was formed in 1978 from parts of Ghazni and Paktia provinces. It is estimated that some 45% of its population has fled the province. In view of its proximity to Pakistan which facilitates cross-border activities and the large number of refugees it has generated, Paktika is considered an area of first priority for UN assistance. The local population is beginning to go back home in steady numbers. The return of semi-nomadic families from Pakistan to their . summer grazing grounds in Afghanistan was reported by a UN mission; this is the first known movement of semi-nomads in this region in more than a decade.

To facilitate the repatriation and rehabilitation process, Operation Salam sent a mission to Paktika in early May to assess local needs and to identify trends in local population movements. In August 1990, a SMU was deployed in Urgun to initiate and to oversee UN rehabilitation efforts.ACKU In addition, a UN presence has been established in Sharan and Zarghun Shahr. WFP provided 1f500 MT of food assistance to support FFW projects and the feeding of vulnerable groups in the province.

Compared to 1978 levels, agricultural production has declined, partly because of the large number of mines on arable land. Prior to the war, the main crops were wheat, maize and barley. In its 1989-90 programme, FAO supported a limited pilot project of Bezostaya wheat seed for use by local farmers. Results are currently

176 awaited. By late September 1990, FAO had approved projects providing a total of 242 MT of wheat seed and 243 MT DAP fertilizer as part of the 1990-91 programme. Future projects are planned for the districts of Gomal, Katawaz, Sarobi, Sharan and Urgun.

To strengthen agricultural development in the area, a hydrological survey is required to determine the risk of pumps affecting the water table. Deforestation of the hardwood forests has led to a significant decrease in the number of trees and has contributed to erosion and flooding in Paktika.

l-Iealth facilities are virtually non-existent in the area. Efforts supported by WHO are underway to repair a hospital in Urgun as a referral centre.

Local roads are in poor condition. The Urgun-Sorobi road has been surveyed and demined, however, and rehabilitation planning is at an advanced stage. Mines are a tnajor obstacle to rehabilitation, both in the Katawaz Plain and around Urgun, where two flails financed by the UN are carrying out mechanical mine clearance since August.

Aerial bombing has caused widespread destruction of homes and community buildings, especially in Urgun. Remaining structures have further deteriorated due to prolonged neglect. Following a UN mission to Urgun in May, a proposal for local reconstruction was prepared based upon the joint recommendations of UNCHS and an NGO architect.

UN Agencies: ACKU FAO, UNDP, UNI-ICR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO

Implementing NGOs: ARF, ASA, Avicen, DACAAR, ESA, FMD, GAF, IAll, ICRC, IMC, IRC, LDI, MAR, MSF (France), MSH, NCA, NRC, RAFA, SCA, SNI, UNO, VITA, WVI

177 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF PARWAN PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

PARWAN N

/~.... · - .,.,.,.,,...,... ~ ~ BAGHLAN ,- -- I // I ~ I r- __... ', \ \,_. '/ _) '\.. / \ "Salang e \ / KAPISA ,.._/ t, ,~' '-- I Jabul Saraj \ \ L--r-, ' 1...... _---~~ \Shinwar / _( \ ( \ Ghorband . \• // CHARIKAR ~~ 1 A ~~ ' l Shekh Ali e - ~ \, '- ..., \. / e 1 .Y -- e Bagram·' ....-- 1 Surkh Parsa /'\. // '-\ BAMYAN} / 1 - \ \.-- _ ...- _.- _..- \ ) \._ ( • Kohe Safi{ /"'.. " 'V'\ / '\. ACKU"-.._ I """" \ \ /"-. I \ \ \_/_./ ~ '- ~ I KABUL ) " ~I \ ._..-- / \ '

0 10 20 50 100 km PARWAN

Area (sq. km): 5,887 Official Population (1979 census): 409,510 Estimated 1990 Population : 530)680 of which: . At Home Population 488,750 . Refugees 41,930 Provjncial Capital: Charikar Districts (WoleswaHs) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 9

Given its proximity to Kabul, Parwan was largely inaccessible throughout the war and consequently suffered severe food shortages at various times during the past · decade. A.lthough the overall situation has not improved during the past year, assistance efforts have not been encouraged by local authorities. During a recent visit by a UN mission, team members were detained by a local commander and were released only after the strong intervention by the representatives of the local Shura of Bamyan.

Agriculture is practised on a small s·.:ale, with 60% nf farmers cultivating plots of less than five jeribs. The main crops are wheat, maize, cotton and rice. UNDP is considering project proposals involving pest and disease control. Projects involving the rehabilitation of the Jabul Saraj irrigation scheme as well as the rehabilitation of the draught animal power inACKU five provinces, including Parw<1n, are also under review.

The road from Kabul to the Satang Pass, which crosses the province, is the main supply route for the capital. The area which has suffered from frequent conflict during the decade, has experienced significant destruction.

Population movements have taken place along ethnic lines - Tajiks have remained in the valleys of Parwan or migrated to Kabul, while Pushtuns have tended

179 to moved to Pakistan. Although limited information is available regarding the internally displaced population, it appears that a significant number of residents of Parwan migrated to Kabul to obtain basic assistance during the war.

Food shortages have caused malnutrition and infectious disease throughout Parwan. UNICEF supports an EPI programme, while several NGOs run medical programmes in Ghorband and Shekh Ali. Basic health posts and centres are supported in all nine districts. WHO has recently approved the construction of clinics in Paryan, Changram and Safid Chehr.

Schools are supported by NGOs tn Charikar, Ghorband, Satang and Surkh Parsa districts.

UN Agencies: UNDP, UNICEF, WIIO

Implementing NGOs: t IMC, LEPCO, MSF (Belgium / 1-lolland), MSJI, SCA, SGA

ACKU

180 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF SAMANGAN PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary --- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary --__ _ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

SAMANGAN / . ....__·---. . "" ·~ Kaldar. 'I. \------'--·-...... I \ ·~· ( \ KUNDUZ '-... \ N l ~--- Khulm \" -----/ /'-?---"\-....._ ' ( I \ " \ \ Hazarate Sultan J \ ! BALKH \ ) ( \ I r / ) ~ y- ( """" / .\ "7 ) _.J \ ACKU/ } // /' 1----...... / ( ( ~ ~ ' '\ { } e Dara-i-Soof ~ '-_} BAGHLAN ( ) { \ ~( I ' ' '\ . l (/ Roye Doab e / \_..1 \ ____ _..,-,-../ JOWZJAN/SAR-1-PlJL /) __.,.._,.....-}./ --.._\ BAMYAN ~--/ / 0 10 20 50 SAMANGAN

Area (sq. km): 16,220 Official Population ( 1979 census): 272,584 Estimated 1990 Population : 312,520 of which: . At llome Population 292,960 . Refugees 19,560 Provincial Capital: Samangan Districts (\Voleswalis) and Sub-districts (Alaqadaris): 6

As a potential entry point for supplies from the USSR, the northern province of Samangan is a potentially critical point for logistics and transport. The province suffered considerable damage during the war. Due to its insecurity, isolation and long, harsh winter, Samangan has been largely excluded from international relief operations. In July 1990, a UNOCA/WFP mission, the first of its kind, visited the area from Mazar-i-Sharif. The mission reported that the district of Khulm !s completely devastated and that other districts have been gravely affected by drought. The mission was refused access to the district of Dara-i-Soof.

Rain-fed and irrigated wheat, barley, maize and flax are the main crops of the provtnce. Yields are low due to the lack of selected seed, fertilizer and farm machinery. According to reports,ACKU widespread di~ease has greatly reduced the number of local livestock.

Malnutrition, especia11y among children, is also widespread. To counter the shortage of wheat, Operation Salam has distributed food stocks through four commercial bazaars which were initially allocated 50 MT of wheat. An additional delivery of 200 MT of wheat is expected. 50 MT of wheat and 5 MT of sugar were similarly allocated to Khulm district.

182 In Dara-i-Zenda, one of the areas most affected by drought, the mission also allocated 150 MT of wheat to three bazaars. Two hundred vulnerable individuals were identified and subsequently engaged in FFW projects that led to the repair of 5 km of local road and 12 culverts. 76 MT of wheat and 5 MT sugar were provided to needy areas through this scheme. In the city of Samangan, from which many inhabitants fled during the war, UNOCA/WFP also distrihuted 150 MT wheat to the population through local bazaars.

Repair work on the n1atn road through S~n1angan to Mazar-i-Sharif and Kunduz has been carried out by the government, while repairs on other roads are planned through UN-supported FFW projects.

During the July mtsston to the province, a basic n1edical kit was provided to a clinic in Dara-i-Zenda, where there had been a recent outbreak of typhoid. An additional kit was provided to a sma11, poorly-equipped clinic in Dara-i-Soof through Operation Salarn. Several NGOs currently provide technical support to local health workers in all the districts of Samangan, with the exception of northernmost Kaldar, to which access is difficult. NGOs also support basic health posts and health centres in five districts as well as a dental centre in the city of Samangan.

Several NGO-supported prtmary schools are operating tn Dara-i-Soof, Roye

Doab and the city of Samangan. Secondary level schools are a~so operating in Kholm.

UN Agencies: WFP ACKU Imp)etnenting NGOs: AMI, Avicen, FMD, GAC, IMC, MSI-I, NCA, SCA

183 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF TAI

International boundary Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center •• TAKHAR

/ .....__..,. ...._,- . / . .L /r '-;·...... _ .F ~ Yangi Oala / Darqad e / \ I 1 J e Chah Ab . I -~ \1 (- ~--" ( /1. lr-) ...... -,J /. ) \ I . / ( •'\ Rustaqe \ Khwaja Ghar ,.--\ l ) I ~ ) N ~J -J ~, / \ \\ ---; KUNDUZ )-..... TALOOAN ( ( ~ \Kalaf:n( ~- •"'~"" ,..._\ I ( Bangi ~ \ \'\. ;__ _,.-- / _. \ t r-~ACKU ) \ '-) • '\ \ \_ __ \~hal)/ Farkhar J / Eshkamesh I \ j BADAKHSHAN \. \ ) \ "( ~, > . ( I I ' I --/1 / \ "--__ / l ,--- '-----. "'"' ....._, ; Warsaj • I BAGHLAN \ ) \ ( \ I 'l _./~ / _..) 0 10 20 50 100 km r---- ~ / \

KAPISA I TAKHAR

Area (sq. ktn): 12.373 Official Population (1979 Census): 519,752 Estitnated 1990 Population : 557,530 of which: . At llotne Population 539,290 . Refugees 1R,240 Provincial Capital: Taloqan Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts (Aiaqadaris): 12

The north-eastern province of Takhar, which shares a common border with the USSR, has been extren1ely isolated due to the lack of security and the poor conditions of roads throughout the province. These factors have made the delivery of supplies and assistance difficult. Operation Salam has, however, begun to provide food assistance to the region by means of two points on the Soviet border in neighbouring Badakhshan.

In August 1990, UNOCA launched an extended mission to assess and plan the logistics f9r more extensive, future efforts. The UN presence in the area is expected to be of a durable nature. It will help plan projects in all sectors of assistance with the collaboration of local authorities. To facilitate future UN assistance, a socio­ economic stJrvey of the provinceACKU is also being administered by UNIDATA. Through Operation Salam, negotiations with local authorities have led to the opening of critical roads. FFW projects have also been initiated and are expected to improve communications, to rehabilitate local irrigation and to repair transportation infrastructure. The lJN field offices in Mazar-i-Sharif and Faizabad provide support for these efforts.

185 Working through the local shura, UNOCA/WFP will support a local FFW project involving the rehabilitation of the Shahrawan canal in Taloqan and Farkhar districts which will provide irrigation for an estimated 15,000 hectares of land. This project will provide approxin1ately 200 MT of wheat, 11.5 MT of sugar and 8.5 MT of edible oil to local participants.

The irrigated area in the Taloqan Basin presently extends to about 10,000 hectares to the north and 6,800 hectares to the south of the river. The cultivation of wheat and rice has largely replaced local cotton production, which previously provided export incon1e to the province. Surnmer crops include maize, sorghun1 and millet; melons and other fruit are also important cash crops.

Tractors as well as draught power are con1monly used for cultivation, though weeding is usually done manually. FAO provided 42 MT of irnproved wheat seed and 20 MT DAP fertilizer to local fanners; otherwise, improved seed varieties are not available locally. Pesticide is also required in the province.

In the context of Operation Salam, extensive discussions have been held with the Shura-e-Nazar (Shura of the North) to initiate a variety of projects in the areas administered by it. These have ranged from agricultural support to health, education as well as mine clearance. The results of these negotiations have been encouraging and it is expected that in the months to come, it will be possible for the UN to initiate a number of activities,ACKU including important rrw projects. UNDP is considering project proposals to support fruit tree nurseries and the rehabilitation of irrigation systems in Eshkamesh and Taloqan. IFAD is preparing a broad agricultural sector investment progran1me that focuses on irrigation. The rehabilitation of education throughout the northern provinces is vitally important. In Takhar, where schools have largely ceased to exist, primary schools in five districts are being supported.

186 llealth surveys indicate that the 40-bed hospital in Taloqan and the district hospitals of Chah Ab and Farkhar are the only facilities available in the province. Various NGOs provide technical support to local health workers and centres in most districts. Wl-10 is funding the construction of 17 clinics in Northern Afghanistan, of which four are in Takhar. These are located in Rustaq, Eshkamesh, Bangi and Chal districts. UNICEF is supporting an EPI programme implemented by NGOs in the area.

UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WIIO.

ITnplementing NGOs: Afghanaid, AMI, Avicen, FMD, GAF, IMC, MSll, SAG, SCA, UNO, VITA

ACKU

187 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF URUZGAN PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary . --- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

URUZGAN

GHOR / ---"""'" \.. _( I / -~ / \ BAMYAN I L,.- ( ( -\ " c::: ~ / ) ./J \. __ ../ ---:-\ / e Dai Kundi \ ~ t /J ) ~ / ' / "'\. \ e Shahristan ---1 \ /,.-.....v/ J; ----/ ~_,.... --t l '---- // / Ajrestan // /_,..1 \...... ___ \ • / I --... / / I / ( r Gezab • / ) _...-, \ / "J \ /- '.__.../\J--f GHAZNI { e Kajran } / f } ) /--- <.. f I I HELMAND ;~ \ \ I I f I '\. .-\! / ACKU N I ) l / • ) ) / "a Chorah '-. Khas Oruzgan r ' \r r"- "" \ /../ /~""' ' I Deh Raod \ TIRIN KOT \ ).-' l } l-. • / • I I v / r' I I J ZABUL I I '----J-, ../ _./ I I 1 I --. J KANDAHAR \ r.-1 J 0 10 ?0 50 100 km I I I I I Area (sq. km): 29,289 Official Population ( 1979 Census): 444,168 Estirnated 1990 Population : 501,780 of which: . At I-Ionle Population 460,920 Refugees 40,860 Provincial Capital: Tirin Kowt Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-IJistricts (AI aqadaris ): 9

Uruzgan, in the rugged mountains of the 1-lazarajat, remains one of the most deprived as well as neglected provinces of Afghanistan. The population, mainly Shia llazaras, survive in an extreme climate. Although no significant population movement occurred in the province during the war, the local econo1ny is in urgent need of external assistance, especially en1ergency relief for the con1ing winter. Plans are in hand for a UN 1nission to the province to assess local needs and to provide necessary assistance to the local population.

Given the isolation of the region, agriculture has declined during the course of the war. Livestock is a valuable resource for the farmers, but the number of local livestock is reported to have declined significantly. lly latE' Septen1ber 1990, FAO had approved projects involvingACKU the provision of 20 MT of wheat seed and 15 MT of fertilizer for seed trial and multiplication in the province.

Linked with the neighbouring province of Ghazni, Zabul and Kandahar through mountainous passes and mud roads, access to Uruzgan is easiest from Pakistan. Access fron1 the northern or western provinces of Afghanistan is more difficult; access from Iran, through I Ierat and Ghor provinces, will be improved following the upgrading of the central road from llerat to Bamyan province via Chaghcharan and Lal-i-Sarjangal. The possibilitY. of providing assistance from the Iranian side by passing through

189 neighbouring Nimroz or Farah and Ghor is also being explored. If the security conditions permit, it is hoped that a UN mission can be fielded to Uruzgan from Iran.

Food shortages being endemic in the area, vulnerable groups have been assisted through the provision by WFP of 50 MT wheat -- the first delivery of UN food assistance to the province. Several NGOs have established health facilities in the provtnce.

UN Agencies: FAO, wrr

Implementing NGOs: AMI, Avicen, TAl-I, MCI, MSI-1, SCA, SNI, UNO

ACKU

190 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF WARDAK PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary --- - ~ Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ :0 Paved road Province Center \ PARWAN ~ Woleswali Center • BAMYAN .,...... A ~ Alaqadari Center •• __ / \'\ I r--"'- \ I ~---- I / ~~ ~/ ~- I r I 1 - ,/ / I\ Behsud 1e ) (- ~f\ KABUL ( "- /-~ Jalrez e I MA YDAN SHAR >--- ( I __..... ;• \ .. " Markaze Behsud e / '-... ) \. I / / -\. - ---"' ...... _ _,-.,. ')I --- l J Nerkh _ I _, J - \~ • \ I --.... ,.- j \.._ . ) """ /---1...... / \ .,_, / """\ Day M1rdad / '-. J '- ../ / I .._,! \.._ • /_, // '-.._) / \ I ( I < r • J I GHAZNI ) 1 Chake Wardak // I LOGAR N ( J /- . --..1 ""- I Sayed Abad l / / J --~) ( j ACKU ( \ / ,-/ \ ~A / ' \ \ 0 10 20 50 100 km WARDAK

Area (sq. km): 9,023 Official Population (1979 Census): 287,605 Estitnated 1990 Population : 398,910 of which: . At lion1e Population 372,200 . Refugees 26,710 Provincial Capital: Maydan Shar District (Woleswalis and Sub-districts (Aiaqadaris): 9

Wardak is located south-west of Kabul and surrounded by Barnyan, Ghazni and Logar. Its geographic position make it important fron1 logistic point of view. It was among the first provinces to establish a civilian adrninistration to act as counterpart for UN rehabilitation efforts. Agricultural lands consist of 5% irrigated and 15% non­ irrigated holdings. Mountain pastures comprise rnuch of the land in the province.

An estimated 5% the local population fled to Pakistan. Internally displaced persons are reported to he living in Jaghatu and several other districts of the prov1nce. There are reports that refugees are returning in small IIUnlhers to Sayed Abad and Maydan Shar. Local agricultural productionACKU has declined considerably due to the lack of seed, fertilizer, farm power and equipment. The local labour shortage also hinders production. Local irrigation systems requires substantial repair. UNDP is currently planning projects to address this need. Veterinary services, including vaccination for farn1 animals, are being provided in Jaghatu.

Through its 1989-90 programme, FAO provided 12 MT of in1proved wheat seed and 15 MT of fertilizer to the province in addition to 33,100 fruit trees, which were chiefly distributed to nurseries in Jaghatu and Sayed Abad districts. In addition, 1,000

192 poplar cuttings were dispatched to a nursery in Chak for rooting and propagation through this prograrnme. FAO provided ninety draught oxen to Jaghatu through DCA. A local NGO, llelping Afghan Farmers, requested FAO assistance to support a cattle breeding project. Fifteen cross-bred cows, heifer calves and three bulls have been dispatched to Jaghatu through this pilot project. By late September 1990, FAO had approved projects involving the provision of 97 MT of improved wheat seed and 111 MT of DAP ferti] izer. F AO expects to continue providing fruit trees and poplars to the province in 1990-91.

WfP has delivered over 3,000 MT of wheat to Wardak to provide vulnerable group feeding, to support local FFW schemes and to strengthen access to food stocks through the local bazaars. Jlealth services in Wardak are more widely available than in most other provinces. A hospital is operational in both Jaghatu an? Tangi Sayadan in Chak district; two additional facilities are currently under construction. Of 88 total health facilities reported in the province, 51 were monitored and found to be operational. WfiO supports seven vi11age basic health units, located in four districts. In January, UNICEF initiated an area-based social development programme that aims to i111prove health services, education, nutrition, water and sanitation in the area.

Most school buildings have been destroyed, but the main cities still have some basic education facilities. UNESCO is funding the establishment of two VBECs in the province. UNIICR supports the rehabilitation of the Buraki-Sayed Abad road. The land on either side of the Kandahar-Kabul highway and the area around Maydan Shar are believed to be heavily mined and plans are being made to send UN trained teatns of deminers to start ACKUworking in the province. UN Agencies: FAO, UNDP, UNESCO, UNI-ICR, UNICEF, WFP, WHO

Implementing NGOs: AilS, AMI, ASA, Avicen, CID, CMC, DCA, ESA, FMD, GAC, GAF, IDG, IMC, ISR, MAR, MSF (Belgium, 1-lolland), MSF (France), MSH, NCA, RAFA, SCA, SAG, UNO, VSF, VITA

193 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF ZABUL PROVINCE

International bounda ry Province boundary Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

ZABUL

J ..---'\ N \ _./ l / \ / I GHAZNI URUZGAN () /"' J._, I '- ~ /"\ / - I ;'\ I ~ / / I r_,..) I ./ t

/ 1 ( 1 Dai~hopan e / I Arghandab .) "'\ ( /1 • f ) ) ~/ / Shahjoy ~ , / -- (_,./-/ I I I ) // 1\ J ,- f / ' / '--~ ------../.. / _./"' \ ! \v.-. / I \ I \ .__.,./ I \,-! \ ( eMizan '-, OALAT ', L--\.. \ '-, I -- \ I r ' \ // ...._"'- / ' I /--/ ( -~ \., __ J\ ) I L ---- ACKUJ _ _...r Shinkai e ) \ -y- < / --...._ I I j ( __.. • She malzai / / -../---- ( / (-~/ II \_ \ PAI

0 10 20 50 100 km . I I ZABUL

Area (sq. ktn): 17,289 Official Population (1979 Census): 179,326 Estimated 1990 Population : 186,110 of which: . At I lome Population 121,550 . Refugees 64,560 Provincial Capital: Qalat Districts (Woleswalis) and Sub-districts ( Alaqada ris ): 9

Southern Zabul province borders Pakistan. It is estimated that over one-third of its population fled to Pakistan and Iran while a significant population became internally displaced as a result of war. Consequently, Zabul is considered a target area of first priority for UN assistance. Currently there are reports of a steady flow of returning refugees. The area is reported to have been calm and peaceful during rnuch of 1990.

Oalat, the capital, is a busy commercial centre on the main highway linking the southern provinces to those of the north. Although the irrigation infrastructure has been severely damaged during the past decade, an estimated 90% of the local population continues to depend on agriculture. The lack of fertilizer and limited farm power also constrain production. Crops have been recently affected by bacterial and fungal diseases, resulting in high food prices. wrr food assistance has supported VG F prograrnmes. fFW schemesACKU support local road repair.

A nutnber of UN missions have visited the area and their recomn1endations are now being itnplementcd. An FAO-supported wheat seed distribution project, which targets 13 provinces including Zabul, is now operational. Through Operation Salam, the rehabilitation and survey of canals and karezes is underway. An SCA agricultural rehabilitation project, which will include karez cleaning, seed and fertilizer distribution and other agricultural support services to benefit son1e 6,600 families, is under review.

195 Through its 1989-90 progran1me, FAO supplied nearly 2 MT of improved wheat seed to local farmers in Zabul for trial. Additionally, 8,390 fruit trees were distributed to Daichopan district. By late September 1990, FAO had approved projects involving the distribution of 200 MT of improved wheat seed and 221 MT of DAP fertilizer, mainly to Shahjoy, Shinki, Shemalzai, Arghandab and Daichopan districts. Additional fruit trees are expected to be supplied through FAO this coming year.

The road network rema1ns rudimentary. The Zabul-Kandahar highway is severely damaged and has had only lin1ited maintenance during the past decade. I lowever, 140 km of access roads are currently being repaired by an NGO. Although no large-scale demining has yet begun in Zabul, local residents have been trained in n1ine clearance and mine awareness programmes through MCP.

Under its VBEC programme, UNESCO is building a school at Atghar that will provide education for school children, teach simple skills to adults and provide pnmary health care in the adjacent health centre; WfP will support a feeding programme. IIealth services in Zabul are limited. WHO, in cooperation with an NGOs is supporting a community health project in Daichopan. Seven Bl ICs, 5 clinics and the associated staff are being supported through this project. UNICEF is supporting an area-based social development project. Through Operation Salam, an EPI programme is being implemented and three additional clinics will be constructed in the province.

UN Agencies: ACKU ILO, UNDP, UNHCR, UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO, WFP

Implementing NGOs: Afghanaid, Avicen, CRS, ESA, FMD, f-IUL, LDI, MADERA, MCI, MSH, NCA, SCA, SCF, SNI, RAFA, UNO

196 ANNEX I. LIST OF ACRONYMS

i\i\i\ Afghan Aid Association ACAF Afghan Cultural Assistance Foundation ACBAR Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief ACLU Afghan Construction and Logistics Unit AETF Afghanistan Emergency Trust Fund A FRANE Amitie Franco-Afghane AI-I SAO Afghan I Iealth/Social Assistance Organization AMi\ Afghan Medical Aid AIME Action Internationale Medicale Estudiante AMI Aide Medicale Internationale ANI I Afghanistan Nothilfe AOG Afghan OB/GYN Hospital APA Afghan Planning Agency ARC Austrian Relief Committee ARf7 Afghan Relief Foundation ARRO WFP Afghan Relief and Rehabilitation Office ARCS Afghan Red Crescent Society ASA Agricultural Survey of Afghanistan ATC Afghan Technical Consultants CADA Comn1ittee on Assistance to Disabled Afghans CAR CommissionerateACKU for Afghan Refugees of the Government of Pakistan CAS Comite Afghan de Solidarite coo Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases CID Council for International Development (Mercy Fund) CMC Co-ordination of Medical Con11nittees CRS Catholic Relief Services DACAAR Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees DCA Dutch Committee for Afghanistan DES Domestic Energy Saving Project

197 DNT Dental Clinic for Afghan Refugees ECHA Early Child I--Iealth Activities ElL Experiment in International Living EPI Extended Programme of Immunization ESAR Engineering Services for Afghanistan Reconstruction EWR Emergency Winter Relief FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FFW · Food-for-Work FMD Freedom Medicine FRF Farah Reconstruction Foundation GAC German Afghanistan Committee GAF Gern1an Afghanistan Foundation IICI Iluman Concern International IIDI flandicap Internationale IllS 1-Iealth Information System IIUL flealth Unlimited I All Islamic Aid Health Centre ICA Inter-Church Aid ICM International Organization for Migration (10M) ICRC International Comtnittee for Red Cross lOG Integrated Development Group IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO International Labour Organization IMC International Medical Corps IMR Infant MortalityACKU Rate IRC International Rescue Committee IRCS Iran Red Crescent Society IIRO International Islamic Relief Organization ISRA Islamic Relief Agency KAG Khorasan Assistance Group LI3I Lajnat At-Birr Al-Islamiah LDI Lajnat AI-Dawa Al-Islamiah MAP Mine Awareness Programme

198 MAR Muslim _Aid MATS Medical Aid Training and Support MAT Mine Awareness Training MCII Mother and Child Health MCI Mercy Corps International MCO Mine Clearance Operations MCP Mine Clearance Programme MCPA Mine Clearance Planning Agency MCT Mine Clearance Training MOM Medecins du Monde MMCP Mechanical Mine Clearance Pool MRCA Medical Refresher Course for Afghans MSF Medecins Sans Frontieres MSII Management Sciences for 1-Iealth MTU Mobile Training Unit NCA Norwegian Committee for Afghanistan NGO Non-governmental Organization NWFP North-West Frontier Province NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Norwegian Church Aid OPS Office for Project Services (UNDP) ORS Oral Rehydration Salts PI-IC Primary 1-lealth Care PRCS Pakistan Red Crescent Society RAFA Reconstruction Authority for Afghanistan SAG Solidarite AfghanistanACKU SCA Swedish Committee for Afghanistan SCK Save the Children (U.K.) scs Save the Children (U.S.) SGA Sandy Gall Afghanistan Appeal SMU Salam Mobile Unit SNI Shelter Now International sos SOS/PG Belgium SoJidarite Afghanistan START Short Term Assistance for Rehabilitation Team

199 SWAJ\D South West Afghanistan Agency for Detnining SWABAC Southern and Western Afghanistan Balochistan Association for Coordination UNCI IS United Nations Centre for I lousing and Settlement UNIDATA United Nations Information and Data Systems relating to Afghanistan UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization UNFDAC United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control UNFPJ\ United Nations Family Planning Agency UNIICR United Nations J-Iigh Commissioner for Refugees UNICEP United Nations Children's Fund UN IDO United Nations Organization for Industrial Developn1ent UN I LOG United Nations Logistical and Transport Operation UNO University of Nebraska-Omaha Education Support Project UNOCA Office of the Co-ordinator for UN llumanitarian and Economic Assistance Programmes relating to Afghanistan UNV United Nations Volunteers Programme VGF Vulnerable Group Feeding VSF Veteri naires sans Frontieres VITA Volunteers in Technical Assistance VI3EC Village Basic Education Center wrr World Food Programme WHO World Ilealth Organization WRC Welfare and ReliefACKU Comrnittee wss Water Supply and Sanitation WVI World Vision International

200 ANNEX II.

APPEAL OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

The following is an excerpt from the Appeal of the Secretary-General (Doc. SG/CONF.3/ 1 dated 10 June 198R)

"It is essential that all Afghans in need, wherever they are located, are reached by a programme dedicated to the recovery of self-reliance. That is the challenge. I urge you all to contribute with the utmost generosity to this appeal whose ambition goes beyond the alleviation of suffering to the roots of the United Nations original nltsston. We can once again demonstrate that international solidarity is not a rhetorical and empty expression, but a concrete manifestation of how the comtnunity of nations can work together. .. "

Programme and Role of the Coordinator

The Programrne:

The Progranune has two phases, both of which have been costed as fully as available information permits.ACKU The first phase is immediate relief and rehabilitation which will he implernented as rapidly as conditions perrnit. For planning purposes, bearing in mind the agricultural cycles and projections for the expected return of refugees, an 18-month time-frame has been allotted for this phase. The total cost of this first phase amounts to US $ 1,166.6 million.

201 The second recovery phase consists of the longer-tern1 rehabilitation of the country's infrastructure and follows from the first. A further three-year period is assumed for this second phase, with needs so far identified costing about US $ 839.6 n1illion. This projection is necessarily tentative at the present time and does not forn1 part of the current appeal except in so far as some donors may wish to make a long­ term comn1itment to Afghanistan's recovery and plan now for the future by making a multi-year pledge.

During the years of conflict, Afghanistan has foregone many forms of foreign aid that a country of its per capita income might have expected. There have, of course, heen limited United Nations programmes inside Afghanistan. In addition, there has been bilateral assistance. Nevertheless, there has been aln1ost a decade of lost opportunities for development, as against relief, in much of Afghanistan.

At a later stage, when the situation permits, the international cotnmunity could also help Afghanistan to make up for the years of development lost. At this point in time, it is hoped that the activities of the financial institutions will dovetail with these recovery activities at an appropriate stage.

For the immediate future, though, the priority is to make prompt operational arrangements that will meet the vast relief and rehabilitation demands. It is clear that the conditions inside Afghanistan, the impressive but limited capacities of the relief agencies to function inside the country and the constraints on the reach of public services make it unrealistic to attempt a nation-wide rehabilitation effort at the present stage. ACKU

We must start where we can. At every step the Co-ordinator will have the task of matching the unlimited needs against the limited absorption capacity. l-Ie has set himself certain criteria for deciding, together with his colleagues fron1 the United Nations System, in which regions of the country relief and rehabilitation operations can be satisfactorily initiated. These criteria are:

202 (a) The presence of !arge nun1bers of v,_dnerable people in need of assistance, be they returnees, internally displaced persons, war injured, women, children or others;

(b) The reasonable assurance that an area has returned to stability and security and that it is safe for people to return. One critical condition for security is that an area has been adequately cleared of mines;

(c) Access to the area for United Nations staff and other project personnel to ensure the programme's consistency with the humanitarian principles of the operation as we11 as its effectiveness;

(d) Accessibility of an area for the materials and supplies required for the operations; logistical problems must be overcome.

Following his visit to the region, it is the Co-ordinator's view that there are a number of areas which can be provisionally identified as meeting these conditions. Further fact-finding n1issions to the area will be undertaken to confirm this. It is critical that the first confidence-building projects begin as soon as possible.

An integrated approach in the locations covered is proposed. Together with implementing partners that accept the humanitarian principles of the mission, the Co­ ordinator will establish a range of decentralized services, including immediate short­ term relief to vulnerable groups, and of services and infrastructure repairs that will raise communities to a minimumACKU level of self-reliance as rapidly as possible. So, in any given area where operations are initiated, an attempt will be made to provide a minimum slate of services. These will include initial food aid to returnees and internally displaced persons as well as vulnerable groups. The longer­ term food-for-work programmes will be linked to infrastructure repairs. This latter phase will be monitored to ensure that the provision of food aid encourages the return to agricultural self-sufficiency and other productive activities.

203 In addition, basic inputs covering such essentials as seeds, tools, irrigation 9 draught animals, prin1ary health care, drinking water, education, housing and rural transport will be provided. In a fragmented land, the approach must inevitably be geographically piecemeal but it must also be intensive as the recovery and rehabilitation activities are extended to each region of the country as the situation pern1its.

If the inputs are standard, the output should not be. Afghanistan is a land of diversity. If the assistance is responsive to and driven by the grass-roots needs of the Afghans it is intended to help, the programme will yield as n1any different fruits as its beneficiaries choose to derive from it.

It is clear that irnplementation will primarily rely on the energy and resourcefulness of the Afghan people themselves. The assistance of the United Nations System as well as ICRC, LRCS and the non-governmental organizations (NGOs) will, however, he critical. This operational chain must adhere to the humanitarian, non-political guidelines that the Co-ordinator will provide.

The Role of the Co-ordinator:

The Co-ordinator's functions may he sun1med up as follows:

(a) Central co-ordination of the vanous components of the action undertaken within the United NationsACKU Systen1 on behalf of the Secretary-General; (b) Monitoring of operations tn the context of an integrated United Nations programme of humanitarian and econon1ic aid while implementation rematns the responsibility of the agency concerned;

(c) Discussions and negotiations with all concerned parties, when necessary, as the spokesn1an for the United Nations System;

204 (d) Adoption of a flexible and geographically decentralized approach to meeting humanitarian and economic needs on the basis of a realistic assessment of implementation and absorption capacity area by area.

The United Nations system has made growing use of co-ordinators to provide leadership among individual agencies when responding to a complex crisis. The appointment of co-ordinators has been welcon1ed as a significant measure for enhancing effectiveness, eliminating duplication and increasing the confidence of donors in the responsiveness of the United Nations System.

The Co-ordinator sees as a first priority the development of an information system in order to provide more solid ground for planning. There have been impressive, but necessarily partial, surveys carried out inside Afghanistan seeking to measure physical damage and crop loss. A lot of data, however, really only covers the main urban centres at this point. The data base will include both an extension of such work and also satellite imagery and other such techniques to build up a comprehensive picture of the Afghan people's condition. It will vary widely from region to region. Such a system must also be predictive: where are refugees likely to move back to? Will the current overflow populations of cities and towns return to their rural areas? The new demographics of the country in the recovery phase wiJI not be replica of what they were 10 years earlier. Despite the conflict, and in n1any ways because of it, a process of social and economic change is under way in Afghanistan that cannot beACKU ignored in planning for recovery. Even before recovery, in the emergency relief and rehabilitation phase, there are elements of uncertainty that point to the need to give the Co-ordinator and his colleagues in the agencies maximum flexibility. In the midst of continued hostilities, it is vital that donors do not hold back; they must give the United Nations Systen1 the n1eans to drive in a humanitarian wedge for peace. 1-Iowever, with the pace of repatriation still unclear, the Co-ordinator must retain flexibility over the use of resources. This will enable the appropriate agencies to start grass-roots rehabilitation efforts in areas where security has been restored, where there are people already in

205 need and where, in the near future, many more may return and 1mpose themselves on a weakened infrastructure.

The selection of geographic target areas of operation for the United Nations programme will hopefully give donors the assurance of operational effectiveness. Nevertheless, difficulties in implementation will remain, and one of the functions of the Co-ordinator will be to monitor projects. He in no way sees this task as replacing the agencies' own responsibilities to report on the use of funds but rather as measuring the impact of projects on beneficiaries. If projects do not have the expected impact, he will reserve the right to review the priorities.

There are certain tasks that do not fall within the mandates of the agenctes. In the case of the Afghan people, the most urgent is mine clearance. The Co­ ordinator has already initiated a series of discussions with concerned parties and hopes to arrive at a satisfactory plan of action.

Finally, the needs of the Afghan people pose a challenge to the capacity of the United Nations System and its many partners in this operation to deliver assistance in an effective and appropriate way. A decentralized approach has been adopted in a double sense: target areas will be selected and, within those areas, services will be delivered at a decentralized local level so that people will settle back permanently in their home areas and not find themselves on a migratory treadn1ill, dependent upon relief distribution centres. The fundamental purpose of this programme is to link people back to their homes and engender self-reliance in order to avoid insti tu tionalizi ng rei ief. ACKU

206 ANNEX III.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF UN ASSISTANCE TO AFGHANISTAN

UN assistance to Afghanistan within the framework of Operation Salam ts guided by the following principles, as set out in the UN Plan of Action, 1989:

( 1) All assistance will be provided on a purely humanitarian has is. It will he of a strictly non-political and neutral character.

(2) There will be a degree of simultaneity, as appropriate, in the provision of assistance for emergency relief, rehabilitation and initial reconstruction programmes.

(3) United Nations assistance programmes will be determined on the basis of a humanitarian consensus at the local level and shall not be used as a political tool by any group.

( 4) Programme activities inside Afghanistan will be at the community level. Aid allocations will be made on the basis of identified needs as assessed by the United Nations and taking into account assistance from other sources.

(5) A11 unearmarked contributions in cash and kind to the United Nations programmes willACKU be pooled together in order to emphasize their multilateral and non-political character. The Co-ordinator for Humanitarian and Economic Assistance Programmes relating to Afghanistan shall decide, in consultation with the United Nations agencies concerned, the allocation of resources.

(6) In order to alleviate population pressure on the cities and taking into account that the majority of refugees and internally displaced are of

207 rural origin, aid allocations to rural areas will receive priority. I lowever, the needs of urban centres will also be reflected as they en1erge.

(7) United Nations assistance will be progran1med and distributed so as to avoid creating conditions of long-term dependency on external assistance.

(R) The established United Nations practices relating to monitoring and reporting of the assistance programmes will be followed while taking fully into account the prevailing conditions.

(9) Operational activities will be undertaken by vanous UN agenc1es 111 accordance with their respective mandates while the Co-ordinator's Office will ensure, in addition to its co-ordinating role, the implementation of those tasks not covered by the specific mandates of participating UN Agencies and Programmes.

ACKU

208 ANNEX IV.

TERMS OF REFERENCE OF SALAM MOBILE UNITS (SMUs)

In the context of the agreed inter-agency text (Annex 2 of the 1990 Plan of Action) entitled "Terms of Reference of SMUs", the following paragraphs elaborate on the specific terms applicable to the SMUs to be deployed in the areas where refugees are expected to return.

The Terms of Reference are as follows:

1. To develop a mechanistn to ensure that UN assistance reaches all segments of the needy population without discrimination;

2. To establish a durable UN presence in the designated area and, where possibJe, links with other areas in the province;

3. To assess the situation and the needs of returning refugees and displaced persons, and make arrangements for the provision of appropriate assistance as required;

4. (a) to assess the need for food aid and initiate wherever possible internal prepositioning and food distribution, as appropriate; (b) in order to promoteACKU the food self-sufficiency of the population, to assess agricultural needs, define required inputs, and deliver them in time for the 1990 winter planting season;

5. To initiate action for the repair of existing irrigation networks;

6. To determine the status of the existing health and sanitation infrastructure, and initiate the provision of assistance wherever possible;

209 7. To assess the situation of mines and unexploded ordnance in the area, and to propose ways of addressing the problem;

8. To determine the security of routes of supply from neighbouring countries and initiate any road repair works that may be required;

9. To organize and implement, either through acceptable counterparts or, in their absence, directly, emergency assistance based on assessed needs as identified by the SMU or Salam Missions to the area;

10. To collect data relating to the social and economic infrastructure of the area, to humanitarian needs and to the overall situation;

11. To monitor existing UN-funded projects in the area and to report on progress in their implementation;

12. To assess the need for construction materials to rebuild private and public buildings, particularly in the health and education fields;

13. To identify new operational partners or strengthen the existing ones for project implementation.

The team may include, when necessary, experts for short-term missions tn various sectors of activity. ACKU Division of Rcponsibilities

1. Responsibility of the SMU Team Leader

(a) presents a unified United Nations approach to the Afghan/NGO counterparts working in Afghanistan;

(b) maintains a co-ordinated approach and defines priorities within the team;

210 (c) acts as Security Officer for the mission and team members and, in consultation with the members of the n1ission, is responsible for decisions regarding security considerations. The Security Officer must decide on the evacuation of individual SMU members or the entire team, in consultation, whenever possible, with their respective Headquarters and UNOCA;

(d) responsible, in consultation with mission members, for a joint weekly SITREP to UNOCA and the respective Headquarters of team members;

(e) responsible for close contacts with the UN offices in the region;

(f) responsible for the general guidance of the overall UN response in the area, and for the evaluation of UN, NGO or local counterpart proposals for implementation.

2. Responsibility of SMU Team Members

(a) SMU members are responsible, in co-ordination with the Team Leader, for pursuing the objectives of their respective agencies.

(b) SMU members should have the capacity to communicate directly with their Headquarters or their regional bases. A system of time allocation for messages will be determined by the Team Leader in consultation with the team and the support base and, ACKUexcept for security purposes, shall be strictly adhered to. Administration

(a) Participating agencies placing non-expendable property at the disposal of the SMU retain the ownership of such property according to each agency's financial rules and regulations. The utilization and deployment of equipment during the SMU is decided in consultation with the Team Leader and the members.

211 (h) The lead agency will assume responsibility for meeting normal administrative costs relating to the SMU.

(c) The lead agency is not expected to bear costs related to the support of internationally recruited UN or other staff members, nor is the lead agency expected to bear the costs of staff recruited locally by representatives of agencies for their own project activities/operational requirements.

Potential Pro~:ramme Operations

Each SMU metnber should be encouraged to propose projects and rnake recommendations for effective and speedy action. Agencies are encouraged to appoint SMU men1bers with authority to initiate action on their agencies' behalf.

In view of the importance attached to the process of voluntary repatriation and In order to ensure that, at all times, the SMU benefits from leadership by international staff, it is understood that the UN bodies willing to commit a long-term presence will constitute the core group of the SMU, from which the team leader will be designated on the basis of seniority and experience.

ACKU

212 ANNEX V.

COMPENDIUM OF PROJECTS

The compendium of projects and sub-projects which follows as Annex V is the first comprehensive presentation of all the assistance activities undertaken by the United Nations System for the benefit of the Afghan people. It is intended not only to serve as one of the tools for coordination of activities within the United Nations hut also to provide to donors, to non-governrnental organisations and, above all, to beneficiaries themselves, an overview of the extensive hun1anitarian work undertaken and supported by the United Nations despite the volatile situation prevailing in the country.

For those interested, much greater details are, of course, available in the proposals, agreements and progress reports relating to each projects. This is, however, the first attempt to present all projects and sub-projects in a single, succinct document. It needs to be further improved upon and it is proposed to issue updates at regular intervals.

The breakdown of projects and sub-projects in tern1s of sectoral acttvtty ts contained in Table 1 of the Consolidated Report while Table 2 provides the total financial requiren1ents by sector.

It should be noted thatACKU due to the need to gather and check the necessary data both from the Headquarters and the Field Offices, the cut-off time for inclusion of projects and sub-projects was fixed at 1 September 1990. Since then a number of new proposals have been initiated while several projects and sub-projects have been either completed or moved from the pipeline to operational status. These changes will he reflected in the next update to be issued at the end of the year.

213 ANNEX V PROJECTS AND SUB-PROJECTS

Out of a total of 239 projects : 225 are single projects while 14 major projects are divided into 248 sub-projects TOTAL NUMBER OF OPERATION SALAM PROJECTS AND SUB-PROJECTS: 473 (The following list excludes the proposed projects. Tables 1 and 2 included in the Overview at the beginning of the Report, however, provide a comprehensive statement of the present status of all 473 projects and sub-projects)

Key: C =Completed, 0 =Operational, P =Pipeline

Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

AGRICULTURE

AAD/APP/09 Agricultural Rehabilitation Kunduz 70,000 c Increased food production through cleaning and repair of Mir Obaidullah Canal, which irrigates 4,000 jeribs of land for 1 , 000 f ami l i es. DCA/APP/02 Veterinary Training and Support Center 57,001 c Center to provide training and extension services. ESA/APP/37 Survey of Irrigation System/Engineering Serv. 19,810 c Survey of irrigation in Said Abad in ~ardak Province and Urgun in Paktika Province. ESA/APP/58 Cleaning and Repair Irrigation Karezes 19,657 c 2 kms cleaned in Ghazni (Zaneh Khan). FRF/APQ/54 Bakwa Karez Cleaning 17,839 c 33 kms of canal works repaired. HUL/APQ/49 Gazak Irrigation Rehabilitation 16,962 c Irrigation rehabilitation in Zabul (3.6 kms. canal work). IRC/APP/43 Irrigation Repair in Ali Khel 15,428 c Cleaning and repair of 4 karezes in Ali Khel district. MCI/AP0/14 Agricultural Rehabilitation 19,048 c Agricultural rehabilitation covering 300 families (15 kms. canal works) in Darweshan in South Helmand. MCI/APQ/45 Animal Health Programme ACKU69,004 c Animal health programme in Darweshan in Helmand and Deshu, Dand and Shorowok in Kandahar. MDR/APP/04 Agro-pastoral Programme 68,037 c Agro-pastoral programme covering 3,400 families in ~eygal and Parun Valleys in Kunar Province. MDR/APP/05 Agro-pastoral Programme 39,680 c Beneficiaries: 3,500 families in Laghman (Alingar). PVC/APP/51 Livestock Survey Paktika Province 2,118 c Field work has been completed. Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

RAF/APP/17 Irrigation System 19,765 C Irrigation system covering 640 farmers (13.3 kms. canal works) in Sherkaneh and Chaghasarai in Kunar Province. RAF/APP/57 Irrigation Canal Survey 12,881 C 57.2 km of canal works surveyed in 11 districts.

SAG/APP/60 Fertilizers Distribution (Urea) 18,155 C Distribution of urea in Panjwai-East and Dand-~est. SCA/APP/29 Training in Plant Protection & Extension 19,962 C Training provided in Faryab and Herat province. · SNI/APP/13 Animal Vaccination & Survey Project 17,758 C Project in Balkh (Dowlatabaud), beneficiaries 1,000 families. AFG/89/A04 Primary Agric Inputs for 1989/90 678,940 c Provide necessary inputs of wheat seed, fertilizer and farm implements for the 89/90 planting season to ensure. increased

supply of wheat in ~estern Afghanistan. UNO/AFG/003/UNA Purchase of ~heat Seed 88/89 Crop Season 1,283,000 c To assist farmers inside Afghanistan as well as returning refugees through the provision of wheat seed. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(A) Agricultural Assistance 67,886 c Project implemented by IRC in Paktya (Jani Khel). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(B) Agricultural Assistance 35,729 c Project implemented by IRC in Paktya (Jaji). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(C) Irrigation Rehabilitation 45,760 c Irrigation rehabilitation in Paktya (Dand-wa-Patan). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(D) Irrigation Rehabilitation 45,473 c Irrigation rehabilitation in Paktya (Jani Khel) . 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(F) Irrigation Rehabilitation 42,214 c Irrigation rehabilitation in Paktya (Mosa Khel). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(G) Agricultural Assistance to Ghazni Province 90,953 c Project implemented by SCA. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(H) Agricultural Assistance to ~ardak Province 65,062 c Project implemented by SCA. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(I) Agricultural Assistance to Logar 107,533 c Project implemented by SCA. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(J) Agricultural Assistance to Paktika Province 83,333 c Project implemented by SCA. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(K) Crop Protection in 9 Provinces 107,381 c Crop protection in Kunar, Laghman, Nangarhar, Kabul , Wardak, Logar, Paktia, Paktika, Ghazni by SCA. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(O) Agricultural Rehabilitation 44,038 c Agricultural rehabilitation in Kunar province. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(01) Crop Production/Irrigation RehabilitationACKU 153,583 c In Logar province by ARC. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(02) Crop Production/Irrigation Rehabilitation 192,863 c In Ghazni province by ARC. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(03) Irrigation ~ork - Construction of Dam. 94,143 c Construction of dams in Nangarhar (Sorkh Rod). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(04) Irrigation Repair 21,123 c Irrigation repair in Logar (Mohammad Agha). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(OS) Crop Production in Logar Province 35,671 c Project implemented by HCI. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(06) ' Crop Production 40,503 c Crop production in Paktya (Zormat). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(07) Crop Production 31,697 c Crop production in Pakteka (Mota Khan). N ~ Ln Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFGC08) Crop Production 34,482 c Crop production in Ghazni {Malestan). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(09) Agricultural Assistance 24,600 c Project implemented by GAC in Ghazni province. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(011) Agricultural Assistance 42,981 c Project implemented by ISRA in Nangarhar province. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(012) Agricultural Assistance 43,651 c Project implemented by DCA in Logar province. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(014) Agricultural Assistance 41,762 c Project implemented by AHSAO in Nangarhar (Behsud). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(017) Agricultural Assistance 43,533 c Project implemented by AHSAO in Kunar (Khas Konas). 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(018) Crop Production/Agricultural Rehabilitation 171,476 c In Ghazni province completed by Afghanaid. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(019) Irrigation Rehabilitation and Crop Production 100,152 c In Nangarhar province by Afghanaid. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(022) Agricultural Assistance 114,114 c In Ghazni province by AFRANE. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(023) Agricultural Rehabilitation 109,805 c In Ghazni province by AFRANE. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(C) Irrigation Rehabilitation 84,924 c Irrigation rehabilitation in Golodun, Char Bolak, Rodbar, Bandar and Dufla in Nimroz Province. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(E) Crop Protection- Agricultural Assistance 64,833 c Crop protection in Shindand (Herat), Kajaki Ginshi (Helmand), Gozara CHerat), Zabul Province and the centre of Kandahar by ASA. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(F) Agricultural Rehabilitation Assistance 103,667 c In Kandahar province by SCA. UNO/AFG/002/UNA Management Support Agricultural Inputs (a) 200,000 c To support wheat production, the staple diet of the people and cultivation of maize, vegetables and barley. Vaccination of animals. Rehabilitation of irrigation. AFG/88/A05 Seed Testing & Multiplication 99,600 c Identification and multiplication of suitable varities of wheat seeds and distribution to farmers. UNO/AFG/005/UNA Purchase of Fruit Trees/Poplars Spring 89 200,000 c To assist farmers as well as returning refugees through the provision of fruit trees in order to rebuild the base for ACKUfruit production. AAD/APP/22 Opium Crop Substitution Survey (c) 4,781 c A detailed Opium crop substitution survey in the distr ict s of Badakhshan has been completed. 89/AR/PAK/RP/387/AFG(E) Agricultural Assistance 143,071 c Agricultural assistance in Kunar, Asa Abad district, by !SRA. 89/AR/PAK/RP/387/AFG/{G) Irrigation and Rehabilitation 21,502 c Irrigation and rehabilitation in Nangarhar, Khogiani district, by AFGHANAID. 89/AR/PAK/RP/388/AFG(A) Crop Production 166,394 c Crop production in Kandahar, Maruf district, by ARC . Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

89/AR/PAK/RP/388/AFG(B) Herbicide Programme in Six Provinces 68,857 C Herbicide programme in Farah, Herat, Helmand, Kandahar, Nimruz, Zabul, implemented by ASA. 90/AR/AFG/RP/376 Agricultural Tools - Contribution in Kind 14,345 C Provision of agricultural tools. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(01) Crop Production 31,542 C Project implemented by SCA in Ghazni (Andar). 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(02) Crop Production 25,000 C Project implemented by SCA in Wardak province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(03) Crop Production 33,333 C Project implemented by SCA in Logar (Sasaki). 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(04) Crop Production 50,048 C Project implemented by SCA in Panjwai and Arghandab in Kandahar. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(05) Crop Production in Six Provinces 25,000 c Project implemented by SCA in Farah, Kunar, Nangarhar, Laghman, Kandahar and Helmand. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(06) Crop Production in Lalpur and Arghistan 15,431 c Project implemented by AFGHANAID in Nangarhar (Lalpur) and Kandahar (Arghistan). 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(07) Crop Production 49,344 c Project implemented by AFGHANAID in Zabul province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(08) Crop Production 60,225 c Project implemented by AFGHANAID in Kapisa (Rokhar) . 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(09) Crop Production and Irrigation 91,988 c Project implemented by ARC in Logar (Charkh). 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(10) Crop Production and Irrigation 48,211 c Emergency agricultural assistance by ARC. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(11) Crop Production and Irrigation 79,933 c Emergency agricultural assistance by ARC in Salisoon, V. aruf , Vbatoo in Kandahar province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(12) Crop Production and Irrigation 60,702 c Emergency agricultural assistance by ARC in Ghazni province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(13) Crop Production and Irrigation 34,990 c Assistance by NCA in Nangarhar province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(14) Crop Production and Irrigation 248 c Contribution to agricultural assistance by NCA in Pakt i0 province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(15) Crop Production 18,434 c Project implemented by BIA/MADERA in Kunar province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(16) Crop Production 33,314 c Project implemented by BIA/MADERA in Kunar province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(17) Crop Production and Irrigation ACKU118,016 c Project implemented by AFRANE in Logar province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(18) Crop Production and Irrigation 121,305 c Project implemented by AFRANE in Deh Yak and Waghaz in Ghazni province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(19) Crop Production and Irrigation 85,714 c Project implemented by SOLIDARITE in Zindajan, Enjil, Gozara and Pashtun Zarghun in Herat province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(20) Crop Production and Irrigation 85,714 c Project implemented by SOLIDARITE in Kandahar province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFG(21) Crop Production and Irrigation 36,057 c Project implemented by SCF in Shenkay in Zabul province. N ~ -J Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFGC22) Crop Production and Irrigation 162,171 C Project implemented by MCI in Shenkay in Zabul province. 88/AR/VAR/RP/3/AFGC23) Crop Production 171,429 C Project implemented by INDOORS in Helmand, Nimruz, Kandahar, Uruzgan. 89/AR/PAK/RP/371/AFG Veterinary Training Project 34,831 c Training in preventive and curative techniques for disease control among livestock by GAF. OCA/AFG/AGR/9-002 Silk Production in Zindajan 1791011 c Rehabilitation of silk production and weaving by distribution of silk worm seeds. OCA/AFG/AGR/9-001 Silk Production in Herat 112,760 c To increase production and improve quality of silk, provide work for at least 200 families. OCA/USR/AGR/0-013 Inputs for Sunnpest/Locust Control (Phase!) 2,145,000 c Provision of equipment and chemicals by USSR. ACA/APP/33.1 N. Afgh. Crop Prot. Proj. Sar-i-Pul Project 65,258 0 Eradication of locust/sunnpest, grow Blue Silver wheat, establish trained cadre of extensionists. ACA/APP/33.2 N. Afgh. Crop Prot. Proj. Sangchark Project 62,258 0 Eradication of locust/sunnpest, grow Blue Silver wheat, establish trained cadre of extensionists. ACA/APP/33.3 N. Afgh. Crop Protection Proj. Durzab Project 65,258 0 Crop Protection Durzab and Belscheragh in Faryab Province. AFR/APP/36 Mechanic ~orkshop in Afghanistan 19,952 0 Mechanic workshop in Maiwand in Kandahar Province and Mohd Agha in Logar Province. CAS/APP/62 Veterinary Services in Kunar 69,798 0 Establishment of three vet. field units each to provide coverage for 30,000 sheep/goats, 9,000 cattle and 5,000 packanimals; provision of logistic support to the VFUs. DCA/89/03 Veterinary Training and Support Centres 302,789 0 Establishment and logistic support to VFUs for health care for 40,000 sheep/goats, 4,000 cattle and 5,000 packanimals . GAF/APP/10 Veterinary Services 151703 0 Veterinary clinic established; 12,000 sheep, 8,000 cattle ACKUvaccinated; 4,000 treated for other problems. GAF/APP/35 Veterinary Services 13,990 0 Livestock improvement in Koti Ashro and Jalrez. GAF/APP/61 Veterinary Services in 11 provinces 433,948 0 Veterinary centres each providing care for 40,000 sheep/goats, 4,000 cattle and 5,000 packanimals. HCI/APP/59 Irrigation Repair 20,000 0 Irrigation repair in Logar (Mohammed Agha). IRC/APP/42 Irrigation Repair in Jaj i /Ahmad Khel 19,782 0 Irrigation repair in Jaji and Ahmad Khel in Paktia Province. IRC/APP/64 Maize Multiplication Training & Distribution 58,458 0 In 6 districts of Paktia province. KAG/APC/65 Agriculture Support to Ghazni Province 3,122 0 Support to Ghazni (Jaghori and Carah Bagh). Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

NCA/APP/31 Northern Afghanist. Crop Protection Projects 69,259 0 Crop protection programme in Rogh and Faizabad in Badakhshan Province. NCA/APP/32 Northern Afghanist. Crop Protection Projects 69,259 0 Crop protection programme in Jurm and Keshem in Badakhshan Province. RD'.J/APP/38 Reconstruction Rural Development in '.Jardak 19,650 0 Cleaning and repair of 200 m. karezes in Sadat Khel and 90 m. in Kamal Khel village. SCA/ APP /28. 1. N.Afgh.Crop Protection Progr. Ghorian Project 45,754 0 Crop protection programme in Ghorian, Zindajan and Herat city in Herat. SCA/APP/28.2 N. Afgh. Crop Prot. Progr. Gulran Project. 37,382 0 Locust/sunnpest control to increase wheat production and crops; training/employment of extensionist cadre. SCA/APP/28.3 N. Afgh. Crop Prot. Progr. Qaysar Project. 62,790 0 Locust/sunnpest control to increase wheat production and crops; training/employment of extensionist cadre. SCA/APP/28.4 N. Afgh. Crop Prot. Progr. Kohistan Project 29,029 0 Locust/sunnpest control to increase wheat production and crops; training/employment of extensionist cadre. SCA/APP/28.5 N. Afgh. Crop Prot. Progr. Oala-i-Now Project 56,490 0 Crop protection programme in Qala-i-Now and Kushk-i-Khona in Badghis. SCA/APP/28.6 N. Afgh. Crop Prot. Progr. Cadis Project 53,490 0 Increase wheat production by use of insecticides and applicators; placement cadre of extensionists. SCA/APP/28.7 N. Afgh. Crop Prot. Progr. Murghab Project 23,527 0 Increase wheat production by use of insecticides and applicators; placement cadre of extensionists. SCA/APP/28.8 N. Afgh. Crop Prot. Progr. Gormach Project 23,527 0 Increase wheat production by use of insecticides and applicators; placement cadre of extensionists. SNI/90/01 Veterinary Services Northern Provinces 53,735 0 Training 1 paravet and 6 vaccinators. SNI/APP/47 Amanat Venture ACKU68,324 0 Pilot project to assess possibilities to establish a Karakul sheep breeding flock, depleted during the war. SNI/APP/53 Rehabilitation Irrigation Syst. in Nangarhar 19,685 0 Cleaning and repair of 7 karezes benefitting 589 families. VSF/APP/07 Animal Husbandry Development '.Jardak 67,059 0 Vaccination of 30,000 sheep, 5,000 cattle, 10,000 poultry; 2 paravets and 5 vaccinators trained. '.JRC/APP/5-2 Initial Assessment Survey 4,883 0 Initial Assessment Survey for Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of Agriculture. '.JRC/APP/56 Improvement Drinking '.Jater Supply 6,650 0 Digging of wells for supplying improved drinking water to N ~ \..0 N N 0

Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

250 houses. WS/APP/44 Vaccination Services in Chamkani District 3,328 0 Provisions of vaccines; employment of i vaccinator, as part

of ongoing ~VS animal health programme. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(A) Crop Production/Irrigation Rehabilitation 253,286 0 Crop production and irrigation rehabilitation Maruf, Panjwai, Spin Boldak, Dand, Arghistan and Daman · in Kandahar Province by MCI. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(O) Agricultural Assistance 61,119 0 In Ghazni province by !AHC. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(G) Agricultural Assistance & Rehab. I rr. System 202,995 0 In Zabul province by SCF. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(I) Agricultural Assist. & Irrig. System Rehab. 107,055 0 Agricultural assistance and irrigation system reh~bilitation

in Shah ~ali Kot and Daman in Kandahar Province by SCF.· UN/AFG/102/UNA Rehabilitation of Agriculture in Kunar 1,167,126 0 Rehabilitation of irrigation canals and karezes. UN/AFG/103/UNA Rehabilitation of Agriculture in Paktika 1,526,073 0 Rehabilitation of irrigation canals and karezes. AFG/88/A06 Agricultural Survey & Extension 1,493,426 0 To continue & expand agricultural survey to include small pilot activities related to delivery of limited inputs to farmers. Broad goal is to rehab. agriculture & upgrade capability of other agencies by expanded database on agriculture. AFG/89/580 Rural Rehabilitation and Reconstruction 1,287,223 0 The total budget is$ 1,423,975 of which$ 136,752 is reported under 3 sub-projects for Opium Crop Substitution. AAD/APP/26 Opium Crop Substitution (a) 64,833 0 Irrigation to promote crop substitution to lead to poppy cultivation reduction. Completed design for two aquaducts; work has begun on 3 schools; food-for-work. AAD/APP/27 Opium Crop Substitution (b) 67,138 0 Education and irrigation projects intended to promote Opium crop substitution to lead to poppy cultivation reduction. UNO/ AFG/1 04/UNA Management Support Project (b) ACKU628,506 0 To give direct support to implementation rehabilitation programme & coordinate at field level by an operational, adm. mechanism for logistic and adm. support, mainly to cross border operation. 89/AR/PAK/RP/387/AFG(B) Irrigation Rehabilitation and Crop Prod. 354,501 0 Irrigation, rehabilitation and crop production in Musakhel, Janikhel and Danda-Patan districts of Paktia Province. 89/AR/PAK/RP/387/AFG(D) Crop Production 165,433 0 Crop production in Logar (Charakh, Baraki Barak) by ARC. Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

89/AR/PAK/RP/387/AFG(F) Herbicide Programme in Nine Provinces 149,619 0 Herbicide programme in Kunar, Laghman, Nangarhar, Kabul, ~ardak, Logar, Paktika, Paktia, Ghazni implemented by SCA/ASA. UNO/AFG/101/UNA Provision of Essential Agricult.Inputs 88-90 6,700,000 0 Rehabilitation of the agriculture by distribution of Blue

Silver ~heat seed for spring planting on rainfed land; purchase of fruit trees & poplars and other agricultural inputs. UN/AFG/007/UNA Essential Agricultural Inputs 1990/91 1,435,000 0 To provide input packages (fertilizers, diammonium phosphate) to farmers needing only simple assistance to enhance self-sufficiency. AFG/90/A10 Increased Agricultural Production 970,000 0 Increased agricultural production in~. Afghanistan through supply of 2,000 MT wheat seed, 5,000 MT fertilizer, 2,000 MT herbicides, 117 motor pumps, 300 handpumps, tractors, etc . 90/AR/PAK/RP/377 AFG Fourth Round Cross Border Assistance Projects 723,000 0 Creation of conditions conducive to the return of refugees . 187,427 beneficiaries from 7 sub-projects in various regions; implemented by AAD, IRC, GAF, and ARC. UNO/AFG/008/UNA Purchase of Fruit Trees and Poplars for 90/91 200,000 0 To assist farmers as well as returning refugees through the provision of fruit trees in order to rebuild the base for fruit production.

89/AR/PAK/RP/379/AFG Purchase and Prepositioning of ~heat Seed 1,115,000 0 Provision of wheat seed and to ensure nutritional conditions in various provinces in Afghanistan for refugee return. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-8 Provision of Fertilizer 1,072,500 0 Provision of 5,000 MT UREA to be distributed in various ACKUprovinces of the country. ARC/90/01 Veterinary Services Kandahar/Ghazni 225,136 p To provide veterinary services for 150,000 sheep/goats, 20,000 cattle and 30,000 pack animals. MCI/APQ/46 Animal Health Programme 68,981 p Veterinary training in Helmand (Baghran, Daman) Kandahar (Arghestan, Spinboldak) benefitting 1500 families. VSF/APP/48 Animal Production in Yaftal Valley 38,295 p Establishment veterinary clinic for 17,000 sheep/goats, 4,000 cattle and 5,000 pack animals. UNDP/PP/10 Production of Simple Agricultural Tools 500,000 p Introduction of simple tools production required for N plantation, harvesting, and for maintenance and repair of N ~ Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

irrigation canals. Training of 50 Afghans. UNDP/PP/11 Expanding Poultry Production 520,000 P Expansion of white meat and egg production, in ~estern Afghanistan, through training in simple technologies of poultry production. OCA/AFG/AGR/0-008 Sunnpest and Locust Control Phase II (90/91) 2,008,000 p Continuation 1989-1990 programme for sunnpest/loc~st control, with delivery of insecticides, equipment, training of extension workers. OCA/USR/AGR/0-004 Elimination of Sunnpest/Locust 1,140,000 p Being finalized with USSR (6/66). OCA/USR/AGR/0-010 Forestry Project 5,500,000 p Being finalized with USSR (12/66).

CULTURE

AX/BTE/9/012 Cultural Programmes for Afghanistan 1 89-•90 300,000 0 To support an exhibition on Herat, to provide assistance to Kabul Museum, to assess damaged national monuments in Bamyan and Herat, to restore traditional carpet weaving, to restore national archives.

ACKUDISABLED ~H0-030 Establishment of 3 Orthopaedic ~orkshops 200,000 c Assistance to physically disabled Afghans through three workshops and training of orthopaedic technicians.

~H0-034 Rehabilitation of Disabled 90,000 c Guidelines for disabled established by CADA.

~HO-KAB-90-005 Establishment of Orthopaedic ~orkshop 443,700 0 Establishment of orthopaedic workshop, training of technicians and procurement of prosthetic materials. AX/JTH/9/011 Assistance to Disabled Afghans in Iran 1,000,000 0 Medical treatment and rehabilitation of disabled Afghans, Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

including provision of rehabilitation appliances. HELP/03 Surgical Treatment for Afghans 331,380 0 Plastic surgeons provide surgical care for Afghan war victims and other disabled in two hospitals in Pakistan.

90/AR/PAK/RP/372/AFG Establishment of Orthop. ~orkshop & Training 110,438 0 Train Afghan refugees to make, fit and align prosthesis and orthosis and train physiotherapists; provide prosthesis to disabled. PAK/90/02/0CA Vocation Rehabilitation of Disabled Afghans 324,979 0 Vocational training courses for disabled Afghans in MTUs & refugee villages by training & deployment in MTUs of voc . rehab. supervisors/instructors/technicians. 90/AR/PAK/RP/375 Rehabilitation Programme for Blind Afghans 71,510 0 Provide rehabilitation services to blind Afghans to productive lives, train assistants. UNOCA/PP/19 Services for Disabled/Disadvantaged 1,000,000 p To establish pilot community based programmes for socio-economic integration of disabled/disadvantaged Afghans. To provide training to relatives of disabled.

~HO/PP/13 CHI Orthopaedic Training Center Project 147,775 p To train 30 Afghan Orthopaedic Technicians for Rehabilitation Centres in Afghanistan. OCA/USR/DIS/0-001 Assistance to Disabled Afghans 2,225,000 p Being finalized with USSR (44/66).

OCA/USR/DIS/0-002 Strengthening of Orthopaedic ~orkshop (Kabul) 336,000 p Being finalized with USSR (49/66). ACKUEDUCATION 209 AFG 12 Provision of School Equipment and Supplies 50,000 0 Kits consisting of basic supplies. 209 AFG 11 Construction of VBECs and Repair Schools 300,000 0 To repair damaged schools in Kandahar (Arghistan), construct

2 VBECs in ~ardak CESAR), 2 in Farah (FRF), upgrade pre-war school in Ghazni (KAG) and repair 3 primary schools in Kabul city. 209 AFG 13 ' Support for Teacher Training Activities 100,000 0 Training of teachers and local organizers for Basic

~ Education programmes. ~ VJ Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

209 AFG 14 Production of Teaching/Learning Materials 100,000 0 Production of children's books on Afghanistan to change the children's image of their country in war; translation into

11 Dari and Pashto of "Facts for Life ; publication of a resource book on drug abuse. 209 AFG 15 Overall Education Support and Admin. Costs 150,000 0 To provide architect, educational adviser and support staff. OCA/IRN/EDU/0·005 Training Plan Afghan Illiteracy Instructors 56,000 0 Training of 100 instructors to teach illiterates in refugee camps in Iran or in Afghanistan. AX/ECE/0/011 Rehabil. of central Primary Schools in Herat 400,000 0 Rehabilitation of central schools in Zindajan and Ghorian: physical reconstruction, providing school equipment and Kerosene heaters. 209 AFG 20 Basic Education Services for East Afghanistan 2,745,000 0 Instruction in reading, writing & arithmetic; skills training for adults; educational opportunities for disabled; instruction in PHC and cultivation techniques. SK/ED/0·001 Repair Damaged Schools 195,000 0 Repair of 3 badly damaged ongoing primary schools in Kabul . UNESCO/PP/02 Training of trainers for teacher training 186,213 p Educational skills training and development of educational infrastructure in Afghanistan: upgrading training skills of Afghan counterparts in primary education and skills of Afghan teachers in Afghan primary schools. OCA/USR/EDU/0·001 Provision of School Equipment and Supplies 2,675,000 p Being finalized with USSR (58/66). OCA/USR/EDU/0·002 Education - Support to Primary Schools 200,000 p Being finalized with USSR (59/66). OCA/USR/EDU/0·003 Rehabilitation of 66 Schools in ProvincesACKU 3,600,000 p Being finalized with USSR (60/66). FOOD AID

MDR/APP/06 Cereal Prograrrrne 39,593 c Cereal programme covering 18,500 families in Petch, ~eygal and Parun in Kunar Province. MSF/APP/15 ' Food Assistance through Cash ~ork 18,590 c Food assistance through cash work covering 6,000 families in Rogh and Shewa in Badakhshan. Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

AX/I TF /8/911 Management Support (Relief/Rehab. programme) 177,400 C To ensure supply of food aid to Afghan refugees in Pakistan and Iran. To provide returnees with food assistance and to facilitate food-for-work activities. AFG/1/INDOORS Food-for-~ork in Farah, Ghazni and Nimroz 980,280 c Provision available in MT: ~heat 724.5, oil 74.25, sugar 49.5, DSM 148.5, tea 7,425 over 12 months to prepare areas for resettlement.

AFG/2/MCI Food-for-~ork in Kandahar province 363 I 167 c a) Provision (in MT) of: ~heat 400, oil 24, sugar 16, DSM 24, tea 2.4 and b) to stabilize food prices and provide

additional food stocks, by operating FF~. AFG/6/UNICEF Feeding Vulnerable Groups 259,096 c Commitment: ~heat 600 MT, oil 90 MT, sugar 45 MT, DSM 36 ·MT over 3 months. AFG/8/AFGHANAID Feeding Vulnerable Groups in Kabul province 15,120 c Assisted 2,660 people in Chardihi district; delivered commodities: wheat 28 MT. AFG/9/AFRANE Feeding Vulnerable Groups in Logar province 15,368 c Assisted 15,000 internally displaced needy people; delivered commodities: wheat 68 MT. AFG/11/RAFA Emergency Feeding/Vulnerable Groups Paktika 401,000 c Assisted 80,000 needy people for one month; delivered commodities: wheat 810 MT. AFG/16/SCA Emergency Food Assistance in Ghazni Province 30,316 c Assisted 600 needy families for four months; delivered commodities: wheat 75.6 MT. AFG/17/LEPCO Feeding Vulnerable Groups in Ghazni Province 151,578 c Supplementary feeding for 9,480 people for 3 months, delivered commodity: wheat 378 MT. AFG/18/AFRANE Food-for-~ork Project in Logar Province 10,350 c Delivered commodity: wheat 26.32 MT; repair of 2 bridges , 6 karezes and one canal. AFG/21/MCI Food-for-~ork Project in Helmand ProvinceACKU 126,315 c Delivered commodity: wheat 315 MT to rehabilitate 15 karezes. AFG/22/AFGHANAID Emergency Food Assistance 401,000 c Assisted 40,000 low income people in Chardihi district in Kabul province; delivered commodity: 1,000 MT. AFG/24/WORLD VISION Emergency Food Assistance to Flood Victims 6,527 c Assisted 267 people for five months; delivered commodity : wheat 16 MT. AFG/26/RAFA , Food-for-~ork and Partial Monetization 118,320 c Delivered commodity: wheat 290 MT; repair of 12 karezes, 170 wells and digging 528 wells. N N Vl Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

AFG/34/SNI Rehabilitation of Irrigation Systems 20,709 C Delivered commod.: wheat 59 MT; rehabilitation irrigation systems, capability for cultivation, increase amount food , train. irrigation methods & system construction, encourage refugee return to area. AFG/36/FRF Bakwa Kareze Cleaning 20,400 c Enhance agricultural production in Bakwa district ~hrough rehabilitation of two irrigation systems. (Food-for-work) . AFG/38/APA Emerg. Food Ass. to Intern. Displaced/Paktia 16,980 c Provide emergency food relief to internally displaced through distribution of wheat & monitoring of food deliveries from Pakistan. 50 MT wheat. AFG/51/NCA Food distribution Kabul Province 83,995 c Food distribution of 200 MT wheat to needy who did not receive food aid in previous distribution. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-2 Provision Food & Other Relief 88/89 (Phase I) 32,922,186 c Distribution of wheat, flour, food and relief items to needy people seriously affected by hard winter 88/89. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-3 Provision Food & Other Relief 88/89 (Ph. II) 46,014,870 c Provision of salt, sugar, soap, blankets, clothing etc. to needy people seriously affected by the hard winter of 88/89. Budget includes loss of supplies for a value of $11,805,000. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-4 Provision Food & Other Relief 88/89 (Ph. III) 555,076 c Provision of wheat, wheatflour , sugar, salt, blankets and other relief items to needy people seriously affected by the hard winter 88/89. ~FP/A~/03 ~FP Field Operations in Afghanistan 1,550,000 0 Field presence to plan and participate in missions and SMUs,

to monitor ~FP supported projects implemented through various international and local NGOs, to provide food assistance to returnees and internally displaced. ~FP/A~/02 Purchase of Commodities/Management SupportACKU 20,000,000 0 Purchase of 800 MT of edible oil and management support for food distribution. AX/ISF/9/891 Emergency Aid to Vulnerable Groups 1,235,000 0 To distribute food to Child Health Clinics, hospitals, Child care centres and schools. To cover aircraft rental.

~FP/PP/01 Vulnerable Group Feeding Afghan Main Cities 2,053,958 0 Feeding of vulnerable groups through MCH-centres, Marastoon Orphanage and Bl ind Institute.

~FP/PP/02 , Multipurpose Food-for-~ork Project/Kabul 203,125 0 Construction of riverbanks, dams, cleaning sewage drains, vocational training centre and reparation of Marastoon in Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

Kabul and forestry project in Kabul area.

AX/ISF/0/893(1) Purchase of ~heat Supplies 457,516 0 Purchase in Uzbekistan of 3000 MT wheat using $457,516 to cover purchase at approx. $150/MT f.o.b. for Afghan border province. AFG/4/RAFA Food-for-~ork and Emergency Feeding 140,000 0 Corrmitment: wheat 400 MT, over 12 months, del iv~red t o sh ur-a as designated by RAFA. Food aid as incentive to about 1,750 workers to do voluntary FFI.J and ensure wheat available t o vulnerable groups in area. AFG/12/RAFA Emergency Feeding for Vulnerable Groups 20,050 0 Approved corrmodity: wheat 450 MT; to assist war disabled and other vulnerable groups. AFG/20/IRC Food-for-Seed Project in Paktia Prov·i nee 421,050 0 Delivered commodities: wheat 1,050 MT; incentive to 10,500 farmers to grow wheat. AFG/23/SCF Food-for-I.Jork in Zabul province 87,819 0 Approved commodity: 219 MT; to repair 84 km of road and 4 bridges and build 4 schools and 3 dispensaries. AFG/25/AFGHANAID Food Assistance to Returnees and Others 43,908 0 Approved commodity: wheat 89 MT; to assist 1200 internal ly displaced people in Ghazni (Deh Yak).

AFG/27/SOLIDARITE AFGH. Cereal Bank in ~ardak 489,600 0 Delivered commodity: wheat 1,200 MT; to assist 69,000 peopl e in five districts for one year. AFG/28/MERCY FUND Food Aid for Low-Income People 816,000 0 Approved commodity: wheat 1,000 MT; to assist 7,000 l ow income people in Nangarhar province. AFG/30/SMU Prepositioning of Food for Salam Mobile Units 280,800 0 Approved corrmodity: wheat 400 MT Kunar, (Asadabad) for multipurp.ffw; 400 MT Paktika for distribution by RAFA

Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

AFG/37/AP'.JO Food Distribution Ghazni(Dehyak & Ramak Area) 178,415 0 Food assistance to vulnerable groups through distribution of wheat to 6,000 people for six months. AFG/39/APA Emerg. Food Ass. to Intern. Displaced/Paktia 285,600 0 Provide emergency food relief to internally displaced through distribution of wheat &monitoring of food deliveries from Pakistan. App. 700 MT wheat. AFG/40/SCF/US Agriculture Rehabilitat. at Ghaziabad farm 3 633,096 0 Agricult. rehabilitation by providing 518 MT wheat (155 MT per month) for food-for-work & encourage workers to remain in home areas. AFG/42/MERCY FUND Emerg. Feeding Vulnerable & Internally Disp. 626,595 0 Monitoring from Pakistan and on-site of food deliveries of 1,500 MT wheat to needy villagers, to affect an income

transfer by free wheat during ~inter and early Spring. AFG/43/VITA Emergency Food for Low-Incomers 206,235 0 Monitoring distribution 500 MT of wheat to 2,000 neediest

families to survive ~inter season. AFG/44/VITA Emergency Food Aid for Low-Income people 328,725 0 Monitoring delivery 800 MT of wheat from Pakistan and on site distribution to 3200 neediest families. AFG/45/RAFA Food Aid for Vulnerable Groups 81,600 0 Supervision of distribution of 200 MT wheat to 5,500 vulnerable people in Nawa district to reduce retail price of wheat and assist war displaced widows & dependants of prisoners. AFG/46/MCI Baghran Road Repair/Public ~arks Project 275 '443 0 Provision of 622 MT wheat for 200 workers & families for the repair of 23.3 km road from Ouala Khor to Paisan. AFG/47/RAFA Emergency Feeding in Babaji and Haji Koshdal 6,170 0 Provision 15 MT wheat in emergency rations to 420 flood victims. AFG/48/~ARDAK Reforestation, Planting Apple Orchards 11,348 0 To supply food-for-work element to ongoing FAO project for ACKUfruit production and agricultural rehabilitation. Distribution of 20 MT wheat. AFG/49/MSF Food Assistance in Badghis (Yakaolang) 366,384 0 To avoid famine and to prevent farmers from migrating to Iran and Pakistan. Distribution of 898 MT wheat. AFG/50/SHUHADA Construction Shuhada Hospital I Food-for-~ork 204,,13 0 Distribution of food to 58 workers on construction of a 50-bed hospital in Jaghori. AFG/52/MCI Kishmish Khana Rehabilitation (A) 738,514 0 To provide cash and food-for-work to local workers and Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

returning refugees on rehabilitation of 540 Kishmish Khana (grape drying facilities). AFG/53/MCI Kishmish Khana Rehabilitation (B) 890,193 0 Provide cash and food-for-work to local workers and returning refugees on rehabilitation of 660 Kishmish Khana. AFG/54/ESAR Construction of two VBEC'S 26,928 0 Provision of 66 MT wheat for cash and food-for-work to workers on construction of two village schools with each three classrooms and two workshops. AFG/55/FRF Construction of Primary Schools 34,637 0 To provide cash and in-kind wages for services of 42 labourers for 3,780 mandays and educational facilities for children and adults. Distribution 26.5 MT wheat. AFG/56/KAG Angori School Repair I Food-for-~ork 23,270 0 Food aid to labourers repairing and rehabilitating Angori school. AFG/57/HU School Feeding Programme 9,572 0 To feed 120 pupils of Gazak School during one school term, including 60 pupils who have to be boarded. Project is intended to provide an incentive to parents to send their children to school. AFG/58/GRC Emergency Food Aid for Kejran District 146,880 0 To provide wheat for relief purposes in food deficit area of Kejran; to prevent further displacement of local population in search of staple food (wheat). AFG/59/SMU Prepositioning of Food for Salam Mobile Unit 612,000 0 To preposition 500 MT wheat in each of the three provinces; Provide food resources for rehabilitation/relief activities; Have available wheat for urgent relief needs if these arise. AFG/60/SMU Prepositioning of Food for Salam MobileACKU Unit 204,000 0 Initially to pre-position 500 MT wheat in district of Arghestan; provide food resources for rehabilitation/relief activities; have available wheat for urgent relief needs if these arise. OCA/USR/MUL/0·003-5 Provision Food Aid for 1990/1991 2,475,000 0 Provision of 10,000 MT wheat to be used for feeding of needy people in Northern provinces and main cities of Afghanistan during the 1990/91 winter period. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-6 , Provision of Sugar and Salt (1989-90) 1,782,000 0 Provision of 5,000 MT sugar and 3,000 MT salt for distribution and for monetization to raise funds for Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

transport of wheat. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-7 Provision of ~heat for Northern Afghanistan 1,724,250 0 Provision of 6,900 MT wheat for distribution to needy people in Northern Afghanistan and for food-for-work and feeding of vulnerable groups in Kabul during the 1989-90 winter.

~FP/PP/06 Guesthouse Facilities for Afghan Returnees 2,688,912 p Offering temporary guesthouse accommodation, transport and food ration under ~FP. Food-for-work programme: Provision of

food element by ~FP.

HEALTH

89/AR/PAK/RP/372/AFG Establ. of Orthopedic ~orkshop and Training 131,000 c Provision of 25 prostheses per month to needy refugees in this initial stage of the project. Beneficiaries were mostly Afghans amputees between 16-40 years of age requiring prosthetic work. 89/AR/PAK/RP/375/AFG Training of Psychiatric Staff 129,740 c Training medical personnel to deal with psychiatric patients. 89/AR/AFG/RP/371 Strengthening of Noor Eye Hospital 27,500 c Update and expand services of Noor Eye Hospital to be able to cope with increased workload. 89/AR/PAK/RP/387/AFG(H) Rebuilding of Chamkani Hospital in Paktia 139,160 c Reconstruction of the hospital carried out by ARCON. 89/AR/PAK/RP/384 Primary Health Care for Afghans 257,393 c To establish a viable community-based primary health care programme with male community health workers and female ACKUhealth workers as an extension of and integrated ~ith existing health infastructure in refugee villages.

~H0-017 Reconstruction/Rehabil. of Health Facilities 400,000 c Herat: provision of health care. Zindajan Centre needs surgical anaesthesia staff. Sadakshan: assessment of health needs in Jurm.

~H0-038 Physician Refresher Courses 39,030 c Establishment of refresher courses for Afghan medical graduates. Examinations held in July 90. Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

WHO/SCA/004 Medical Supply 36?,000 C Procurement/distribution of standard medical kits to trained health workers in Afghanistan. E!ICEF/624 Afghan Rehabilitation Programme 23,147,166 0 The total budget is$ 25,000,000 of which$ 1,852,834 is reported under sub-projects. Eli CEF /624 ( 1) Child Survival Programme 578,034 0 To increase the number of fixed immunization centres in Kabul City. To ensure self-sufficiency in each province regarding manpower. To provide medical supplies. E!ICEF/624 (2) Emergency Aid to Vulnerable Groups 274,800 0 Distribution of blankets, medical supplies and kits. E!ICEF/624 (3) Health and Sanitation Assistance 1,000,000 0 To support the extension of immunization services and improve health care. To assist in the sanitation servic~ and to support Limited nutrition activities. 89/AR/PAK/RP/381 Expanded Programme of Immunization 452,514 0 To purchase and deliver vehicles, insecticide, vaccines, and anti-malaria tablets; to assist different sectors such as water, sanitation, health and nutrition. WHO-KAB-90-001 Essential Drug Production 466,512 0 To establish and enhance capacity of production of 22 additional items of essential drugs. WHO-KAB-90-002 Sterile Ampules and Vials 550,288 0 To establish and enhance capacity of production of items of essential drugs in form of ampules and vials. WHO-KAB-90-003 Strengthening of Intravenous Fluid Production 692,000 0 To enhance capacity in Afghanistan to produce quality I.V. Fluids, necessary for patients suffering from dehydration causing diseases, and to achieve the WHO-objective of good manufacturing practices. WHO-KAB-90-004 Therapeutic Oxygen Production 557,500 0 To establish a unit for the regular supply of badly needed therapeutic Oxygen for critically ill Afghan patients. 88/WH0/001/A(002/A 003/A) Development of Health Programmes ACKU1,577,600 0 Medical supplies, rehabilitation of health points, survey and assessment of needs and development of training programmes. SK/HEA/0-001 Herat Ophthalmic Centre 39,000 0 Refurbishment of Ophthalmic Centre, replacement medical equipment and new medical instruments to provide enhanced hospital and out-patient attention. WHO/PES/90-105 Construction of Health Clinics in the North 1,087,018 0 Construction of clinics in Badakhshan, Baghlan, Kunduz, N w ...... wN N

Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

Parwan and Takhar implemented with the Shura-e-Nazar. SK/DAG/0·001 Assistance to Marastoon Foundation 90,000 0 Completion of three floor building & repair health clinic for destitutes, providing safe drinking & irrigation water, provision of one ambulance. 'WHO/I RN/90- 002 Drug-procur. for Zind./Ghorian Health System 161,000 0 Supply of essential drugs to 2 hospitals, 4 health clinics and 4 health centers. AX/HTH/8/832 Priority Health Sector Projects 581,400 0 Procurement and prepositioning of medical supplies and equipment. Health manpower development. Rehabilitation of disabled. Survey assessment of needs. HELP/01 Child Clinic 473,760 0 Medical care of Afghan children in refugee camps: 9000 per month treated for respiratory problems, first degree malnutrition, skin diseases. AX/HTH/0/834 Rehabilitation Hospitals Zindajan & Ghorian 257,437 0 Emergency rehabilitation of two hospitals in Zindajan and Ghorian district to expand scope health services for rural population and service capacity during repatriation. AX/JTH/9/840 Emergency Medical Programme 106,360 0 Support to GAF for emergency assistance throughout Afghanistan. 90/AR/PAK/RP/384 Primary Health Care for Afghan Refugees 230,496 0 Extension of coom..Jnity-based Primary Health Care Prograrrme involving both Male and Female Community Health 'Workers. AX/HTH/0/835 Hospital Rehabilitation Cala Nau/Herat 360,500 0 Rehabilitation of 1 district hospital in Cala Nau and Herat provincial hospital to expand scope health services and service capacity during repatriation. 89/AR/PAK/RP/376/AFG Reinforcement of EPI Prog. Management/Superv. 328,222 0 Support to management/supervision/training structure of EPI ACKUPrograrrme for Afghan refugees. \JH0-047 Dental Health Service 57,300 0 Training dental technicians and standardization dentistry inside Afghanistan. \JH0-050 Leprosy Control 200,000 0 Strengthening of health facilities and disease control, upgrading training courses through LEPCO. \JH0-013 Sandy Gall Health Programme 117,575 0 Training and production prosthetic orthopaedic devices, physiotherapy training and services. \JH0-015 Upgrading Health Facilities in S'West Afghan. 750,000 0 Establishing, strengthening and upgrading 2 referral Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

hospitals, 23 OPD clinics and 14 mobile clinrcs in 9 provinces. WH0-037 Health Care Facilities 90,000 0 Providing training and ongoing medical care in Zabul. WH0-035 Medical Training for Female Afghan Refugees 100,000 0 A 12 months training course for 30 female Afghan health care workers. WH0-016 Re-establishment of Health System in Logar 420,000 0 To re-establish the health system in Baraki district, Logar province. WH0-032 Standardization of Health Workers Programme 165,532 0 Standardization of training of health workers in Afghanistan. WH0-049 Laboratory Technician Training Project 120,000 0 Standardization of technician training by MSF according. to ACBAR curriculum. WH0-014 Hospital Construction 475,000 0 Funding was allocated for construction hospital and 8 PHC Units, but adequate only for hospital. WH0-041 Clinic Upgrading 400,000 0 Upgrading MCI health facilities in Jawzjan, Helmand, Paktia, Kabul, Baghlan, Ghazni. WH0-044 Survey on Vital Statistics 15,000 0 Survey on vital statistics in Kunar, Nangarhar and Paktia. WH0-042 Laboratory Technician Training 145,000 0 Training of 60 technicians in three courses of four months each by IMC according to curriculum of ACBAR. WHO/AW6/01 Monitoring of Progr. through Field Offices 1,344,000 p Support cost for WHO's HC end Field Offices. WHO/PP/03 Nutrition Monitoring and Rehabilitation 2,125,000 p To reduce malnutrition through en adequate system of Nutrition monitoring and rehabilitation for severly malnourished women and children, including training programme for health staff end community. WHO/PP/04 National Turberculosis Control 1,068,644 p To reduce morbidity of TBC end establish self-sustaining ACKUnational service capacity for TBC control in technical and managerial sense. WHO/PP/05 Malaria end Parasitology Control 4,263,899 p To eradicate malaria morbidity, to improve Leishmaniasis control, to identify distribution of infestinal and other parasites and improve skills national steff end research of institute of malaria and parasitology. WHO/AFG/PHC/003 Support to Primary Health Care System 3,355,437 p To promote and support health system based on PHC in N Ul v.> Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

Afghanistan, providing technical & material support to achieve an acceptable level of health care & improving delivery of PHC to rural areas by construction of BHC•s. WH0-046 Establishment/Rehabilitat.Frontline Hospitals 500,000 p These hospitals, established for the local population, have to cope with considerable increased workload due. to refugees being allowed to use these facilities.

LOGISTICS AND COMMUNICATIONS

89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(015) Construction of Warehouse 44,100 c Construction of warehouse in Ghazi Abad in Nangarhar Province by AHSAO. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(016) Construction of Warehouse 441100 c Construction of warehouse in Nangarhar, completed by AHSAO. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(021) Construction of Warehouse 44,100 c Construction of warehouse in Paktika by ESAR. 89/AR/PAK/RP/387/AFG(C) Construction of two Warehouses in Paktika 109,563 c Construction of warehouse in Sarobi and Sarhawza in Paktika Province by ESAR. 89/AR/PAK/RP/380 ULG Establishment of UNILOG 1,500,000 c Transport and storage facilities for UN Agencies. 89/AR/PAK/RP/386 Leasing of helicopters for Pakistan 2,000,000 c Speedy transport of UNHCR and GOP personnel for monitoring and implementation of UNHCR projects. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-1 Logistics Support Distribution Emergency Aid 51,889,450 c Various items provided by USSR including clothing, kitchen ustensils, blankets, sheets etc. were sold to raise funds for transport of emergency assistance during the 1988-89 ACKUwinter period. IRC/APP/40 Storage Building in Musa Khel 19,860 0 Construction of storage facilities. IRC/APP/41 Storage Building in Danda Patan (Paktia) 19,289 0 Construction of storage building in Oanda Paten. WFP/AW/01 Radio Communication Equipment 20,000 0 Purchase of radios for field offices and vehicles. AXIl SF /0/893 ( 2) Transfer of 1600 MT of Wheat 196,078 0 1600 MT. of wheat to be transported to Afghanistan. AX/LTQ/0/012 Air Operation in Afghanistan 1,056,000 0 To provide air link to outlying provinces in Afghanistan (Hazar, Herat and Feyzabad Offices) and neighbouring Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

countries, for personnel & relief items. ~FP/PP/07 Logistics Support Assistance 750,364 0 Over a 12 months period provision of international and local support staff, vehicle and communications equipment for logistics services to implement UN food and relief programmes. AX/ISF/9/892 Prefabricated Warehouses for N. Afghanistan 177,500 0 To provide prefabricated stores for food distribution in Northern Afghanistan.

90/AR/IRN/RP/373 ~arehouse Construction Project - Iran 1,261,000 0 Construct and equip 10 prefabricated warehouses as a central warehousing facility for repatriation operation. OCA/USR/LOC/0-006 Transshipment Goods through USSR 82,500,000 0 Transportation of food and other UN assistance through USSR territory. Total expenditure as of Octobre 1990: US$ 3,908,355. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-9 Provision of Items to Finance Inland Transp. 29,038,350 0 Provision of soap, fuel, clothing, kitchen utensils, kerosene stoves, blankets, shoes and other supplies. These items are sold to raise funds for transport for the 1989-90 winter. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-10 Provision of Sugar 1,650,000 0 Provision of 5,000 HT sugar to be monetized to raise funds for the transport of food and other relief items during 1990/91 winter period. OCA/USR/MUL/0-003-11 Logistics Support to UN Operations 1,650,000 0 Provision of 33 trucks GAZ six-wheel drive to be used for the transport of UN food and relief items and UN personnel. UNOCA/PP/01 Logistics and Trucking Pool Arrangement 450,000 p Creation of truck-pool and temporary warehouse facilities to bring international assistance to western provinces. OCA/USR/LOC/0-003 Support Trucks for Food DistributionACKU in North 1,155,000 p Being finalized with USSR (64/66).

MANAGEMENT, TRAINING AND SUPPORT

UNOCA/PP/18 RIFAH Human Resources Pilot Project 600,000 0 Development of civilian technical capacity by recruiting and

~ ~ Ln Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

training Afghans for administration and management at local, provincial and central level. 90/AR/PAK/RP/382 Income Generation/Self-Help Activ. for refug. 1,375,587 0 Promote Self-Sufficiency among Afghan refugees.

MINE CLEARANCE

OCA/AFG/MIC/0-013 Mine Clearance Training Programme (MCTP) 7,000,000 0 To train 15,000 Afghan volunteers in basic techniques . of mine clearance and ordnance disposal, to enable them to serve this community in Afghanistan, to provide first aid training to all volunteers. OCA/AFG/MIC/0-014 Medical/First Aid Support for De-mining 500,000 0 To ensure first aid workers assistance for all de-mining activities and victims of the civilian population; to create an appropriate corps of paramedics; training for members of demining teams. OCA/AFG/MIC/0-010 Mine Awareness Programme (MAP) 311301000 0 To train 200,000 Afghans in Mine Awareness in order to provide Afghan people with sufficient awareness and skills to address danger posed by mines; to implement appropriate public education campaigns. Project implemented by IRC and OMA. OCA/AFG/MIC/0-012 Mine Surveying and Demining Assessment 1,855,326 0 To survey, plan operations, monitor and assess results and operation of de-mining projects throughout UN-target areas. ACKUTo provide technical and advisory support to implementing agencies. OCA/AFG/MIC/0-011 Mine Clearance in Afghanistan 5,485,250 0 Mine clearance in UN target areas in Afghanistan to facilitate repatriation of refugees. Establishment of mechanical mine clearance capacity. Activities started in Kunar, Paktika, Ghazni, Bamyan and Kandahar; mechanical mine clearance in Paktika. Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

UNOCA/PP/25 Refresher Training for First Aid Paramedics 35,670 P To train and prepare 44 first-aid paramedics to serve as first-aid teams in support of demining teams on site. AX/ JTD/0/133 Clearance of Hines in Badghis Province 186,500 p To clear the Bala Horghab - Ghormach road of mines. To provide 3 monitors and 2 doctors. To recruit, equip and train locally employed Afghans in demining. OCA/USR/HIC/0-001 Provision of Equipment & Support for Demining 28,354,000 p Being finalized with USSR (27/66).

MULTI-SECTOR

NRC/APP/30 Short Term Assistance for Rehabilitation Team 8,638 c Assistance in rural works. AFG/88/A01 Support to NGOs (Incl.AFG/88/A03-A04) 7,222,103 0 The total budget is$ 10,449,844 of which$ 3,227,741 is reported under sub-projects. AFR/APP/25 Infrastructure Development Programme 51,553 0 Infrastructure development programme covering 4,000 families (7.8 km canal). AFG/89/V01 UNV Hultisectoral Technical Support 4,990,000 0 Recruitment of UNVs to support emergency assistance programme, preliminary rehabilitation/reconstruction and the restoration of a basic level of essential services. 89/AR/PAK/RP/388/AFG(C) Irrigation & Road Repair in Argandab/Kandahar 42,619 0 1 km. of road over the Kajaband pass. 90/AR/PAK/RP/381 Humanitarian Assistance To Afghan Refugees 7,374,095 0 Multipurpose assistance in health, water, domestic needs, ACKUshelter, education, community services and self-reliance activities. AFG/89/A05 Paktika Integrated Rural Rehabilitation 1,891,500 p Provide support for rehabilitation of feeder roads, traditional irrigation facilities, essential inputs and vet. services to stimulate agricultural production, restore basic health and primary education services. Project modalities under revision. AFG/90/ ••• Rehabilitation of Rural Infrastructure 4,144,600 p Rehabilitation of rural infrastructure in Kunar Province I including transportation network, irrigation, education, wN -...... ) N (.).) 00

Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

health care, agriculture and food distribution.

OTHER SECTORS

AVC/APP/11 Mapping Service Bridge Financing 7,562 c District maps for UNDP and ~HO produced. AVC/APP/19 Mapping Service Phasee II 13,186 c Maps produced and distributed to UN and NGOs. IRC/APP/23 Public Administration Programme 57,695 0 Public administration training of 350 field administrators in Nangarhar, Logar and Paktia. AX/KTM/8/111 Public Awareness of Humanitarian Aspects 200,000 0 To increase public awareness of humanitarian aspects of the problem of Afghanistan•s refugees and displaced population. UNOCA/PP/22 Delivery of Bakeries 20,000 0 Purchase of semi-automatic bakeries and generators in Teheran for installation in Afghanistan. AFG/88/A02 UNIDATA 2,064,000 0 To develop a multi-sectoral planning database, plus donor and project information systems. Also to train Afghans in data collection, analysis and project planning. AFG/90/A01 Logistical & Programme Support to Oper. Salam 416,250 p To provide necessary logistical and programme support for implementation assistance programmes with in kind contributions received from donors, including the Soviet Union. AFG/90/004/A/01/37 Extension Services For Industrial Serai 1,471,800 p Erect two industrial serai (handicraft centres) in Kabul and ACKUMazar-i-Sharif.

ROAD REPAIR

AAD/APP/18 Road Repair (Badakhshan) 43,406 c At Garm Shehshma-Badakhshan (border), 6.25 kms widened and 6 Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

kms repaired. DCR/APP/20 Paktika Road Survey Project 171594 c Demining of road Urgun-Sarobi (10 kms.); survey data. IRC/APP/12 Road Repair 31071 c Road repair from Sharinau (Chamkani) via Jani Khel to Zurkot (Musa Khel). KAG/APQ/55 Jagori Road Survey Project 131721 c Survey of 18,5 km of Angori Zirah road completed with design and cost estimates for repair. NRC/APP/03 Short Term Assistance Rehab. Team (START I) 351738 c Survey report on various roads.

NRC/APP/16 Short Term Assistance Rehab. Team (START II) 47 I 105 c Survey done on various roads in 8 provinces. RAF/APP/21 Kunar Road Survey Project 151746 c Detailed engineering survey of 15.12 km road from Asadabad to Asmar to be demined. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(L) Road Repair 441210 c Sirkanay1 Chaghai, Chaghai Serai in Kunar province by SNI. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(N) Road Construction 451361 c Chak to Baraki-Barak 11 kms. Total length was 20.5 kms. The extension of the project is cancelled. 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(013) Road Repair in Kunar Province 41 1707 c Serkaneh-Pashad (19.3 kms.) 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(020) Road Maintenance (in l.Jardak) 431148 c Baraki-Saidabad (25 kms.) 89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(010) Improvement of 60 kms. of Repat. Access Roads 2121649 0 Improvement of 60 kms of repatriation access roads in Bati Kot 1 Lalpur and Mohmand in Nangarhar. Repair of sections of access roads to villages. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(B) Road Repair 831890 0 Reparation of sections of C.A.K Road. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(H) Rehabilitation of 140 kms. of Access Road 1921117 0 Rehabilitation of 140 kms. access road, Shinkai-Qalat, in Lowargay and Shemalzai in Zabul Province. 89/AR/PAK/RP/378/AFG(J) Rehabilitation of 45 kms. of Access Roads 1271748 0 Rehabilitation of 45 kms. access roads in Shah l.Jali Kot and Daman in Kandahar Province. OCA/USR/RORE/0-002 Road & Rehab. Project in Baghlan and Bamyan 119901000 p Being finalized with USSR ( 19/66). OCA/USR/RORE/0-003 Road & Rehab. Project in Balkh and ACKUSar-i-Pul 415001000 p Being finalized with USSR (20/66). OCA/USR/RORE/0-004 Road & Rehab. Project in Faryab 316501000 p Being finalized with USSR (21/66). OCA/USR/RORE/0-006 Road & Rehab. Project in Badakhshan 1,210,000 p Being finalized with USSR (23/66). OCA/USR/RORE/0-007 Road & Rehab. Project in Herat 6,000,000 p Being finalized with USSR (24/66). N ~ 0

Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

SHELTER AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS

89/AR/PAK/RP/377/AFG(M) Establishment of Roofing Factory 60,429 0 Establishment of roofing factory in Mohmand Dara in Nangarhar. 89/AR/PAK/RP/387/AFG(l) Construction Precast Factory 216,455 0 In Paktia (Zormat) by ESAR. AFG/89/A07 Reconstruction of Rural Housing 2,455,000 p To develop alternative approaches to reconstruction in war-affected parts of rural Afghanistan in order to promote return and resettlement displaced persons. OCA/PAK/SHP/0-004 Housing For Repatriates 680,000 p Assistance for shelter to returnees. OCA/USR/SHP/0-002 Provision of Construction Materials 15,000,000 p Being finalized with USSR (26/66). OCA/USR/SHP/0·003 Materials for Reconstruction (9000 MT cement) 820,000 p Under their pledge to Operation Salam the Soviet authorities have been requested to provide on emergency basis 9000 MT of cement for the rehabilitation I reconstruction of houses, community buildings and other infrastructure.

VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION

89/AR/PAK/RP/370 Data Collection for Afghan Repatriation 195,847 c Preparation of contingency plan for repatriation. 89/AR/AFG/RP/370 Assistance to Peace Guest Houses Kabul, Herat 229,000 c Food assistance to repatriates, some 2075 families. 89/AR/AFG/RP/373/PRC Purchase of Commodities for Pre-Positioning 2,056,000 c Procurement of supplies for shelter and domestic needs for ACKUassistance to 750,000 refugees. The assistance includes vehicles, communications, equipment and shelter(tents,tarpaulins). 89/AR/AFG/RP/374 Assistance to Returning Nomads in Afghanistan 37,770 c Project closed due to security reasons hindering supplies. 89/AR/AFG/RP/375 Assistance to Returning Afghans (SHU operat.) 400,000 c Logistics, water, health, shelter, crop production assistance to returnees. 89/AR/IRN/RP/371 Data Collection on Afghan Refugees 394,405 c Data Collection on Afghan refugees in Iran. Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

89/AR/AFG/RP/372 Afghan Repatriation Assistance, in Herat 207,000 C Supply essential drugs, hand tools, clothing to internally displaced as well as repatriates from Iran. 89/AR/PAK/RP/373/AFG Local Admin. & Logistics Support for Repatr. 461,872 c Management of voluntary repatriation. 89/AR/VAR/PA/873/RP Administrative Support Cost of UNHCR in Afgh. 971,000 c Management of UNHCR programmes in Afghanistan, covering: salaries, office, communications incl. equipment, ~ll programme planning and monitoring activities inside Afgh. Funds for these costs are met from unearmarked contributions from various donors. 89/AR/VAR/PA/872/RP Administrative Support Costs of DURA Tehran 893,000 c Management of refugees in Iran and related UNHCR programmes, including SMU monitoring activities. 89/AR/VAR/PA/871/RP Administrative Support Costs of DURA Pakistan 2,038,470 c Management of refugees in Pakistan and related UNHCR programmes, setting up 9 field locations for monitoring refugee movement, telecom network; includes salary of health officer in Islamabad. 89/AR/VAR/PA/870/RP Administrative Support Costs of DURA at HC 2,082,400 c Management of refugees and UNHCR programmes, setting up telecom network, data gathering, overall administration and coordination of programmes. 89/AR/PAK/RP/385 Procurement of various Relief Items in Pak. 1,139,180 c Assistance to Afghan refugees in Pakistan in sanitation, health, education, Live-stock and community services. 89/AR/IRN/RP/370 Procurement of relief goods for stockpiling 2,542,550 0 To assist refugees in Iran, multi-sector support and relief. 89/AR/PAK/RP/374/AFG Cuilt Production for Stockpiling in Pakistan 532,164 0 For prepositioning in view of repatriation. 90/AR/AFG/RP/370 Guesthouse facilities for Afghan Returnees 651,580 0 Assist the needy Afghan returnees to re-establish themselves in their homestead in Afghanistan. 90/AR/AFG/RP/375 Assistance to Returning in ~esternACKU Afghanist. 310,000 0 Provision of relief goods, infrastructure support, supervision of relief activities. 90/AR/VAR/PA/870/RP Administrative Support Costs of DURA at HC 1,651,404 0 To cover administrative costs and continuation of 1989 activities. 90/AR/VAR/PA/871/RP Administrative Support Costs of DURA Pakistan 2,222,678 0 Setting up and running of the Pilot Projects. 90/AR/VAR/PA/872/RP Administrative Support Costs of DURA Tehran 1,088,650 0 Continuation of 1989 activities and strengthening UNHCR presence in Tehran, in expectation of increased field presence. Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

90/AR/VAR/PA/873/RP Administrative Support Costs of DURA in Kabul 764,412 0 To cover continuation of 1989 activities. Kabul office raised to the status of a regular office. 90/AR/AFG/RP/374 SMU Assistance to Returning Afghans in S.Afghan. 650,000 0 Provision of support to areas of origin of groups of refugees returning from camps in Baluchistan and spontaneous settlement in Sistan Baluchistan. OCA/AFG/VORE/0-001 Airlift of returnees from Herat 233,800 0 Transport by air of 4,500 Afghan refugees from Herat/Mashad to Northern provinces, so that refugees can reach their villages of origin. Purpose to decongest guesthouse facilities in Herat. 90/AR/PAK/RP/370 Procurement Stickers for Revalidation Ration 180,000 0 Revalidate Ration Books. 90/AR/PAK/RP/373/AFG Administration & Logistics Support for Repat. 350,000 0 Monitoring and administrative support to Afghan Repatriation Operation; includes local implementing agency and Afghan data collectors. AX/KTV/0/810 South Khorasan Refugee Repatr. & income gen. 500,000 0 Providing training component to project to create employment and income generating activities; provisions of livestock to maintain durable assets of refugees; improve technical skills (livestock management/carpet weaving). 90/AR/PAK/RP/379 AFG Voluntary Repatriation Pilot Project for Afg. 3,948,000 0 To facilitate and promote voluntary repatriation of up to 40,000 families. OCA/PAK/VOR/0-003 Return/Reintegration of Qualified Afghans 1,000,000 0 Promote the return and reintegration of qualified Afghan nationals to Afghanistan/Pakistan.

ACKUVOCATIONAL TRAINING

ISR/APP/01 Agriculture Training 68,400 c 100 Afghan agricultural extension workers trained. New courses need less broad curriculum.

89/AR/PAK/RP/389 ' Vocational Training for Afghan Refug. in N~FP 522,139 c Impart vocational training to young unemployed Afghan refugees. Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

89/AR/PAK/RP/383 Vocational Training for Afghan refugees, Bal. 818,522 c Impart vocational training to Afghan refugees. 89/AR/PAK/RP/382 Income Generation/Self-Help Activ. for refug. 4,813,037 c Assistance to Afghan refugees to improve their income earning potential or become self-employed. JSR/APP/24 Office Management Training 47,340 0 Training of 80 trainees. AX/MTV/0/113 Vocational Training - Animal Diseases 61,830 0 Rehabilitation of livestock by training of 360 lDcal trainees in identification and treatment of animal diseases. AX/MTV/0/115 Vocational Training - Tractor Maintenance 58,910 0 Training of about 90 mechanics in repair and maintenance of tractors in Zahedan. AX/MTV/0/111 Vocational Training- Animal Fodder/Silos 28,320 0 Training to about 240 trainees in proper treatment and preservation of animal food to increase quality and quantity. AX/MTV/0/118 Vocational Training - Soap Making 68,000 0 Training of 240 persons in improved soap-making methods to create more income and employment in area. 90/AR/PAK/RP/371/AFG Veterinary Training for Afghan Refug. in N'WFP 33,240 0 Veterinary training of Afghan refugees. 90/AR/PAK/RP/389 Vocational Training for Afghan Refug. in N'WFP 478,229 0 Provide basic vocational/technical training. PAK/90/01/0CA Occupational Skills Training 675,021 0 Cross-border occup. skills training for Afghans in Kandahar Province: building constr.,iron work,carpentry,truck/tractor operation & maintenance. Establis 3 Management Training Units. AX/MTV/0/117 Vocational Training - Apiculture 31,200 0 Teach new methods and increase quality of honey and bee wax and provide income from these products. AX/HTV/0/116 Vocational Training - Dairy Products 94,560 0 To train 480 people how to improve quality storage and hygienic conditions and increase production of butter and ACKUcheese. AX/HTV/0/114 Vocational Training - Ceramics Production 179,640 0 To improve production methods and quality of ceramics containers made by housewives by training of 720 persons, thus creating extra income. AX/HTV/0/112 Vocational Training - Iron 'Works 252,200 0 To improve local production of simple agricultural and industrial tools and create employment. 90/AR/IRN/RP/371 AFG ' Vocational Training of Afghan Refug. in Iran 332,085 0 Three vocational training courses: (1) Improvement of cultivation of fodder crops; (2) Improved rain-fed Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

cultivation of wheat; (3) Maintenance of water/irrigation networks. OCA/IRN/EDU/0-001 Production/Repair of Traditional Agric. Tools 177,060 p Course to teach production, use and maintenance of simple agricultural tools for reconstruction. OCA/IRN/EDU/0-002 First Aid Training (VTP) 19,630 p To ease repatriation/resettlement of Afghan refugees. Training aspects: first aid provision until health personnel is reached & in emergency situations; to teach proper transportation of injured; to train trainers to be used in Afghanistan.

OCA/IRN/EDU/0-003 Training Manufacturing of ~ooden Doors (VTP) 144,360 p Courses to train semi-skilled Afghan refugee labourers to participate in process of reconstruction and provide them an income upon repatriation.

OCA/IRN/EDU/0-004 Tailoring for ~omen (VTP) 17,180 p Course of 45 days to train female Afghan refugees on tailoring; to provide necessary knowledge on tailoring and instruction how to transfer knowledge to other women. Provide employment to trainees pending repatriation.

~ATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

~FP/PP/05 ~ater Supply Kabul 212,529 p To provide a food component to the UNDP supported water supply project, aimed at reducing water wastage by ACKUinstalling water meters to house connections. To improve public health by reducing the amount of sullage.

OCA/AFG/~ASS/0-015 ~ater Supply Relief Progr. for Repatriates 1,800,000 p Rehabilitation of 70 deep wells damaged during the war; construction and installation of 45 new deep wells in the areas where repatriation will take place.

OCA/AFG/~ASS/0-016 I Construction of ~ater Supply Schemes 7,000,000 p Construction and operation of 6 main water supply schemes in the center of the provinces. Project ref. Project Project Budget Status Remarks

OCA/USR/~ASS/0-009 Sanitation for Kabul City (Part I) 720,000 P Being finalized with USSR (36/66). OCA/USR/~ASS/0-010 Sanitation for Kabul City (Part II) 5,000,000 P Being finalized with USSR (37/66).

OCA/USR/~ASS/0-011 ~aterworks Mgt/Kabul ~ater Supply (Phase II) 1,000,000 P Being finalized with USSR (38/66).

ACKU