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OPERATION SALAM

OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS CO-ORDINATOR FOR HUMANITARIAN AND ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE PROGRAMMES RELATING TO AFGHANISTAN

PROGRESS REPORT (JANUARY - APRIL 1990)

ACKU

GENEVA MAY 1990

Office of the Co-ordinator for United Nation Bureau du Coordonnateur des programmes Humanitarian and Economic Assistance d'assistance humanitaire et economique des Programmes relating to Afghanistan Nations Unies relatifs a I 1\fghanistan

Villa La Pelouse. Palais des Nations. 1211 Geneva 10. Switzerland · Telephone : 34 17 37 · Telex : 412909 · Fa·x : 34 73 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD...... 5

SECTORAL OVERVIEWS ...... 7

I) Agriculture ...... 7

II) Food Aid ...... 7

Ill) De-m1n1ng ...... 9

IV) Road repair ...... 9

V) Shelter ...... 10

VI) Power ...... 11

VII) Telecommunications ...... 11

VI II) Health ...... 12

IX) Water supply and sanitation ...... 14

X) Education ...... 15

XI) Vocational training ...... 16

XII) Disabled ...... 18

XIII) Anti-narcotics programme ...... 19

XIV) Culture . . . . . ACKU...... 20

'W) Returnees ...... 21

XVI) Internally Displaced ...... 22

XVII) Logistics and Communications ...... 22 PROVINCIAL PROFILES ...... 25

BADAKHSHAN ...... 27 BADGHIS ...... 33 BAGHLAN ...... 39 BALKH ...... 43 BAMYAN ...... 52 FARAH ...... 58 FARYAB ...... 65 GHAZNI ...... 70 GHOR ...... 75 HELMAND ...... 79 HERAT ...... 83 JOWZJAN & SAR-1-PUL ...... 89 KABUL ...... 93 KANDAHAR ...... 100 KAPISA ...... 110 KUNAR ...... 115 KUNDUZ ...... 125 LAGHMAN ...... 131 LOGAR ...... 136 NANGARHAR ...... 142 NIMROZ ...... 151 PAKTIA ...... 156 PAKTIKA ...... 163 PARWAN ...... 169 SAMANGAN ...... 173 TAKHAR ...... 177 URUZGAN ...... 183 WARDAK ...... , ...... 187 ZABUL ...... 192

ANNEXES ...... 197 LIST OF ACRONYMS . . . . ACKU...... 198 GLOSSARY (words in Dari) ...... 201

REFERENCES 202

MAPS

TARGET AREAS FOR VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION 6 REFUGEE CROSSING POINTS 26 ACKU - 5 -

FOREWORD

This Report is based on the experience gained and the information gathered since the launching of Operation Salam covering humanitarian and economic aid activities relating to Afghanistan. During last year, assistance projects funded by the United Nations System benefitted Afghans in practically every province of the country.

Afghanistan as a land-locked least developed country, ravaged by a decade long armed conflict, has not always received the attention it deserves from the international community. The people of Afghanistan desperately need help to recover from their troubled past, to overcome the threat of the present and to build a promising future. Approaching the country from the North and South, East and West, the Un System is engaged in alleviating human suffering and in turning swords into ploughshares. ACKU This first Progress Report is a succinct account, province by province, of the activities being undertaken both in rural as well as urban areas of the country. Intended essentially for internal use by the UN System, it is designed as an instrument for a better coordination between the inter-governmental as well as non-governmental organisations involved in Afghanistan. Both in concept and content, it is expected to contribute, to further strengthening of efforts for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Afghanistan. TARGET AREAS FOR THE VOLUNTARY REPATRIATION OF REFUGEES

m

First priority

Provinces with more than 500fo of original population registered ACKU as refugees Provinces with 35-50 Ofo

Second priority

Provinces with 20-35 °/o

GHOR Provinces with 10- 20% URUZGAN

• -7-

SECTORAL OVERVIEWS

I) Agriculture

During the first months of the year, interest focused on the preparatory works for the planting season, with special attention given to the delivery of chemicals to combat the plague caused by sunnpestflocusts in the Northern and Western parts of Afghanistan.

Reports about Northern Afghanistan mention that widespread losses of wheat crops ruined by locustsfsunnpest require immediate action.

A programme for the delivery of pesticides in the provinces of Balkh, Samangan, Jowzjan (Sar-i-Pul), Faryab, Badghis and Herat has been set up after consultation between UN Agencies, representatives of Shuras from the concerned provinces, and Technical Advisors from FAO and the Plant Protection Department of the Kabul Ministry of Agriculture.

The Agricultural Rehabilitation Programme being coordinated by FAO continued its delivery and distribution of wheat seed and fertilizer started in late Summer1 Autumn of 1989. By the end of March 1990 a total of 3175 MT of Certified Improved wheat seed and 5400 MT of fertilizer had been delivered into Afghanistan and distributed to farmers in some 17 provinces (2300 MT of seed and 5400 fertilizer FAO and 875 MT of wheat seed UNHCR).

The FAO's Orchard Rehabilitation/Community Forestry Programme had by the end of March 1990 delivered to farmers in eight Provinces a total of 210,000 fruit tree saplings (apple and stone fruits) and to strategically placed nurseries a total of 16,500 virus free apple rootstocks MM 106 from the U.K and 100,000 poplar cuttings of various selected varieties (80,000 from Pakistan, 20,000 from Turkey).

FAO has also deliveredACKU 150 draught oxen and 370 Knapsack Sprayers (20 Litres) to programmes inside Afghanistan.

II) Food Aid

In the latter months of 1988 the World Food Programme (WFP) adopted the concept of a single resource basket to provide an umbrella to cover relief feeding operations for Afghan refugees in Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan as well as Mure development projects within Afghanistan. This ensured the necessary flexibility to deliver food where it has been needed. Up to now, the bulk of these resources have been utilized by refugees in the country of temporary asylum.

With the posting of the WFP Director of Operations for Afghanistan in Kabul in January 1990, WFP has been able to participate more closely with UNOCA and other UN agencies in devising projects. A Steering Committee composed of representatives ' - 8 -

of UN agencies present in Afghanistan was established (with the same terms of reference as that already set up in Pakistan for cross-border operations). The Committee examines project proposals received from other UN agencies, non­ governmental organizations (NGOs) and from the Government, these proposals frequently involve food aid inputs and the projects are approved at country level. For provinces close to the Pakistan border, the food is drawn from commodities pre­ positioned in Pakistan. UNILOG Qoint venture of WFP and UNHCR) organizes the movement of commodities. Since the end of 1989, considerable quantities of food and other items have been delivered to the border of northern Afghanistan, passing through the Soviet Union on a series of special blocked trains - the Salam Expresses. Thus, food is now also stored in remote areas of the northern provinces as well as Kabul and Herat. As a result, a rapid response was possible to hungry victims after an earthquake on 26 March at Wakhan in Badakhshan province.

Recent months have seen three types of food-assisted project operational. In both Kabul and Mazar-i-Sharif food has been distributed to vulnerable groups through mother and child health care centres and the Marastoon Institutes for orphans; in Kabul the institute for the blind also had a number of food aid beneficiaries. A multipurpose food-for-work (FFW) project began in the Kabul area, involving the construction of earth embankments to protect farmland and houses from flooding ; other components include reforestation with tree saplings (supplied under the cross border operation), rehabilitation works on dams located on the Logar and Kabul rivers, the cleaning of drains and sewers and collection of garbage in Mazar-i-Sharif and the construction of additional rooms for vocational training centres and school classrooms using traditional local materials.

The third type of operational project is implemented by UNHCR with food aid in support of the guesthouse facilities at three locations - Kabul, Herat and Mazar-i­ Sharif - for returning Afghan refugees as they repatriate.

Sixteen new projects have recently been approved by the Kabul Steering Committee. These include many FFW projects involving the repair of irrigation networks; their rehabilitationACKU will increase the availability of cultivable land. Moreover, WFP had previously approved 50 cross-border projects, as endorsed by the UN Steering Committee in Islamabad, for Afghanistan; of these projects, 24 have been completed, 11 are on-going and the remaining projects will be operational soon.

As this present document is prepared, reports of food shortages in several northern provinces have been received. In some cases these result from the aftermath of war and civil strife: not enough labour or oxen remained to cultivate land. In many instances, however, the shortages have been caused by the presence of locusts and sunn pest which destroyed crops, causing many rural people to leave their homes , and migrate in search of food. Food delivery has been one of the main concerns of the UN Agencies during the winter season. - 9 -

Ill) De-mining

One 27 -man demining-team operated by Afghan Technical Consultants, commenced mine clearance in Kunar Province on 6 January. 11.5 kilometers of road and 2.4 km of irrigation canal were clear by end of March.

The number of demining teams will be increased over the next few months to reach a total of twelve by end August, 1990. Operations will be started in Paktika and Kandahar provinces as well.

By July 1990, a mechanized mine clearance equipment pool will be established consisting of two flail units. Deployment in Afghanistan is expected by end July I early August.

The Mine Awareness Programme for Afghan refugees has made excellent progress in the first quarter of 1990.

More than 100,000 Afghan refugees, men and children, have received the basic six-hour mine awareness course. A total of 2,800 women received a one-hour mine safety lesson. 167 women followed the complete six-hour course.

The curriculum specialist is now developing a women's curriculum specially designed to address the challenge of reaching women in the refugee camp communities of Pakistan.

By the end of March, MAP trained a total of 47 Afghan MAP Master Trainers and Supervisors. They in turn have trained a total of 339 MAP Teachers conducting courses in 56 refugee camps in the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), Punjab and Baluchistan. Two Afghan female Master Trainers and seven female MAP Teachers were also trained. MAP courses continued to be given to NGOs on request. IV) Road repair ACKU Eleven projects are presently being implemented for the maintenance or repair of roads. In Badakhshan, six km of the road leading from Garm Cheshma to Chitral (Pakistan) have been repaired, and six km widened. This UNDP project is being implemented by the NGO Afghanaid. In the Shewa, Yaftal and Zardeu valleys, one road is being repaired, and another upgraded.

Sixty km of access roads in Nangarhar (Batikot-Lalpur-Mohmand) and 140 km of access roads in Zabul province (Shinkai-Qalat} are being repaired by the NGO, Save the Children Fund. Three projects are on-going in Kandahar province for the repair of 45 km between Shawalikot and Daman, small stretches on the main highway, and 1 km over the Kajaband Pass (UNHCR projects).

In Kunar, 22 km out of 28 of the Chaghaserai-Narang road have been repaired; preliminary mine clearance was under way on road sections in both Kunar and Paktika. - 10-

The lAC (International Rescue Committee) NGO is currently conducting a road survey in Paktia province, and others are planned in Paktika and Kunar respectively by the NGOs DACAAR and RAFA (UNOCA/UNDP funded projects).

A WFP food-for-work project for maintenance of a road linking Badghis and He rat provinces started in January.

Three main projects for the repair of the Serkaneh-Pashad road (19,3 km in Kunar), the construction of the Chak-Baraki-Barak road (11 km out of 20,5 in Logar) and the maintenance of the Baraki-Saidabad road (in Wardak) were completed by the end of 1989.

Road construction and maintenance forms part of the overall programme for roads, bridges and road drainage structures. START (Short-Term Assistance for Rehabilitation Team) is considered the highest priority. Plans also call for light-duty maintenance work on the following roads :

Batikot to Nawagai (1 01 km in Kunar) Teri Mangal to Logar (140 km across Paktia) Angurada to Ghazni (175 km across Paktika) Cham an to Kandahar (225 km in Kandahar) .

The three projects in Badakhshan, Kunar and Paktika are START-related pilot projects:

Badakhshan (50 km from Zebak to Shah Salim Pass) Kunar (42 km from Nawar Pass to Asadabad) Paktika (63 km from Azam Warsak to Ala Khel and Mama Shar)

Major rehabilitation programmes are also planned in :

Badghis (60 km from Sangbur to Sangi Atesh) Bamyan (150 kmACKU from Doshi to Bamyan city) Herat (70 km from the border with Iran to Zindajan)

V) Shelter

The shelter component of refugee repatriation programme is one of the most important priorities.

For this reason, the implementation of the "Reconstruction of Rural Housing .. project by UNCHS (UN Centre for Human Settlements) is a very positive element. The project intends to develop a number of alternative approaches to reconstruction in • war-affected parts of rural Afghanistan. Re-building of homes will be promoted through the operation of pilot sub-projects. The project activities will concentrate on areas near Kabul Faizabad (Badakhshan), Mazar-i-Sharif (Balkh}, Herat and Zaranj (Nimroz). - 11 -

The programmes for rehabilitation of rural infrastructure in Kunar and Paktika are to be considered as pilot projects in areas where the UN System has established a long-term presence and already implemented successful development programmes.

The programme for reconstruction in Jaghatu (Wardak) and the programme for the establishment of a roofing factory in Nangarhar province are being implemented, and have to be considered with special attention, in order eventually to set up similar programmes in other areas.

VI) Power

Two existing mini hydro-plants and their distribution I transmission systems (one in Chah Wardale, Wardak and the other in Gerbund, Parvvan) are to be rehabilitated. A third mini hydro-plant will be built at Jaghatu.

The integrated rural rehabilitation project includes the preparation of detailed plans to restore the power distribution system in the Asadabad area.

VII) Telecommunications

In consultation with UNDP, the ITU Area Representative for West and South Asia made an assessment of the damage to telecommunication networks, while on mission in Kabul from 7 to 23 November 1989. He recommends the restoration of telecommunication networks and services in the country in four successive phases :

Phase 1: Kabul. Herat. Kandahar. Mazar-i-Sharif. Kunduz

Provision of satisfactory local telephone service to residential and business subscribers interconnection of Kabul and the 4 other cities with semi-automatic dialling service, international diallingACKU services and telex connections in Kabul; provision of switchboards and HF /VHF limits for certain selected centres, upgrading of the Telecom Training Centre (TTC) for instruction in new technology; establishment of a project management group and a suitable tarif structure.

Phase II: Kabul. Herat. Kandahar. Mazar-1-SharH. Kunduz. Ghaznl. Qalat. Lashkarga. Farah. Jalalabad. Pul-i-Khumrl. Aybak. Charikar. Baraki­ Barak. Shebergan

Provision of satisfactory telephone services, fuffillment of demand for business telephones and part demand (60%) for residential subscribers, establishment of a microwave network, provision of national and international subscriber dialling, improvement of trunk service, connection of a few important district centres by single hop microwave or VHF systems, preparation of a. 15-year Master Plan telecommunication development, organisational changes in the telecommunication set up. ' - 12-

Phase Ill: All Provincial Centres

Connect all provincial centres to the microwave and national subscriber dialling network (with the possible exception of Bamyan, Ghor and Uruzgan, which can be connected on a semi-automatic basis through satellite earth stations); instal new exchanges at the provincial centres; connect district centre within 50 km of provincial centres by single-hop microwave links and instal rural digital exchanges; expand Kabul trunk exchange, zone centre exchanges and the telex exchange, provide telex service to provincial centres; introduce computerized billing.

Phase IV:

Bring the network capacity up to 165,000 lines, connect 300 provincial, district and important project centres to the national network by microwave or physical links, serve rural demand by employing subscriber multifax (RSM) or digital radio concentrators; provide telex services and other special services (like facsimile and computerized directory) to all important district centres.

Implementation of the development plan will depend on a progressive improvement of the security situation.

VIII) Health

The main agencies active in the field of health are WHO and UNICEF, who work with numerous NGOs as partners.

While UNICEF focuses on Primary Health Care Services for women and children, WHO focuses on rehabilitation of health centres and hospitals, procurement, pre-positioning and delivery of essential medical supplies and medical kits to vulnerable groups. It providesACKU training facilities for dental technicians, lab-technicians, male and female mid-level health workers, as well as dental health services, rehabilitation of disabled through establishment of orthopaedic workshops, production of orthopaedic devices and physiotherapy. Emphasis is laid on the standardization and training of health workers and laboratory staff of various levels as well as coordination of health worker training programmes, the establishment of refresher courses for Afghan physicians in NWFP and the establishment of a health information system with health facility map and computerized lists of available health workers, and health facilities.

These activities are located in Balkh, Kabul, Herat, Logar, Ghazni, Paktia, Nangarhar, Bamyan, Parwan, Kapisa, Takhar, Herat, Mazar, Baghlan, Farah, Helmand, Kandahar, Nimroz, Badghis, Uruzgan, Zabul and Ghor. They are carried out by international and Afghan NGOs or directly under WHO's responsibility. - 13-

Following projects have been undertaken in Afghanistan:

upgrading of existing health facilities, integrate PHC activities and improve monitoring and evaluation; support to health centres in nine provinces (MCI); rehabilitation of health facilities in Zindajan (MSF-F) and in Zabul (Health Unlimited); hospital construction in Nangarhar (AIME); clinic upgrading in eight provinces (IMC); retraining centre in Logar (MTA-AMI).

Several training and rehabilitation projects are located in Pakistan:

standardization and training of Health Workers (ACBAR, SWABAC, ICC) ; refresher courses for Afghan physicians; development of a training project (MCI); prosthetics production training (OHI}; establishment of an orthopaedic workshop in Logar (SGAA); surgical care for Afghan War Victims (lnterplast).

The main activities of UNICEF are geared to women and children in urban and rural areas. The programme objectives are:

training of female basic health workers and paramedics, provision of basic and emergency services to Afghan women and children wherever they are, increased access of children to Primary Health Care, eradication of infectious and diarrhoeal diseases and malnutrition, emergency aid to vulnerable groups in Kabul, provision of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities, consolidation and continuation of Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in the 14 provinces where vaccination campaigns have already started, and trainingACKU of vaccinators, provision of essential drugs, medical supplies and equipment, health education, nutrition surveys in Badakhshan, MCH programmes in Badakhshan and Bamyan, reconstruction of MCH centres and basic health centres throughout the country.

To achieve its goal of emergency aid to vulnerable groups, UNICEF organized an airlift to Kabul, providing 1000 health kits with essential drugs, 300 cartons of medical supplies and 116 cartons of wheat, flour, sugar and high protein biscuits. It distributed 87 emergency medical kits through the Ministry of Planning to 29 Mother and Child Health Clinics (MCH) and blankets to WFP distribution centres in Kabul. - 14-

In the MCH clinics, UNICEF started a nutrition screening programme in January 1990 for moderately malnourished children and their families. Three hospitals received assistance for setting up nutritional rehabilitation wards.

UNICEF has also supported training programmes for female health workers and supervisors, as well as provided posters, flip-charts, textbooks, school materials and salaries for primary school teachers through the Afghanistan Education Committee (AEC). In particular, UNICEF has supported the establishment of a teacher training institute in Takhar province and training programmes in Logar and Ghazni.

UNICEF has started planning an area-based pilot-project in Wardak (Behsud district) for the provision of health education, safe water and sanitation by an NGO called the Integrated-Development Group. A similar project is to start in Zabul in May 1990 to be implemented by the NGO Health Unlimited.

The Expanded Programme on Immunization has been extended from Kabul to Herat and Mazar-i-Sharif, where building of cold storage centre has been planned. UNICEF has supported training courses for vaccinators. In rural Afghanistan, 200,000 infants under 1 year age and 100,000 women of child-bearing age were vaccinated in 1989. In 1990, it is planned that 400,000 children and 200,000 women will be immunized in 27 out of 29 provinces. In this connection UNICEF contributed also to the UNHCR Programme with vaccines, cold chain equipment, vehicles and consultancies.

In May 1989, the Ministry of Public Health of Kabul Government launched a campaign for the control of infectious and diarrhoeal diseases. By the end of the year, 43,300 oral rehydration salt packets, 32,000 instructive leaflets and posters were provided to 300 distribution centres.

IX) Water supply and sanitation

Aware of the widely prevalentACKU problem of water as a main carrier of infectious diseases, UNICEF has expanded its programme for the provision of safe water supplies and sanitation with the installation of hand-power pumps and construction of latrines for schools, health facilities and private housing. The area-based social development projects in Wardak and Zabul will also address these issues.

UNDP has been very active in the preparation of engineering projects for urgent sewerage and low-cost sanitation works. A UNDP water supply programme is under implementation. In spite of all these activities, unsafe drinking water, poor environmental sanitation and hygiene will need very close attention.

Earlier UNDP proposals regarding sanitation and waste management, which " had already been approved in 1988 but could not be implemented, form the basis for a proposal for an ambitious programme in the capital, which saw its population increase tremendously during the last decade. - 15-

Repair and maintenance of urban water supply systems are to receive priority attention, while, at the same time, the repair of drinking water supply system in the villages is to be continued at a large scale.

All rural rehabilitation and reconstruction projects include an important component for the repair of karezes and canals, which are vital for the re­ establishment of productive agricultural activities, as well as living conditions in the villages.

X) Education

Educational programmes are on-going operations implemented in or from Kabul, Islamabad, Quetta and Peshawar.

UNESCO, which has recently appointed two Education Advisors, in Islamabad and Kabul respectively, has focused its objectives on basic education for all lairs of Afghan society, children, youths, girls and women.

A UNESCO, specialist in Schools Repair and Construction, and a UNV have started work for the reconstruction of schools. The UNESCO specialist took part in the UN Maruf mission from 1 to 8 March.

The UNESCO programme for educational and cultural rehabilitation assistance focuses on supporting initiatives already taken by local communities at grass-root level in reviving educational and training activities and in developing support activities for the qualitative improvement of education.

The UNESCO educational programme includes:

the establishment of education resource centres to obtain a clear view of educational needs; the establishmentACKU of community basic education centres to provide services for both school-age children and all other members of local society; the training of educational personnel, already operational in Kabul, is to be extended to rural areas; the educational programmes for women and girls; the development of a distance education system to reach a large part of the population which has no access to educational opportunities; education programmes for the disabled; the supply of school materials; the construction and repair of schools.

Project implementation in the field of education proceeded as follows:

1. Schools construction and repair: Projects were prepared with three Afghan NGOs for the repair and construction of five Village Basic Education - 16 -

Centres in Farah, Ghazni and Wardak provinces. A sixth centre is under consideration.

2. Orders for supplies of kits for schools were placed with the UNICEF warehouse in Copenhagen. These kits will be delivered in Karachi in September for onward delivery to schools in Afghanistan.

3. Agreement was reached with an NGO in Quetta (Experiment in International Living) for the training of local organizers and teachers in the development of basic education programmes for repatriated communities.

4. Reading materials: Translation of the Dari version of Facts For Life (a UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO publication on health matters) was begun and this will be followed by a second version in Pashto. The publication will be done with the advice and assistance of UNESCO's Regional Book Development Office in Islamabad.

All funds allocated for educational and cultural projects implemented from · Pakistan were fully obligated during the period under review. A proposal for an expanded education project in Kandahar province has been prepared.

UNESCO assisted projects operate at present in the provinces of: Bamyan, Farah, Ghazni and Wardak.

UNICEF has also been providing assistance to the education sector, in cooperation with UNHCR as well as various NGOs and Afghan bodies. Activities under this programme cover curriculum development, teacher training and the provision of educational materials.

UNICEF has partially contributed to teacher's salaries, transportation costs and teaching materials for 375 schools, benefiting more than 56000 students attending grades 1-6, in 21 out of 29 provincesACKU of Afghanistan. Support has been provided to develop a health care curriculum for grades 4-6.

Additional support is presently being provided for teacher training and monitoring.

XI) Vocational training

Training programme in office management is presently functioning in Peshawar, under the responsibility of the NGO ISRA (Islamic Relief Agency). ,..

A pilot project for the strengthening of the management and technical capacity of Afghan implementing partners is to be conducted in Paktika, Arghestan (Kandahar) and Shinkai valley {Zabul). - 17-

This pilot project is part of the Human Resources Development Programme aimed at promoting and strengthening existing Afghan organizations by making technical expertise available and providing training in administration and management at local, provincial and central level, and at the same time, enabling UNOCA to play a catalytic role in setting up technically competent organizations in Afghanistan.

Two centres for training in administration and management will be established. These will provide training to the local communities and will be established with the support of ILO. The first centre will be established in Paktika. Each will offer short courses to local people involved in projects or programmes for rehabilitation of the province. The courses will emphasize basic skills such as book-keeping, secretarial services, survey techniques and warehouse management.

Other vocational training programmes in the agricultural sector (dairy products, soap making, apiculture, animal diseases, tractor maintenance, animal fodder/silos) are being implemented in Iran (Birjand, Torbat-e-Haidaria, Zahedan, Bojnard).

Vocational training programmes for ceramics production and iron works are also being implemented in Mashaad, and a training of Afghan literacy programme for the instructors has now become operational in Teheran. High priority will be given to upgrading the skills of the Afghan instructors.

Under the ILO umbrella project for Occupational Skills Training of Afghans, vocational training in building will be conducted in Kandahar province. The ILO project, which is a pilot project aimed at developing a long term strategy (and eventually extend its activities to other areas) has two components: a skill training component and a rehabilitation component. The skill training component will be built on the activities already carried out in Quetta. In particular, instructors will be used to identify the needs, local instructors will be up-graded, and mobile training units will be set up in Afghanistan. The skills to be taught are: building construction, forging/ blaksmithing, sheetmetal work and welding, carpentry, tractor operation and maintenance and automobile/truckACKU repair and maintenance. In addition, training will also be given to local authorities in administration and leadership and community organisation.

ILO's activity has, at the present time, four components :

1. Investigating vocational training targeted essentially at refugees returning to Sar-i-Pul province from the Sarinan refugee camp located near Quetta (20,000 people may be reached).

2. Setting up a pilot scheme in Arghestan for carpentry, building, tractor repair, domestic electricity, and also to provide administrative training for the local Shura. A cooperation with UNESCO in Arghestan valley to set up centres, where training would be given to youths in the morning and adults in the afternoon, is envisaged. - 18-

3. A mission to Ghazni has been planned to investigate vocational training needs.

4. The possibility of organtztng courses in administration, leadership, management in the northern provinces is also envisaged. • XII) Disabled

The second part of the ILO Umbrella Project is vocational rehabilitation, job training and employment for disabled persons. This project, starting mid-June 1990, will operate cross-border missions during the pilot phase to assess the magnitude of the disabled population and evaluate their training needs. Initially, vocational training courses for disabled Afghans will be mounted in the mobile training units in Afghanistan and refugee villages in Pakistan. NGOs working in the disability sector will be helped to improve the effectiveness of their vocational programmes.

A UN DP-funded project, aimed at developing vocational rehabilitation services (related to the particular needs of women and children with disabilities) became operational in March 1990 with the arrival of a ILO-Expert in Kabul. The project extends technical assistance to the Ministry of Public Health to develop a pool of local skilled staff able to provide basic services to these target groups. The on-going activities of the project are designed to identify the scope of the related problems and needs of disabled persons, to enhance the planning capability of the Ministry of Public Health, to establish a staff training programme linked with a vocational training unit which will provide a direct service to disabled women and children (including training in activities of daily living and pre-vocational and vocational training).

Pilot activities to be undertaken are:

to meet the special needs of disabled women, widows and women whose husbandsACKU are too severely handicapped to work; to meet the needs of those who have suffered emotional trauma, the mentally ill and the blind;

to develop an infrastructure to coordinate and strengthen the activities of NGOs and UN agencies.

UNOCA is also funding the Iranian Red Crescent Society for the provision of assistance to the disabled, focusing on medical treatment, rehabilitation services and training. A rehabilitation programme for the disabled Afghans (with OHI and CADA) has been implemented in Herat.

With the support of WHO, the Ministry of Public Health in Kabul is operating one orthopaedic centre. The NGO lAM (International Assistance Mission) has provided personnel for this orthopaedic unit; about 100 protheses are fitted monthly. - 19-

lAM has been operating also in the Noor Eye Hospital in Kabul since 1978, and is planning to assist the Ophthalmic Centre in Herat.

UNICEF will fund a mini-survey inside rural Afghanistan to try to determine the extent of children suffering from disability and the reasons behind the disability. A Peshawar based NGO (ARTS) will be assigned to carry out this work.

WHO has suggested the use of newly developed and cheaper plastics and machines to manufacture protheses with the involvement of local companies to produce items such as wheel chairs and crutches.

The Committee on Assistance to Disabled Afghans (GADA), in which the relevant UN Agencies, ICRC and NGOs are represented, has been given the task of establishing programme guidelines and priorities.

The prevention of disabilities with the implementation of health education programmes and the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) remain the priorities.

Medical treatment and referrals for rehabilitation of the disabled must be improved in both urban and rural areas.

The work undertaken by NGOs like Handicap International, which treated about 10000 refugees in Baluchistan (Pakistan) during 1989, the work undertaken by the Pakistan Red Crescent Society (PRCS), which treated about 5000 patients during the same period, or the work of The Sandy Gall Appeal, which treated about 500 refugees, are remarkable.

While the ICRC remains the most efficient organisation for the treatment of the disabled, there are still 30,000 registered disabled Afghans in the refugee camps of Pakistan for whom more programmesACKU must be implemented. XIII) Anti-narcotics programme

Under the UNDP /OPS/UNFDAC Programme for Rural Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, two projects for substitution of opium crops in Achin (Nangarhar) are being implemented, while a survey for opium crop substitution in Badakhshan was completed. The Achin projects have been drawn up by the NGO Afghanaid after consultation with experts from drug abuse control teams who have been working for many years with some success in the tribal areas of Pakistan. Although these projects meet with some difficulties, they serve as a useful experience for the implementation of UN projects in general.

Projects aimed at rural communities have been initiated through NGOs in these provinces , as well as in refugee camps in Pakistan. Crop replacement efforts will be expanded during the current year through assistance projects based on contracts committing communities to reducing or eliminating poppy cultivation. - 20-

In drug prevention, awareness creation campaigns aimed at young Afghans from 12 years onwards will be carried out, and drug awareness components are being included in on-going or planned programmes in basic education, agricutture and health.

XIV) Cutture •

UNESCO has listed six main areas of activities:

support for an exhibition on the cuttural heritage of Herat; safeguarding the Kabul museum; preservation of the National Archives; assessment of damage to national monuments and compilation of an architectural inventory; income-generating and training activities; overall culture support. rehabilitation of carpet weaving. preservation of traditional ikat and carpet weaving.

An architect of UNESCO visited Kabul and Herat at the beginning of 1990, to evaluate the priorities for the preservation of historical monuments and the storage of art pieces in the Kabul museum.

The organization of an exhibition on Herat city at the Musee de !'Homme in Paris (in cooperation with the French Ministry of Cutture) is in an advanced stage.

A project document has been prepared in association with a NGO in Kabul for the architectural inventory of monuments.

A Contract has been signed with a NGO to undertake a survey and make an assesment of the ikat and silkACKU weavers needs in the Jowzjan province. Two Consuttants have been fielded in Mazar-i-Sharif to undertake a survey on the state of the art of traditional carpet weaving and to examine the possibilities for the marketing of afghan carpets.

Specialists consider that urgent action is needed to preserve the cultural heritage, including:

the tomb of Temorshah, the tomb of Amir Abdul Rahman Khan and the adjacent mosque, the shrine of Chardah Masood, the old mosque of Noor-ul-lslam, the old buildings of Balah Hissar, the Shararah Tower and Babur's garden in Kabul; ,.

Qalae-Ekhtiaruddin, the old city mosque, Guzergah -i-Sharif, the cross- reservoir, the Malik reservoir, the mosaics of the old mosque, the shrines of Prince Abdullah and Prince Qaseem, and the Musallas in Herat; - 21 -

the shrine of Hazrat-e-Aii and the Khoja Parsa mosque in Balkh;

the Bahram Shah Tower and Sultan Masood Sharif Khan Musoleum in Ghazni.

XV) Returnees

In January, the UNHCR programme of assistance to returnees in peace guest­ houses was extended to He rat. During the first quarter of the year, a total number of 4242 returnees have been assisted through the peace guest-houses.

Presently transportation and food assistance is provided to returnees in the peace guest-houses of Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kabul. Plans are in hand for the extension of the programme in provincial capitals of Kunduz and Nimroz. The substantial number of returnees to Kunduz (about 4000) is to be assessed by a UN mission, to Kunduz in areas controlled by both Government and the Mujahideen­ controlled areas in July 1990.

While there is no massive return of refugees, plans are made for a "preparatory assistance leading to repatriation". The proposed assistance package has 2 components:

1) emergency assistance to returning refugees (implemented by UNHCR/WFP /UNILOG);

2) establishment of a UN presence and assistance in areas where refugees are expected to return.

The emergency assistance is to comprise food, shelter (family size tents, tarpaulins, quilts), temporary storage facilities (tarpaulins, large tents), basic household utensils (cooking utensils, buckets,ACKU water jugs, etc ... ). Any initiative designed to promote voluntary repatriation must be able to meet the following goals:

assistance to a large number of refugees who decide to return to Afghanistan, so that they may engage in productive activity immediately on return,

recording the departure of the returnees from their refugee camps,

monitoring of their return at the Community of origin level and assessement of basic needs.

A system of cash or coupons in exchange for ration cards is to be set-up which would provide an effective means for recording refugee departures. - 22-

There is every likelihood that any initiative to favour the return of refugees will have to be introduced at a moment when there is already a strong disposition for return. The first large groups are moving since the beginning of May.

XVI) Internally Displaced • So far, those whose homes have been destroyed or who have been forced to flee for other reasons without crossing an international border have received scant attention. There are no precise estimates of movements and numbers of internally displaced persons, but the indications are that some two million have been affected.

Proposals have been made for the implementation of a sample survey regarding the problems of the internally displaced, in the government-controlled areas and in Mujahideen zones.

These surveys would be carried out to determine the demographic origin, skills, health situation and other pertinent characteristics of the internally displaced, primarily in the major cities (Kabul, Mazar-i-Sharif), but also in rural areas.

XVII) Logistics and Communications

UN I LOG managed to dispatch 7,700 MT of food (wheat, sugar, edible oi l, dried skim milk), 3,100 MT of wheat seeds and 5, 700 MT of fertilizers into Afghanistan during 1989. By the end of April 1990, UNILOG had already dispatched into Afghanistan an additional 3900 MT of wheat, 66 MT of edible oil, 89 MT of dried skim milk, 109 MT of wheat seeds, 33 MT of fertilizers, 64 MT of fruit trees and 76 MT of other items.

These delivery operations have shown the efficiency of UN I LOG in dispatching commodities from Pakistan to Afghanistan. The operations will improve their capacities when the 114 trucks which are to form an independent UN fleet are put at the disposal of UNILOG. ACKU

To develop and strengthen the logistical operations of the UN system, plans are made to implement a transportation network, to establish delivery points for the distribution of relief and rehabilitation assistance in all target areas.

Arrangements have been made to stock commodities in the border points of Hairaton, Torghundi, Taxtabazar, Shirkan, Kalaikhum, Khorog, and lshkashim, located on the north-western borders of Afghanistan with USSR.

The following points are now open on the Soviet-Afghan border :

- Kushka - border marking No.45 - lshkashim - Kalai-Khumb -23-

- Khorog - Border marking No.35 - Nijnij Pandj

The land transportation network is being reinforced with the use of railways for the delivery of food and relief commodities from Europe and USSR to Afghanistan. The Salam 2 Express train, which reached Hairaton at the beginning of February, and Salam 3 and 4 which reached Hairaton in March and April, have proved the efficiency of the rail transportation. It has now become a routine exercise with the arrival of Salam 6, 7, 8 and 9 in Hairaton during May.

With the use of a UN plane for the transportation of UN staff members to and within Afghanistan, logistics and communications are to play a major role in the increase of United Nations activity in all the provinces of Afghanistan.

Plans are being worked out for an airlift operation for transport of refugees from from both Iran and Pakistan as weft as within Afghanistan.

ACKU - 24-

•

ACKU -25-

PROVINCIAL PROFILES

ACKU I . . . ~ . /' ~ . - . _/ \ . _!' ,._, . / . --, ;-· ( I (

• Chaghcharan

/

'\ ) I L._ ., ACKU REFUGEE CROSSING POINTS

Primary- Major Highway - Secondary Traffic \ Tertiary- Light Use Minor - Foot Crossing

Areas of Refugee Concentration

• ------.~. / e '"-' r· Darwaz ., . ."' .J I 0 10 20 50 100 km

. f . \..... l II I.__., .-. 1 l • Khwaha.;'l 1 1 ., __ )-_..,""'( ( ...... ,. -- J J. ,_ • "'\. • J.. Sheghnan e . • ·J'.A e Ragh I '-... ( ' ( ','1' - I ,, j . "'"""-.,...,..-. • _,... """"- . ~ '- -, , ' I \ r F 1 J .J I '-j , , • ~· • .-• •\ 1 Shahre e / '- '-.... .J• Boz~rg 1 I ~ C: ·-'·' ~· /•\.... · i I ~) \-(-· / • .r '-' r . '" J \ \ ;· ~. '\' FAIZABAD 1 8 h k I .) . ~ '- • /" ""'<.. a ara \ r- ~ . ') /' \ ( , •_,- I \. fiji • ..._. r 1 .e Wakhan ,_ .'- • ..,.,· I ' I I ·-·...,-..,.,.... ·- '· ~ ( \ I' • \ / I /·--·--·,., __, •K h \, <' Jurm \ ,' Eshkashem ./ .,...... I es em -- \ l e)-. / ( \ J - -\-..... l .__. ") I I '-"'\ \ ./ TAKHAR. ,' Jl e \ I r·,-' J \ / Zebak \ t". . \\ /) / 't " ---~ / I ,_: ../_,( ../· ' I _,./r \ ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF II ' \ •~ BADAKHSHAN PROVINCE \ ~ ,)' Keranomonjan. /" ·'-. , ACKU International boundary _ _,_r-y / / I Province boundary - --- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----- KAPISA }\ r" } I ' ....J Province Center I \ \ KUNAR Woleswali Center • LAGHMAN I,f' '-' Alaqadari Center • / • - 28-

BADAKHSHAN

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 47.403

2. Population 1978/79 estimate: 520,629

3. Density (number per sq.km) 11

4. Capital (population figure) Faizabad (9564)

5. Refugees by province of origin 28,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 5,3%

No. of Woloswalies 6 No. of Alaqadaries 7 No. of localities 1622 Main villages 1378 Sub-villages 244

Woloswalies Area in No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities from sea level

Faizabad 3,014 358 1,200 Keshem 3,021 161 960 Jurm ACKU3,581 107 1,550 Keranomonjan 4,307 40 2,550 Zebak 3,691 . 24 2,600 Wakhan 11,770 . 97 2,800 Eshkashem 4,298 44 2,660 Baharak . 2,860 133 1,480 Sheghnan 3,784 " 64 2,250 Darwaz 4,094 230 1,340 Khwahan · · 725 . 39 1,000 Ragh 1,364 259 .... 1,520 Shahre Bozurg 894 66 1,800 ~ ,. IQIA! PRQv!NQE 47 4Q3 1 §?? -29-

OVERVIEW

In areas where the population is facing hardship, the situation remains rather confused and unsettled; still, the Shura-e-Nazar Supervisory Council of the North has established satisfactory conditions for the rehabilitation process in some areas.

The assessment mission from 4 to 21 December 1989 of a UN team has provided reports on the emergency situation in Badakhshan and led to the organisation of a task force to prevent any further deterioration of the economic situation in the province. The UN relief assistance is provided in 4 main locations: Darwaz district, Sheghnan district, EshhashimjZebak and Wakhan.

UN staff members visit the areas of Khorog, Darwaz, Nissay, Sangar, Wakhan and coordinate food distribution operations.

The NGOs MSF-F (medical assistance, road repairs, food assistance), Afghanaid (road survey, crop substitution), VSF (animal production), NCA (crop protection) have provided the local population with emergency relief assistance.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

A UNDP crop protection project implemented by the Norwegian Committee for Afghanistan is planned in Rogh, Faizabad, Jurm and Keshem districts.

I FAD has submitted an ambitious project (US$ 7,800.000) for the rehabilitation of agricultural infrastructure inACKU the provinces of Badakhshan and Takhar. The UNDP veterinary projects in the pipeline (animal production in Faizabad district by V eterinaires sans Frontieres and veterinary services by the German Afghan Foundation) are to be implemented.

Improved seeds (PAK 81 for irrigated land, Blue Silver for non-irrigated land, and Bezostaya for testing) and fertilizers were distributed by Afghanaid staff members.

In addition, UNDP/UNHCR/FAO despatched 12 MT of improved wheat seed (Blue Silver), 4 MT of chemicals, herbicides, pesticides, rodenticides and 40 knapsack sprayers (20 litres) to Badakhshan through the NGO •NCA .. as part of the sunnpest control programme. - 30-

II) Food aid

Food assistance was provided in Shegnan (50 MT of wheat), lshkashim/Zebak {150 MT of wheat), in early December 1989 and January 1990.

In Shegnan area, where there have been reports of severe food shortages, some villages can only be reached with extreme difficulties.

In Darwaz, food shortages are also very severe, and assistance has not yet reached all deprived villages.

A tentative plan for food distribution has been drawn up, and 5,000 MT of food items were pre-positioned for distribution in Badakhshan. Already 1000 MT were stocked at the main entry point for Badakhshan from USSR.

Food-for-work projects have been approved for the province, covering areas both inside and outside government control, which will start in May 1990 and will - involve the disbursement of 630 MT of allocated foodstuffs.

The identified distribution points are Darwaz, Shegnan, lshkashem, Zebak, Baharak, Jurm and Wakhan.

Ill) Mine Clearance

The mine-fields, located around positions previously occupied by Government forces, are well known to the local population. The Mudjahideen have themselves undertaken the mine clearance of the most strategic access roads from Pakistan .

Still no specific action has been taken by the international organisations to protect the local population agaACKUinst the risks of mines. IV) Road repairs

Six kms of road leading from Garm Cheshma to the border with Pakistan have been repaired, and 6,25 kms widened. This UNDP project is implemented by the NGO Afghanaid which has scheduled a road survey of the whole province.

In the Shewa, Yaftal and Zardeu valleys, one road is being repaired and another one upgraded. The UNDP programme is implemented by Medecins sans Frontieres.

A major rehabilitation plan, which forms part of the START programme for roads is meant to repair 50 kms of roads between Zebal and Shah Salim Pass. - 31 -

V) Shelter

The project entitled .. Reconstruction of Rural Housing" to be implemented by UNCHS (UN Centre for Human Settlements) intends to develop alternative approaches to reconstruction in Faizabad.

VI) Health

The main medical facilities remain concentrated in Faizabad city. International organizations have procured assistance to the population located in rural areas, with medical equipment, training of para-medical personnel, and installation of dispensaries.

Medecins sans Frontieres has long-term experience in providing medical assistance around Faizabad. Afghan para-medical personnel, trained in Peshawar or in Afghanistan, work under the direct surpervision of qualified expatriate doctors at the Jurm hospital. MSF vacccination teams have launched EPI campaigns in Tashkan and Yaftal.

VII) Education

1100 teachers are identified on the roster in the remaining schools. Many school facilities have been damaged during the war, and the repair of 130 of them has been envisaged.

The NGO Muslim Aid supports 118 primary and secondary schools in Markhay, Keshem and Durbaz providing books, funds, shoes, uniforms and teachers' salaries.

VIII) Anti-narcotics programmeACKU A survey of the opium crop in Badakhshan was completed by the NGO Afghanaid. In a province considered traditionally as a poppy growing zone, opium and heroin production still continues.

Local authorities have requested the establishment of UN cash subsidy programmes to stop production. Crop substitution programmes to encourage cultivation of cumin in place of poppy are being discussed.

No more poppy is grown in the Basir Khan area, but the production is abundant in Jurm and Baharak (specially in Ghorsh). -32-

IX) Internally Displaced

Most of the population, which was directly affected by the war, remained if not in the province at least in the country. There are reports of returnees in the nearby Panjshir valley, which was totally devastated during the first years of the decade.

X) Logistics and communications

Badakhshan province was only accessible from the Soviet side. During the winter season, the Dushanbe-Kalai Khumb road was closed due to snow in high passes. Food and relief assistance had to be sent by rail to Osh, and from Osh to Khorog by trucks. The Dushanbe-Kalai Khum road will be used during the summer period.

As storage facilities are very limited, four Rubb Mobile Halls have been dispatched to Badakhshan through Osh. Two of them are to be installed in lshkashim, one in Khorog and another one in Kalai-Khumb.

Roads are in very bad condition, and transportation of relief commodities is sti ll very difficult.

Plans are made for assistance to the Khorog-Sheghan lshkashim/Zebak/ Baharaq and RubaqjBaharaq areas.

The WakhanjPamir can only be reached by donkeys or horses during the winter season. Helicopter missions may be organized, as no travel is possible by car. ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF BADGHIS PROVINCE -33- International boundary Province boundary - --- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----- Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

BADGHIS

.J N / ·--r /.----· ' ~· \ ·-·_,-· \ ( ( \ Ghormach J \ ' . (. FARYAB ") " ' . \ ', ( e Morghab \ ) ) '\ '--r: .J "-'"'l 1 ~-ri .~ I ' ./ \ / ) / ', .'- .._./. I\ \ " r '\ "'/; ( " ( ) ..._,jACKU '------// ,_...._( \ I I I \ ) ( 1 / e Jawand I I OALA-1-NAU • \ \.) ', I _.J I I . ~ ...... ) ( \, \. { Kushke Kohna c..._ I e Cades ' ("" -....r ""-./ \ ) I ") J '-...... _...... ( ...1 ( ( ~~~ /~ ~~, ~~~r~ _, '--~ )-/ I GHOR ~,.. I HE RAT

0 10 20 50 100 km -34-

BADGHIS

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 21,858

2. Population 1982 estimate 244,346

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 11

4. Capital (population figure) Kalainow (5,614)

5. Refugees 43,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 16.3%

No. of Woloswalies 4 No. of Alaqadaries 2 No. of localities 830 Main villages 767 Sub-villages 63 ACKU Woloswalies Area in No. of Attitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities from sea level

Qala-i-Nau 3,795 170 900 Kushk-i- Kuhna 1,788 74 1,080 Cades 3,339 146 1,280 Jawand ·6,414 249 1,000 Ghormach . 2,326 89 680 Marghab 4,196 . 102 480

TOTAL PROVINCE 21,858 830 -35-

OVERVIEW

There is no substantial report regarding any specific move which may have influenced the political and military stalemate.

The Mudjaheedin Commanders have kept their influence in their respective zones of control. Some have expressed their determination to improve the economic situation in rural areas, but the winter period and the disasters encountered during the last harvest season have worsened a very bad situation, in a zone which has not yet received much assistance.

The Shura of Kushk-i-Kuna agreed with the UN team, who visited the area during the second fortnight of December 1989, to play an intermediary role for the delivery of wheat.

A Shura located in the North of the province has been identified as a possible partner for the implementation of relief and assistance programmes. A mission from Taxtabazaar schedt.ile'tl-in January in the area, had to be postponed due to the difficulty of finding adequate and responsible partners.

For the first time since the launching of Salam Operation, a UN mission was able to travel safely, without armed escort, from Government-controlled areas to and from areas controlled by the Mudjahideen. The mission left Herat city on 10 December to reach Torgundi and Kushk-i-Kuna and returned to Herat city by the 16th. A second trip to Kushk-i-Kuna on the 20th/21st of December was made by the same mission team to monitor the delivery of road rehabilitation hand tools and sunnpest control materials to the area under the control of the Shura.

A second mission in Kushk-i-Kuna was scheduled to monitor the delivery of 100 MT of wheat during January. Discussions took place at the same time with the existing civil entity of Kushk-i-Kuna forACKU the delivery of food and pesticides (BHC) in the Eastern part of Badghis.

The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA) has already trained and dispatched to the region teams of locust and sunnpest extension workers, to assist the farmers in the use of the available supplies of control materials.

SCA has been the only international organisation active in the area. During the summer of 1989, a mission was sent to the area to gather information regarding sunnpestjlocust.

, -36-

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Sunnpests and locusts destroyed a very large proportion of the 1989 crops. Possibilities exist for the UN to obtain and deliver the necessary large quantity of materials required to control the expected infestations at acceptable cost. The most affected districts are: Qala-i-Nau, Qadis, Morghab, Jawand.

While sunnpest control requires the delivery of both insecticides (trichlorfon 80/wp to be applied as a liquid) and sprayers, the locust insecticide (BHC 12<>~), to be applied as powder, can be used without sprayers.

The Swedish Committee for Afghanistan has trained extension workers to teach the farmers how to use the chemicals safely.

FAO is currently implementing a seven months programme for locust and sunnpest control in Badghis and other provinces (Herat and Faryab for the sunnpest · control, Baghlan, Faryab, Jowzjan and Samangan for the locust control). The planned quantities of chemicals and sprayers to be distributed are:

Region Chemicals (kg) sprayers 10 ttr

WESTERN BADGHIS -Kushk-i-Kuna . 5,025 270 -Laman 5,025 270 -Qala-i-Nau 2,025 100 -Cadis 2,550 .125 -Langar 2,025 100 -Darra-i-Baum 2,550 125 (for Seqab region) NORTHERN BADGHISACKU -Buzbai 2,025 •100 2,025 ·.. 100 ~ Bokan 2,025 . .·· ·· 100 Sarsari < 2,025 ... 10Q oo Khatun ...· 2,025 100 :. .. pamakhtu · ,. ·. 2,025 .· :.'100 . -Ghuri · ·,::.3,000 .· 150

Out of 1000 MT provided by the Government of Afghanistan for FAO projects in the six above mentioned provinces 350 MT of chemicals (BHC) have been leased from stocks in Herat city for delivery to distribution points. - 37-

Appeals were made by local farmers for seed assistance before spring. The seeds to be delivered are Sonalika (from India), Blue Silver (from Pakistan), and other varieties (from USSR).

Already, UNDP /UNHCR/FAO through the NGO SCA despatched a total of 70 MT of improved wheat seed (65 MT of Blue Silver and 5 MT of Pak 81) plus 19 MT of chemical pesticides, herbicides and rodenticides and 140 knapsack sprayers (20 litres) to Badghis and Faryab.

II) Food aid

All regional authorities and individual farmers repeated to the UN mission team who visited the province that the province's greatest and most urgent problem is food.

The domestic wheat stocks are desperately low in the areas affected by sunnpestjlocust. At the beginning of 1990, the wheat which was made available from other areas was at 275 Afghanis/kg in Sangi Atesh and Langar bazaars, while in Herat city, the market price was 130 afghanis/kg. A large number of families, over large areas of the province, need to get significant amounts of wheat until the next harvest season (from June to September) if they are to eat adequately.

A Food-for-Work project started early January (300 MT of wheat) to repair the road around Kushk-i-Kuna. Another 110 MT of food were delivered in the Murghab area in January.

Ill) De-mining

Mine fields are all located around the main urban area of Qala-i-Nau and the airport. No specific action hasACKU yet been taken for mine clearance in the area. IV) Road repairs

As mentioned above, a Food-for-Work project is aimed at repairing the main road leading around Kushk-i-Kuna.

Only one concrete highway leads from Torgundi to Herat. A few unsealed dirt roads have been constructed with culverts (from He rat to Qala-i-Nau through Karrukh). Otherwise, most of the region's roads are in a chronic state of disrepair, with apparently no maintenance and in some places even destruction caused by the army.

The regional Shuras have expressed their willingness to manage the rapid rehabilitation of the vital access routes. Basic rehabilitation of many key roads could be affected rapidly with the assistance of handtools and tractors. - 38-

The repair of the road section Sangbur-Sangi Atesh (60 kms) may be undertaken after a demining survey is completed.

V) Health

A project for the rehabilitation of two hospitals in Qala-i-Nau and Kushk-i-Kuna by WHO/UNOCA with the participation of local partners is to be implemented from June 1990.

VI) Logistics and Communications

The bad state of rural access roads often makes the delivery of relief commodities by truck very difficult, and in some areas, like Jawand, almost impossible.

Still, two companies (Jami and Nariman) based in Herat city have been identified as possible transport partners.

Difficutt road conditions, high operating costs, limited export return cargo, and '1axes ., levied by both Government and Mudjahideen checkposts have increased fre ight rates.

ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF -39- BAGHLAND PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary -·-·-- --- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary - ---­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center •• BAGHLAN

N KUNDUZ -,--,/\ \ '"""' ) I - ...... \ ,...... ) TAKHAR I \. '( ,_._/ \\ BAGHLAN ~ • ...... I I SAMANGAN ) ,_ .l Borkah " ( / \ _./_/ /\\ l ' -'I Nahrein J • \ _..,. ~ ( Khost wa Fering \ .,.,.-- _,.,- \ Pul·i:Khumri \ " I' • "- -~ ~ \ f Dahan-i-Ghori Y '--... / // \ )- _.,.- / J , _ _.. ,, I ( j \ /-../ \ -~-/ _/ II ,_.- ACKUAndarab ' / Doshi / ),, ' /"' / / ' '...... _ J ' \ ,_..._ r KAPISA - c-- --, I \ _ _,_{ -, e Tala-wa-Barfak """"-Z ,-/ / l} ',_ / I ./'/ PARWAN BAMYAN ll / __ _,..._ _( '-~ \ 0 10 20 50 100 km - 40-

BAGHLAN

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 17.109

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 516,921

3. Density (Persons per sq.km) 30

4. Capital (population figure) Baghlan ( 41 ,240)

5. Refugees 104,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 18.8%

No. of Woloswalies 5 No. of Alaqadaries 5 No. of localities 1279 Main villages 795 Sub-villages 484

Woloswalies Area In No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities from sea level Baghlan ACKU1,644 176 550 Pul-i-Khumri 671 142 650 Dahan-i-G hori 1,796 93 850 Doshi 1,735 113 900 Tala-wa-Barfak 2,952 64 1,200 Khenjan 988 71 1,100 Anderab 2,345 189 1,600 Khost wa Fering 2,553 166 1,550 Nahrein 1,583 170 1,150 Borkah 842 95 1,150

TOTAL PROVINCE 17,109 1,279 , - 41 -

OVERVIEW

Baghlan remains a vel}' strategic zone for the Government, as the main supply road from the North to Kabul goes across the province from Robatak to the Salang Pass.

From Pul-i-Khumri to Doshi and Kayan, the area is well under control of the lsmaeli forces of Sayed Mansour. Fighting between Mudjahideen and Government is common, which reflects the confusion and the uncertainty of political situation.

A UN national programme officer accompanied the convoy transporting wheat and sugar to Bamyan. His stay in Kuntasang, where the food items were first delivered by private trucks, facilitated the monitoring of the transportation through Baghlan province.

During the same period, food from UN stocks in Hairatan was dispatched to Kabul and later distributed under the responsibility of WFP to disadvantaged groups identified through MCHs (Mother and Child Health Clinics) and ARCS (Afghan Red Crescent Societies) in Kabul.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Baghlan is one of the six provinces identified as the most affected by locust. A locust control programme is being implemented, and 200 MT of chemicals have been dispatched. UNOCA and technical staff from the Plant Protection Department of the Afghan Ministry of Agriculture will supply technical assistance. Existing stocks of chemicals (trichlorfon 80 jwp) exist in Pul-i-Khumri and are to be used against sunn pest in other provinces. ACKU Figures established by FAO, Kabul, in consultation with Technicians from the Afghan Ministry of Agriculture, mention the following seeds and fertilizer requirements for the irrigated areas in 1990:

· AREA (HA) ...•.. : · SEEDS · FERTILIZERS

SPRING WHEAT . 19500 . .2340 . . 4592 WINTER WHEAT 26000 3120 . ·conaN . 2000 .100 MAIZE · 12200 .· 610 RICE 32000 1600 .. POTATO 400 560 ... - 42-

fl) Food aid

At the cross-roads between the Northern provinces and Kabul, Baghlan is a major transit place for the transportation of food items and other commodities.

Although the locust has led to badly damaged crops and destabilization of economy, Baghlan has not been considered among the priority zones for the delivery of emergency food.

Ill) De-mining

The NGO Halo Trust started mine clearance operations around Pul-i-Khumri in specific zones, which were considered non-strategic but endangering the normal life of local population.

IV) Health

Main health facilities are located in Baghlan city, but hospitals have been established in other areas like Kayan, where a modern health care center is now operational. WHO is financing the rehabilitation of Nahrin hospital. ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF - 43- BALKH PROVINCE International boundary Province boundary --- - BALKH Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary -----

Province Center -.. Woleswali Center • ·-· ·"""".,( • ...._./ • .__ • .____.' Alaqadari Center •• ) Shortepa ( 1------~ ·'·-r·./ I I I I L ____ J 1 1 { Dowlatabad } I-"", ...... e _ II II \ ...... _ / ...... I \ ', ""'--/ I ' ' J Balkh I ' ~J I • \ \ ' I 1 ' Char Belak e I /' I N £./-- .._ _l._ I \ MAZAR-1-SHAR IF / Chemtai • -...... ,J • \ • . \ (- Dehdadi \ e Nahre Shah1 ' \ \ ';-" r--\ '\I _.,../ A.,..,- \ __ .., I \\ ! \ ~""" I I 1 e Char Kant \ I \, I ) // e Sholgera\\ ..- /} ) _,../ \ / '- r \ ( ---{ \ J ...... \ / "" \ \ .,.,.,- 1-./ --\ ,...,., / / ACKU'\. I Keshende. '- I JOWZJAN 1 "'\ \ SAMANGAN I ,I I I J I / I ( I r'> I ~"' ._, /-. \ II ' \ II <.---J; / 0 10 20 50 100 km I -44-

BALKH

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 11,835

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 609,590

3. Density (Persons per sq.km) 48

4. Capital (population figure) Mazar-1-Sharif (300,000)

5. Refugees 13,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 2.1%

No. of Woloswalies 7 No. of Alaqadaries 4 No. of localities 943 Main villages 796 Sub-villages 137

Woloswalies ACKUArea In No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities from sea level

M azar -i-Sharif 48 360 Balkh 481 103 340 Nahre Shahi 1,771 . 27 360 Dehdadi 233 .23 .. 360 DowJatabad 864 . 72 315 Shortepa 1,284 19 280 . Char Belak 511 ' .... 109 340 Chemtal ·1,733 130" 360 • Char Kant 1,445 78 2,000 Sholgera 1,663 186 . 630 Keshende 1,802 196 720

TOTAL PROVINCE 11,835 .943 -45-

OVERVIEW

Technical departments from Ministries of the Government of Afghanistan have shown their willingness and relative capacities to act as counter-parts for the implementation of relief and development programmes (Plant Protection Department for the implementation of the pesticide delivery programme in Spring).

No such civil entity has yet been identified in the zones controlled by Mudjahideen, but main commanders have shown their interest in receiving international organizations working for relief and rehabilitation of their zones of influence. Agriculturists and medical personnel trained in Peshawar or Iran have been identified.

UNOCA office, established in Mazar-i-Sharif, is now operational, and the appointment in March of a UN international staff member as Head of office is a major step for the improvement of the UN working capacities.

A team of 4 UN international staff members, 3 UNVs, 5 UN national staff for UNOCA/UNICEFfiVFP is posted in Mazar-i-Sharif and presently involved in implementing programmes in all the Northern provinces of Afghanistan.

An assessment mission to Sholgara took place between 18 and 21 March to identify needs of rural population in the Balkh province. A UN convoy of six trucks carrying 200 MT of wheat to Sholgara left on 29 March, but was stopped by armed groups before reaching its destination. The commodities were later delivered without any difficulties.

WFP began a food delivery operation for disadvantaged groups in January. UNICEF has recently appointedACKU two international staff members to implement its emergency relief operation aimed at assisting malnurished children.

UNHCR assists returnees transiting in Mazar-i-Sharif guest houses. UNDP started implementing its ''water supply and sanitation• development programme in Mazar as well as in Kabul.

FAD is the implementing agency for the pesticide delivery programme planned in the North-Western provinces of Afghanistan, which considers Mazar-i-Sharif as the main supply point for the provinces of Balkh, Sar-i-Pul (Jowzjan), Faryab, Samangan, Baghlan.

ICRC has established a permanent delegation in Mazar-i-Sharif and coordinated health activities, specially in respect to the disabled. - 46-

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agricutture

The province of Balkh is, with Faryab, Samangan and Jowzjan, the second most important agricuttural area in Afghanistan. During the last few years, the province was badly affected by locust and sunn pest, which resutted in the loss of wheat production, food shortages and migration of farm families.

Chemicals are available in Mazar-i-Sharif, and locust control may be undertaken with efficiency, considering that :

- BHC may continue to be available free of cost

- farmers are trained in the utilization techniques

- transportation is provided at subsidized prices.

Statistics on agricultural land are:

District Cultivated Non-irrigated Irrigated land land land Qeribs) Qeribs) Qeribs) .

Balkh 189,990 139,630 Chemtal 201,000 16,860 154,230 Char Belak 186,340 171,530 Dawlatabad 306,600 252,350 Shortepa 11,010 6,220 93,670ACKU . Sholgara 52,350 36,330 Nahre Shahi 120,950 10,650 97,540 Charkant . ·... • " 68,930 63,640 .··· 4,270 .••.••. .. Oehdadi 55,220 .·. 3,660 . 39,730 .· ·.• Kishinkah • 82,410 74,540 . 5,970

TOTAL .

Major crops are irrigated wheat, barley, maize, flax, melon, sesame, cotton and water melon.

Estimates regarding the wheat production are less than 150,000 MT. -47-

Crop season is as follows:

····>··<). ~rop /.:!:::>.·· .. ·Planting < ...... ::.: ::: . ~::::. H.arvesting :::.:..;,m:·.::(6.:·;.::: :·:.·:. :. ... ·...... · .. ·.··.·.· ·.. · ...... ···.· .·· ·.•• >: >::> ·• ::: :•:::::::::: ):)}:(\ :::: ::. <·:> ...... ·...... •.:•:;:: ::; ...... :...... · :: :::··-:.·.······. _·:. irrigated ·: ·: os/9 to 3j/1g ·.t.··: .:-.:·.:-: :- :·.:;. ·::··a1/o5jC):22j()t · :~>· · ··•- w.. h ea t •:•.... · · · ·· ··· · · ···· ...... :::::····· ·.··.-.·<· .. ···---:: ·:····<<·... .. ·-.··.· ..•. ···.··· :::::::::·)/····•·>:··--.. ·..· . .·.. · .. · .•..•. ·...• :;.·:.... ·····- .•·.·.· ...• ·.· •. ·.· ... _· ..·...._ : _·. ·... .·· ~£~g · ; ·.. ········.··············· ~~i · :~ · !~~~ ···················· ?/ ~~~~ · ~~.· ~i~~<;·· ········.···· ·•· ....· ···.· · .. . I - __ ...::.: .-:-:.- ... :.<.?.:::<.·_:::.::_:;:::::: ... ·•····• .. ·•· . . ·· .....· .... ·· ...... •.·. . . .. :···· .: ...... _... ·: .• >water me on .. ·... ·· ...... ··-· · ...... ··.. ···· ..... · ·_ .. ·... : · ·i . ::?·:.:::;:.::::·:. ::.: :. ... :··.:.. ..

The cereal storage facilities in Mazar-i-Sharif are of about 40,000 MT. (one silo with 30,000 MT capacity for wheat storage).

Surveys from the Swedish Committee for Afghanistan mentioned the shortage of livestock and draught animals. The existing livestock is mainly karakul sheep, goats, cattle, donkeys, horses, and camels. A programme for animal vaccination has been implemented in Dawlatabad by the NGO Shelter Now International.

Plans are being made for the implementation of a crop protection programme by FAO and the Swedish Committee for Afghanistan. It includes provision by FAO of certified wheat seeds, satellite study for the selection of the best available agricultural lands, installation of Karakul farms and insemination stations, development of sericulture and completion of a building for plant protection and quarantine, and creation of three laboratories for cotton cultivation.

II) Food aid

Mazar-i-Sharif is usually considered as the main trade center for the Northern part of Afghanistan. Bazaars ACKUare usually well supplied from the Soviet Union, and there is no widespread food shortage.

Still the local population is confronted with a difficult economic situation. In January, WFP started a food distribution operation to vulnerable groups to be concluded at the end of May (over 600 MT of food distribution). Sixteen food-for-work projects both in the urban and rural areas will distribute 610 MT of food (road repairs, building of clinics and schools, rehabilitation of irrigation channels).

UNHCR is assisting returnees travelling through Mazar-i-Sharif before going back to their home districts.

An assessment mission to the South of the province (Sholgara) from the 18 to 21 March provided data on the current situation in order to start relief and assistance programmes in rural areas. A first convoy carrying 200 MT of wheat was sent on 29 March from Mazar-i-sharif to Sholgara. - 48-

Ill) De-mining

Srtuation remains dangerous on the main zones of land communications • between the Northern parts of the country and Kabul.

The situation remains too unsettled and subject to military operations to undertake any kind of civilian mine clearance operation at the moment.

IV) Road repairs

The main road, linking Kabul with the Northern border town of Hairatan, which is the main supply route for the caprtal city, has been maintained in good condition and repaired when necessary.

Many alternative routes f. located either around Mazar-i-Sharif or in the Northern - part of the province, have been badly damaged and require urgent rehabilitation work.

The road infrastructure is as follows :

PAVED ROADS · DISTANCE TRAVELLING TIME (BY CAR)

Mazar-Shibargan · 134 km 2.h Mazar-Aqcha 80km 1.h Kabui-Mazar 428 km 12.h Pul-i-Khumri = Mazar 202 km 2.h 30.mn Mazar-Balkh 18 km O.h 30.mn Tashkurghan-Mazar 60 km O.h 45.mn UNPAVED ROADS ACKU

Maimana-Andkhoy-Mazar 341 km . 11 ~ h Maimana-Dasht-Mazar . 300 km 10.h

-:·-.·.·. .. -.:

• V) Power

A large amount of natural gas resources, estimated at 100/200 billion cubic • meters, exists near Mazar-i-Sharrt and Shibergan.

The existing power system only provides energy to the nearby installations of Mazar-i-sharif, and in particular to the fertilizer factory. -49-

No specific improvement of the existing equipment is envisaged due to the armed conflicts.

VI) Health

The provincial hospital, located in Mazar-i-Sharif, provides medical services, with medical specialists, physicians, nurses, midwives, lab technicians, dentists and other para-medical personnel.

Three dispensaries are listed by the Coordination of Medical Committees (CMC) based in Peshawar. Another 33 are manned by basic health workers from the Peshawar-based Alliance Health Committee.

Under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Health, a training center exists in Mazar-i-Sharif for all categories of health personnel in basic health centers.

UNICEF has proposed, as part of its Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI), to establish a regional cold chain store in Mazar-i-Sharif for the provision of vaccines in the northern parts of Afghanistan.

As part of its emergency relief programme, UNICEF has also distributed 353 basic health kits with essential drugs to hospitals, clinics and basic health centres.

A UNICEF team set up a nutritional screening from Mazar-i-Sharif before organizing supplementary food distribution operations.

Last year UNICEF together with the Ministry of Public Health launched a campaign for the control of diarrheal diseases.

Two district health centres were built in Char Sulak and Dehdaddi during 1988/89 and are now operational.ACKU VII) Water and sanitation

Water supply in the Balkh valley depends on the Band-i-Amir river and 10 canals (Nahr-i-Balkh, Isfahan, Abdulla, Daulatabad, Bagshor, Sharsharak, Charbolak, Faizabad, Chamtal, Yang Kala) which provide less and less water every year.

Mazar-i-Sharif water supply depends entirely on the Shahi canal resources.

Deep-well digging is a vital alternative for finding underground water resources.

Sanitation is insufficient and needs to be re-considered to provide basic health facilities to the local population. A large water supply and sanitation programme is underway with the assistance of UNDP /WFP /UNOCA. -50-

VIII) Education

An average of 10 to 15 schools per 100.000 residents is recorded. Only 60 to 70 students/pupils per 1000 resident population follow schooling.

A total of 120 village schools, 60 primary schools, 5 primary schools, 5 lycees and 1 technical secondary school form the whole educational system. An additional 100 religious schools are registered.

Twenty schools are supported by the NGO Afghanistan Education Committee and one by Muslim aid.

IX) Vocational training

Vocational and teacher training is imparted at the Balkh teacher's Training lnstitut and the Darul Mo'AIIamein school of Mazar-i-Sharif.

The lnstitut of Intermediate Medical Training is composed of two schools: feldchers, nursing and midwifery.

The Balkh Technicum is functioning with less than one thousand students.

X) Cutture

A first assessment of damage to national monuments showed that the shrine of Hazrat-e-Aii in Mazar-i-Sharif and the Khoja Parsa mosque are to be considered among the priorities in a preservation and rehabilitation programme.

XI) Refugees

With a very low percentage of refugees in either Iran or Pakistan Oust above ~lo ) , Balkh province appears to be privileged for having kept most of its native population. ACKU With a population of 566,000 (1989 estimate), the number of inhabitants is almost equivalent to that of 1979, in a mufti-ethnic society composed of Uzbeks, Turkomans, Pashtouns, Arabs, Sayyed and Khowjas, Tadjiks, Hazaras, etc ...

During the second semester of 1989, 12000 returnees were assisted by UNHCR guest-houses in Kabul and Mazar-i-Sharif.

UNHCR foresees the assistance to at least 20000 returnees in the three guest- houses of Herat, Mazar and Kabul. •

The majority of people from Balkh who took refuge in Pakistan (Mianwali camp in Punjab) are either Turkomans or Uzbeks. It is expected that these refugees will be among the first to return to Afghanistan, because of the extremely difficutt living conditions in Punjab. -51 -

XII) Internally displaced

The internally displaced population has either only moved within the different districts of the province or migrated to the highlands in the neighbouring area of Hazaradjat.

XIII) Logistics and Communications

Large storage facilities are available in Hairatan port, where the UN have been given access to warehouses to handle in-kind contribution dispatched through the Soviet Union.

Twelve UN warehouses are to be built in Mazar-i-Sharif. Six warehouses were completed by the 30th of April. The whole UN compound is established on a 41,000 square meters land.

Transportation of relief commodities can be made either by private companies or governmental companies.

UNICEF and WFP have established logistical bases in Mazar-i-Sharif with pre­ positioned food for future operations. ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF BAMYAN PROVINCE

International boundary -·-·- -52- Provi nce bounda ry --- - Woleswali and Alaqadar i boundary -----

Provi nce Center Wo leswa li Ce nter • Alaqadar i Center • • •

N ' BAM VAN SAMANGAN J

~'\. ~ / _.,...~ ,-- ...... ~~ /' \ ,.- __ -.... __., y -- ~ *1; / ) Kahmard ~ ':>0 ../ ~ • -- l r./ ,r '---,_. 1_ \ 1 BAGHLAN ) ) Saighan e J J ~ (I ( ,....-..._\ --I \.""' ..~-, .-->" \. /" ' '( ----~ '~ " \ -" '\ Shibar ( ) )/ BAMYAN. ' \ e l PARWAN '-.. e Yakawlang '\ -.... I /"") ,_~"\ ) -~ ,-~/ \ GH OR / f (--...... -----, '-../ ,.,".,- ACKU-\_, .,/ / J /'----~ • Panjao ( WARDAK _,..( ..._ __ ..-""' / ) e Waras ', ( 1'--_,. '-, (/ '----.. ---,....-~ ...... , ..,/ GHAZNI URUZGAN ' "

0 10 20 50 100 km BAMYAN

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 17.414

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 280,859

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 38

4. Capital (population figure) Bamyan

5. Refugees

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988

No. of Woloswalies 4 No. of Alaqadaries 2 No. of localities 1768 Main villages 1616 Sub-villages 152

Woloswalies Area In · No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 ·localities from sea level

Bamyan 2,152 169 2,500 . Shibar ACKU. 1,071 126 2,600 Kahmard ( + Saighan) . 3,253 .· .•.. 97 1,475 Yakawlang 6,578 . 339 .. 2,600 Pan jab ·• .. 1,537 . 431 .2,700 Waras 2,823 .· ··. ··.. ·.···· so6 2,500

.·. TOTAL PROVINCE·· ·• -54-

OVERVIEW

The provincial capital of Bamyan came under the control of Mudjahideen "· groups during the summer of 1988, only a few months after the signing of the Geneva Accords (14 April 1988).

The city is now under the control of a Council of eight different Mudjahideen groups, the "Shura-e-lslami-e-Bamyan ".

It includes Representatives of the following political parties: Harakat-e-lslami, Harakat-e-lnqilab-e-Jslami, Pasdaran-e-Jihad, Jebha-e-Mostazaffin, Hizb-e-lslami, Jamiat-e-lslami, Sazman-e-Nasr, Shura-e-lttifaq.

Unlike certain other areas, the political situation is generally calm.

Tensions have persisted between Shia and Sunni groups of Mudjahideen until the creation of the Shura-e-Jslami-e-Bamyan. With the participation of three Sunni groups (Harakat-e-lnqilab, Jamiat, Hezb-i-lslami), four Shia groups (Harakat-e-lslami, Pasdaran-e Jihad, Sazman-e-Nasr, Shura-e-lttifaq) and one non-aligned group (Jebha ­ e-Mostazzafin), the Shura intends to coordinate the economic, military and political activity in the province.

The organisation of a broad-based Shura in Bamyan city is a positive step for the implementation of relief and development programmes by a civilian entity.

A Salam mission visited the area in 1989 and made preliminary contacts with the local authorities.

In January 1990, 500 MT of wheat and 50 MT of sugar were dispatched to Bamyan city, while a UN staff member monitored the food delivery to the population. The NGOs German AfghanACKU Foundation and Medecins sans Frontieres Belgique have set up clinics near Bamyan city.

Other NGOS, like the Norwegian Committee for Afghanistan and the Swedish Committee for Afghanistan, have assisted the local population either through in-cash or in-kind contributions to start rehabilitation and development programmes in medical and agricultural sectors. -55-

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Umited available agricultural land, lack of infrastructure and isolation of the area have always been the main difficulties faced by the local population in their willingness to improve their economic situation.

Deforestation has been one of the most serious ecological disasters encountered in a very undevelopped region.

Food-for-work programmes and tree-planting programmes are considered a priority for the reconstruction.

FAO/UNHCR have a joint programme to send 38 MT of improved wheat seed for spring planting in Yawkaolang district.

II) Food aid

The first 500 MT of wheat and 50 MT of sugar delivered in February are part of a food assistance programme to be implemented, with the assessment and monitoring by Salam missions scheduled to start operating in June 1990.

Ill) De-mining

The main strategic routes are still extensively mined, which represents the main obstacle to a proper normalization of situation.

The mine-fields around Bamyan city are spread out over a 12 km2 land area, from Dasht-e-lsakhan to Khoskhkak and Qol-e-Roba, covering part of Bagh-e-Baba and the airport. Other minefields are locatedACKU in Shahr-e-Gholghola, Qala-e-Aimas and Sar Asiya. The need for demining of Bamyan is to be acknowledged before any efficient action may be taken.

IV) Road repairs

The so-called "central road" which goes across Afghanistan, from Pakistan (through Jalalabad, Kabul, Bamyan, Ghar, Herat) to Iran, is only accessible to four­ wheel drive vehicles, trucks and buses for seven months a year, since the mountain passes often above 3000 meters are blocked by snow during winter.

Construction of bridges is, therefore, necessary on some of the higher passes. A feasibility survey of the central road, initiated in 1966 by the Asian Highway TTB and carried out by UN DP, reported that it was not economic to undertake the construction of a first-class paved highway. -56-

Reconstruction of the Dochi-Bamyan city road (40 kms out of 150 to be rebuilt), after demining survey of the area, is considered a priority to facilitate dispatching of supplies from the North. •

The road from Hajigak to Shashpul needs to be rebuilt in two specific places: -from Hajigak to Sad Barg -from Kalu to Shash-Pul.

Out of seven main and 18 smaller bridges between Hajigak and Shashpul, only six are still in use.

Four other sections have been identified for repairs:

- from Shash Pul to Shibar, -from Shash Pul to Do Ab, -from Shashpul to Bamyan city, - from Bamyan city to Yakaowlang.

V) Health

As Bamyan city hospital remains the main medical centre, intensive repairs need to be undertaken to improve its capacities.

Other medical facilities include:

- one clinic supported by the German Afghan Foundation and UNICEF, which is quite well equipped with medicaljsurgery materials, X-ray service, laboratory and pharmacy. The clinic can receive 10 patients and is expanding to be able to receive 10 more. - one clinic supportedACKU by Medecins sans Frontieres BelgiquejHollande; - one clinic supported by the NGO "LEPCO" in the Sheikh Ali valley;

- one clinic supported by Medecins sans Frontieres France in Yawkaolan. In that area, a medical compound built in the early 70s needs substantial repairs.

A similar medical center is to be rebuilt in the Panjao area. Suggestions were mc.de for the delivery of medical kits by UNICEF to Bamyan area, through Doshi as immediate follow-up to the first emergency relief assistance operation undertaken in January. WHO is financially supporting the clinic in Foladi, Bamyan district.

VI) Education

Schooling facilities remain very scarce and are one of the main handicaps for the development of the province. -57-

Only one school in Bamyan is really adequate.

Suggestions were made for the organisation, through UNICEF and UNESCO, of a proper schooling system with rehabilitation of schools.

Since 1989, two schools in the Sheikh Ali valley have been financed by a German NGO.

VII) Culture

The Kyoto University Archeological Mission for Central Asia started investigations on the Bamyan sites in 1970 and published books in 1983/1984. Those deserve to form the basis for further activities in the area.

In order to carry out an up-dated survey of the Buddhist monuments at Bamyan, UNESCO agreed for the work to be undertaken by Afghan specialists.

VIII) Logistics and communications

Due to its geographical situation, the Bamyan province is not easily accessible and road communications with the North of Afghanistan still remain the most efficient way to provide relief and assistance commodities to the local population.

Private transport can be used from Hairatan, via Mazar-i-Sharif and Dochi to Kuntasang. Other local transport services can be used to transfer commodities from Kuntasang to Bamyan city and the neighbouring areas. ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF FARAH PROVINCE -58- International boundary -·-·_. Province boundary _ --- - Woleswal i and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswal i Center • Alaqadari Center ••

FARAH

N

HE RAT

GHOR .,.,.-)' ...... __ .,-..)- ~ / I-...... l • •I \ Shindand \ \. I \ Anar Dara e \ __ • ,_j..~ACKU I \- _ _ Khake Safid e '-. • • '------/I """ -""(._t3ala; Balouk \ ( . -, / • \ FARAH \- \ HELMAND ( Qala-e-Koh e ) ) e • \ 1 Bakwa \-- - -...... _,_ ._ .-- .-- / ---~ ..._/- --~ NIMROZ

0 20 50 100 km -59-

FARAH

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 47,786

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 245,474

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 5

4. Capital (population figure) Farah [19,761]

5. Refugees 90,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 31,0%

No. of woloswalies 9 No. of alaqadaries 1 No. of localities 831 Main villages 650 Sub-villages 140

Woloswalies Area in No. ·of Altitude and Alaqadaries ACKUKm2 localities from sea level Farah 3,515 660 Bakhwa 2,078 .720 Gulestan 6,573 . 1,400 Purchaman 7,105 1,900 Balaboluk . :5,272 .. : 750 KhahiSafid . 1,355 . 680 Amardarah :· 10,464 ···· 770 Qala-i-Koh 6,223 565 ·Lasho-o-Ween ·. 5,200 . : . 500 Shaib-Koh Pusht-i-Road

TOTAL PROVINCE 47,786 -60-

OVERVIEW

Although Farah province suffered intensely from armed conflicts during the 1980 decade, the situation is now relatively quiet.

The "Farah Reconstruction Foundation" (FRF) was set-up in September 1989 as an independent organization aimed at providing technical assistance for the implementation of rehabilitation programmes in the province.

A first programme for rehabilitation of karezes in Bakwa was completed. Two irrigation systems were rehabilitated for the direct benefit of about 200 farmers families, and indirectly nearly 1000 families.

A preliminary mission was undertaken from September to October with the participation of a UN national staff member.

Suggestions have been made for a visit of the area by a mission of UN international staff members from Iran.

The NGO Indoors has undertaken agricultural projects (karez cleaning, provision of seeds and fertilizers, oxen and tractors).

The NGO Swedish Committee for Afghanistan undertook a survey for the rehabilitation of irrigation system (canals, wells) at Bakwa woleswali, and distributed herbicides to farmers in BakwaACKU and Purchaman area. SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agricutture

Wheat production remains the main source of income for the local population. Agricuttural production is as follows: - cereal (wheat, barley, maize, rice), -forage (alfalfa, clover), -fruits (pomegranates, grapes, apples, apricots, almonds, figs, mulberries), - vegetables (tomato, water-melon, cucumber, onion).

Wheat seed varieties commonly used are: Maxi-Pak 17000 and Bakhter. Fungus are responsible for damaging the crops. - 61 -

Production could be increased with the improvement of the wheat varieties, use of fertilizers, rehabilitation of the irrigation systems and the introduction of new techniques of cultivation.

Samples of last year's wheat crops were delivered · to UNDP Agronomy Department in Quetta, so that research may be undertaken and plans approved for the improvement of the cultivation methods in the Farah province.

Wheat and barley are the most common winter crops, while maize is grown during the spring season. Barley is usually purchased by the nomads to feed their sheep I goats.

Fruit crops (grapes, pomegranates, apples, almonds, mulberries, figs, apricots) have decreased in quantity during the last few years due to a lack of maintenance of the orchards.

It has been suggested to introduce insecticides/pesticides to increase the production in order to respond to the needs of the local population and eventually of the neighbouring provinces.

Alfalfa and clover are used as forage for seed production or animal feed . The livestock has significantly decreased over the last years, but sheep, goats, donkeys, horses and camels still remain a major source of income for the villagers and the nomads.

Camels and donkeys are commonly used for transportation of commodities between villages, districts and other provinces.

Sheep are considered as an important source of income because of their wool, meat and milk .

Two hundred MT of UNHCR improved wheat seed have been delivered to farmers in Farah province throughACKU the NGO Indoors.

II) Food aid

A Food-for-work project at Bakwa for the rehabilitation of karezes was implemented under the responsibility of the Farah Reconstruction Foundation.

Another food-for-work programme is being implemented by the NGO "Indoors" in different parts of the province as well as in the neighbouring province of Nimroz.

Food assistance is required, as prices have risen significantly, although the global agricultural production has apparently increased. - 62-

Ill) De-mining

There is no record of large mine-fields in the province, apart from the vicinity of the Government posts.

The existence of mine-fields is usually known by the local population, who is using animals for mine clearance of unsafe paths in certain areas.

No Mine Awareness Programme has ever taken place, and basic information may be of a great help for the population, who has to prevent itself against explosives and mines at its own risk and by unfortunate experience.

Mines have been located as follows :

- anti-vehicle mines (placed on strategic roads of supply) in Bakwa, in Sayab Baba and in Balabulouk,

-anti-personal mine fields in Juvin (around Faizabad Government post), Bakwa (in Karungah and Chera area), Balabulouk (in Galla Mikh), Ballabokek (in different parts of the Shurafetkah desert), and Khak Saphid (in different parts of the Saji Ghar mountain).

IV) Road repairs

The Herat-Kandahar highway, which connects Farahrud to Delaram, needs only slight repairs. A bridge located in the Karwangah area, damaged by mine explosion, needs extensive repair.

From the provincial capital, Farah city, four main roads need attention:

-the road to Bala Bolouk, very badly damaged, needs to be repaired, especially from Shawalgah villageACKU to Herat province; - the road to Pushti Rud, Khakesafid, Shindand and Herat is in great need for repair from Baghi Pul to Gajagain;

- the road to Nowdah, Juvin is to be repaired specially between Nodah and Tiwesk villages;

-the road to Bakwa, joining the main Herat-Kandahar highway, needs extensive repair in the Khurmaliq area.

Atternative roads need attention as follows:

- Zabul (Iran) - Saliyan (Juvin) - Khurmaliq: the road is in a very bad condition around Khuspass Rud; -63-

- Khurmaliq - Ballaboulek: the road is in a relatively good condition and does not need special attention;

- Bakwa - Sarhadak - Bardinow - Sia Kosha (Gulistan): the road is in a relatively good condition;

- Gardi Jungle (Pakistan) - Marja (Helmand) - Bakwa : the road is in a very bad condition due to the geographical situation (across sand dunes).

V) Shelter

Due to heavy bombardments, lack of maintenance and difficult climatic conditions, shelter and housing need to be rehabilitated to a very large proportion. While in the villages, the houses are mainly built with mud, mud bricks, straw /mud roof, those in the provincial capital are mainly built with stone, cement and bricks.

VI) Health

Prevailing economic, sanitation and medical conditions explain poor health facilities.

Health workers trained or supported by medical committees from Peshawar (Swedish Committee for Afghanistan, Medical Sciences and Health) are presently working in the province, but in a very small number in comparison to the need of the population.

The only reliable medical facilities are located in the nearby cities and villages of Iran.

All Governmental health clinics and hospitals were damaged during the last decade. ACKU

VII) Water and sanitation

Water is supplied either through natural rivers, man-built underground canals (karezes), or wells (with or without water pumps).

As most of the irrigation and karez systems have been destroyed, water remains insufficient for the population. Repair of the water systems remain a priority for the rehabilitation of agricultural production and for the improvement of health/sanitation facilities.

Wells are presently being cleaned by the villagers, but they need assistance as no equipment is at their disposal to rehabilitate the previously existing water systems. - 64 -

VIII) Education

Education system is presently non-existent in the province. A few rel igious schools (madrassas) remain the only possibility for the children to receive a basic education.

IX) Anti-narcotics programme

Poppy cultivation can be seen in different areas (Bakwa, Gulistan) which are sometimes used as alternative routes for the merchants travelling from the neighbouring important poppy cultivation province of Helmand to Iran.

X) Returnees

A slow movement of returnees from Iran to their homelands in Farah was observed last year.

Returnees from Girdi Jungle (Pakistan) and Zabul or Zahedan (Iran) settled in Ghaziabad, Gurze, Nazergah, Shamshabad and Shorakhana.

Basically, the observed movements are those of seasonal returnees, who go back to Afghanistan during the cultivation and harvesting seasons.

XI) Internally displaced

Some internally displaced families settled in Juvin, Bakwa, Anardarah. The population movements inside Afghanistan remain directly linked with the military situation, which endangers theACKU life of the civilians. XII) Logistics and communications

The safest routes for supply of commodities are the ones connecting with Iran.

A significant amount of trade/commerce exists with Pakistan, where many families have migrated. Road communications with Pakistan through Nimroz province or with Iran remain the key elements for the revival of the province, which has been left out of the relief assistance provided by the international community. -65- ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF FARYAB PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary - --- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

FARYAB ~· ...---. ,. . \ • e Jilajin \ \

0 10 20 50 100 km

\ N --, J JOWZJAN \ ) I ...... _./..._,--..... \ )"-, I ( } SAR-1-PUL ACKU( J '\ / --'-( Darzab r---­ ' e I \ -.. ~ '\ Pashtoon Kot_,..- ) Belcheragh r--- ) Qaysar \ / ) I \ \ 1../ '--l / ) )-.._I ( / t3ADGH IS \._,../;--- )-- _ _, '-'-.r' ..... { ( e Kohistan '

~ '"-, --- .,_,.---__,...-' ''\-- - I GHOR ' _,.. / -66-

FARYAB

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 22,279

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 609,703

3. Density (Persons per sq.km) 27

4. Capital (population figure) Maymana [40,212]

5. Refugees

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988

No. of Woloswalies 7 No. of Alaqadaries 5 No. of localities 881 Main villages 769 Sub-villages 112

Woloswalles Area In No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries ACKUKm2 localities from sea level Maim ana 32 680 Pashtoon Kot 3,357 219 680 AI mar 1,526 85 840 Qaysar 2,431 187 1,320 Kohistanat 2,268 99 1,840 Bilchragh . 2,381 68 1,832 Darzab . 1,133 63 1,280 Shirin Tagab 2,217 83 560 Dawlatabad 2,600 35 400 Qaram Ool 1,545 11 320 Khan Char Bagh 1,051 11 280 Andkhoy 1,738 20 310

TOTAL PROVINCE 22,279 881 -67-

OVERVIEW

The technical representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture (Plant Protection Department) have been identified as reliable partners for the delivery operation of chemicals and sprayers in the province.

Shura Representatives have also been consulted and agreed to give their support for the sunn pest/locust control in the province.

Relief and assistance programmes are planned from Murichaq (in Badghis province) and Khomly, where food commodities have been pre-positioned. UN cross­ border operations from Soviet Union to Faryab have started in late April1990.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture A programme for the delivery of chemicals in all areas infested by sunn pests is as follows :

CHEMICALS diptrex .+ sprayers ·· BHC

ORIGIN AFC AFC M_azar MinistryI Agriculture Pul/Khumri · · · Mazar ·

DELIVERY POINTS

Maimana · · 30JOOO kg _160 MT-·-·· Shirintabad 5,000 kg ._.: 20MT Dauwlatabad 5,000 kg ·- 20MT Andkhoy 5,000 kg 20MT Darzab 5,000ACKU kg .20MT TOTAL · 50,000 kg +1000 units 240 MT .

A total of 70 Mt of seed, 19 MT of chemicals and 140 knapsack sprayers are to be delivered through the NGO SCA under a joint UNDP /UNHCR/FAO programme.

A field survey undertaken by staff members of the NGO "Swedish Committee for Afghanistan" reported that there were no serious locust infestations in the province, but sunn pest was reported to be wide-spread in Pashtun Kot, Andkhoy, Befchiragh, Daulatabad, Qaysar, Shirin Tagab, Kohistan and Almar.

The infestation of Southern Faryab by sunn pest must receive special attention, as access to the area is not very easy, and assistance can only be supplied from Balkh or Jowzjan provinces. - 68-

Technical assistance is to be provided to the farmers by agricultural extension workers from the NGO .. Swedish Committee for Afghanistan .. so that the materials may be properly used. (UNDP project)

A series of radio broadcasts is being prepared by SCA to be transmitted on the BBC PashtujDari services to backup the technical advisory activities of the field team. (UNDP project)

Similar information has been radio-broadcast from the local stations of Maymana, Shebergan and Mazar-i-Sharif.

FAO programme for sunn pest control in Faryab province has assessed the need to assist the following areas:

CHEMICALS (KG) . 10 LTR SPRAYERS

Qaysar region 3,000 150 Almar region 2,025 100 Maymana region 3,000 150 Befchiragh region 2,025 100

TOTAL 25,200 1,250

Two projects implemented by SCA for crop protection in Qaysar, AI mar and Kohistan regions are parts of the UNDP on-going projects. A similar crop protection programme is being implemented in Darzab and Belcheragh by the NGO ••Afghan Cultural Assistance Foundation .. . The training programme in plant protection and extension to be implemented by the SCA concerns Faryab province as well as the neighbouring provinces of Herat and Badghis.

A programme for the establishment/improvement of veterinary services submitted to UNDP by the NGOACKU .. Shelter Now International .. is being considered.

Similar programmes are implemented with the support of the technical services of the Governmental authorities. ·

Seeds and fertilizer requirements formulated by FAO for the year 1990 are :

AREA (HA) SEEDS .

. SPRING WHEAT · 20000 2400 WINTER WHEAT 20000 . 2400 . COTION 500 25 . MAIZE POTATO 3000 4200 FERTILIZERS 1680 -69-

II) Food aid

As reports mentioned the need for food delivery assistance to the Faryab province, pre-positioning of food in Mazar-i-Sharif, Hairatan and Turgundi has already taken place. A distribution plan for food assistance by the UN intends to deliver 3,000 MT in Darzab district.

Ill) Logistics and communications

Transportation costs for the delivery of chemicals are the following :

·· COST/MT TOTAL QUA~TITY (MT) US $ COSTS(US$)

from Mazar to Maymana 164 112 . 18368 from Mazar to Sherin Tagab 24 89 2136 from Mazar to Andkhoy 25 39 975 from Mazar to Daulat Abad 25 71 . 1775

Two major routes have been identified to dispatch food commodities from Mazar-i-Sharif:

- Mazar to Sholgara-Sangcharak : this route can only be used by five /ten tonnes trucks, but the shipping costs are around 150 US $/MT. - Mazar to Maymana (Mazar-Sheberghan-Darzab-Maymana-Aimar); due to prevailing insecurity, the freight rates are very high. In addition, high road tolls have to be paid in Maymana.ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF GHAZNI PROVINCE - 70- International boundary Province boundary -·-·---- - Wo leswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswa li Center • Alaqadari Center ••

0 10 20 50 100 km

-" .,~\..11 GHAZNI )--. ( ~ BAMY AN ( ~J'j ) \' / ..... ) WARDAK

_, ,.Jr 'I ~ -~ /' ~~ ~/ I ' e Nawor "' I (, Khwaja I I'_, U RUZGAN / ) Omri e ( ~ LOGAR / // \ l r_ •'-. . / I' '- "\ Zenakhan "'-"',__ ...... , / ,_./ -r- '/--...., 't-- _, , r Jaghatu • : r I / ' I GHAZNI • PAKTIA }) { Dehyak ~ / ' >- - ...... \. ~ ...... - ...... I \... ""../ -...... /\ /J / >- - "\ / - ..- \ '- / /. /- /A_, ~ndar e "~, / e Malestan I' v I ('-/.) I( ' /""\ ) \ ( ( \. / .I ..... \. / /-- ' I e Jaghori '~..._ ..-, // • Kiro /)' I I ( /_.,,_.., / / >..---< \ '- -"I () I~r ~ / \ ~ ~ 'J ' ACKU( I I I ,_7 ' \.'\ t, .I / 1 r 1 , • "'1" L- ( ,. - Moqor Ab-band / ~ '--~ ... , .,1 J Gelan \ -...._... PAKTIKA N ( ' ZABUL \...... , .,...... 1.._ I / ' /- - -/ \ I \

I / ) Nawa e I' j I ) ' I I \ I \ ,,.., I ~, J ...... , I

I "-' \_,l\ L------.------~ - 71 -

GHAZNI

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 23.378

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 676,416

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 29

4. Capital (population figure) Ghaznl (31 ,985)

5. Refugees 360,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 51.4%

No. of Woloswalies 10 No. of Alaqadaries 5 No. of localities 3019 Main villages 2937 Sub-villages 82 ACKU - 72-

OVERVIEW

No specific improvement has recently been made in the overall situation. Government forces remain in the provincial capital, while the border between the Pashtun and Hazara population in the rural areas is still subject to tension.

Conflicts between Shia groups have apparently stopped with the announcement of a "cease-fire" between Mudjahideen of the parties Shura-e-lttifaq and Sazman-e­ Nasr, and the adhesion of the former party to the Teheran-based Shia Mudjahideen alliance.

A UN logistics mission is to be carried out to prepare the launching of a SMU in the provinces of Ghazni-Wardak-Bamyan.

"Medecins sans Frontieres" has re-established a new medical programme in the Jaghatu district, to assist both Hazara and Pashtun population in the WaghazjShakij Kakrak valley.

''AFRANE" increased its relief assistance in the same valley, and contributed to the installation of agricultural rehabilitation programmes with the repair of karezes and irrigation systems.

''AFGHANAID" in Robat, ''AFRANE" in Waghaz and Deh Yak, ''Austrian Relief Committee" in Jaghori, "IAHC" (Islamic Aid Health Centre for Afghan refugees) in the central parts of the province and "LEPCO" are presently implementing assistance programmes in agricultural and medical sectors. ACKUSECTORAL ACTIVITIES I) Agriculture

Agricultural programmes of FAO and UNHCR are mainly focusing on the increase of crop production in Robat, Waghaz, Deh Yak, Andar, Jaghori, Khowgani and Malestan.

Distribution of agricultural inputs (seeds and fertilizers) and machinery (tractors) have encouraged the revitalization of the rural economy in certain areas.

Repair of karezes and irrigation systems has been undertaken in Waghaz, Kakrak, Jaghori, Qarabagh, Deyak and Andar.

Seed multiplication and distribution, provision of fertilizers, distribution of trees -73-

are among the main project activities of FAO to be implemented in the area with the assistance of NGOs. FAO have delivered 128 MT of improved certified wheat seed to farmers plus 326 MT of fertilizer through NGOs (AFRANE, Afghanaid, DACAAR, NCA and Save the Children).

FAO have also delivered 34070 fruit tree saplings to farmers through the NGOs AFRANE, DACAAR and Save the Children (US), and 5500 (30 ems) black poplar cuttings to nurseries in Malestan and Qarabagh.

Availability of water for land irrigation is a major concern for the rural population, which had to suffer from drought during the last years.

Still, the province is considered important for its agricultural potential, with large parts of cultivable land and unestimated underground water reserves. The Sarde Dam and the Khwajanur farm, previously equipped for seed multiplication, are two major agricultural infrastructures which may play an important role for the re-activation of the agricultural sector in the region.

II) Food aid

Reports mention food shortages in parts of Hazaradajat, from Jaghori district to the mountainous zones linking the Uruzgan and Bamyan provinces.

Food assistance has been provided by WFP to returnees and disadvantaged groups in Rabat, Malestan, Ramak and Dehyak and food-for-work programmes have been implemented in Jaghori by LEPCO.

Ill) De-mining

No specific action has yet been taken to clear access roads from mines. Apart for well-identified mine-fields aroundACKU the provincial capital and other strategic areas, the problems resulting from the mines are not specific to Ghazni province and need to be addressed within a large-scale mine clearance programme.

IV) Health

The NGOs AVICEN, Norwegian Committee for Afghanistan, LEPCO and Medecins sans Frontieres (France), have reported on-going activities in different parts of the province.

UNICEF is supporting AVICEN and NCA EPI programmes in different districts of the province.

ICRC has established a first-aid post at Sarosa and plans to reinforce its - 74-

presence in case of emergency need.

Peshawar-based CMC (Coordination of Medical Committees) has registered 87 clinics, 2 hospitals and 3 mobile clinics. .. WHO is financing the rehabilitation of a clinic in Shaki as well as 6 primary health centres at Chetaur Guiron, Qara Bagh and Mcgue.

V) Water and sanitation

Rehabilitation of irrigation systems and repair of karezes in some areas have facilitated access of the local population to a proper water supply system.

In some areas, water supply remains a major problem; staff members from NGOs working in the concerned zones have been reluctant to introduce modern diesel waterpumps for fear of lowering under-ground water resources.

VI) Education

Plans for assistance in the education sector are being considered by the Norwegian Committee for Afghanistan. Other NGOs have already provided educational materials in some specific areas, with the financial support of the UN system.

School facilities are often limited to small religious classes (madrassas) in villages.

VII) Culture

No programme has yet taken place for the rehabilitation of historical monuments. The Bahramshah Tower and the Sultan Masood Sharif Khan mosque in Ghazni are listed among the ACKUmonuments which need urgent attention.

VIII) Returnees

A total of 10% of population has taken refuge in Pakistan. Most of them are Pashtuns, although some Hazaras have also left for Pakistan or Iran. Refugees from Ghazni province usually live in the Thai and Hangu refugee villages of Pakistan. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF GHOR PROVINCE - 75- International boundary -·-·- Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----- Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

GHOR

N FARYAB } -...... J... JOWZJAN/SA R-1 -PU L --"( ,_, ""-' r _., \. \ ,_

BADGHIS \ i\ I ( { '--r--l BAMYAN _,....._ \ '\ I J \ _..r-..,._,-./ CHAGHCHARAN / '-) HE RAT I '-, • f ( I .._, J • ) f--- / \ / Lai-Wa-Sarjangal ( { '-----( ""' /'---, ( \ I I '-._ /..., \ Toolak ( e Shahrak l/-\ / \/ \

\ • J r-\ ' l ( / / ' .....-) ACKU,- / I )-.....- v-- / ,_,..., \ URUZGAN r-/'-' • J..... -(,...... Pasaband ' ( Saghar r-/ -- ' \ \ /-'.. • f) ~ <,.r-- \'hore Tayw~/ // \ FARAH \.....'-//'.._____ / \ 1 I HELMAND

0 10 20 50 100 km I I I I I - 76-

GHOR

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 38,666

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 353,494

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 9

4. Capital (population figure) Cheghcheran [3,126)

5. Refugees 43,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 11,2%

No. of Woloswalies 5 No. of Alaqadaries 2 No. of localities 1915 Main villages 1405 Sub-villages 510

. Woloswalies Area in No.of ; AHHude .. and_. Alaqadaries .. Km2 ·.. .localities . : .· ... frorn sea level . . . . . :: . . Chaghcharan . 11 ,806 455 . 2,250 Shahrak . . 8,503 252 .· 2,350 ACKU... 2,955 Toolak ·:->>· 192 ··. 2,250 Saghar ·.. 2,762 . ·.· 103. 2,100 Ghore >Taywara ·2,904 .. 193 . . :_ 2,150 ·· Pasaband _· .· .. 4,664 . 286 . _. 2,500 Lal Wa.Sarjanga _ . 5,072 :.·. 434 ... _.. · .:·:-:2,800

TOTAL PROVINCE ·. - 77-

OVERVIEW

Tension has appeared in a region which had previously been left outside the main military operations. Conflicts between Mudjahideen of different parties have taken more importance than the occasional attacks against Government forces.

Reports mentioned rocket attacks on Government posts by Mudjahideen in the Shahrak district during the last week of January.

Although no specific programme has been implemented in the province, some NGOs support the work undertaken by Afghan natives. In particular, medical clinics have been set up by Afghan medical personnel trained either in Peshawar or Quetta under the responsibility of international NGOs (Mercy Corps International, International Medical Corps).

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Located in the West of Hazaradjat, Ghar province is a very mountainous area, where cultivable land is rather limited.

Agricultural output is presently insufficient to satisfy the needs of the local population.

A mission undertaken by Afghan staff members from an international NGO (MCI) in the Southern parts of Ghar province before winter, reported scarcity of food for a population living in veryACKU poor conditions. II) Food aid

Reports mention shortages of food and a rise in the food prices.

The closure of the road from Chaman (Pakistan) to Ghar province via the Paisang Kotel Pass during the winter months created extremely difficult conditions for the transport of basic commodities.

No UN mission has yet been able to assess the situation. - 78-

Ill) Health

Medical facilities have been established by medical personnel trained in either Peshawar or Quetta.

The NGO International Medical Corps provides technical assistance and financial support to Kamenj, Pasaband, Taiwara and Tulak. UNICEF is supporting their medical programme. •

IV) Logistics and communications

As roads are either non-existent or in very bad conditions, difficulties are expected in terms of logistics for the implementation of emergency or development programmes.

Ghar province may be reached either from Pakistan through Kandahar and Helmand provinces or from Iran through Herat province.

ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF HELMAND PROVINCE - 79- International boundary Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

HELMAND I GHOR ~ ,_,,/, ... r ....,- / r ..J • I \~")' \ Baghran / U RUZGAN o'-----11oL....-...... 2o ____ s_..o ______,_o.-Jo km /__, ~ \7 I FARAH { \ (I ( ,-.rt / (' 'V' .,._, ) J y ' \ Nauzad I M6sa Qala J r../ J ' - • f • ' \ • KaJaki I e Washir ' l ( ~1 r) /)_ \. /'e Sarbon Oala

J \.-/ )". ' 1----- ' Girishk' N I / Nadi-Aii e /'...._ __/ NIMROZ I ~ LAS~KARGAH j----y'/ Nawa-i-Barakzai __(.., ____ \ , KANDAHAR I r. Garmser I ACKUI \ \ / / ) '\ /...... _ Khanneshin // ( I ' .,. ..._•_, f Desh~ / \ ( } \ \ I \ \ ( \ I \ \ I \ J I \ \ ...... -·-J....._ .,.-- .~·--- \ .----·-·-~.J. - 80-

HELMAND

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 61,829 • 2. Population 1982 estimate 541,508

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 9

4. Capital (population figure) Lashkarga (22.707)

5. Refugees 155,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 27.0%

No. of Woloswalies 11 No. of Alaqadaries 1 No. of localities 1388 Main villages 1231 Sub-villages 157

Woloswalies Area In No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries ·Km2 localities from sea level

Lashkargah 998 75 780 Nahr-i~Sar?.l ACKU1,692 · 182 825 Kajaki .·· 1,977 . ·· 144 1,000 Mosa Qala ·•• 1 386 83 1,015 . ' Baghran 3,566 271 . 1,550 Nauzad · 4,581 131 . ·... :.. 1,180 .. ·Washir 4,125 51 ... 1,150 Nadi-Aii . 4,625 119 •. . 800 ·· Nava-i-Barakzai 660 .. ·. 100 740 · ]

OVERVIEW

The Helmand province receives special attention from the Mudjahideen and Government forces on account of its privileged position in the southern part of Afghanistan. Groups of militia have continued to play a major role in support of the Government forces, which explains the "stalemate" situation in which Mudjahideen and Government forces remain ''warlords" in their respective zones of influence.

Quetta-based NGOs (MCI, Indoors) have implemented assistance/development programmes. Mercy Corps International provides assistance to medical personnel trained in Quetta, and has implemented a food-for-work programme now completed.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Agriculture remains the most vital activity for the local population living on the banks of the river Helmand. Fertile and well-irrigated land still needs rehabilitation due to the damage caused during the years of armed conflict.

The NGO .. Mercy Corps International .. is implementing programmes for the rehabilitation of agricultural activities and the improvement of veterinary services.

During the 80s, poppy cultivation spread widely in the province, specially in the area of M usa Qala. ACKU FAO have delivered 235 MT of improved wheat seed plus 544 MT of fertilizer to farmers. UNHCR have delivered 25 MT of wheat seed, through the NGOs MCI, Dutch Committee and VITA.

II) Food aid

Food assistance has been provided by the NGO .. Mercy Corps International ...

Increase of poppy cultivation in certain areas has diminished the volume of wheat crop, and thus, condemned the rural population to depend on imported food commodities from either Pakistan or Iran. -82-

Ill) De-mining

Mine-fields are well-identified around the Government posts in the periphery of Lashkarga.

Laying of mines at random by Mudjahideen on the main roads has created risks to travel across the province. But, the phenomenon, which should be noted because of reported casualties, is not specific to the province of Helmand only.

IV) Power

Repair of the Kajakai Dam installations is considered as a very ambitious project for the improvement of irrigation systems, rehabilitation of agricultural infrastructure and generation of electricity.

Identification of urgent maintenance and repair requirements is needed before deciding on any rehabilitation programme of the Kajakai site.

V) Health

The NGOs .. Afghan Health Islamic Committee .. (AHIC) and MCI provide assistance to Afghan trained para-medics, who have set-up dispensaries in the rural areas. UNICEF is supporting an EPI programme implemented by AHIC.

The provincial capital, Lashkarga, is equipped with a hospital.

VI) Water and sanitation

The Helmand river is the main source of water for the whole region, and favours development of irrigated cultivation.

The province is, nevertheless,ACKU located in a desert zone, and water reserves are very scarce outside the vicinity of the Helmand river.

VII) Anti-narcotics programme

Poppy cuttivation is now carried out on a large scale, specially in the area of Musa Qala, Zamin Dawar and around the Kajakai Dam.

The risk is that if no relief assistance were provided to the area, poppy cuttivation would start on a larger scale, as early as the next planting season. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF HERAT PROVINCE -83- International boundary Province boundary -·-·- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ---- Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

;-~. HE RAT

. ' N ( J ·'-·-·"I • \ '-· .~. \ \. II • .~·'\. • ./ (I J / Golran e } • \ j I /' ) ~~ ~ I BADGHIS ...... \ \ / Kohsa-;;-\- --{ Kushk J • ) f-- _T_... '--"\ " ./ II ) I ...... _ ,-_,...... ,_ ~ ~--- I '- .... ,/ \__ .,.., ( ~. --'- ../ J 1 e Karukh 1 I ,,...... ~

...,.._.\ ---~------H\ERAT/'\.•r __ , -Pashtun Zarghun / • I' 'I \ ' \ lo.... r---~ I / \. / J \ ,--"' ...., l...J.r' I /- _. \ .... _, ) ACKU GHOR ·~, /_/ { ( ...... __..,;/ ' "''· Adraskan / --·-· I - ,_ -~ Y' ~ r --- ...... ___ v--,,-" ' /"' ' ...... ---"

FARAH

0 20 50 100 km I I I I I - 84-

HERAT

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 50,755

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 808,224

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 13

4. Capital (population figure) Herat (150,497)

5. Refugees 700,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 78.7%

No. of Woloswalies 12 No. of Alaqadaries 1 No. of localities 1314 Main villages 1185 Sub-villages 129

Woloswalies Area In . No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities from sea level

He rat 45 30 Enjil 1,333 202 920 Gozara 1,609 138 900 Pashtoon Zarghun · ACKU1,741 157 1.100 Karukh 2,049 103 .. 1,360 Koshk 2,932 . 144 . 1,040 GoIran 9,742 162 920 Ghorian 9,946 46 790 Zindajan · 1,833 58 840 . Adraskan 10,432 114 1,340 Obe 2,283 116 •.. 1,275 ·.. · Chest-i-Sharif .. 1,928 •.••.•... •47 1.550 Kohsan ...... 4,882 27 ·. -740

.. - . ... TOTAL·PROVINCE ···· .•••·• ...· .• <50,755 -85-

OVERVIEW

During the first Salam mission in december 1988, UN staff members had witnessed how the Mudjahideen appeared to be united against ''third country forces".

The situation totally changed with the withdrawal of the foreign military forces, and growing differences are now apparent within the Mudjahideen groups.

A new local counterpart, called Molki Edare, (civil administration) became operational when the first emergency assistance items reached the Salam Mobile Unit based in Zindajan, in OctoberjNovember 1989.

The Molki Edare received the approval of 8 Mudjahideen groups to act as a local counterpart that would fill the void of a rural civil administration.

UN staff members were present in both_ Government - and Mudjahideen­ controlled areas, during the last "coup d'Etat'' attempt, on the 6th of March 1990. Preventive security measures were then taken, and the UN team temporarily left their bases for Iran or Torgundi.

A SMU, which operated from Zindajan from the 7th of August 1989 to the 21st of November 1989, re-activated its activities during the second fortnight of February 1990.

UN staff members participated in different missions to Herat city, before a permanent office was finally opened last December. UN staff members are now based in Herat, and have already started implementing rehabilitation programmes in the provincial capital, and in the neighbouring areas of Badghis province.

The Kabul-based NGO "International Assistance Mission"(IAM) started a medical assistance programme at the Herat ophtalmic center in the provincial capital in early January 1990. ACKU

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Large areas of cultivable land are no longer irrigated: an estimated 1000 kms of irrigation canals and 200 karezes and wells were destroyed. As rainfall is less than 250 mmjper annum, agricultural productivity is very low.

Out of 112,000 ha of irrigated land (registered in 1978), 40,000 ha are no longer irrigated. - 86-

During the SMU operations in Zindajan, (second semester 1989), 503 MT of certified seeds, and a large amount of fertilizers were delivered.

Three agricultural specialists (mechanization, seeds, soil and water) joined the UN mission in February 1990 to assess the agricultural situation and set-up development programmes.

Training programme for plant protection set-up by the NGO "Swedish committee for Afghanistan" in the areas affected by the locustjsunn pest is to take place in Herat as well as in Badghis and Faryab. Emergency locust control is to take place in the northern part of the province, where crops were affected by sunn pest/locust in the same proportion as in the neighbouring province of Badghis.

FAO has sent 6 MT of improved wheat seed (of 4 different varieties) plus 5 MT of fertilizer from Pakistan to Ghorian (1 MT) and Obe (5 MT of seed and 5 MT of fertilizer) for multiplication and field trials. Approximately 10 MT of UNHCR Blue Silver wheat seed was sent to Northern Herat as part of the SCA sunn pest programme.

To encourage the rehabilitation of silk production industry 2550 boxes of silk worm eggs (39 grammes each) were also delivered.

II) Food aid

Food assistance operations first started in September 1989, and the delivery of wheat to Zindajan was the first delivery of relief commodities in the area.

A similar food delivery operation took place in February, when 400 MT of wheat were delivered to Zindajan. The civilian entity Molki Edare took the responsibility of food distribution.

Reports mention serious difficulties in the districts of Obeh, Pashtun Zargun and Adraskan. ACKU UNHCR started emergency relief assistance to returnees transiting in the peace guest-house located in the provincial capital. The distribution of food items is planned on a monthly basis as follows: 24 MT of wheat flour; 2,4 MT of sugar; 3,6 MT of oil ; 7,2 MT of lentils.

Ill) Road repair

Improvement of the Mussaabad-Ghorian road and the feeder road beyond Zindajan is in the pipe-line for funding by UNOCA.

These above mentioned roads are considered among the priorities for the rehabilitation of the province and the implementation of other development programmes. -87-

Although other roads are in a state of severe deterioration, yet traffic flows on the North-South route from Torgundi to Shindand.

IV) Health

An assessment mission undertaken by a WHO Representative, in August 1989, concluded the need to improve hospital facilities in both Ghorian and Zindajan.

A WHO staff member, who joined the SMU in January, reported on the medical needs expressed by the local population. An urgent need for surgery specialists was pointed out during that mission.

A UNICEF medicaljnutrition team undertook an assessment survey before establishing relief and assistance programmes in Herat city (medical assistance, health facilities, health training, EPI, distribution of high protein food to malnourished children).

V) Water and sanitation

Repairs of karezes and irrigation systems are considered as part of the rehabilitation programme to improve the water supplies to people.

VI) Education

School facilities were visited by the SMU team in 1989, specially in Ghorian and Zindajan. A request was made for a quick action from the UN so that a proper schooling system may function for the next school term in spring 1990.

Schools in Zindajan and Ghorian need repairs. Furniture can be provided from Iran or Turkey, and requests were made for procurement from these countries so that there may be a chance of deliveryACKU before the start of the school term. The NGO "Swedish Committee for Afghanistan" which was providing assistance to schools in the province, has now stopped its relief programme due to the impossibility to monitor the situation, ot even to receive satisfactory reports.

It has been suggested that the United Nations participate in an overall programme covering teacher training, increased enrolment of pupils, provision of basic furniture and teaching aids, and addressing the need of the disabled.

VII) Disabled

The workshop established in Zindajan by the NGO "Handicap International" for the fabrication of artificial limbs and prostheses was closed last august 1989, when one of the NGO staff members was killed on its way to Herat province. - 88-

A programme to assist disabled Afghans in Iran has been approved. Apart from training 22 technical staff, the project components include medical treatment and rehabilitation of disabled Afghans and provision of protheses.

The Iranian Red Crescent Society is the implementing partner for the programme which emphasizes the need to facilitate the movement of the disabled from Herat and other provinces of Afghanistan to Iran and to train Afghans as prosthesists, orthopedists and physical therapy assistants for work both in rural and urban areas of Afghanistan.

VIII) Culture

Rehabilitation of historical monuments has received attention of UNESCO specialists.

An architect for UNESCO visited Herat city at the beginning of the year 1990 to evaluate the rehabilitation priorities for the following monuments : the old city mosque, Qalae-Ekhtiaruddin, Gazergah-i-Sharif, the cross-reservoir, the Malik reservoir, the shrines of Prince Abdullah and Prince Qaseem, the musallas.

IX) Returnees

In February 1990, UNHCR started its assistance programme to returnees in the Herat guest-house.

UNHCR is now arranging transportation of returnees from Islam Qala (at the iranian border) to the guest-house in Herat city.

A significant number of returnees is expected to arrive in Herat city before the Summer. UNHCR is making necessary arrangements to take care of this new population flow. ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF JOWZJAN/SAR-1-PUL PROVINCE _ 89 _

International boundary Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----- Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

Khamyab/'e"\. _ . JOWZJAN/SAR-1-PUL . \ ., J / Oarqin "'-...-"'\·- -,·< {-~ ' ..,..---; I ' '--\ " '~ I \ M~ngajek • >Mardyan • { \ \.'Aqcha·e \ r.,.... N ' J Faizabad/"'. ' ( ( { __ j ) SHEBERGHAN '-\ } " BALKH ~~- _L..,.- 4\ \ ____ _,_ FARYAB \jr \ I --~ SAR-1-PUL • t -....~ I ,..,..,., 'l { ~ I \-..,_.--..J--...... _,_j • I 0 10 20 50 km r ACKU'l Sang Charak \ ) ( ( / . \ ' Kohistanat ,..__ r..i.-...... /, ( '--(' \ I ) ff e Balkhab l---/ SAMANGAN ( ~ / \ ,.,..J ~-- ' ,_""' / -::: /"'-" \,,-,) '-.-- J BAMYAN GHOR ' \ \ ,...._--z( "....) ' -90-

JOWZJAN & SAR-1-PUL

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 25,553

2. Population 1978/79 estimate: 615,877

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 24

4. Capital (population figures) Sheberghan [19,969]

5. Refugees 7,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 1,0%

No. of Woloswalies 6 No. of Alaqadaries 5 No. of localities 905 Main villages 244

· Woloswalies Area in No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities from sea level

Sheberghan 3,797 114 318 Sari Pul ·.. 4,212 228 640 Kohistanat ·· . 7,016 116 1,740 Balkhab ACKU2,476 1,750 100 Sange Charak 1,761 · 159 . 1,200 . Sarma Qala 895 33 900 ·.· Falzabad 811 36 306 · Aqcha 55 . 1,070 .. 290 Mardyan 822 26 290 -Mangajek .· 957 . 30 285 : ··· Qargin ..··· .· 1,232 .. 5 260 ·}(hamyab · 504 3 260 ·:.:.>-:.>::._ . . . . ·.· ·_._. : . . ··· .. ·.· . .. 905 .. '. TOTAL.. PROVINCE. .... _25,553 ;· - 91 -

OVERVIEW

The province is under administrative restructuring due to the partition of districts between the former Jowzjan province and the newly formed Sar-i-Pul province.

Districts of Kohistanat, Sang Charak, Balkhab and Sar-i-Pul will form parts of the Sar-i-Pul province, while the following districts remain parts of Jowzjan: Aqcha, Faizabad, Khamyab, Khanaqah, Mardyan, Mengajek, Qarqin, Shebergan.

After the return of the UN team from Sholgara (Balkh province), a mission in the Jowzjan province has been organized to assess the situation regarding the sunn pestjlocust infestations, to identify the access routes to the south of Maimana and Qaisar, in Faryab province, where the locusts infestations are reported to be extensive, to survey the road infrastructure, and in particular the access roads to the central parts of Afghanistan.

ICRC delegates visited, at the end of the year 1989, the Shebergan prison under the responsibility of the Ministry of Interior of the Kabul Government. They carried out tracing work to monitor the movements of the prison population.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Locustjsunnpest control is the main objective for the rehabilitation of economy mostly based on agricultural resources. The pesticide deliveryACKU programme for Sar-i-Pul is set up as follows : .···.····.. •,· .. ··.··.·. ·.·.·-·.···· .· .. · -'·' :·:::--::-.: .. ·:·.:._ ·. ::··. :::;::::.·-.-<.-. -·::::-: •Sar-i _.: pl.JJ ,. .· . . ·· JOO ·. · ' ' .. ·:Tu~~r. ; (sancharak) .-· · , :Joo ·'_. ·. ·:, ··· ,_, ·. ::· ·· ,.· -· .••• : :- :-: ~:;.~,.~ - ~~~~~~~ --- ~ ~~-;.~~- -;. ~ . ;.~ -- ~;.~ -~ .;; -~- ~~ . ·. .· . .. ·.-:: ::::: ': . :. : :'',...... : :,: :.. .·.· :. ·..••. :.::: .f: >(.}_ '/: : ... :: .· ...•. :.: ..

:,t:?':·.(·,TOTAL'·U•,; •. •.:;::: •. :.: ...• ·,,•: •· .. , ,:> •,•_•:__ :.,: __ :., .• •.:.•_:,:._: __ •. ,:_._•.· .•-'_.-.'.• __ :_;_-,• .•:,-_•_:_-_•.·-.•_,'·_·_.· __ ,·. ·_._. ,._•.'_!_. ' ,•.-••.· .·-··_·_:•_:.-_.:_,:.,._,: .••_,•_: __ :_,:_•_',·.·_,.:,:_•_r_.,·_: __ :_:_:_:_ .•..:_ . _•_;,:_:_·_!,,_•_.:,:•_i_:_:• ,,,,_.,,,, __. , . , ,,.,,,.,_,_,, , :,,,,., •.• ,,,._,,,,.,.,.,,,.,:::,,.,, ..... , .. , ·· ...... ::.{:·:-:··. . ..26Q .. . _,,.MT. . . .·...... _- ::::;){\(~/:?~:)).::\}/})/}\/ . . _ _ :::t,:::r?:•>::::·:•:..::::'·,:•,•-:::::::::- /'.:-'•: ,._ .... ,..... ,.. _, ...... ,.. _.,,._- . ,, __ , .•, __ .. _,_ .. ,, .: .. .,_ ,,,,•. ,,,, .. ,,, .. ,,,,,. ,_,,,, .. ,, ... , .-... ,.. • . . . ,.• ·······•'•-·· ,:,, .••.. _,_, __ ,,_._ >':::< :.:-:'>:.:::> ,.:::: .... :,:.,:e:::::,:.':::•:.::::::_::::::::::·::-:r::::•: :" ,,,_ .•..... Main supply point being Mazar-i-Sharif, the delivery routes are :

1) Mazar - Shibarghan - Sar-i-Pul 2) Mazar - Budana Qala - Qizel Qadur - Arab Ba - Tukzar. Seed and fertilizer requirements for the whole year 1990 have been identified by FAO as follows : -92-

_·:·>_c,•: JowzJAN:_, __ •.•• -._ ..-·-··-·.·:·:- . :_· . . .;::::>· ..·-;:- .·. ·.·...... SAR-1-PUL·. 0 /' •>:' -· < - < : <· • < >· .-• ·:: ·. : -· ·- · •· •>: > _>: •-•· · ··- · (-_-:q-. '·u·_ a·_::_'_,,n,:_._·.·_--t-_ *'_-,_:_. •• ,-_·•:_:. ,· _:n•_·_.. _-M•-·:·.··_•_• D·.:.•• ____:_- <_ :_:_;;__ ;._: ::._·_:._:_: •. :.•_:_•._•._•.· •. :_•:_••-• •• .: :,:.·••••••' •. : -:-;•• _._, ••• -•••• >_._ ·. ·.·. -·-:.·::-;:·:>\}'}~;)::~:::::::>>:::::::::::::::::?~::::/:~:::}\::::::=\::::.:::::;: ::· :-·-· .. '·.·. :::::-·.:·>>::.:~:>>:::.>:::::-::: 0 ~ - ~ 1 :._:-.•~•-:•-•-'_; .·· .... ····· g~~i~~W~~+ }·········· · i : > ~;~~~~~~66~~5 / ? } ~il6 (~6do ha) · :: •. - -· WINTER WHEAT < .- 4080 -(34000 ha) .::,,::;.::,· ,__ :·_- ·1680 (1~000 ha) -- ••-, COTTON -:··-·:::::·- •:::·_::.:::·:.-• :.:•·-<._-)):_: • >50 ( 1000 .ha) '• ) :. 25_( .500 ha) . .·_,. MAIZE'>' ...... ' 660 (13200 ha)______:::·• 305( 6100 ha) POTATO : . 79.8 ( 570 ha) 406 ( _ 2~0 ha) _ :_... : ( >• : .• :. \ ::: .. : .::: :-·-·. •':: : >. >:':•. : : .> :-:. :_·...... :-·-: : ;:; :. ;::.;:::;::::::; ~ ~;; i;;;:::::::::;:. ~: ·_: ... : :. . .. _:. __ ·.. <':':':- >::{::.::::··· ...... ·.· .. · ... ·.;.·.· ·.· ...

UNDP /UNHCR/FAO through the NGO Afghan Cultural Association has despatched to Jowzjan from Pakistan 10 MT of Blue Silver wheat seed, 90 knapsack sprayers (20 litres) and 4 MT of chemicals (herbicides, pesticides, rodenticides) as part of the sunn pest control programme.

II} Food aid

Plans are made for the dispatching of emergency food assistance to the Jowzjan and Sar-i-Pul provinces from Mazar-i-Sharif through the following routes:

- Mazar - Sholgara (transportation costs = US $ 160 /MT): This road passes towards the south of Mazar to Sholgara, and further towards Darzab and Maymana. It can only be used by five tonnes trucks.

- Mazar- Shebergan - Darzab : this road can be used by 16/20 tonnes trucks. The high freight rates are the result of insecurity, and high road tolls have to be added in Maymana.

Ill) Road repairs

The roads leading to the neighbouring provinces of Balkh and Faryab need extensive repairs, and priorityACKU is to be given to the physical infrastructure before undertaking any major rehabilitation programme.

IV) Health

In order to establish a comprehensive and co-ordinated health service infrastructure, a UN mission to Sheberghan has determined the status of the existing health, water supply and sanitation infrastructure.

V) Education

To facilitate the rehabilitation of the education system, formal and non-formal education and training facilities will be monitored. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF KABUL PROVINCE -93- International boundary Province boundary -·-·----- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

KABUL N

PARWAN

LAGHMAN ACKU

/ / / NANGARHAR \ I LOGAR '-\ I , .,. "-./

0 10 20 50km - 94-

KABUL

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 4,689

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 1,517,909

3. Density (persons per sq. km) 331

4. Capital (population figure) Kabul (1 ,036,407)

5. Refugees by province of origin 69,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 2.7%

No. of Woloswalies 6 No. of Alaqadaries 5 No. of localities 663 Main villages 584

Woloswalles .Area In No. of . ..•. ·.·. Altitude and Alaqadarles Km2 localities · .< from sea level ·.. · .. Kabul 213 ·· 1,800 Deti Sabz · · · 632 47 1,800 . . Mir Bachakot · 63 42 1,675 .Kalakan ACKU43 . 17 1 ~575 : Oara Bagh ... : : 111 . 57 .1,550 . . lstalef . . 306 . 35 . 1,900 Shahar Dara .. 186 . 120. 2,200 . Guldarah . 212 ·2,000 . :: ... Paghman 407 2,250 Chrasyab 284 1,850 ·.·· .- ..Mosai .. 1,840 ...... Bagrami .· . . 1~800 : Khakejabar 2,150 · . Sarobi · .. 970 -95-

OVERVIEW

No major political move was perceived after the aborted coup d'Etat. The Kabul citizens were the main victims of this internal conflict between the two main factions (Khalq and Parcham), which share responsibilities at the governmental/eve/.

The Afghan Red Crescent Society (ARCS) and the Mother and Child Healthcare Centers (MCH) are the current implementing partners of the WFP and UNICEF assistance programmes.

The Plant Protection Department of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Kabul Government, the technical departments of the Ministry of Public Health and of Repatriates have been given assistance from the concerned UN Agencies.

The United Nations Agencies have all maintained a significant presence in Kabul city. Presently, more than 30 UN international staff members are stationed in Kabul, and 200 UN national staff members work in the UNDP, UNICEF, FAO, UNESCO, WFP, UNOCA, UNHCR, and WHO offices.

Recently UNOCA and WFP opened new offices located near the UNHCR and UNDP compounds.

The NGOs lAM (International Assistance Mission) and Halo Trust operate in Kabul. lAM is presently running assistance programmes in the Noor Eye Hospital. Halo Trust has set up mine awareness programmes and mine clearance operations. In addition to its activities in the de-mining sector, Halo Trust is running an emergency medical clinic, and provides medical supplies to hospitals in Kabul.

The International Committee of the Red Cross (JCRC) is active in the protection of political prisoners, and operates medical facilities. ICRC delegates have ACKUvisited the Pul-i-Charki prison, and distributed clothes, blankets, dried fruit and tea to the prisoners under the responsibility of the Ministry of Interior.

The ICRC hospital has seen its capacity extended to 200 beds occupied mainly by victims of rocket she/lings on the city or from battlefields around Kabul. Various civilian hospitals in and around Kabul received ad-hoc assistance in the form of medicines and medical material. -96-

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES I) Agriculture

Seed and fertilizer requirements for the year 1990 are:

...... ··>••···•: AREA >..... ::··: .. 'QUANTITY .:-.:.::·· . . (~a) . ... ··· (mt) .. : • ·.•:• · . ·.: ,:': <<•:•:::::: ·<::: :: •..•. :. ·. . . :: ·_ .. ·._ .. . . ·. _. <):\~/:>>- \\}\~?~~ . . . -. - . . . . • ...... ' . . SPRING WHEAT .... 4300 ··<< >:516 .: > >:: .. }•• .. : •. :>· ..:. ::><<· WINTER WHEAT 23000 .. .. : 2760 : . MAIZE .· .. . . 300 . . .. 15 .. :•> .... ·POTATO .:>··· ...... ·.. ·>:··· 400 .. ,': ·:·· 560 <. ·: :.<: .... FERTJUZERS · . .·.· ::<:·· ... 8665 •• .••

FAO has distributed approximately 9000 fruit tree saplings from Pakistan (apple and stone fruit) to farmers in Chrasyab district though the NGO AHSAO. A project proposal has been submitted to support the veterinary clinics which are operating around Kabul and other parts of Afghanistan.

A total of 17 sub-clinics have been identified in the Kabul province, which need direct assistance in (Dehsabz, Chahar Asyab, Moosai, Bagrami, Paghman, Wazir­ abad, Qarabagh, Shakar-Darah, Mirbachakot, Sarobi, Pul-i-Charkhi, Binihesar, Bagrami farm, Chardihi, Jangalak, and Khair Khana).

II) Food aid

WFP delivers food commodities to disadvantaged groups through the Afghan Red Crescent Society (ARCS) and the MCH facilities in the capital. WFP began its .. vulnerable-feeding programme .. for Kabul in December. Pregnant and lactating mothers were screened throughACKU 20 MCH centres located in the poorest districts of the city, while aged and disabled were screened through six Afghan Red Crescent clinics.

From January onwards, the vulnerable group feeding programme is being complemented by a variety of food-for-work projects (upgrading of sanitation services, improving water supply, afforestation, embankment construction, institutional rehabilitation).

Ill) Demining

De-mining experts in charge of the UNOCA mine awareness/clearance programmes undertook an assessment mission in Kabul in March 1990 and acknowledged the request made by the Kabul Government to the international community for a vast de-mining campaign in Afghanistan. -97-

The NGO Halo Trust started a mine-awareness training programme in Kabul and intends to expand its activities.

IV) Road repairs

Kabul City serves as the focal point of domestic traffic, with highways radiating East to Pakistan, North to Kunduz and Mazar-i-Sharif and to the USSR, and South to Ghazni and Kandahar.

No detailed estimates of the destruction caused by the war of the road network have been so far attempted. Still, various accounts from field missions show that extensive damage has been inflicted on the infrastructure, which connects the capital with the provinces. The appalling state of roads has been aggravated by lack of maintenance and mines, and weather conditions continue to further deteriorate it. Damage to strategic bridges and the present security situation have also made many stretches of roads impassable.

Kabul province is included in the areas where extensive damages have been inflicted by the war.

Road construction and maintenance, which generate sizeable employment opportunities, is considered a priority in the reconstruction programme.

Pilot projects for road rehabilitation are undertaken outside the Kabul province, keeping in mind the necessity to facilitate the internally displaced and refugee population, the transport of essential goods and passenger traffic across the country.

The Road Maintenance Directorate in the Ministry of Public Works bears responsibility for the effective planning, construction and maintenance of roads, and the UN road repair programme aims at assisting in the establishment of an efficient internal structure. ACKU V) Shelter

The project submitted by UNCHS (Habitat) for .. the reconstruction of rural housing .. is intended to promote the re-building of houses in Kabul province.

VI) Health

Health facilities in Kabul receive technical assistance and financial support from WHO and UNICEF, but still do not satisfy the needs of the population.

Existing Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities only meet the needs of 30% of t~e target population (women and children). UNICEF provided medical supplies and equipment (essential drugs) to MCH clinics. Training courses on "Mother Child Health" - 98-

for existing heatth personnel, have also been conducted. At the beginning of 1990, UNICEF provided adequate assistance for one week training course for 20 doctors and nurses.

A nutritional programme started in January in the MCHs clinics to develop specific health assistance to malnourished children.

The Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI), control of diarrheal diseases, early child health activities are on-going activities in Kabul under the responsibility of UNICEF.

Emergency aid to vulnerable groups, child survival assistance and production of essential drugs programmes are implemented with the assistance of WHO.

Other projects have been approved for the production of sterile ampules and vials, the production of essential drugs and the strenghthening of intravenus fluid production.

VII) Water supply and sanitation

UNICEF has expanded its programme for the provision of safe water supplies and sanitation with the installation of hand-power pumps and construction of latrines for schools, health facilities and private housing.

UNDP is playing a remarkable role in the implementation of an ambitious water supply and sanitation programme for Kabul city.

VIII) Education

An English training center is functioning in Kabul with the financial support of UNESCO/UNDP. With the assistance of the UNESCO Education Advisor in Kabul, the present programme of training of educational personnel will be reinforced. A special programme for women and girls' education is to be developed through support to day­ care institutions for the benefitACKU of women teachers. The UNESCO programmes components include:

- the establishment of education resource centres, - the establishment of community basic education centres, - a special consideration for the access of the disabled to education, - the provision of school materials and supplies, - the construction and repair of schools.

IX) Culture

The on-going programme for safe-guarding of Kabul museum will be strengthened by the provision of protection walls and the construction of basement and shelter ;storage space. -99-

The programme related to the assessment of damage to national monuments is continuing, and a UNESCO expert visited Kabul late December/early January. The project will require advisory services, training and research programmes, and the provision of equipment and materials.

The on-going programme for the preservation of national archives in Kabul will receive consultancy services, training of staff and equipment.

X) Returnees

The Kabul peace-guest-house receives the assistance of UNHCR and WFP, which distributed daily food rations to the returnees travelling through Kabul city before reaching their provinces of origin. An average of 1500 returnees receive assistance in Kabul every month.

XI) Logistics and communications

Kabul remains the main trade center for the whole of Afghanistan, and logistics and communications allow, in spite of the global situation, transfers and transit of commodities from the North of Afghanistan to the South through Kabul.

Private companies (Best Transit, General Transportation - private services) and semi-governmental organisations (AFSOTR) provide adequate services for the transportation of commodities from rural areas to urban centres.

Air transport plays a significant role. Airlifting of UNICEF emergency relief commodities has shown the efficiency of the aerial communications.

To improve coordination and communications, UNOCA hired an airplane to connect the main cities of Herat, Mazar-i-Sharif and Kabul. Hiring of a cargo plane is planned, considering the need to expand the relief and emergency supply operations in different parts of the country,ACKU which may be difficult to reach overland. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF - 100- KANDAHAR PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary ---­ Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Prov ince Center Wo leswal i Ce nter • Alaqadari Center ••

•

URUZGAN \~,- -" _,...- ,- • Nesh \. KANDAHAR ,.J ) \ \ ( --"\..--. .I ,...... __ ...J \ ( J -.,...'- ,__/ \ -~ I '{ I ZABUL I' .1 I \ ) • Ghorak j ~hakrai~ " \ / r I _ ) -- ...... _.,.....\I 1r"' 'Shah Wa l"k1 ot/.r / ' ~Arghandat}~,..---,/ ( _r_../-.'-..-.. _ ...... " r/ I / -I ' ) I I • 1 Daman ...) 1 e-.._, ( Dan KANDAHAR /Arghistane f'.,/ Maruf "\.. I I • ' . . ' t-·- 1Panjwai1~-...." ', '\/ ) '-·-· I -, e '- ~ \ (' .) \ I Shega \ \...,. "" ...... ·) ~·/ ' I \ ..__\.._/ -- f ._,. ,__. I ) ...... ,.... "-·-· ' ) ' I I 'I ~ I l Spin Boldak l I I I I I I i N 'I I I ACKUI • I ~-----/ ~ I -----1-r-...J . ~ I I \ ~ 1 I i I I I . J ' : Shorabak e i ' ' I '· I' l .) I '\ .... I I ..,-·-"' Reg e ~·,.,· I . ,.,. ..,.. I - ...... _ ...... ,. .., ·-"' 0 20 50 100 km - 101 -

KANDAHAR

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 47.676

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 597,954

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 13

4. Capital (population figure) Kandahar (191,345)

5. Refugees 466,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 64.2%

No. of Woloswalies 10 No. of Alaqadaries 3 No. of localities 1838 Main villages 1788 Sub-villages 50 ACKU - 102-

OVERVIEW

The Peshawar-based Afghan Interim Government (A/G) has established Shuras in the districts of Spin Boldak, Shurawak and Arghastan, and administrative units in the districts of Spin Boldak, Dand, Panjwai and Mahalajat, and apparently intends to act similarly in other districts.

As the Pakistan-based parties never played a predominant role for the establishment of effective civilian structures in Kandahar province, the political situation remains rather confused, and the AIG is apparently having little success in its efforts to establish local Shuras.

In some districts (like Maruf or Arghastan), the overall situation appears satisfactory as the influential commanders and tribal elders are cooperating with one another.

A joint UNHCR/UNDP mission visited the Shorawak district in February to investigate the possibilities for cross-border agricultural projects and assess drinking water availability.

Another UN mission visited Maruf area between 1 - 7 March 1990 to prepare the organisation of a SMU, to carry out a survey of the needs for basic education, to study the possibility for building a basic education centre, to assess the feasibility of setting­ up an fLO skills-training unit (for construction work), and to assess the needs for de­ mining activities and roads development.

The mission strongly recommended the establishment of a SMU for the Maruf and Arghestan districts of Kandahar and the Attaghar sub-district of Zabul. The area is referred to as the Arghestan Valley. Due to the shortage of implementing partners, the UN Agencies will need to considerACKU implementation of programmes through Afghan entitiesjNGOs.

At least 13 NGOs are working in a dozen of Kandahar's 14 districts in the following sectors:

- health (MCI, MTA, IAHC, MSH, SCA)

- rural works (Save the Children US, Shelter Now International, VITA, Austrian Relief Committee, A VIGEN, Solidarite Afghanistan, AFRANE)

- field crops (Mercy Corps International, Austrian Relief Committee, Swedish Committee for Afghanistan, Agricultural Survey of Afghanistan); - 103-

-irrigation rehabilitation (Save the Children US, VITA, Austrian Relief Committee, Mercy Corps International, AVICEN, Solidarite Afghanistan, AFRANE)

- veterinary services (Mercy Corps Int., Austrian Relief Committee)

- horticulture (Mercy Corps Int., Austrian Relief Committee)

- education (Afghanistan Education Committee, University of Nebraska, Muslim Aid).

Seven of them have received funds from the United Nations.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Arboriculture and horticulture are predominant activities in Arghandab and Arghistan districts, where the major crops are grapes, pomegranates, almonds and vegetables (potatoes, tomatoes, onion, garlic, radish, etc ... ).

Wheat, corn, barley and cotton are also grown in different districts like Arghandab, Arghistan, Dand, Ghorak, Maruf, Maywand, Nish, Panjwai, Shahwalikot, Showrawak. ACKU - 104-

Agricultural activities per district can be summarized as follows:

ACKU - 105-

On-going agricultural projects funded by UNHCR are presently implemented by the NGOs Agricultural Survey of Afghanistan (crop protection and agricultural assistance, herbicides programme), Austrian Relief Committee (crop production in Maruf district), INDOORS (crop production), Mercy Corps International (crop production and irrigation rehabilitation in Maruf, Panjwai, Spin Boldak, Dand, Arghistan and Daman), Save the Children US (agricultural assistance and irrigation system rehabilitation in Shah Wali Kot and Daman), and the Swedish committee for Afghanistan (agricultural and irrigation rehabilitation assistance in Arghandab).

One UNDP project on animal health in Dand is implemented by Mercy Corps International.

A programme for the improvement of veterinary services and another for the rehabilitation of irrigation systems have been submitted to UNDP by the Austrian Relief Committee.

A project for the repair of water supply system in Arghandab (Nahr-e-Monar) has been presented to UNDP by the organization RAFA.

FAO have distributed 237 MT of improved wheat seed and 678 MT of wheat seed through the NGOs MCI, AFRANE, Solidarites, AFGHANAID, and VITA in the districts of Arghandab, Arghestan, Khakrez, Panjwai, Maiwand, Maroof, Dand, Daman and Shawalikot.

FAO have also distributed 12000 fruit tree saplings in Kandahar through the NGO MCI and AFRANE as well as 4000 virus free apple rootstocks, and 39000 (30 ems) poplar cuttings to nurseries in Maruf under the responsibility of the NGOs VITA and ARC. II) Food aid ACKU 30 MT of wheat was delivered to Spin Boldak early March 1990 as part of the food-for-work programme implemented by the NGO Mercy Corps International.

No urgent food needs have been recorded. Food aid should be considered as means to keep the food prices down.

It is reported that no large-scale food aid will be made available before there are clear indications of massive returns of refugees. - 106-

Ill) De-mining

Strategic places are still heavily mined. Main places, where large scale demining operations are te be set up are:

.· ... DISTRICT :·< ·:· ... ···· J?i.Ac~ ::.::::::::·)\<:;:·:•·<·'' ·••··· .·· ·········.····· ...... ,·<·•.<•::·::- :•:.:·••<'<· ···· (\:\)\\::};~~<~:;::\?i-{}y;~):~:;:;t::: ... -... -.--......

··•··. ~i~h;:;~~~/ §inWrif~~: §R~h i d : A~~~Lii~ kh~~; W~~h~~ . ~ §g:: ...... ·.······ ...... · •· • ...... ·.· · ·· <. .. ·:: •>· '·. : P~r?ing~ ~ .9 i. . : §. t1~r, . ~~rqp.rj . ::: :•::<:.: . •::::::::::.::·.::•:::: .:-=:·••:·•... ::·•··:.:... .;::/' . :' .,:.:.:.. ·:· ··.··~~ ·~~··· .. ···········.··· b:~;~~h.6~~~ ~~~ : ~ ~r~ ~ ~ ~ : i~~~ii~b~; ) i · ·· .. ·... · · . :-:::-:. -.. :· ;:: -::~; :_: :~: :_.- ~ ~ ::. :·:: ::::;:~:~~ ~: :::::- ::;:: :::; .. :=: :: ;~ .· ...... · .. ·· Khakrez . ' ··' . Sia Sang rrio.uqta.in~, ArolJq area :!=••::/<' : : < ·.•. . : . ·_::·-·:- -:>-·-: .... ·:-::::::··::> ::.:.:·.-:.·.:::-.-· .-:- .-· .. · :-:.·.: '; ·.· ···.-::::_._:.:::::::::::.·::::-:-:_:::_:;::;::_::::.:::::>- .. ::-//:-:::·:-~::·::-:;:-::<:-:':':::::::::::::.;:;:-:..·::::::

Maruf.· ..... < t ·:: ... ·· ·: •::::,. ·· ... /.Band, Khandiqala, Nazerkhil, Mad.izai, .$(31amet Taq~, ·:<<>:'.· · ·· / N?.khas Ghar, : . ~~rnrud, T~qi ·.·. ·> >:: •·•·• .• •·.::>•· ··· · ·· ··. ·. · ··· .. ·

··.··.·· .. -·-:-:-:-:-:-::··.· -.· ... ·· ·.·. . .. . ·.· ··- .. ·.··· .. -.· . .····. ·.-.·.· .. ·-.· ...... · ·.· ::< .'/:·_-·.:: ·.... · ... : ·:· :<<: ._-·: :<:>-->>: :::=:::·.·:.:·:_::: ::::: . . ...·. -·-. :>.; .·:;:-.·:::-:::::;::::~::t:<)/;::::::>::::::::::{::: . .- Mayw~nd . .Zharai Dasht area · ., .... : :::::::::.::: :/: :::• C\> · ·

. . • ·• .. . .• .. · .. ·· ·-· . • .. . . ·. ·:._:-->.-::::._::::.-:··_·:· ...... - .. -::·::<:::-.:;::: .':.':· ... : :· . .; . .-·- ...... P.a.nJ\Nal · .. ·.·• .North >ofthe >highway .. >· ...... >... · ······ .·.·.·.· ...... >..... >...... ·•:··· ... <.· ... .y.·, : :/ .=:: .. ·.. ·· ·.- ·... _.:::::.:;>::-:-::;._--:::·::::::: · ·:-·-··.·· ···•·•· >··••· st1 .~tl~attk:~ts~ura'i .. >> ~. a~t ·tb ···· st1ahr -i - s~ta ~ C>~ >· Z?r~:<:::::.: .. :.. :.. · .: .. Bouray Bancj,.: From .Landay karez :to ·<: ····· ·· •· · ······•• •::.· '· · · >< Hajian/MullayanfTa Tar.een ::··· .. ···· ...... ·. · .• >.... :., • \> \ : '• < :<

. . ::. ·.-· ·:·. ·. ·--=··-. . ..· . . .. · ·:::··:::;. :-: : .. : -.·_:::_.:-L>>> ._<: ::::· .· ··:· ::;- ...-.-:::< _:_.· _:-:::<>< .· :=- :::_ . ::.::--:- : .. :::_ .:::: :}{:::.:·//::-·:::::: :--. · .• Spin Boldak Bambo1, M.sawid Th~~~> saqi Th~na, : A~hraf, ?·1::::::.::. :: ::•!\ :; · .... ::>.: .. ::.:·: . Thana,· Attai~ .Kahol, Shin. f;Jarai, Adai, Ghur, l(arhe~t <:' > : ACKU< •: : : .:: .·.•:·>•> ... ·:>>•• ...... ::: ::=:::•:: . :::=·::: ::;:.·.:: .:=::: ·· ·••··• :· ·-::::=.:' ...... :::: : ·::::: : ......

IV) Road repairs

The NGO Shetter Now International is carrying out a road repair project in the Tarnak-Khwajamulk area. •

Rehabilitation of 45 kms of access roads in Shahwalikot and Daman districts is being completed by the NGO Save the Ch ildren (US).

The NGO "Swedish Committee for Afghanistan" is implementing irrigation and road rehabilitation works in Arghandab district. - 107-

Other projects are being worked out for the repair of the Maruf-Arghestan road. Up-grading of this road would facilitate repatriation and access to the districts of Arghestan, Daman, Arghandab and Panjwai.

The road connecting Spin Boldak - Arghestan is said to be in good condition, and only needs to be up-graded to encourage economic activity in the region.

V) Shelter

Since Kandahar is the origin of the largest percentage (64,~A>) of the refugee population settled in Pakistan, it is easy to understand how many houses and shelters were badly damaged during the worst periods of the Afghan war. While there is some evidence of systematic destruction of housing, the present needs for shelter are also the result of deterioration of abandoned homes.

Some house-construction or repair is underway, which proves the capacity of the local population to participate in a reconstuction programme. No major project has yet been implemented, although a UNCHS (Habitat) staff member visited the region and reported that there should be no material shortages for housing reconstruction if the process of refugees returning in the province was gradual.

The main problem for housing reconstruction may be the provision of ceiling and roofing materials, as no timber is available. An alternative to roofing beams needs to be provided and material assistance should be organized to encourage refugees to return and create conditions that will inspire people to become active in the reconstruction process.

VI) Power

The Dahla hydro-electric dam, visited by a UN mission, during the summer 1989, is basically intact. Its potential to generate electricity is limited to the local Mudjahideen base. The KwajamulkACKU barrage and other diversion barrages located on the Arghandab irrigation canals are functioning.

VII) Health

Due to the non-existence of a coordinated health care system in Kandahar province, the basic health needs of rural population are not met. Limited health services are provided by several NGOs.

Health workers, trained by Peshawar-based international organisations, provide basic medical support to the population, and often operate beyond their skills. Retraining of the health workers is a priority. - 108-

Public heatth education may not be a priority in the present de-populated countryside, but is to be considered with special attention to prevent emergency situation in case of a massive return of refugees.

Governmental hospitals and clinics function in the provincial capital, and are still considered as the most effective medical care centre for the local population who cannot reach Pakistan.

Expanded Programmes of Immunization, control of diarrhoeal diseases, control of respiratory infections, tuberculosis and malaria are to be set up.

An ICRC clinic is presently functioning in Misrabad (Arghandab) near the Kazhay Band pass on the route to Khwajamulk bazaar. Other NGOs providing medical assistance are:

- IMC (Khwajamulk), - MCI (Khwajamulk, Dand, Khakrez, Maruf, Maywand, Panjwai, Shahwalikot), - MSH (Khwajamulk), - Afghanistan Nothilfe, - Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (Arghandab, Arghistan, Daman, Dand, Panjwai).

VIII) Education

Education does not seem to be perceived as a priority by the local authorities. However, different organizations have provided assistance for the functioning or repair of schools. Workshops have been designed to be part of basic education centres, which ILO and UNESCO have suggested to build as pilot projects in the Arghestan valley. IX) Vocational training ACKU The UN mission to Maruf district, which took place during the first week of March and was led by the ILO Representative in Quetta, assessed the feasibility to set­ up vocational training units for construction work.

X) Disabled

A Scandinavian NGO recently sent data-collectors in the Maruf district to assess the problems of the disabled. The UN mission in the same area mentioned reports of hearing disabilities and psychological problems caused by the war, forming the largest groups of disabled. - 109-

XI) Anti-narcotics programme

Poppy cultivation can be observed in different districts, especially in Panjwai. Cumin seeds have supplanted poppy cultivation in some areas, and potential is to be explored to substitute cumin seeds for poppy or cannabis.

XII) Returnees

Before the war, Kandahar was the second-most populated province, with 570,000 people. Presently 64,2% of the population lives as refugees in the Baluchistan refugee camps of Surkhab, Saranan, Jungle Pir Alizai, Gulistan, Chaman and Panjpai. Refugees from Kandahar account for nearly 10% of all Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

Many families have recently returned from Pakistan to both Mudjahideen and Government held areas (Arghestan, Daman, Arghandab,etc ... ). The NGO Swedish Committee for Afghanistan distributed 50 tents in an area to assist these returnees, who had to face heavy rainfall during recent months.

Returnees from Pakistan are thought to be the poor and unregistered who find no advantage to remaining in Pakistan when opportunities for agricultural employment or for reclaiming abandoned farmlands are beginning to emerge.

XIII) Internally displaced

Internal displacement of population has taken place toward Kandahar city, which has seen its population double to nearly 200,000.

XIV) Logistics and communications

The main highway, which runs through the country, from Kabul to He rat via Kandahar, is presently closedACKU for all traffic. Fighting between Government Forces and Mudjahideen still takes place on that main road. As a result of the precarious security situation, a number of alternative routes have been created in order to carry supplies to various population centres.

Road blocks have been set up to prevent food stocks from reaching the provincial capital, but the transfer of commodities from the rural areas to the urban areas seems to continue. As an alternative to the Chaman-Takhtepui-Kandahar highway, most vehicles presently use the route with branches off the desert towards Amin Kalay, Arghastan and to Khwajamulk.

Some parts of the highway are in usable condition. Secondary roads are generally in very bad condition. Alternative roads, although used by many lorries, are not fit for heavy traffic. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF KAPISA PROVINCE - 110- International boundary Prov ince boundary -·-·----- Wo leswal i and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Wo leswa li Center • Alaqadari Center ••

TAKHAR

KAPISA \ ..-, // \ ...,.-/"""' -, '-..- I BADAKHSHAN I \ I / l ,.. BAGHLAN // 1<.// I \ I j ,~} / /../ JI r'-./"\ _...~ / \ / --T J e Panjsher (1 ) /,/ I I ( I ~----...... - _, /-\ LAGHMAN I Panjsher / :anjsher (2) ) I e I I I I 1----y - --.. I Durnama e _.. 1 ...._ - -..._ I I ( I " /- ( ' e K~histanACKU '\ N \---' I '\ MAHMOUD RAQI·~I'...J • Nejrab // \ \.... ,...... --...... // \ --~ I 1 \ \ Alasay \ PARWAN ' • '-e ( Tagab ', _,;{ ( r \ • \ I \ I t _.,/ KABUL \ 0 10 20 50 km - 111 -

KAPISA

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km} 5,382

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 262,039

3. Density (persons per sq.km} 140

4. Capital (population figure} Mahmudraki [1,262)

5. Refugees

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988

No. of Woloswalies 5 No. of Alaqadaries 4 No. of localities 815

ACKU - 112-

OVERVIEW

Civilian entities of the organization "Shura-e-Nazar' (Supervisory Council) are generally considered as reliable partners for the implementation of rehabilitation and development programmes in the Pansjhir valley as well as in parts of the Northern provinces under the military control of Cdt Ahmed Shah Massoud (Badakhshan, Takhar, Baghlan).

The Shura-e-Nazar includes: Education Committee, Reconstruction Committee, Department for Economic matters, Culture and Information Committee, Health Committee.

The Reconstruction Committee has concentrated its activities on the reconstruction of the Pansjhir valley. Its responsibilities include following sectors : agriculture, return of displaced persons, reconstruction of public buildings, and support services for the rehabilitation of private buildings.

Construction works undertaken by the Reconstruction Committee include: 2 bridges at Safid-Chleher and Shabar; a dispensary/clinic at Chang ram and Safid­ Cheher; improvement of the road between Paimazar and Dasht-e-Rivat and its extension towards the Anjuman pass, and production of cement plates.

Planned projects include: reconstruction of bridges, improvement of water channels, construction of high schools, a hospital and a mosque.

Plans are made for the provision of relief assistance to the area, either from Kabul or from Pakistan.

An NGO evaluation mission to the Panjshir valley in July 1988 suggested the possibility for international organisations to work with an Afghan organized structure (the Shura-e-Nazar). The mission was composedACKU of Representatives from: BIA (Bureau International Afghanistan), CMC (Coordination of Medical Committees), MSF-France, VITA, and Swedish Committee for Afghanistan.

Since then, NGOs have mainly provided direct assistance to the civilian entities of the Supervisory Council, but have not themselves implemented development or rehabilitation programmes. - 113-

SECTORAL OVERVIEW

I) Agriculture

Eighty per cent of farmers cultivate less than 10 jeribs. Farm size has increased recently, as more land abandoned by the refugees, became available. The crops are mainly irrigated.

Since 1978, production of wheat and maize has declined, while that of pomegranate and barley has increased. Rice production fell due to water shortage. Production of beans was increased to compensate for the severe shortage of meat.

The decline of yields seems to be more related to the non-availability of fertilizers than to the direct effects of war during the last three years. Restoration of balanced fertilizer supplies seems to be the factor that would yield the quickest and largest returns in aid terms. Crop disease control is a second factor to be considered for agricultural rehabilitation. Introduction of chemicals and improved seeds has become a priority.

FAO/UNHCR sent 10 MT of improved wheat seed to the Panshjir valley for multiplication through the NGO Afghanaid.

II) Food aid

The planned delivery of 1000 MT of food commodities in the Pansjhir valley is considered as part of an emergency relief assistance programme in the Northern parts of Afghanistan.

Ill) De-mining

Assessment missions undertaken by UN staff members have reported on the long-term risk caused by theACKU existence of mine-fields, unexploded ordnance and scattered wreckage of military equipment.

Trip-mines, pressure-mines and wave-mines can be found in all parts of the province, specially in the Pansjhir valley.

Effective de-mining operations have been carried out by Mudjahideen and captured government mine experts. In Bazarak, 7000 trip-mines and 120 pressure­ mines were removed. In Omaz, 5000 trip mines and 50 pressure mines were de­ activated.

Proper and safe de-mining methods are required, and the UN de-mining training programme, followed in Risalpur by a significant number of Mudjahideen living in the area, is a promising step towards safe and normal conditions. - 114 -

IV) Road repairs

Approximately 200 kms of roads need construction/rehabilitation in the Pansjhir valley. A total of 11 bridges have been identified which need repair.

V) Health ,.

Medical personnel trained in Peshawar by international organizations are currently running medical facilities 1 dispensaries in more than 20 locations.

Medical supplies are obtained either from Pakistan or from Kabul.

Government-built hospitals in Rocha and Anawa are in need of extensive repair and modernization.

VI) Returnees

The middle part of the Pansjhir valley was re-inhabited by the civilian population as early as 1986. The Southern part experienced a first return of refugees during the summer 1988, when a significant number of returnees came back from Kabul. This phenomenon, which was monitored by international staff from international organizations, is to be observed closely in order to study under which conditions rural Afghans who became city dwellers during the war may return to their rural origins. ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF - 115- KUNAR PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary ----·-·-- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ KUNAR Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center • • ...... ,I / . r '"·1 ,) ·,_ I\ '. \/ Bargey Metal '·J BADAKHSHAN J . /- --( .,.- \ ( ...... , \ \ ~ _ \ --r '/-~,,· '''--... ) lI ·, } ..._, ) ' ~~I ( . / / I r \ I ' I -~i \_/\ /-'----...-.)-..._ ' \ I ( ", ·~ LAGHMAN ) // / / Nar.•J' I I I !'·/ N I ( /-( ' ( ( \ Peche I \ / - / j 1 Chapa.o••• 1\ • ( ', r" e Dangam \ " j,./ '\) ( ASA,DABAD ·' - > • Marawar ACKUI I ---t J I' .- , r --: / _,.. j ,.-.....- \,...... ---<.. N\aranJ e Sirkanay ' \ Chawki ./ ·' I \ ;>- / /' ,.. I / '-.. I Nourgal / -. \ ...... 4 Khas Ku nar 1 \ ~ ' _, J---r·./. NANGARHAR \

0 10 20 50 100 km - 116-

KUNAR

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 10,479

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 261,604

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 25

4. Capital (population figure) Asadabad [2,196]

5. Refugees 223,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 78,2%

No. of Woloswalies 6 No. of Alaqadaries 8 No. of localities 751 Main villages 518 Sub-villages 233

Woloswalies Area in No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities from sea level

Asadabad 318 83 835 Marawar 159 27 1,000 · Asmar (Bar Konar) · ACKU910 127 970 . Dangam : · ... 234 . 31 1,225 . Naray 372 46 1,000 Kamdesh 1,740 36 1,500 Bargey Matal . 1,952 19 2,050 Chapa Dara .· 2,274 63 1,325 . Peche ... 1 ,115 130 1,000 Narang 165 61 760 >Chawki . 249 . ·46 ... 750 Nourgal 367 38 . 660

.Khas Kunar ... 327 16 .. 720 Sirkanay 297 28 · ·9oo

.TOTAL PROVINCE .. 10,479 .. .751 - 117-

OVERVIEW

Security conditions are now closely monitored through frequent UN monitoring missions and SMUs.

The UN have established a quasi-permanent presence in the region with the deployment of a SMU and the setting-up of an office in Chaghasarai.

The UN building is now being equipped, and has ten rooms to receive all the UN staff members visiting the area.

ASA (herbicide programme), MADERA (crop production), Shelter Now International (road repair), DACAAR (installation of a concrete factory) have implemented long-term development programmes.

ATC has implemented certain mine clearance projects.

SCA, NCA, Muslim World League, Doctor's Union, Medical Commission for Islamic Unity, GAC, Afghanistan Nothilfe, AVICEN, MDM and MSH (through the AIG Ministry of Health) provide medical assistance.

ACLU, VITA, CARE (US), HCI, SERVE have been involved in rural works. Afghanaid and NCA have provided agricultural assistance.

MADERA has implemented projects in the following sectors: agriculture, veterinary care, horticulture/forestry, vocational training.

International NGOs working in the area have agreed on the setting-up of a planning programme and coordination of procedures inside Kunar province. Welfare and Relief CommitteeACKU (digging of wells), RAFA (irrigation canal survey, road survey), Afghan Medical Aid (road repair), Afghans Health and Social Assistance Organization and ISRA (agricultural and medical assistance) are or have been working in Kunar under the responsibility of UNDP or UNHCR.

Other projects have been submitted for approval to UNDP by the NGOs Comite Afghan Solidarite (veterinary services), Afghanistan Reconstruction Consultants (human settlements, education), Afghanistan Production of Electricity (repair of electrical instruments), Afghan Medical Aid (irrigation, distribution of seeds and fertilizers, distribution of tractors, opium crop substitution), Welfare and Relief Committee (water resources, repair of electrical generators), RAFA (reconstruction of canals and roads, agricultural development). - 118-

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture ...

Ninety per cent of farmers have less than 10 jeribs to work on. Farm sizes have increased, as many farmers left the country and their abandoned land was annexed.

One third farmers cultivate dry land, and 10% of them rely totally on it. Dry land (or rainfed) on average accounts for more than half the cultivated area.

Crop rotation pattern counts irrigated wheat followed by maize or rice. On non­ irrigated land, main crops are barley and wheat. Areas used for irrigated crops have risen by 18% for wheat, 14% for maize, 17% for rice. This increase in cultivated area has been noticed in spite of a decline in the number of oxen and amount of labour available.

Irrigated wheat yields is the second highest in the country (80 seersjjerib). Maize yield is also the second highest (87 seersjjerib). Rice yield is well above the national average (80 seers /jerib).

Use of fertilizers and crop yields fell steeply during the war by about 30%. Provision of fertilizers, rehabilitation of irrigation systems, crop disease control are the main targets on which agricultural programmes are to focus.

Agricultural projects presently being run are:

- cereal programme in Pech Wegal Parun (implementing partner: MADERA) - crop protection (implementing partner: ASA) - herbicide programme (implementing partner: ASA) - agricultural assistance in Asadabad district (implementing partner: ISRA) - irrigation canal survey (implementing partner: RAFA) Following projects haveACKU been submitted to UNDP for approval and funding: - veterinary services (implementing partner: MADERA) - irrigation (implementing partner: AMA) - distribution of seeds and fertilizers in Pech, Asadabad and Khas Kunar (implementing partner: AMA) - distribution of tractors in Pech (implementing partner: AMA) - animal dispensaries in Asadabad and Chowky (implementing partner: Comite Afghan de Solidarite) -animal husbandry in Asadabad, Chowky and Kamesh (implementing partner: Comite Afghan de Solidarite) - opium crop substitution in Khas Kunar (implementing partner: AMA) - improvement of irrigation systems in Pech (implementing partner: AMA) - 119-

At present, the province is very green, and a good harvest is expected during the summer. More food will be produced than the existing population can consume, and more hands will be needed than those already available to undertake harvesting.

FAO have distributed 480 MT of improved wheat seed plus 1,013 MT of fertilizer. UNHCR has distributed 140 MT of improved wheat seed through the NGOs DACAAR, Lajnat al Biir, Dara, Peche, Narang, Chowki, Nurgel, Serkhaneh, Pashad, Hakimabad, Kas Kunar, Shigal and Waigal. FAO sent 43 MT of certified improved maize seeds to farmers in May 1990 through the NGO MADERA.

FAO have also distributed 33,800 fruit tree saplings (stone fruit and apple) through the NGOs MADERA, Lajnat AI Birr, DACAAR and SERVE forestry in the districts of Dara, Pech, Waigal, Chappa, Narang, Asadabad, Asmar and Baricot.

FAO have alsc;> provided 1000 virus free apple root stocks (MM 106) and 8000 (30 ems) poplar cuttings for propagation in nurseries being managed by SERVE forestry in As mar.

FAO and UNDP are both initiating programmes for repair and rehabilitation of irrigation canals in Kunar through NGOs.

II) Food aid

UN I LOG dispatched 55 MT of wheat to Asadabad which was distributed in March 1990 as part of a food-for-work and emergency feeding programme implemented by RAFA.

The programme in support of cereal production implemented by the NGO MADERA includes a food-for-work component.

Ill) De-mining ACKU Mines constitute a threat to the resident population as they can still be found in canals and elsewhere.

One 27-man de-mining team trained by UNOCA was working under the NGO ATC to clear 1. 7 kms of roads between Sarkani and Nowabad in January 1990.

- 2.4 kms of the Salar Bagh canal were cleared of mines by trained Afghans under the supervision of ATC.

- 1.5 kms of Badil road were also cleared, which paved the way for the construction of another road to be undertaken by an NGO.

- 8,3 kms of Morawary-Maranomanzi road were cleared of mines. - 120-

The road between Marora and Dargan, previously cleared of mines by dogs trained to detect mines, was checked by ATC de-miners.

Fifty four de-miners who had graduated from the UNOCA de-mining training programme, followed a special course to learn adequate techniques for mine clearance in villages in March 1990. They are to be sent into Kunar province to undertake active de-mining works.

A programme for the expansion of the mine clearance operations in the Kunar province is being developed. The goal is to have up to four teams operating by the end of August 1990.

IV) Road repair

- 19.3 kms of Serkaneh-Pashad road were repaired under the responsibility of the NGO Afghan Medical Aid.

- 22 kms (out of 28 kms) of Chaghaserai-Narang road were repaired under the responsiblity of the NGO Shelter Now International.

A UNDP project for the survey of 14 kms of Barikot-Serkaneh road is undertaken by the NGO (RAFA). Mine clearance of the Nawa Pass-Serkaneh road has been completed, so that road repair may be undertaken.

Plans are made for the repair or construction of the road linking Nawar Pass to Asadabad; 14 kms of this 42 kms road are to be constructed.

A road between Arandu (Chitral) and Barikot (Kunar) is being constructed by the Afghan Construction andACKU Logistics Unit (ACLU). V) Shetter

Previous UN missions in the province recommended to consider the needs for housing construction with special attention.

The NGO .. Afghanistan Reconstruction Consuttants .. submitted 2 projects for human settlements to be implemented in Asadabad (Asadabad market, Kunar municipality).

A programme for the rehabilitation of rural infrastructure in Kunar, submitted to UNDP by NGOs for approval, included rehabilitation of public buildings (schools, hospitals, clinics), but no provision was made for the rehabilitation of private property. - 121 -

VI) Power

The UNDP project for Kunar integrated rural rehabilitation involves multi-faceted assistance, and in particular, rural electrification.

Prior to the war Asadabad was the only community in Kunar with an electric plant. The electricity requirements for Asadabad were met by a hydro-electric plant funded by UN DP during the early 1970s. Local authorities are said to have plans for the rehabilitation of the site.

A project for the repair of electric generators submitted to UNDP for approval by the NGO "Welfare and Relief Committee" is to be considered as a component of the programme for the development of the industrial sector.

VII) Health

Health services have slightly improved during the year 1989. The Chaghaserai hospital is making full use of its 50 beds capacity. The work is under the responsibility of the NGO IIRO.

ICRC has established a first aid post in Chawki, and provides first aid courses. Ambulance services are provided to evacuate war-wounded to Peshawar.

Support for medical trainees (salaries and medicine), support for medical centres, immunization campaigns, mother and child health care programmes are provided by the following NGOs: SCA, NCA, IIRO, Muslim World League, Doctor's Union, Medical Commission for Islamic Unity, GAC, Afghanistan Nothilfe, AVICEN, MOM, AHSAO, AMA, Lajmat-al-bin-al lslamia and MSH through the Ministry of Health of the AIG. ACKU - 122-

District-wise medical facilities are:

.· .. _·_ .. _._· :-.-:>·.-.· ·.. .. :._DISTRICT ··.·.· .. - .·.:-:-· ... .:·.-;.:- ... -: ·. ·::: -: ... _·_ -.-:·- .=... .-:= .. >::>:· . ··:- :·:. -.":. >:· __ :- :.·_._-::>_:::\L:\~_::(::·<_: .)).(<(:\:-:. :}:~;:-.·.):{:-:::_:):<: :-:::::<:-:----::::::>: ~->: >>· --·- . .._._. =-- _.. -- .-. - ""·· .. L~sMAR ··.·::;;;:::::,;:::,:::::::::.: :.:·.·::.::: : o~~9~ ·:'::;:._::::(:;:=! :::.::::::<=:=:::. clinic <.:.::<<== ·· ·· ·. · . ·· ·.... .:-.:::: .. :: .. , }(§? VfOrkEJrs) d ...... · ...... •... •..••.. . . ····.· .•.....•.·.···•·•·•··· ··.··· .. r ·••····• ···· •...••..• ·•·· • f . ·····•·• ·•········· d~~~~~~: , i .·. 2h~9~~~;~i · ~~~~~~ ~ } ························· >} .... . - (~~ y.tor,kers) :. (50 beds.) : · · ·. ·.==·= · =. ..·... =.= .. =... · · · · -::: ..::-..·=, ·•<<. ' . ·-······· . ' ...... ' ...... _.· ·-:--. :-.· .-:: :::.:::.: ::: .::-< .. -.:·:·:: :>:... :::::.;::-·:::::::>::: :-::-:-.:..-:-:-·:-· _.-.· .. -.-:.·._.· ::.·-· ·.··.;. ·-.-:-.-:-:: -·-:-.-·-:-·-:-:-::::_. ·-:-:._-::.:: -· ·-·· •, •. ·•==: t~~~k~ ·:';:;:;:<:!::;::::,.::i i.: ; :;:::;::,: cit,6~ki' ::;:ir::,<:·::::.,< ::o::: ·t·· =·:•: 1=MwL :6t:iri;'6:<;;:::;:::::;;::;:: ::::!: ... , ::'"·····::·.:,, ......

·· .. < (1.0 wb[ kE3r~f :~ . :: >>: ... ChoWki •: :_:::;::::: ..::::r: · ::=. ). 2GAC , healt~ : po~ts. .: .... · . . Badal ...· .1 AN : •. : :.> •. =,.· =,.: :::. ::.= ·,. .·...... ::·-- . .; ·.·.· .. ·. ·.·. -. ·.: .. :.:-..: ... ·:::::-·:-:-·-·:: ::::;:- ·- ... ··--··· . .-···:···.··::·:·:··:.··.·::::. ·.- -:-::-·-:·--.-.-::-:-: ,t

" ·.. -::·:-._:';::"::: :-.·::·.::{{/·:·::_.: . ·-::-:·.:·· <-:~KHAS .KUNAA :.:- ->-.-.: .. ->- ·.:::::::::::::::-::::-. _·:_::::::::::·:-::::::<-:-:: ------.- -·.- ..- .... ·. ·· -·-··

. .. , .(4>workers) < :..·· •. ··. ·•· · ·

··.·-:-·-:-· .··-:-::::. :-·-··-:-···: :·- ·.. :.:>PECH.<' ·. (25 wo~kers) . . -:- ':_ . . .·_--> .. :.::. . :.·.• :·. ::-:-:-:.:::-.· ... · · .. :: sARKANA~ · .. o>: ... ·(4 workers) .·.· · ACKU ·.·· ... VIII) Water supply and sanitation

Most of the irrigation channels are unusable due to lack of maintenance and war damage. A significant number of canals are being repaired by the local population, but an ambitious programme is necessary to rehabilitate the major water works systems. The NGO RAFA is presently making a survey of the irrigation canals.

The NGO Wetfare and Relief Committee has undertaken the digging of wells to improve the supply of drinking water in the Chowki area.

The NGO AMA has submitted to UNDP two irrigation projects to be implemented in Chowki and Watapur respectively by the NGO AMA. - 123-

The NGO RAFA is in direct liaison with UNDP for the reconstruction of Shahilam and Donahri canals.

Another project submitted by the AMAto UNDP intends to improve the irrigation systems in Pech.

IX) Anti-narcotics programme

The UN strategy for dealing with poppy cultivation in Kunar province is threefold:

- to substitute poppy cultivation by other cash crops, both staple commodities (such as wheat) as well as high value cash crops (such as fruits and vegetables),

- to provide income earning opportunities which will reduce the attraction of poppy cultivation as a source of income,

- to increase awareness of the danger of narcotics through education programmes.

No major crop substitution programme has taken place in the Kunar province, but a small pilot project to be implemented by the NGO AMA is under discussion with UNDP.

X) Returnees

Estimated at 261 ,000 in 1982, the population of Kunar is presently living mainly in Pakistan (72% of the pre-warACKU population = 172,000). Majority of these are settled in refugee camps in Bajaur, Dir and Drosh area of Chitral, which are within one or two days' journey from their homes in Kunar. Refugees from Nawagai, Zoor Bandur and the Damadola area in Bajaur, Upper Dir and the Ursun area of Chitral may be within only a few hours walk of their villages in Afghanistan.

Although no major repatriation movements have been recorded, it is most likely that a large number of them have already started their repatriation moves, and only return to Pakistan to collect rations, hoping for an economic development of their regions of origin before settling again definitely.

An expected bumper harvest should provide a major incentive for many returnees to go home with their families. - 124-

XI) Logistics and communications

The only paved road to Kunar links Jallalabad to Nur Gul. After Nur Gul, the gravelled road goes through Chowki to Chagasarai.

The major route for the return of refugees is expected to be via the Nawa Pass in Bajaur Agency, currently the northern most motorable route from Pakistan to Kunar.

ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF KUNDUZ PROVINCE - 125- International boundary Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

KUNDUZ

./\" \ / \ Hazrat• Imam ("-./· ~ . \ '· /-....J • '" "· • Oata-i-Zat I ~./ I \ ),.....- \ r,<. \ I ', \ // ', \ ACKU\ ' N \ \ '\ \ J Char Dara e ' ( l \ \ ( '-...... I I ) '------~-""" r\ . ~_, SAMANGAN \ ...... _ ../ \Ahabad \ ',, I '\ '-- \ BAGHLAN '~ \ '\ 0 10 20 50 km "'-- - 126-

KUNDUZ

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 7,787

2. Population 1978/79 estimate: 582,600

3. Density (persons per sq. km) 74

4. Capital (population figure) Kunduz (57,112)

5. Refugees 76,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 12.3%

No. of Woloswalies 5 No. of Alaqadaries 2 No. of localities 643 Main villages 504 Sub-villages 139

Woloswalies Area in No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries · ACKUKm2 localities from sea level Kunduz - -- 694 124 400 Hazrat Imam Saheb ->1,446 123 . 360 Qala-i-Zal _ . - 2,400 31 360 Char Dara 928 . 48 400 Aliabad 419 46 450 Khanabad 1,113 134 . 590 -. Archi .... 787 .. · .•. 136 420

.·. :

TOTAL PROVINCE . "<> 7,787 "643 . - 127-

OVERVIEW

Located at the border with the Soviet Republic of Tadjikistan, Kunduz province is crossed by one main route previously used for supplies from Dushanbe to Kabul.

Although the reported tensions persist in Kunduz province, security conditions have apparently not discouraged the willingness expressed by internally displaced persons to return to their province of origin.

No specific heavy fighting has been reported during recent months, and rehabilitation programmes are considered as a new step for the resettlement of the returning refugee population.

A proposed mission to Kunduz city is envisaged to assess the level of assistance which the UN may provide to returnees.

The terms of reference of such a mission are to:

- assess the possibility to bring assistance through Shir Khan to Kunduz province - assess the general situation regarding the population in and around Kunduz city - assess facilities available to provide assistance to returnees - assess the damage to private and public buildings - assess the availability of social services in Kunduz city - assess the possibilities for assisting the local population living in rural areas.

ACKUSECTORAL ACTIVITIES I) Agriculture

Seventy per cent farmers in Kunduz province still work on six to fifteen jeribs of land.

Production of wheat, rice, cotton and barley (main crops) has declined. The area under cotton is more than halved, most probably due to the serious labour shortage. Similarly, irrigated wheat and rice declined sharply. Barley and maize, neither of them very important crops, remained stable, presumably because of the demand for animal feed.

A large proportion of farmers are familiar with the correct use of fertilizers, but these are in very short supply. - 128-

Labour availability is also short, and the use of crop protection chemicals is therefore recommended if combined with agricultural extension work to save labour inputs.

Irrigation water availability has been identified by farmer as another difficulty.

The number of oxen has declined during the war. Hiring of tractors and sharing or hiring of oxen have made up for the decline in the number of oxen on individual farms.

Introduction of stationary threshers could release oxen for land preparation.

As there has been a decline in yield, owing to the labour shortage for cotton picking, cultivation of melons, transplanting of rice, it is essential to consider the agricultural work available before the return of refugees.

II) Food aid

Food situation does not presently require emergency operations, but needs to be taken into special consideration in the preparation of the repatriation programme.

Ill) Road repair

The main road from the Soviet Republic of Tadjikistan to Baghlan province was severely damaged during the war and needs major repairs.

No specific programme has so far been planned for the rehabilitation of road infrastructure. Rate of progress for the implementation of such programmes is directly connected with the availability of local labour force. Lack of labour force for agricultural works was assessed by a team of Afghan data collectors working for the NGO SCA. Implementation ofACKU road rehabilitation programmes should be envisaged in the context of the repatriation process.

IV) Shelter

The terms of reference of the planned UN mission to Kunduz include the assessment of damage to private and public buildings.

A UNCHS (Habitat) Consultant, presently working from Kabul, agreed to participate in the above mission to carry out the survey on the public and private dwellings, and identify the possibilities to procure adequate shelter for returnees. - 129-

V) Health

ACKU

These health workers, trained in Peshawar by the NGOs SCA, FM, AMI/MTA, IMC or the MSH Agency, have followed medical courses varying from 3- 18 months.

A Government hospital, with basic facilities for the urban population of the province, is located in Kunduz city. - 130-

VI) Returnees

UNHCR indicated that a significant proportion of returning refugees asking for assistance, either in Herat or Kabul, while on the way to their villages, originated from Kunduz province.

Statistics indicate an estimated population of 582,000 in 1982, with an urban proportion of 20%.

Less than 5% of the refugee population living either in Pakistan or Iran originated from Kunduz, but the internally displaced, who have not been counted should be considered in the repatriation process.

ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF L.AGHMAN PROVINCE - 131 - International boundary Province boundary ---- · Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----- Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

LAGHMAN I ,.., BADAKHSHAN

r-./I I " '\ J \

KAPISA C'J) 'J (' __ J f.__) , J I' / ( \ ' '\ J' \ '-- \ r1\ \ ;" r-/ l I N ( '---, I \ \ I 1 KUNAR \\ D aw I at sh a e / '\ N oonstan . (\ ACKU' )'-.... . ,...... \ \v .,-...... _,. / / / ~ -----...... \ l e Alingar J /~ . \ I / \ Alishing e ) A ) I ~ \ // ___ __..A, / 1 _/MEHTERLAM - / \ -~/ \ I '( KABUL \,.--- ~--/ \ / ', e Qarghaie J NANGARHAR

"-.. Katz-Aziz-Khan' _ / ,,.....__ ~ r- 0 10 20 so km r-"" - 132-

LAGHMAN

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 4,695

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 325,010

3. Density {persons per sq.km) 45

4. Capital (population figure) Mehterlam [4,191]

5. Refugees 224,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 69.1%

No. of Woloswalies 3 No. of Alaqadaries 1 No. of localities 627 Main villages 548 Sub-villages 29

Woloswalies Area In No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries ACKU. Km2 localities from sea level .Mehterlam 533 151 650 Qarghaie 774 131 650 Alingar . 539 102 950 Daulatsha 296 61 1,550 Alishing 1,266 132 1,000 Nooristan . 1,287 50 1,000

TOTAL PROVINCE 4,695 627 - 133-

OVERVIEW

The situation remains rather steady in Laghman province, where the ancestral internal conflicts between the Northern part (majority Nuristanis) and the Southern part (majority Pashtuns) have not led to any specific in-fighting.

The Government of Afghanistan is thought to have defined the districts of Dawlatsha and Nooristan as part of a newly formed province of Nooristan. Lack of authority of the Kabul-based government in this region, explains why it is common not to mention the existence of a Nooristan province.

Local Shuras have recently shown their interest in playing a positive role for the rehabilitation of the province and the implementation of development programmes.

A project for the reconstruction of local agricultural production in Alingar has been submitted to UNDP by the Niazi civilian Shura.

The NGO SCA has completed a crop protection programme and a herbicide programme in Laghman province, as well as in 8 other neighbouring provinces (Kunar, Nangarhar, Kabul, Nangarhar, Wardak, Logar, Paktia, Paktika, Ghazni).

Already, during the first semester of 1989, the NGO Swedish committee for Afghanistan had completed a crop production programme in Laghman, Kunar, Farah, Nangarhar, Kandahar and Helmand provinces.

An agro-pastoral programme was implemented by the NGO MADERA in the Alingar valley. The NGO MADERA has recently submitted to UNDP a project for the provision of veterinary services.

The Islamic Society of Afghan Architects and Engineers has submitted a project to UNDP for the construction and repair of the Taqabozbin road in Kapisa and Laghman provinces. ACKU This project is to be given special consideration as it is the first rehabilitation plan for improving the physical infrastructures of the Laghman province. - 134-

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Laghman province has the highest proportion of small farmers for the South­ East region. Three quarters of the farmers have less than five jeribs, and almost all the remainder less than 10 jeribs. The cultivated land is mostly irrigated, with a rotation of wheat and rice crops in equal proportions.

Current crops are wheat, maize, rice, barley. The main cause of declining yields seems to be the fall in the use of fertilizers. Improved fertilizer supply would have a direct effect on yields as most farmers knew how to use them in 1978.

FAO has sent 2 MT of improved wheat seed (Pirsabak 85) to Alishang for multiplication through the NGO MADERA.

The potentialities in manpower and draught animals must also be taken into account. It is most probable that yields of crops like potatoes could be increased through better management, disease control and the use of clean seeds. Of all crops, potatoes can provide a large amount of food quickly.

The number of oxen to be used as draught animals declined by 30%, and estimates have been suggesting that the provincial oxen herd may take up to 12 years to regenerate naturally. These estimates do not even take into account the needs of returning farmers.

As there is no history of the use of tractors (mainly because of the small average farm size) , it should not be assumed that the use of tractors would be appropriate during rehabilitation.

Import of oxen from other regions may be problematic because of the weather conditions, and the introduction of stationary threshers and herbicides is more likely to be the main means of alleviatACKUing the power shortage. - 135-

II) Health

The health workers (registered in the WHO health database) are located as follows:

·o•s+R•cf · ·.: : vll..tAGe ::.·m-:: $' lJpJi ·o~tiNci <: N ·~o ::!r::: .. >>:.::<·<<<•<- ::: •. :.::. ·· ::: •. , · . .. :::: .::: .:-.:• : •0: .. •·: ::.::!::::::- :.:: :'::::::: :}:})): >::: ? >• .::::-><: ·>:>:<<-·:-:: :::< :::.:: ::· ::: :::::·::! :: ~ =· ::. -_- _K: :·:·:. \~ -h::: := ::kh::: ::::-:::: :; ::: :;: ;:~:: :~: ~ :;: ;:~: ~: ~: ;:: :~ ;::~;~:~ :~:~;)~~~ ~ ~ i:~: ::~ :~ ~ ;~;::: ~:~: ~F:::~

oawrarshah i FM ·· ... ··._.••.••.. _· ••_._-_-._;·.·.· ..•_·· ..-·.····-···-···-·-····_,_ •••••_ ••._.•.·····.·-·•.·-···_.• .._· •••••..•••.•_ ·._··_ ..·_· ••..•. •.-_·······_·.·. :___ ······:·····._ •.•.•• _:_ .•••••_ •..••_ _._ ••.•_····.···._-_·_._·_• •••.• •. ·.•·.•._-._·.· .._.__ •••._._._._ ••..••...• ···--·.·-···.__ •.••-__._. ·.·.-__ •._· .•_·._ •..••••.• ..•.__._._· ._·•.•• ·_·.·.__ .·._·•. _.•.· ·•• ••_ ..••..••_:•. ••_ •.·._·-••._•• •.•_• ····bawlatshaAtistJing \ :·:: ·· ········· ·• <> < .SaigC1J <:. < • •• • ,:·: ·?·U. ::MSH r :·:·-··;::::••:· ·:·u._:_:y: •.. •

·_.·_.•. _._ AIAJ____. ___-._._. i,·_s,_h9.a._·n···-·_ rg·:_•_•_:.._ •.•_•_.·-••_-_•_i_••_:•·_••_••_._._·.••-•. ·.•_•_·-_•.__ :_•--•.•---·.•.•-•_• __ ·.•·.-_ •• _._-_._._! _..•_•_._:_· :··./•·••-•:.:::••-•:: : . .: ••·••·: . · . :.•• ·••:::::>: ·· -::•••$CA•(3 ·•: W__()rkers) 1 ·····<... -... -.... ·-····· ··· •·•> :<<··-··•···········.> ·· >•'• •·-••<< :::::: , ..... ·seA··(3 ··· workers) ::::::::::>:- .• ··•c: •·-•· ·-··· . y• ~:~~~~~ • • ~~~};~~~~~~~ !

The medical assistance provided by international organizations appears to be rather limited, and the medical facilities, although not counted (nor estimated), are obviously very rare.

Ill) Returnees

Out of an estimated population of 325,000 in 1982, only 1% were living in urban areas (principally the provincial capital Mehtarlam).

Only 5 to 10% of the population from Laghman province became refugees in Pakistan. Some of them are on their way to repatriation, as they have already gone back to their homes, and only come back to Pakistan to receive the assistance they cannot directly receive insideACKU their province of origin. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF LOGAR PROVINCE - 136- International boundary Prov ince boundary ---­ Wo leswal i and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Prov ince Center Wo leswa li Center • l Alaqadari Center ••

LOGAR

\ KABUL \ /l NANGARHAR ,----, / J I L' I ,), \ I _...... /...-\ \ \..' I / ' f \ 'f ./ e Azro " I Kolangar' -.... '-.. __ -"""\ / / ,...... " ) ,-- ' f L WARDAK/ Maydan \, PULl ALAM ./...... , ,.-.--- \ --v 1 '} \ \ • Khoshi { / ../ / \ \...__ I/ Baraki l ~ ~ ( --" I N \ r\ /1 v I _..-- ACKU\ I /'y \ /../ /' Charkh e \ ~ PAKTIA

~ ,..,..... / / ' "\ I \ / GHAZNI t---/ \ \ •.

0 10 20 50 km - 137-

LOGAR

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 3,955

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 226,234

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 49

4. Capital (population figure) Baraki Barak [1, 164]

5. Refugees 183,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 70,2%

No. of Woloswalies 2 No. of Alaqadaries 2 No. of localities 581 ACKU - 138-

OVERVIEW

The NGOs ASA, SCA, AFRANE, ARC, Human Concern International have implemented agricultural development programmes in different parts of the province (Kulangar, Baraki Barak, Charkh, Mohammed Agha), funded by UNHCR.

The NGO IRC is implementing a programme for the training of 350 field administrators in Logar, Nangarhar and Paktia provinces.

The NGO AFRANE is implementing a development programme for the improvement of the irrigation systems in Kolangar.

The NGO Norwegian Refugee Council has completed a START (short term assistance for rehabilitation team) project in Logar, Paktia, Paktika and Kandahar.

A programme for the improvement of the irrigation system in Kulangar and Baraki Barak districts has been submitted to UNDP by the NGO ARC.

A programme for developing the use of draught animals has been submitted to UNDP by the NGO Dutch committee for Afghanistan.

A programme for the repair of irrigation systems in the Mohammed Agha district has been submitted to UNDP for approval by the NGO Human Concern International.

The NGO AFRANE has established a mechanics' workshop in Logar and Kandahar provinces.

WHO agreed to fund the implementation of a Sandy Gall Health programme for the disabled and the establishment of a retraining center by the NGO AMI/MTA in Logar. ACKU

SECTORAL OVERVIEW

I) Agriculture

Almost all the farmers irrigate their crops, mainly wheat or maize. Barley is grown under irrigation where soil fertility is insufficient to support maize. Orchard crops, particularly apples, oranges and olives are also important.

Average area under irrigated wheat per farmer fell from 8.6 jeribs in 1978 to 7.5 jeribs in 1987. The yields of the two main crops, wheat and maize, fell by 20%, when, at the same time, the yield of apples fell by 72% mainly due to disease. Grey or compound fertilizers, have been difficult to obtain, since 1987. - 139-

Low yields appear to be caused by crop diseases and the shortage of draught animals and labour; this needs to be investigated as part of any aid intervention. Fertilizer supplies should also be restored.

A crop protection programme with the distribution of herbicides has been implemented by the NGO ASA in Logar and 8 other provinces (Kunar, Laghman, Nangarhar, Kabul, Wardak, Paktia, Paktika, Ghazni).

Following programmes have been implemented :

. AFRANE .• · ·•···••···········• ·.•.. ·.·.·. ·..••...••. ARC . :- ·.. irrigation/irrigati~~/cr~P crop ipr.qduction~ ~~~u~ti~~ c~~~~~~edOf"l~going . . ·: kularigaf:·: · · ·. :·ARC · · irrigation/crop production>· qompleted .Charkh .· ·. ·..... · : ~=g .•.. ~~~;~~~~~~foRroductio~ ~~~i';,~~ ·····• ~~~~~a.~ t• ·• ) ····.····· ..· .·_ ·. -::::::::-:::::::<·:.·_::i:::~:~:;:;:.::::::}:::::.:::·- .... : Barak·i-s·arak ··: __:: -___ ·_::::··: .. - Human irrigation repair · . . . : completed ·:.··· ... : Mohammad Agha . Concern .· cr()p production . .· Intern :. : :· .·.< -:•:-·• ...... · .· :::.·:::::::-; :.: .;•;•:_:; :-::::f;u.:::::::: .. .·: <::_ ·::· :.::::- -::._-:\(\·. ·.:·._:::: ·:::~):: ·.·.·.·. . .. - .·.· ·.·.·. ·.· ...._. ._ .. -. . .· SCA agricultural assistance ·completed . :.. Baraki-13ar~k ·. crop production . · . completed Baraki~Barak

FAO has distributed 34 MT of improved wheat seed (Bezostaya, Pak 81 and blue silver) to Baraki-Barak and Qala Zardan through the NGOs AFRANE and AHSAO. FAO has also sent 2000ACKU (30 ems) poplar cuttings for propagation to nurseries in Baraki-Barak and Charkh under the management of VITA.

The requirements in seeds and fertilizers for the year 1990 (suggested by FAO Kabul after consultation with the Ministry of Agriculture) are :

. . ... ·.-.. ·.· .. ·.. .:.· .·... ·. ·cROPS AREA ... SEEDS .· ...... :SPRING WHEAT . ·. 672 WINTER WHEAT .• 840 "MAIZE··:·. -100 ..·-· ·.: .. ·\...... ···:···········• ...... ·.· .. POTATO .·· . :. : .: 1204 :: ··.:·: > .. ·:. ·.· .... ": _:·: ... - 140-

II) Food aid

An emergency food assistance and a food-for-work programme were completed by the NGO AFRANE during the year 1989. Twenty six MT of wheat have already been dispatched to Kulangar district during the first two months of the year 1990 with the logistical assistance of UNILOG.

Ill) Road repair

The NGO DACAAR completed a road construction programme in 1989 from Chak to Baraki-Barak. The programme included repair of 11 kms out of 20.5 kms.

IV) Health

A major project for the building of a hospital, where a re-training center for health workers is to be set-up, has been approved by WHO. The implementing agency, AMI, has acquired a long experience in setting-up a MTA (Medical Training for Afghans) in Hayatabad (near Peshawar).

The re-training centre is meant to further develop the skills of the medical workers trained in Peshawar. The NGO Architectes sans Frontiere has agreed to build the hospital in the Logar province.

Two district retraining and referral hospitals are to be built, linking with 2 basic health units and numerous other health posts. ACKU - 141 -

The list of health workers registered by WHO is as follows:

·•· • :. ·•·• · •..:. :·: •·:::••·•••·•stJPPORTI.NQ .NGo •••••••> ·. •H•>>···· .•.. · . ._...... ·_:_·::_:_.__ : .. :-·-.:.·.;.·.· .. :-:::: .. :::·.·-:·.·:-::::-:.·• · ••-•:·/·•·•••••• · ••· VILLAd~. :.:.: -·-:-:· <:·.·.·-.:-:-·.:-· _:-:::·::-:·-::·;·;:;:;·::::;::·: ::::·:·:·::::::::::::;:::::;::::>>: .·.·. . .·.·:. ·>·.·<<·.·····.· :-:· :-.-:.-··-:-:-:-:-:-::::;:_.;._.;>.::::.:::::-:::·::::::::<:::::::::::·:::: ... ·.:·;. ·> .···.··.·.·. ·.·.·.· .. ·.·.·

····•••··········•••····· ~~h~~~~ak~~ g~ <~tf@~k~~~~~B ·••••••·····••••••••·•••••••••••• ••·••·••••·•·•••·•···~~ ················•••··•·it·.·.·•i·•·?·······.··· i·iti·········••············· ·· ·····.•.·•···.······• Pul~i""A19rn .·······•···•·•··•••·····•···•··········· ······· ~ule3r19at •.. )···· [_.•.••••••••.. .)::: ·••.········ ·...... MSH ) "(~ ~()ik~r~) :···· ::::.••••·•··••··:.·•··•·•. · Charkh ...... ···• .··.···•·_ ...... ·•• Kharwa.r ;:· .· · • • : : ·······•· MsH ·· · •. ·> .. · ·<.. • <.... · ··••··•····•· ·

saraki-BarakPul-i~Aiam ··· .·· ... ···•····•· ··· ..·. ··· · Sherv{azBabbBarCiki RaJari • >: · \ •• <·; •.._ ···.······•_.·_.•..•. •._·.·.• MM·. . s8HH_...... •.._._ ..•:···············.·_.•.:_•·.•.• .•. •._.••.• __••.•.••.•.•_· ····.•·_•.••.. ············· ···················:··-···._•. ••. i.•_· •••. ...•_ ••..•. •.············-························•.·_:_..• _•• •... ••.••.•. ·.•·.. ····-·-•.•.•·.• ·...••.•.•. _ •..•_ ••• ·•· ····.•·· ~::~Fi:!!(gha ··· ..•. g~:2~:~~~t~ ···············•••••\••••·····•··• ····•················ ~~ .··· (~ ~~r~er~) ····················· /•.••••••••... Mohammed .Agha ···> <<·>• > ....> ..... < ·FM .· • Y ·.) <) >···.······•· Baraki-Barak ··· ><·· • ·••>•·••·.·.· ...... <> < . >••····· ... ···•··· SMCSAH. (._•._._3·····.·· ·>_.. .•.. _····· .··•.·.··w··.·.·._..• .•_...•.·.·.·_. o.·_ · ···... •.•_..... r.... · ····. k ___··.•.· •·•..e ······· ·.·.·.... .·_r_:·<·· s···)·· ···········j····.··.• •.·.:.• •..• •.·_·• .•.•...._ . Azro .... .•.- Aira·...... _· .. >:. r .·><.···•·: ..... Baraki-Barak ··· .·.··shahMazar <> ... >...... _.• . <•.·_ MTA .: .• !<: ; •• • >.. ... ·. Baraki-Barak · Kulangeir .... ···· ·· · · ·MTA <)< <• ···· · Mohammed Agha MTA >· ... ·· .. ·· Baraki-Barak · ·· MT A > Mohammed Agha . FM ACKU -~- · ------·-- .ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF NANGA HA R PROVI. CE

Int ernat ional bou ndary Province boundary Wo leswali and Aiaqadari boundary Paved road Province Center I Woleswali Center • ;'\ Alaqadari Center • • / \ / \

/ J KUNAR / Darae Noor ( ( - - -~· \ I z ' .-'-\ 0 LAGHMAN I Kouz Konar \ ,- _ --0 /' )> N '- ~~--- /-1 l Z· K ABU L ' ~-- Behsud -// \ o G)~ ...... _ ,..,.- JALALABAD '\ • / Kama \ /, -- "---' ' I e ) 0 )>~ ( _ ./ _ _,..-"' _ -<"Surkh Rod e \ .._ _. 1 \ Goshta / \.... • ::c / / / ~ - -- - r -- - -1 ...--,-./.!! 1<, Lalpur "'\ :I: / ( I . . I Chaparhar / I ..... r I • I )> / Hesarak ) ( Khogtam 1 • / ati Kot • / • e / { Mohmand Dara ( :0 I / ,....- \ ( • \ \/ _. / Rod at e , /-...... _ ...... _ 0 ' \ / .,.. .,...... '-. \ f Sherzad \ / ...-• I ) _ I e .._ _-') \ ( // I /I 1 Pachier 1---"' 1/ l Shinwar /-\ I \ e \ '- .,..._. LOGAR \ 1 I I ---< \. \I I I / J Deh Bala' / ....- e N'az1yan . • -.. ( """ _,-ACKUo """'- J I \; Achin ,. / Dorbaba _/ 0 0 // ...__, '-'y ., I I I 1-/ • / / /. · --.-f.G I I o-"' / ~---.L.-.~---~ PAKTIA I

0 10 20 50 100 km - 143-

NANGARHAR

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 7,516

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 781,619

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 103

4. Capital (population figure) Jalalabad [57,824]

5. Refugees 399,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 43.9%

No. of Woloswalies 12 No. of Alaqadaries 8 No. of localities 1153 Main villages 992 Sub-villages 161

·Woloswalies Area in No ~ of: · ·Altitude and Alaqadaries ACKU... Km2 . localities .. · from sea level - 144 -

Woloswalies · · Area in · .· .. No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries .Km2 ·· ··::::..localities from sea level

· Bati Kot .· 152 575 . Kama .. . 229 575 Kouz Konar . 327 . 600 .• Dara-e-Noor . . 236 1,175

T0 1 AL PROVINCE . 7,516.

ACKU - 145-

OVERVIEW

Shuras have been formed by Mudjahideen leaders for economic reasons. Jirgas (tribal Councils) have been set up either in Kabul or in Jallalabad under the auspices of the Kabul Government. These Shuras or Jirgas have not resolved the main problems, but have enlarged the possibilities for the Community Representatives to search for solutions to the present situation.

The UN has encouraged the formation of civilian entities in areas where development and rehabilitation programmes may take place. A civilian Shura in Chaparhar has submitted to UNDP a first project for rural reconstruction and development, which is meant to benefit directly 1,250 families living in the area.

A UN monitoring mission took place from 25 to 29 March 1990 with Representatives from WFP, UNFDAC, UN/LOG and WHO. The UN team travelled to Torkham, Gardi Ghaus, Achin, Rodat, Dihbala, Khogiani and Hisarak to monitor on­ going projects funded by the UN Agencies and implemented by NGOs.

The terms of reference of the mission included :

- monitor the on-going projects supported by WFP, UNHCR, WHO, UNFDAC - identify the food needs and assess the use made of the food aid - determine the security of routes of supply and assess the warehousing needs within the southern part of the province - visit the existing health structures and report on the health personnel assigned to it - verify and update the existing WHO database and report on the current health problems - assess the possibilities for implementing a mine awareness campaign through existing structures of communication - verify the actions taken by theACKU local farmers - assess in Khogiani the possibilities for reducing opium cultivation - assess the situation relating to the number of refugees returning.

A significant number of NGOs (at least 20) are presently implementing development programmes in different districts of the province. GAF, Afghanaid, MSF, AHSAO, NCA, MCI, SCA, AVICEN, MDM, MTA, Afghanistan Nothilfe and MSH support medical trainees with salary and medicine. NCA has supported relief and emergency programmes with the provision of food items. SCF (US), AHSAO and SNI have carried out rural works (mainly rehabilitation of roads, storage facilities). SCF (US), Afghanaid and NCA have assisted the local population in repairing karezes and irrigation systems. Agricultural programmes have been implemented by the NGOs Afghanaid, SCF (US), ASA and SCA. DCA and GAF are providing veterinary assistance. Education sector has received the support of the NGOs AEC, UNO and Muslim aid. An income generating programme is carried out by the NGO SCF (US) . - 146 -

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Three quarters of the farms are established with less than 10 jeribs of agricultural land. On average 7 out of these 10 jeribs are irrigated. Of the remaining 25% of the farms, 20% are established on dry land.

The main rotation is irrigated wheat followed by maize or rice. Rainfed crops(wheat and barley) are also grown.

Yields of irrigated wheat, well above the national average of 73 seers fjerib in 1978, declined by 34% in 1987. Yield of rainfed wheat, among the highest in the country with a total of 51 seersfjerib, fell sharply by 43%.

Barley is in fact the only crop where yield did not fall drastically.

The low yields are partly due to the non-availability of fertilizers. Labour availability is another major problem, which is to be taken into consideration for the implementation of rehabilitation programmes with the participation of returnees. 20% of the farmers usually hire tractors. Most of the farmers have been sharing oxen, ~ o satisfy their labour power requirements.

Five 11T of wheat seeds and 5 MT of fertilizers were dispatched to Rodat by UN I LOG along with food commodities during the months of January /February 1990. Already, in 1989, 374.4 MT of seeds were distributed over the whole province of Nangarhar.

The programme for the distribution of seeds and fertilizers is implemented under the responsibility of FAO in Nangarhar, and 13 other provinces.

FAO despatched and distributed 411 MT of improved wheat seed (Pak 81, Pirsabak 85) plus 889 MT of fertilizerACKU to farmers and old state farms (Ghaziabad farms) in the districts of Ghaziabad, Bazaval, Achin, Dara-e-Nur, Khogiani, Deh Sala through the NGOs Save the Children US, MADERA, Afghanaid, Mercy Fund, VIA and one or two groups of afghan farmers.

FAO despatched and distributed 12,000 fruit tree sapfings (apple and stone fruits) to fanners in Deh Bala through the NGO Save the Children and 15,000 (30 ems) poplar cuttings for propagation in nurseries managed by the NGO VITA in Khogiani.

FAO has also provided 60 head of draught oxen to farmers in Achin district through the NGO Afghanaid.

The NGO Afghanaid completed a programme in 1989 for the rehabilitation of the lrrig tion systems and the improvement of crop production in Achin. - 147-

The NGO AHSAO completed an agricultural assistance programme in Behsud in 1989.

The NGO ASA is implementing a programme for the protection of the crops with the distribution of herbicides in Nangarhar and eight other provinces.

The NGO SCA has completed in 1989 a programme for the improvement of the crop production in Nangarhar and five other provinces.

II) Food aid

During the months of January and February 1990, wheat was dispatched to Nangarhar province for the following locations :

~- . . ..·...... LOCATION ·.·.: < ,.::: QUANTITY-:·:-::.::::::::::<.::::·· Dahbala << 39 .. ·. -.-. ·.·.·.·. Rod at 150 Achin 100 . '' ... . Khogiani 150 ... · ::: ::.<> :,:_ > :·::<_:·:::::,::: ::> . ·:

.··.·.·. ·._.··.·.·· :-:-:-:-..- ..:-·:·-·.;·· Moman·Dara 100 ... -·· ··-· .. Hisarak ·· J59 Darenur 100 .

A food-aid programme for low-income people is implemented by the NGO Mercy Fund.

Ill) De-mining ACKU Roads leading in and out of the provincial capital, Jalalabad, are heavily mined, and the current military operations which are still taking place do not allow the implementation of a large-scale mine-clearance operation.

However, a significant number of refugees living in Pakistan who originated from Nangarhar province have followed either the de-mining training courses or the mine awareness programme set up by UNOCA.

IV) Road repair

The NGO SCF (US) is implementing a development programme for the improvement of 60 kms of access roads for returnees to Afghanistan. The roads are located in Bati Kot, Lalpur and Mohmand. - 148-

V) Shelter

The NGO Shelter Now International has established a roofing factory in Mohmand Dara, which is considered as a pilot project for further implementation in other provinces.

VI) Health

WHO has already constructed and agreed for the rehabilitation of medical facilities under the responsibility of the NGO AIM E.

Health workers presently working in Nangarhar province with the assistance of NGOs are located in :

DISTRICTS VILLAGES · SUPPORTING NGO

Khogiani AI ME Bati Kat AI ME Khogiani AIME · Sorkh_Aod AHSAO · Chaparhar .. AHSAO Mohmand Dara AHSAO Hesarak Ghwageza MSH Mohmand Dara Mato MSH Khogiani SCA (2 workers) Behsud SCA Rod at SCA (3 workers) Sorkh Rod SCA (3 workers) Kama Deh Tahir FM Khogiani Kaga GAF Hesarak AI ME Sherzad AI ME Chaparhar AI ME Pachir I Agam ACKUAI ME Khogiani Kodi Khel .· .MSH Hesarak Nawar MSH Hesarak Nawar MSH Hesarak Chorchang MSH Mohmand Dara Girdighaus MSH Rod at. Maro ··_ .... MSH -Khogiani · ····-•· Kodi Khel GAC Khogiani · . Marki Khel GAC

.. Khpgiani. Zawa GAC Hesarak Mercy fund Rod at Mercy Fund Chaparhar . Mercy Fund Sorkh Rod Mercy Fund Ach in Mercy Fund - 149-

VII) Water supply and sanitation

The NGO Shelter Now International has received the approval from UNDP for the rehabilitation of the irrigation systems in Hesarak, Khogiani and Shinwar. Similar programmes for the repair of the irrigation canals in Khogiani and Mohaman Dara have been submitted to UNDP by the NGO Afghanaid.

The NGO NCA completed a programme for the rehabilitation of the irrigation systems including the construction of a dam, and another programme for the improvement of the crop productions.

VIII) Education

A project for school assistance in Rodat has been submitted to UNDP by the NGO HELP.

IX) Anti-narcotics programme

A pilot programme to assist the local farmers in starting new activities instead of poppy cultivation has been implemented by the NGO Afghanaid under the responsibility of UNFDAC. The UN mission, which visited the area at the end of March 1990, is drawing up conclusions on the efficiency of such programmes and how to further develop the delicate approach for the implementation of such projects.

X) Returnees

The population movement per district is as follows : ·DISTRICT ETHNICACKU.·.·.:: <.TRIBES .>> >..... REFUG.EES <'·::< ·.· .. · .· ·.·····<·. GROUPs ·.:·. ···•···.·.·. ,:.,: ...... ·.. :...... ·.. ::: > ·.·. >.:::·:.:·::' •:.· :: ... :::• .>> ..

····•···· Achin .>•··•·.····••······>•.····· · · ...•...•. Pt~htuf1~ r §~j~~~;i ~bbd ii .· . i ••••••.••••••··•• .. <:< sati Kat ...... ·[.Mohmand :::.:t,3oo··:x,:. · ·. <:.· • :.·· ·· :..... ·<••:•:::t;:.· ..:.< h ~ ·.:.- ...... •:•<:::.•.:: ::::>::::::::::: ...... >.. <:::•:::>:::::..;: ..::··· BeSUd •············· . · PushtUri§ s~~a~ m ~§ ; 886 > ...... ·'.:<<<:> ...... ·· ·· ...... •...• ::< <... · <·: <> Deh.gan· .:: : <.< .... <:> .. ·:.. · .•.· .··:.:-:.·::··········•·•···· ·.··

•. ·< <.... :>· ...... · .. · . ,·.· .. · <. ··Tadjiks. · -:·...... < •.... ,< . : .;. · ··:::: •< .. ·> ·•···.· .•. •: ·c.. •.....h .:.a....·.· parhar .. ·••··.·• <···:·· Pushtuhs >: Ahrn~rKh~l :: 35,006 ::::.::::: ·.·.·.··.· ···· ·· .: .... < . . ···.... :·•···:. . .. "'>...... :<:<.:...... · :. shinwari. . . . . ·. <·•·:<.:.. .. ··. ····.... · . ·.. >... ,>...... ··::'::··:::::::.:.:::·>:··...... :····<.· ·.·. :·.· ::...... oaUratZ8i i > ...... ) .. -.. ···.···: <· Stariazai ..... ··•·• · · .. .. ·· <<: M9bmar1d ..·· :··.· :•:· .. ···· Sayyids·...... ·. ···•····· ··•· ·<·:·····:.:::·•·:<··:->:<::<.::: ...... :::. ... <,.::::::::: ...... <·•············ .. ·... ·... ···.. ..> ...·.. ····· <· .. ·>···.. ·.··•.·.... •.• •.·.· .. :···.···.·.··.··.•·.···.. ·· ·.· ...... >.. >. · · · · ·.. :•·· Farsiwan <·· .. ··· · •• .. :: · >: · :::. ... ;:;. .:::::>•.·:..• ·:;::· ><,, ..... ~ 150 · ~

DISTRICT ETHNIC GROUPS ······ .·.··:·:::.:::·-~:: ·:::::::::·:::::-.: :·:::-·:::: :.:.;:-.; . ··. :::·:·:::·:·-·-::· :::: ·:::::::·:·. ;: :.: ...... ··,·.·· ·.·.·.··.··.•·.· ..·.· .·.· ... ···.:·:::·::·:::·::::::::>·-:··:· .. :<··· ...... · Dara-e-Noor ···· .,,> Pl.Jshtuns · >.>. safi '::<•> ·· .... 4,4oo ;:·<···· ·. ·. Deh Bala Pushtuns : .. Shinwari · ·. ·· 2,700 .. ··. .. Dor Baba · ·1 00 .> Goshta ·· .. ··.· Pushtuns .. · Mohmand · ·· ·· 9,000 ·. · Hisarak .·.·.· · ·· ·pushtuns ·· Shinwari · 14,000 Jallalabad · Pushtuns .. ... ···.·.·.· ·.· ... . . 70,000 · Kama · ·. Pushtuns .. Mohmand 43,000 . .

.> Khogiani ··• Pushtuns · .· · Khogiani .··•· 64,000 .· · · Kouz Kunar Pushtuns · Safi 13,000 Lalpur · Pushtuns Mohmand 4,800 · Mohmand Dara Pushtuns . Mohmand . 19,000 · · Nazian . Pushtuns . Shinwari 200 Pachir-Agam Pushtuns Khogiani 12,000 Rodat . Pushtuns · Mohmand · 34,000 - Sherzad Pushtuns Khogiani 11,000 • . Shinwar Pushtuns Shinwari 9,400 Surkh Rud Pushtuns Khogiani 37,000

As a large proportion of refugees presently in Pakistan come from Nangarhar, a vast repatriation programme has to take place to assist the returnees to re-settle in the villages of origin.

Refugees from Nangarhar are mainly concentrated in Pakistan around Pe .:> hawar, Kurram and Kohat camps. UNHCR estimates that approximately 54% of Nangarhar's pre-war population (781 ,619) is currently settled in the refugee camps of Pakistan. ACKU XI Logistics and communications

The construction of warehouses has been completed in Gardi Ghous and Ghazi :.- .d under the responsibility of the NGO HSAO. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF NIMROZ PROVINCE - 151 - International boundary -·-·- Province boundary - -- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

NIMROZ

/ FARAH ---< \ --- I . ------,...- I ---~--~7~ ' - ( ~ /~ \ I \ Lash Jaween e J \ / / \ \. 1...._ \ e Khosh Rod J . I " \ I --·--·-• ..J...... \ " \ I \ ' \ I ·\ \ e Asle Chakhan~ur / N Kang e \ "- • " J ~--; \ / ZARAN~ · (_ ' \ / ...... I _...-l__ -...... I / I - ...._...._-! I ACKUI HELMAND / } e Char Bu rjak / .I I I I I \ . \ (_ \ ·~ \ ...... , \ ."'""" ·-...... l .--- ·---·--.--·~

0 10 20 50 100 km 152 -

NIMROZ

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 41.356

2. Population 1978/79 estimate: Numbers 108,418

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 3

4. Capital (population figure) Zaranj {6,809)

5. Refugees 117,000

6. r'roportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 29.9%

No. of Woloswalies 4 No. of Alaqadaries o. ) .ocalities 555 Main illages 533 Sub-villages 22

Woloswalles Area In No. of Altitude nd Alaqadarles Km2 localities from sea lever

Zaranj 1,027 164 485 Kang 1,238 104 476 Char Burjak 19,203 109 540 Chakhansur ACKU9,661 127 475 Khashroad · . 10,227 51 600

OTAL PROVINCE 41,356 555

.. - 153-

OVERVIEW

Security conditions are not so much related to the war situation, but rather to the drug-trafficking operations, which are presently taking place.

A UN mission took place during summer 1989 in Zaranj to assess the situation in the provincial capital.

In October 1989, a data collection survey was undertaken by an Afghan national working for the UNOCA Quetta Field Office.

Preliminary actions have been taken for the setting-up of a UN mission from Iran to Nimroz province.

The NGOs ORA, MCI and IAHC supply with medicine and technical assistance a few medical personnel trained in Quetta.

In a region located in the most Southern part of the country, the access to the region has been very limited, and the NGOs operating from Quetta have not yet given their priorities for the implementation of rehabilitation and development programmes in the province.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

The normal size of a farm varies between 20 and 30 irrigated jeribs.

The main crops are : wheat, maize, cumin seed, barley, mung bean, melon, pomegranates, grapes, mulberriesACKU. Tobacco is also grown in some areas. Local wheat seeds and Maxi pak varieties are commonly used. Plantings usually start with the water flood of the Khashrud river.

All crop yields have decreased significantly since 1978, mainly because of the large fall in labour with nearly three quarters of family labour leaving the province.

Half of the draught cattle left the area, during the same period, and there has been a large decline in the use of fertilizers.

Seeds, fertilizers, labour, draught animals and irrigation are, as in many other provinces, the main components to take into consideration for the rehabilitation of agricultural activities. - 154 ~

A programme for the protection of agricultural crops with distribution of herbicides is implemented by the NGO ASA in Nimroz and 5 other provinces in the south-western parts of Afghanistan (Herat, Farah, Helmand, Kandahar, Zabul).

II) Food aid

Food-for-work programmes were implemented in 1989 by the NGO Indoors (739.6 MT of wheat, 74.25 Mt of edible oil, 40.65 MT of sugar, 148.5 MT of dried skimmed milk) in Tchar Burjak.

Ill) De-mining

Mines are not considered as a major problem, although areas under the control of Government Forces are known to be surrounded by mine-fields.

Anti-vehicle mines planted by Mudjahideen on the main supply routes have been located in Khashrud Woluswali (200 m north of the Ghurghori bridge over the Khashrud river) and in Chakhansur Woluswali.

~ V J Road repairs

The repair of the Lokhi Dilaram road may be considered for food-for-work )perations in the area.

Roads are usually gravelled (from Dilaram to Zaranj via Khashrud Woluswali; from Farah province to Nimroz via Tiwesk).

V) Health Health facilities are veryACKU poor, while diseases (tuberculosis, hepatitis and malaria) are widespread among villagers.

Heatth workers (registered in the WHO Database) are located as follows :

.. DISTRICT · VILLAGE SUPPORTING NGO ·::::::;>-..·... . . :

Zaranj >ORA .. Char Burjak . · ···.• IAHC <.' Char Burjak Naseer MCI .< - 155-

VI) Water supply and sanitation

Lack of water in general and of drinking water in particular is considered as a major problem for the whole province, and the return of refugees largely depends on the availability of sufficient water resources.

VII} Returnees

Out of an estimated population of 110,000 in 1982, 30 to 40.000 people remain in Government controlled areas. Around 10.000 families recently returned to Nimroz and received assistance in the guest house installed in the provincial capital, which has a capacity for 300 people at a time.

VIII) Logistics and communications

Transportation from Iran to Zaranj can easily take place from the nearby Iranian city of Zabul. Other supply routes are :

- Girdi Jungle (Pakistan) - Chute - Hazar - Khashrud Woluswali (540 km) - Girdi Jungle (Pakistan) - Khwaja Ali - Regastan - Khashrud Woluswali - Quetta (Pakistan) - Ribat - Char Burjak Woluswali ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF PAKTIA PROVINCE - 156 - International boundary Province boundary Woleswali and Al aqadari boundary Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

N PAKTIA

\ NANGARHAR \ /"' l . --.. ' LOGAR r-- -..\. ..// ""( ·, 1 e Jaji (. / /~ / ( _, / \. - -..t!' • / - Hasan Khel y ,. Dareh Darang .) . ./ \' r \...... -/ . I • ' e Dand-wa-Patan /- _, Lajmangal Chamkani \ Sayed Karam 1 / I / '\ ·;~. ~ • / I / • I 1 1-- .- ~ l 1 ) .-1 '-_ _ A, • Jam Khel e Jaji Maidan ' ., '- " J ...... /"._. ', , ,.._ -~ \ I Mosa Khef'- _... · '- I \ \\ GARDEZ \ I...... :.-. ,e s,arot• e ~ I, __ • GH AZ NI ( '- '-_, /_ .j:- Oalandar I \ , Bak ' '-.. .Shawak' -- \ ,- ' -" • ) e zormat '/ '"--L _ , '-.. 1 / - -1-, Jadran 'f ""'-.( • Trayzai ·\ /,--, ....- / ACKUf - /\ Nader Shah Kat -, / I-' I Khost ~ • / ( l / Shamal Mandozi e '- -..... / "' . • Orma /- / I 1 / • '\ • / / / \ 1'-..._/- - '- ./ Tani e \ Gurbuz \ / / \ / ,, • / \ \ u--' • ./ '\ I / 1 \._ _,., J Sperah I 1 • I I /. I ~-~ (. / ·-...... PAKTIKA ' . '( \ \ 0 10 20 50 100 km - 157-

PAKTIA

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 9,578

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 506,264

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 53

4. Capital (population figure) Gardez (1 0,040)

5. Refugees 349,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 54.6%

No. of Woloswalies 11 No. of Alaqadaries 12 No. of localities 1505 Main villages 1387 Sub-villages 118

Woloswalies No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries localities from sea level ACKU - 158 -

Woloswalies Area in . No. of Altitude and .Aiaqadaries Km2 · ·· · · localities from sea level

Qalandar 154 2,000 · Sayed Karam ... 930 2,450 Jaji ·.· ·.. · ·· · · 803 2,150

TOTAL PROVINCE 9,578 .

ACKU -159-

OVERVIEW

A UN mission visited Saidgi in Paktia in December 1989, located 3 kms from the Pakistan border to monitor the delivery of 50 MT of wheat.

A UN mission to the Tani and Gurbuz districts, near the Pakistan border, in February 1990, monitored the food distribution of an initial consignment of 200 MT of wheat to vulnerable groups.

A START (Short Term Assistance for Rehabilitation Team) programme was completed under the responsibility of the NGO "Norwegian Refugee Council" to set­ up a ''planning and policy studY' in the province.

The NGO Afghan Planning Agency is implementing a project for the distribution of wheat (700 MT) in the Khost area to internally displaced persons.

Following NGOs are working in the respective sectors:

SECTOR .

Health scA, Freedafn :Jn~iJYairi~>iiXI/8~/v, IRb, .MsH, >AMI, NCA Rural works SNI, World visi,on . ·>.)>::<\, ••.. ·. . . · Irrigation. ..··· •NCA, ·lf1C, W.orlcj vision •':.:···,(. \\Y)<:· :.: .: Field crops ·• GAF~ ASA~ IRC~ · worldyision, ' NCA ..·· ~z~~~~ care ... ····· .•..•• ~::· g~g •l:···· . . . ) ...... •.•• .• .. ·... ·.• ... ··.· .· . . . ·.: :_:.::::-· .. ·::./:'·, ::>::::.·. ·-_ :-"::··:·.<:._·:·· . . . . . • _ .... · . . ·.· -. ACKU. ' .. ·.· ·.·· SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

The province is characterized by very small farms, with over two thirds of the farmers having less than 5 jeribs. Most of the farmers presently depend on irrigation.

The principle crop rotation is irrigated wheat followed by maize or rice.

Irrigated wheat is the most important crop with about 75% of farmers growing it. Maize is in second place, followed by alfalfa, rice and barley.

The large fall in rice production is mainly due to water shortage and the lack of farm labour and oxen. Falls in yields are generally more important in Paktia than in many other places, which reflects the direct effect of the war. . 160 -

Tne lack of labour for land preparation is considered as a major problem for the rehabilitation of the agricultural sector in the whole province.

A project for the provision of vaccination services in the Chamkani district submitted by the NGO World Vision International has been approved by UNDP for funding.

A crop protection programme with distribution of herbicides is implemented in Paktia and 8 other provinces by the NGO ASA (Kunar, Laghman, Nangarhar, Kabul, Wardak, Paktika, Ghazni).

Crop production programmes were completed last year by the NGO GAF in Zormat, the NGO IRC in Jaji, and the NGO NCA.

Through the NGO World Vision, FAO distributed a total of 549 MT of improved wheat seed (Pak 81 , Pirsabak 85) and 1725 MT of fertilizer to farmers in the districts of Jaji, Alikhel, Hasan Khel, Chamkani, Mesa Khel, Jani Khel and Danda Patan.

UNHCR has also distributed 12 MT of Blue Silver wheat seed through the NGO lAC.

FAO is supporting the World Vision plant protection prograrnme ·n Chamkani di. trict with 100 knapsack sprayers (20 litres).

FAO has provided 45,600 fruit tree saplings (apple and stone fruits) for distri bution to farmers through the NGOs IRC and World Vision.

FAO has also provided 3000 virus free apple root stocks (MM 106) to the NGO IRC for their nurseries in Chapari plus 500 (30 ems) poplar (populus nigra) cuttings for propagation.

FAO also sent 35 MT of improved maize seed for farmer production and multiplication. ACKU II) Food aid

An emergency food assistance for low-income people is implemented by the NC 11 Afghan Planning Agency".

UN missions, which only paid a short visit to the Paktia province (December 1989, and February 1990) were not able to directly assess the magnitude of the situation regarding the internally displaced.

Immediate needs have been identified for food, tents and warm clothing to assi t a displaced population (estimated at 30 to 40.000) from Khost and Gardez.

A food distribution programme for the Waza district has been submitted to '1\ ~ ,: ~ / UNOP by the NGO "Afghan Relief Foundation". - 161 -

Ill) De-mining

Reports mention heavily mined areas spread over different parts of the province. The garrison settlement of Sharinau in Chamkani district is one such area. The NGO World Vision has operated a mine clearance project in Chamkani for eighteen months. The project was to clear many kilometers of road and irrigation canals, but it was suspended at the end of March 1990 due to an unfavourable security situation arising from inter-tribal disputes.

IV) Road repair

A road survey from Sharinau (Chamkani district) to Zurkot (Musa Khel district) via Jani Khel was completed under the responsibility of the NGO IRC.

V) Health

The NGO "Afghan Reconstruction Consultants" are rebuilding the Chamkani hospital under the supervision of UNHCR.

UNICEF is funding a large scale EPI programme in the province with several NGOs as implementing partners.

VI) Water supply and sanitation

Irrigation systems repairs have been undertaken in Ahmed Khel, Ali Khel, Kani Khel, Dand-wa-Patan, Syed Karam,ACKU Mosa Khel by the NGO IRC. VII) Education

The NGO "Afghanistan Reconstruction" has submitted a project for the rehabilitation of Chamkani schools.

VIII) Returnees

Eighty-nine percent of the pre-war population is estimated to be settled as refugees in Pakistan, particularly in the camps of North-Waziristan, Kurram, Kohat and Bannu. More than 433.000 refugees from Paktia represent the largest population from any single Afghan province. Fourteen of Paktia's districts are estimated to have 75 per cent or more of their population settled in Pakistan. - 162

A large amount of housing construction and agricultural rehabilitation has been underway, especially in the Northern districts. There is no clear indication whether families engaged in these activities will remain in the area, but there are clearly many more people in the province than there were a year ago.

In many cases, some members of a refugee family have returned to the province to plant crops while the remainder stay in a Pakistan refugee camp. Able­ bodied family members have started rebuilding their homes and lives while maintaining a safety net for their family in Pakistan. However, by actually looking at conditions in Paktia, refugee return may be foreseen in selected areas.

IX) Logistics and communications

Storage facilities are being built in Musa Khel and Danda Patan under the responsibility of the NGO lAC, as part of an agricultural development programme in the area.

ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF PAKTIKA PROVINCE - 163- International boundary -·-·- Province boundary --- - Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary -----

Province Center Woleswal i Center • Alaqadari Center ••

PAKTIKA I PAKTIA /,~...... ,

I /\c' • Mata Khan' /~\ I -.. r ./ / \ \ ,..~eka e / ') GHAZNI I • "'\- J. _...../ I ,./. I / SHARAN f e ,-"'":~elook (. ( ', Sarhawza 1 - I "'"' / I ~' \ I '-· A /--T- \ I ( • I , / J J J e \ Gayan • f - / I / Urgun r- __ _ ) 1 J / ~mna "- ~ ( • "' e Katawaz 1 I I - -~-- J / / I1 ,.-../ I Sarobi I • ,..... j\ '- -( \.. • I Barmal e ') N ( ...... , -...... _../ ll \ 1 I j I \ \ .....__ / I I ) '-. e Dila \ 1 L--L ./ ' ... /'\., I ', / ' r , 1 e Gomal 'I \ \ \/ ( \ ) J • }-"- _/ /1 l ' \ ~~~ . ACKUI ...... _ ___ \ \ l ( ' - Jwazakhwae \ \ I \ ,. I f • v ', • .J Wol Mamay \ \ ''"'"" ' \ '--'\ ' \ . ZABUL ) "J --! / I / ( 1 .r ' . 7., I 1 / "'·-...... · '·l \ I . / y\ . ' . ,.J. /·-· '-·""'

0 10 20 50 100 km - 164-

PAKTIKA

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 19.336

2. Population 1978/79 estimate: 256,470

3. Density (persons per sq. km) 13

4. Capital (population in figures) Sharan (1 ,469)

5. Refugees 168,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 70.9%

1 Jo, of Wo!oswalies 4 No. of Al aqadaries 11 No. t localiti es 899 Main villages 872 Sub-villages 27

Woloswalles Area In No •. of AHitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities ·. from sea level Sharan ACKU: 1,051 109 2,1 48 Katawaz, Zargun Shahr 1,687 140 2,115 . Dila (Khoshamand) 1,355 84 2,025 Wazakhwa :.:·3,501 ...112 . 2,300 War Mamay 3,311 . 53 ·. 2,150 Go mal .4,047 37 . 1,820 Omna . 473 . 33 2,525 <: Sarobi . ·.: .. 407 ..·26 ... ·2,375 ::.· Barmal . . :.· 1,058 . ·· 96 :.· · 1,975 ... Gaya n ·: •. 280 .· 30 2,150. . Urgoun 568 80 • 2,175 Zelook · •· .. 237· 18 2.350 . Neka 180 13 . 2,500 Sarhawza 718 25 2,375 Mata Khan 463 43 2,130

TOTAL PROVINCE . ··. ··· 19,336 899 - 165-

OVERVIE'N

Set-up in 1978, the Paktika province was carved out of portions of Ghazni province in the West and Paktia province in the East. Therefore the populations of the Western and Eastern districts of the province recognize few if any institutional/inks. Two main regional Councils of Commanders (Shuras) are set-up in Urgun and Sharan.

Security conditions were considered relatively satisfactory, until the aerial bombing of Urgun district at the beginning of April 1990.

Mudjahideen Commanders have managed to live in good terms in spite of open competition for supremacy in their respective zones of influence.

The UN staff visited the region between 19 and 22 December 1988, from 30 July to 9 August 1989, from 27 November to 11 December 1989 and from 17 to 29 March 1990.

The UN SMU was able, in 1989, to open an office in the Eastern trading centre and former garrison town of Urgun, to be used as a coordinating centre for future humanitarian assistance in the province.

ICRC, DACAAR, World Vision, SCA, AVICEN have expressed their concern for the implementation of relief/rehabilitation programmes in the province.

A pilot project for road repairs from Urgun to Sarobi is to be set-up by DACAAR. SCA is growing fruit on one piece of land (area 3 jeribs), to assist farmers on short­ term returns.

AVICEN sent two staff members to link-up with the UN SMU team from 29 November to 4 december 1989 to provide the UN team with medical coverage and report on the existing facilitiesACKU in the province. The NGO "RAFA" participated in the SMU, which visited the province in late 1989.

The SMU team, which visited Urgun in December 1989, entrusted a RAFA team with the caretaking and complete repair of the UN office building. 166 ~

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Sixty per cent of farmers in Paktika have less than 10 jeribs to cultivate. Almost all of them rely on irrigation for all their crops.

Irrigated wheat yields, which in 1978, were already among the lowest in the country, fell by 24% from 63 seersjjerib. Maize yields fell by 20% from 49% seersjjerib, while barley fell 31% from 52 seersjjerib, rainfed wheat by' 50% from 38 seers, and rice by 20% from 59 seers jjerib.

The causes of decline are probably lack of draught animals (farmers lost on an average 60% of their oxen) and lack of fertilizer. Tractors were prev1ously used by farmers in the area thus providing justification for any intervention to support tractors. The use of threshers and herbicides would also be required.

Projects aimed at increasing crop production around Sharan and Sarobi have been submitted to UNDP by the NGOs GAF and ISRA.

A survey regarding the livestock in the province is being conducted under the responsibility of the .. Paktika Veterinary Committee... A project aimed at providing veterinarian assistance is implemented under the supervision of UN DP.

An agricultural assistance programme with provision of herbicides is implemented by the NGO ASA. A similar programme is implemented by' the NGO SCA in the Katawaz district.

FAO provided 1 MT of Bezostaya wheat seed for trial and multipti.cation with the NGO SCA in Katawaz.

Plans are being formulated for a seed distribution programme in Urgun district for the coming autumn. ACKU

Food has been pre-positioned for food-for-work schemes to be set-up by the '" ~AU team, while 57.50 MT of wheat has already been delivered to Urgun.

II) De-mining

Urgun city is still surrounded by mined roads and fields. A trained Afghan de ining team resumed work on the main Urgun-Sharan road on the 30 November ·; ·89, - 167-

IV) Road repair

A road repair project is being implemented by the NGO DACAAR between Urgun and Sarobi, on a small part of the road, which has been cleared of mines by UNOCA trained dogs and de-miners.

A road survey by the same NGO has already been completed.

The rehabilitation of the Urgun road under the responsibility of the NGO RAFA is being considered by UNDP for funding.

A multi-sectoral project has been submitted to UNDP by the NGO AWA Construction: it includes the repair of village roads, drains, irrigation canals, and small bridges.

V) Shelter

Projects for the rehabilitation of the Urgun municipality and the Yehia Khel municipality have been submitted to UNDP by the NGO "Afghanistan Reconstruction Consultants" (ARC).

The construction of a "Paktika Community Centre" by the NGO ARROS in the Katawaz district is being considered by UNDP for funding.

VI) Health

Health services remain unsatisfactory. Urgun's hospital complex can only be repaired by undertaking extensive rehabilitation work.

The NGO SCA, the Egyptian Islamic Relief Agency and the ICRC assist locally­ established Afghan trained healthACKU workers. The rebuilding of the Chamkani hospital has been funded by UNHCR with the assistance of the NGO Afgh. Rec. Cons as implementing partner.

The NGO AVICEN has carried out immunization programmes in the province.

VII) Water supply and sanitation

A development programme for the repair of karezes in Urgun district is being implemented by the NGO AWA Construction.

The cleaning and repair of irrigation canals in Sarobi is to be supervised by the NGO Islamic Relief Agency. - 168 c •

The repair of the Zam irrigation Dam in Sarobi (under the responsibility of the Norwegian Refugee Council) is to be implemented as a START programme (short term assistance rehabilitation team).

Fifteen karezes have been selected for food-for-work programmes to be implemented under the responsibility of the NGO RAFA (one Karez already completed).

VIII) Education

Each village is apparently provided with basic primary schooling facilities at the mosque, where rudiments of reading and writing in Arabic script are taught.

UN education support has been requested, and basic needs have been identified for submission to UNESCO.

IX) Logistics and communications

A warehouse was built in Urgun by the NGO .. Engineering Services for Afghan Re gees" Two similar warehouses are to be built by the same NGO in Sarobi and Sarhawze.

Urgun city also has three almost intact warehouses. Other storage facilities are ~ o e built in the province. ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF PARWAN PROVINCE - 169-

International boundary Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

PAR WAN N ,..._ / BAGHLAN .,___.,,., '---r ..-

,.._/ \1 ,~'-...... - I \ Jabu I Saraj r ...... -~ \ L __;.,....' (, '---- \S~inwar/ _ \ ( \ Ghorband . \ / CHARI KAR ~~ I__ A ~~ ' t Shekh Ali e , \_, '-.., '-._ l Y - Bagram· .r-.... / e 1 e \ Surkh Parsa ( '\ / / '-' BAMYAN ) / I .._ I \ __ _., ,., \ I l e Kohe Safi /(.-\ ACKU" ) ",.,\ I / ''- ( "' \ "\ r' 1 \ \ lr.../ ~'-""- I KABUL ) h ~I \ _,-/ "'

0 10 20 50 100 km ~ 170 ~·

PARWAN

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 5,888

2. Population 1978/79 estimate: 527,987

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 56

4. Capital (population figure) Sharikar [25,117]

5. Refugees 53,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 13,2%

No. of Wo o <--walies 4 No. of Alaqadaries 2 No. of localities 840 Main village;:; 1,579 Sub- vill ag e~~ 76

Woloswalles Area In No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries ACKUKm2 localities from sea level ·charikar 191 '77 1,560 Jabul Sarey 196 ·. 13 1,550 Salang 682 86 1,925 Shinuux .. 352 69 1,730 ·Ghorband ...... >1,487 92 1,900 Shekh Ali ·..... > 898 100 2,220 . Surkh Parsa ·...... ·.·•· .938 144 2,100 ·... Bagram ··.·•·••• < 464 00 1,500 · .·· Kohe Safi ···· .. <.. sao .. :··· 60 1,750 .

...... ····-· TOTAL PROVINCE . 5,888 .·.···· 84o - 171 -

OVERVIEW

The overall situation is back to a standstill: either side of the Afghan conflict keeping its strongholds. The international community has not been able to provide significant relief assistance to the local population. Still, technical support and supply of medicine have been provided by the NGOs IMC, FM, SCA, MSF-BjH, LEPCO, AMI/MTA.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Sixty per cent of farmers have less than 5 jeribs. Wheat is the main crop, followed by maize, cotton, and rice. Grapes are an important perennial crop.

There has been a fall in yields of irrigated wheat by 8% from 86 seersjjerib. Crop diseases and the farm power problems are severe.

II) Road repair

The road, leading from Kabul to the Salang Pass is the main supply route for the capital city, and the most important strategic way for the Government Forces.

Ill) Health ACKU A EPI programme is functioning with the financial assistance of UNICEF in the province. Following villages (registered in the WHO database) are receiving medical care from health workers trained by international organizations: - 172-

DISTRICT . ·:. VILLAGE SUPPORTING NGO

Bagram Qaria-e-Ghul IMC . ::·>: . .. 8 ~ h~~~;~~j · .•.•.•. ·...•.•.. b~r~~~~~man .\ ·. M:~SgH· ) >( : Ghorband }:.<:: .Ghorband ...... • . Charikar ·· ·\\(·<:·. Sahel

IV) Returnees

The pattern of social dislocation within the region corresponds roughly to its ethnic entities. Tadjiks and non-Pushtuns have either migrated to Kabul or the surrounding mountains, while Pushtuns have more easily moved to Pakistan. The Parwan Valleys are still largely inhabited by Tadjiks.

The major return of refugees in the province is to be considered more in terms of movement of the InternallyACKU Displaced than of the returnees from Pakistan. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF SAMANGAN PROVINCE - 173- International boundary Province boundary ---- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

SAMANGAN /. '-·----. ' • __.,.( Kaldar. '• \------'-....." I \ ( ·". \ KUNDUZ " \ N l ~-- Khulm \' ----//'-.. r-----""""'- "" \ 1 \ Hazarate Sultan J \ BALKH \ ( \ I f / ) ,.L y- ( -...-...'7/ \ ) ...... ) \ / ) // ~ ACKU~-~ / I ( ""'" f..- J Dara-i-Soof '\-..... _ } e ~ BAGHLAN ( '> (

( \ ,.- ' I I ' / '\ \ (/ Roye Doab e { \_.I \ ___ _..,-~ ...... JOWZJAN/SAR-1-PUL /) ..,....._)/ --.\ A __ /, BAMYAN / 0 10 20 50 100 km 174 -

SAMANGAN

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 14,748 • 2. Population 1978/79 estimate 273,864

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 18

4. Capital (population figure) Aibak [5, 191]

5. Refugees 15,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988/ 4,9%

No. of Woloswalies 4 No. of Alaqadaries 2 No. of localities 635 Main villages 579 Sub-villages 121

Woloswalies Area In No. of ·Altitude and Alaqadaries ACKUKm2 localities from sea level Samangan (Aybak) 2,285 89 990 Hazrat Suttan 1,138 59 850 Khulm 4,247 43 420 Dara-i-Soof 3,433 333 1,300 RoiDoab 2,887 97 2,230 . Kaldar 75S. 14 305

TOTAL PROVINCE 14,748 635 • - 175-

OVERVIEW

At the cross-roads of Balkh, Tadjikistan, Kunduz, Baghlan and Bamyan provinces, Samangan is of a vel}' strategic importance.

A UN national staff member visited the area, but did not report any specific difficulties to travel through nor to implement development and rehabilitation projects in the area.

MSH, SCA, GAG and fMC provide technical and financial assistance to health workers trained in Peshawar.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Average farm size varies between 50 to 70 jeribs. About 40% of farmers are able to irrigate half of the farm lands. Rainfed wheat remained the most important crop, followed by irrigated wheat and barley.

An increase in the sugar beet yields was made in response to a demand from a factory based in Pul-i-Khumri (Baghlan).

Suggestions were made to increase yields in the irrigated areas through the supply of fertilizers and improvedACKU seeds. Provision of tractors is a reasonable solution to support the farm power during the rehabilitation phase, as agriculture was already mechanized before the war. The use of stationary threshers and the selective use of herbicides would alleviate the power shortage.

II) Road repair

The main road through Samangan province, from Termez to Doshi (Baghlan) is the main supply road from the North to Kabul. The Government forces control the traffic and have, so far, managed to undertake the necessary repairs. - 176-

Ill) Heatth

MSH in Darae Souf (Dara Zawando village), SCA in Khulm, Roye Doab, Hazarte Sui, Darae Souf, FM in Khulm (Gozari Qalan village) and Samangan (Sar Bagh village), GAC in Roye Doab, IMC in Hazarte Gul (Nawaqul village) provide technical and financial support to Afghan health workers. •

IV) Logistics and communications

From the provincial capital to Kabul, the distance is 306 kms. The province is directly linked with Termez (Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan), Mazar-i-Sharif and Kunduz through supply roads of easy access.

ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF TAKHAR PROVINCE - 177- International boundary Province boundary - --- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center •• TAKHAR

,-• '-""7" • .._,-- • . /( '7·'­ .r _. vangi Oala 1 Dar~ad e// ) e Chah... Ab .\1 I (- '-{ -, (:") • ) ,_ J /1)\ I,- I . \ I / ( e '\ Rustaq e \ Khwaja Ghar ,.. --\ \ ) I '- ) N \~J -../ ',',---! / KUNDUZ ) TALOQAN ( ( ' • K~ri~n L > ' • t ) •"'r"' ,..._\ I { Bangi ~ \ \'\.~ ,.- / "\ t r-~ >. \ ') • ' \ \...ACKU --\ Chal) "' Farkhar J / Eshkamesh I \ f BADAKHSHAN \. \ ) \ '( ' ... ) . ( I I ~ I _../I / \

~...... --/ l / ---"""' \.... ~ \ Warsaj e ...._ "\ ( I BAGHLAN \ ) \ ( \ I 'l ../""' / _.) 0 10 20 50 100 km A-,- ~ / KAPISA ' - 178 -

TAKHAR

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 12,371

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 543,818 •

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 44

4. Capital (population figure) Taloqan [20,947)

5. Refugees 5,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 0,8%

No. of Woloswalies 6 No. of Alaqadari es 6 No. of localities 101 6 Main villages 850 Sub-villages 166

Woloswalies Area In No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 .. localities from sea level

Taloqan 1,503 286 .•. 800 Bangi 480 58 740 Eshkamesh ACKU·. 745 96 : 1,080 Chal . 561 52 ,180 Warsaj 2,892 73 ·..• 1,800 Farkhar 1,460 58 >1,160 Kalafgan 552 30.. .1 ,620 Rustaq 1,915 . 139 . 1,280 Chah Ab ...- 770 ·.. 58 ·.· ·... . 980 Yangi Qala .728 Darqad ·. 422 : ..... :(: .. :.. ::. :gg Khwaja Ghar .· ·.343 90 ·:· 500 .· TOTAL PROVINCE 12,371 - 179-

OVERVIEW

The provincial capital, Taloqan, has been under the control of the Mudjahideen since the summer 1988. Tensions between Mudjahideen groups delayed the reconstruction work, which is now done under the responsibility of the Supervisory Council of the North (Shura-e-Nazar).

A tripartite Shura is administrating the Taloqan district.

Since the Salam 3 mission (from the 7th of October to the 19th of November 1988), no UN staff member visited the Takhar province.

The mission had then defined the operational modalities for the UN to work on long-term rehabilitation and development programmes. The needs for in-depth assessment before launching of any kind of assistance programme, the close cooperation with Afghan bodies or NGOs fully recognized by the local authorities, the close monitoring and frequent evaluation of programmes were then strongly recommended.

The NGO SCA/ASA was awarded a technical assistance grant by the UN Agency /FAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) to prepare a broad agricultural sector investment programme with a specific focus on the irrigation sub­ sector.

The Takhar province has been envisaged as an ideal focal point for such programmes to be implemented.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture ACKU

The irrigated area in the basin around Taloqan extends to about 10,000 ha to the North of the river and 6,800 ha to the South.

The predominant crop rotation is wheat followed by rice. Maize, sorghum, millet, cotton and beans are other summer crops. Fodder crops and barley are also grown. Melons and fruit orchards are considered as important cash crops.

The Taloqan area used to be considered important for cotton production, but this crop has now been largely replaced by rice.

Both animals and tractors are commonly used for cultivations. Weeding is usually made by hand, no pesticide is currently available for the stem borers control (rice cultivation), locust control (wheat cultivation). - 180

Farm size is of about 4 to 8 ha of irrigated land. Sheep, goats, horses, donkeys may be seen in most of the farms.

Taloqan has a very busy grain bazaar, but neither pesticides nor seeds are available.

The clearing, maintenance and contruction of irrigation channels is essential for the rehabilitation and improvement of the agricultural sector. The implementation of projects providing improved seeds, fertilizers, and agricultural tools are to be considered as priorities.

FAO has provided 42 MT of improved wheat seed (Pak 81 , Khyber 87, Pirsabak 85) plus 20 MT of DAP fertilizer to farmers through the NGO Afghanaid.

II) Food aid

Food-for-work schemes need to be designed with the most appropriate local civilian administrations to implement rehab ilitation and development programmes. On a short term, the low rainfalls and the expected new demand in case of the arrival of returnees require appropriate supply of food commodities.

Ill) De-rn ining

Mine fields located around urban areas and military posts previously occupied by Government forces are known to the local population. De-mining has not yet started on a large scale, and assistance is required for the implementation of de­ mining operations in a zone which is completely controlled by the Mujahideen. IV) Health ACKU The Takhar province is equipped with a hospital of 40 beds capacity placed under the responsibility of the Health Committee of the Shura-e-Nazar. Technical assistance and financial support are provided through Peshawar-based NGOs.

An EPI programme is implemented by NGOs with the financial support of UNICEF.

• - 181 -

Health workers (registered in the WHO data-base) presently receiving technical assistance and financial support from NGOs are located as follows :

ars

: > : . ~sh~.,~- ~~_ n__ i: ~ -~. H_ :: :.::-: _ ::.:.:";:.::: · : · ::i(::::::: ·::::r::::,:::::::::::::::;:::::;:::;::::;::::::nn::::::::::::::::::::::::n::::<:?::::-::: ~JI\'I~I.~c

·· i ··· i Kwajaghar~=i~gar .· ~~· · !;l••···~~·· i~~ ·r;~( :;•••••••••••·•·•• . Bangi Taloqan .·. Yangi Qala Taloqan Taloqan · Nahyayi Char Farkhar .Farkhar Cent Taloqan . Shash Tapa Eshkamesh Eshkamesh Allochak Kalafgan Center Taloqan Taloqan Taloqan Amber Koh Farkhar Farkhar Kwajaghar Farkhar ·sazaar Chah Ab Gazer ·

V) Returnees ACKU

Afghan Nationals from Takhar province who are registered as refugees in Pakistan originate from the following districts: Chah Ab (200), Darqad (400), Eshkamesh (2500), Farkhar (50), Kwaja Ghar (5000), Rustaq (2100), Taloqan (3000), Yangi Qala (1800). The total is less than 15000.

VI) Logistics and communications

The Taloqan-Keshem road was originally gravelled (about 6 metres wide). Presently in a very bad state, most of its foundation structure is now destroyed. Only 4-wheel drive vehicles can currently use the road. From this main road, a few feeder roads branch off into valleys, those being usually in better shape as they are sometimes repaired by the local authorities. - 182 -

The three-metre-wide feeder road through Farkhar into the Southern part of Takhar province can be used by 2-wheel drive cars until Piu, some 30 kilometers beyond Warsaj.

The road features occasional steep gradients and deep river crossings which can render the road temporarily unusable during the winter season and the spring • runoff. Access to areas beyond that point and to neighbouring valleys is more difficult as the roads go across mountainous passes at altitudes exceeding 4000 meters.

Access to the province may be done via the Kabul-Dushanbe road {in the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan), the Kabui-Hairatan road, both Northwards extensions of the Salang highway.

ACKU ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF URUZGAN PROVINCE - 183- International boundary -·-·- Province boundary - --- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----- Paved road Province Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

URUZGAN ,...._, I GHOR / \.. _( / --~ / \ BAMYAN I L,....- ( ( c._/-, ' ~ / ) / J ' __ / --:-\ / e Dai Kundi \ -..... l, ,...... ~ )

' /r-...... / /'-..".....1.." \ e Shahristan ./ -1"' \ V I __ __, .../) ~ l "---- // / Ajrestan / /.rl \...... __ \ • / I ) / / I ( Gezab e ( / ) \ _,.. ) / "../ /'- \...... __./\_..,-c--f GHAZNI ( e Kajran ) / I J

HELMAND //--..\ (,_\ / ) / I \. ACKU~\I / """ N I j l / e _,;~ \ / ~ Chorah '- Khas Oruzgan I' ' \r r' . ",\ /../ /)...' ' I Deh Raod \ TIRIN KOT \ ,-V 1 ) l~ • / • I I \, I ('-.... I I J '\. _, __ ),../,/ ZABUL I ;: I r-1I ~J KANDAHAR \ J 0 10 20 50 100 km I I I I I - •184 -

URUZGAN

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 29,295

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 464,556

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 16

4. Capital (population figure) Tirincot [3,534]

5. Refugees 51,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 12,7%

No. of Woloswalies 8 No. of Alaqadaries 1 No. of localities 2484 Main villages 2331 Sub-villages 153

Woloswalies Area In No. of · Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities from sea level

Tirin Kot 141 1,325 Chorah 64 1,700 Khas Oruzgan ACKU.152 .·.· 2,050 Gezab· . 152 1,300 Shahristan ···· s9s 2,000 ·. Dai Kundi .·... · <935 . 2t400 . Kajran ·· ..... :··. 155 1,400 · Shaeed-Hanas 115 1,100 Oehravvod :··. •124 .. . 1,075 Neish · . ······ 48 ·:·.-.. ":'.··:. -.:-:-::>_-/' . :- ._:::<::::.·:;::. :::;:···-.::::.>:.:>:::--·:::_·::::_:_:;:-::::··':: . . .. _:_._. :_:_:_::_:_. __ .. -···.· . 1,050

····.········ t~T~c ~~t->0J~d~ i ········•·•········. 2~; ~~; >? ·····•·•·• 2,484 • - 185-

OVERVIEW

The situation remains relatively insecure in the rural areas due to the persisting tensions between Mudjahideen groups. Fighting occurs rarely, and endangers the norma/life of the population specially around the urban areas.

The NGOs IAHC, MSH, IMC, SCA, AMI/MTA, FM and MCI provide technical assistance and financial support to trained health workers.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Farm size generally varies from 15 to 40 jeribs. Eighty five per cent of farmers rely on irrigation. All the farmers used to grow irrigated wheat. Some of them used to grow either maize, or barley, or rice, or rainfed wheat, or beans. All the crops decline during the war years, specially the irrigated wheat, maize and barley. A moderate fall in the use of fertilizers, and lack of farm power seem to have been the main causes for the fall of yields.

II) Food aid

UNIDATA registered the prices of food commodities in Daikundi, Sharistan and Ajirestan as follows :

. . . ·. . . ~ .. ·.o·_.·•: COMMODITIES >-·· ·..• ·: ~: ~.I¢E~ ·: /eeR.... ~~ . ER •• (7 _._ J(G$f-········-••••··········---·•····· ... _.· ·.· ·••···• •-···•············· ·•·-·•·-····· .·.·· . ·-· ·:::.:::·-:-· :- :-·-··:.:-·-· .. ·... . ::_-:;::::<:::::>>> :::::::::·:··_.··:·::··_·:···_·:·:·...... ·_.- .. _.. _·_ ...... ACKU _...... OAIKUNDI • :<.> sHARISTAN ·· • AJIRESTAN • . > ·• ::.:: -•.

70 ~~~AT . . ······•· i !~g ·.·. . r i ~ri ·····_· ...•....•_.·. ..•_·_._ ..•.. .·_•..•....•..•.•• •. ...•..•_·_··-····-·-····-···········-······_•-····-···-·····_-_ •.~·- ···_·._· BQ· ·~Og_········· .•..····- .•.•..•.-_ · •.•_·._ •• .•.••._ _._._ .• ••._ _ ..••_. ·_ ..•_ .•. _._ ..•._.·_. __ .· ·•. .._._- .._._ ·_•. •.·. .··.•·-·-··-·-···_ ··_-_....._ i ··. BARLEY . . •< ... 1200 · .-.·_·.·.·-····.··.•i.__·._._ •.•..•..••. _ •..•.•.•.•....•_ -.•_;_• .. :_•.- ..•. •.·_._·...·._ .. _. g...•_ •••_ •••..••.•_ _ •••..•• _ .:, •.·_· ..·.••.•-: .._-•. •.••.•.•.•_ _·- .•_. ·· coRN ..... ·.· 1soo _·._·__ 1;oo000 .·:.-· .. •··.·

i i i i._ ••.•.•_ _ •._.[.• __ ._·.•_i._ •• _._1•. _••.•. i .i i\ ...... -•. >PEAS •••..••. ·:-:•· ····•••••••••·•·• >., ...... ·_ ...... _._·:.:-:.·: ··•i1600 ····.•.•••·•· ·•·•:•·.•· .. •••·••··• ~~~ ~~ ,i(.1_®() .• ·:· )·•·.·; _. _.L12looo~•···-··--··--····-··-···-··-······· • ~~~} \ . !~g .. :~g . : ~rag • . •.• ; i.. ··· 6~i~~o ·.Y "· ·· !ggg · · ) ~ggg ii ? ~ggg /: <···· - 186

Although the prices of food commodities do not appear higher than in any other province, food shortages are reported in the mountainous parts of the province, where no supply could reach during the winter months.

Ill) Health • Health workers receiving technical support and financial assistance from NGOs are ocated in the following villages:

DISTRICT .VILLAGE SUPPORTING NGO

Tirinkot Zar Afshan MCI Gezab Haji Khalilo ·. MSH Tirln Tlrln Kot MSH Sharistan Charsad Khan MCI Sharlstan Jang Charsat ·.··· FM . Deh Raud Shah Mashad MCI Tirln Khawchela .. MCI .. Kajran Khud . ·. ·. •MCI Shahrlstan .. SCA Chorah SCA (2 workers) Gezab SCA Dai Kundi SCA ... Shahristan SCA Tirin SCA Shahristan AMI/MTA

~ V Anti-narcotics programme

The Baghran area, located near the Northern part of Helmand province has started poppy growing in a zone where food supplies are very limited. Crop substitution programmes may be considered as a mean to stop poppy growing and develop new agricultural resourcesACKU.

'(. Logistics and communications

The roads leading to Tirincot, Chura, Gazab and Kijran are now open, while neavy snowfall blocked the traffic on the roads to Shahristan, Ajirestan and Daikundi during the first 4 months of the year 1990. Suggestions were made for the improvement of the roads leading from Tirinkot to the Kandahar province. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF WARDAK PROVINCE

International boundary Province boundary - --- Woleswali and Alaqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Province Center \ PARWAN Woleswali Center • BAMYAN ...A Alaqadari Center • r/ ' I • ---/ ' r---, ),( \\..,..... /....-'-,, ____ ;I / - , ( \ (' \ \ (- ..., KABUL / \ Behsud 1e ) 1MAYDAN SHAR I"' "- r - ( Jalrez • I • , , ( ~ s \. /---" \ M k B h d e / "'-._... ) / - '""' ar aze e su / l J Nerkh -.... 1 - ,_ • \ / J /' 1 -... / j " DayMirdad / '--....._ I "' ...... / \....\ • /_/ ( I e ) LOGAR GHAZNI ) / Chake Warda~/./ N . ( J / Sayed Abad --~ "" I / I / '-~ ( _/ ( ACKU \ j I / ( I' ,_,A '\ / ' \ 0 10 20 50 100 km ' 188

WARDAK

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 9,023

2. Population 1978/79 estimate 300,796

3. Density (Number per sq.km) 33

4. Capital (population figures) Maydan Shahr [2, 153]

5. Refugees 9,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 2,8%

No. of Woloswalies 4 No. of Alaqadaries 4 No. or localities 1645 Main villages 1638 Sub-villages 7

Woloswalies Area in No. of Altitude and Alaqadaries Km2 localities from sea level

Maydan Shar 345 59 2,225 Jalrez 1,139 124 2,375 Behsud 1 1,325 232 2,975 Markaze Behsud ACKU3,186 679 2,950 Day Mirdad 1,342 112 2,450 Chake Wardak 1,177 .· 193 2,200 Sayed Abad .1,029 . '117 2,100 Nerkh 480 129 2,200

TOTAL PROVINCE 9,023 1,645 "" - 189-

OVERVIEW

A civilian administrative structure is functioning in 5 districts (Jaghatu, Saydabad, Chake Wardak, Daymirdad, Maydan Shahr).

The administrative structure needs to be improved, with the training of staff personnel.

Some 14 NGOs have been implementing projects in the agricultural, education, health, and rural works sectors, with the technical assistance and financial support of the UN agencies (UNOCA, UNDP, FAO, UNICEF, UNHCR).

A UN mission is scheduled to visit the area in June 1990, coming from Paktika (Urgun, Zarghun Shahr), Ghazni (Qarabagh), and on its way to Bamyan province.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agriculture

Over 60% of farms have less than 5 jeribs. Almost all the farms are irrigated. The main crop is irrigated wheat, followed by potato, rice and maize. During the last years, the agricultural production was badly affected by dryness, and some non­ irrigated land had to be kept fallow. Plans have been made for the installment of new agricultural technical instruments (tractors, etc ... ), improvement of seeds, anti-pest campaign, improvement of water supplies in the villages and the setting-up of a cereal bank.

A project for the organization of a training centre for development officers may be considered as a new stepACKU in the rehabilitation/development of the agricultural sector.

FAO has provided 12 MT of improved wheat seed (Bestozaya, Pak 81, Khyber 87) for multiplication and trials to Wardak (Jaghatu, Jaghori, Seyedabad), and 28 MT of fertilizer through the NGOs Dutch Committee, SCA and ISRA.

FAO has also provided 33,100 fruit tree saplings (apples and stone fruits) to farmers in Wardak (Jaghatu, Sayedabad) through the NGOs Dutch Committee, ISRA and VITA.

FAO has provided 90 head of draught oxen for distribution to farmers in Jaghatu district under the Dutch Committee's programme. - 190-

II) Food aid

A food-for-work programme aimed at the reforestation and the planting of apple orchards is to be implemented in Jaghatu.

The NGO Solidarite Afghanistan completed an assistance programme aimed at stabilizing the price of cereals in Jeghatu, Tchak, Saydabad, Day Mirdad and Maidan. An emergency food delivery is to be implemented to assist the population of Behsud. The emergency food aid for low-income people placed under the responsibility of the NGO Mercy Fund is to be implemented in the Chak and Jaghatu districts.

Ill) De-mining

An alarming report about the threat posed by the mine-fields was received. However, local population appears to be well aware of the risks caused by the mines.

De-mining operations are to be considered in all types of emergency and relief operations to be implemented in the area.

IV) Road repair

Alternative roads are usually in very bad conditions. Two road sections have been identified for repair as a priority:

-the section between Qaderkhel and Saydabad (on the main highway Kabui­ Ghazni-Kandahar highway), - the section between ACKUDaymirdad and Tizak. The main road leading from Kabul to Ghazni and Kandahar, across the Eastern part of Wardak, is left without any asphalt, and needs extensive repairs.

The road leading from Gardandiwai to Kotale Hajigak is considered as an important communication section to link the provinces of Bamyan and Wardak. The building of a bridge on the road linking Sayed Abad and Daymirdad is also to be considered as a priority. Twenty five kms of Baraki-Saidabad road have been • rep ired, - 191 -

V) Health

The Wardak province is generally considered as better equipped than other provinces.

Different Peshawar-based NGOs have trained and equipped medical health workers, who are now in charge of medical dispensaries. The NGO "Medecins du Mende" has opened a well-equipped medicalfsurgical hospital in Jaghatu. UNICEF is funding an EPI field centre to be operated by the NGO AVIC EN. In addition, UNICEF is also funding an area-based social development project implemented by lOG to improve the health standard and living conditions of the people.

The need for a provincial health centre with facilities for the disabled, is expressed by the local authorities.

VI) Education

The main cities (Chake Wardak, Nerkh, Jalez, Behsud) are all equipped with school facilities (Markaz Behsud, Behsud, Sayed Abad, Maydan Char), but the education system remains very basic.

VII) Returnees

About 10% of the population is presently living as refugees in Pakistan (mainly in the North-Western Frontier Province). Some refugees have moved back to Waziristan (Pakistan) from where they originate.

VIII) Internally displaced

A significant number of Hazaras has taken refuge in Wardak, to avoid the internal conflicts which occurredACKU during the last few years. A large proportion of the population from Wardak had moved to Kabul during the first years of the war. A majority of them has now returned to their villages of origin. ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY MAP OF ZABUL PROVINCE - 192 - · nternational boundary Province boundary --- - Woleswali and Al aqadari boundary ----­ Paved road Prov ince Center Woleswali Center • Alaqadari Center ••

ZABUL

I ,_--, N ' / ~ URUZGAN / I 'I GHAZN I () r J.--, - I -- '- /\....// I f"'\ .../) I / / I I" .I I (/ ~ ' I Daichopan e I ) ' I I Arghandab ( -, ! /1 • / ) Shahjoy "" ) r./ // _. C-r .J' ... / / I I r (../ /;', I / \_""" ..-....--../.. ...,.,., \ I \v.- // I \ I \ --/ I ,..-1 \ \ ( e Mizan '- ...- QALAT L--\ \ L, I / ' / ...._, / -- ' I I \ // __ ./ / (-~ ,__ ) \ L) ___ ..,., I JACKU _....,. Shinkai e ) \ ...... ( ./ I )- ( -~ / 1 ..,- _,.,. • Shemalzai / / _,---j /\:- \ PAKTIKA r ,_ / ( /---, I ,__ I ,.-,/ ' -1 eAtghar ) \ I ..,;-",_., '-.. __ _,..,., \ r ...__ l _ },· -,,_./ ) /. ---·"" KANDAHAR \ . ',._./ ~

0 10 20 50 100 krn L.--~--~------~~~------~

~· --- ~ ------__J - 193-

ZABUL

BASIC STATISTICS

1. Area (sq.km) 17,293

2. Population 1978/79 estimate: Numbers 187,612

3. Density (persons per sq.km) 11

4. Capital (population figure) Qalat [6,251]

5. Refugees by province of origin (Numbers) 49,000

6. Proportion of refugees in the combined total population, 1988 20,5%

No. of Woloswalies 5 No. of Alaqadaries 4 No. of localities 1459 Main villages 1349 Sub-villages 136

· Woloswalies Area In ··· ·•·· •.•.••.• ·>··>>,No; of ·> •····· : ··: • >> Altitude

and Alaqadaries .. • .. ·• Km2 ·•• · > ·· .... >· ....·.·>· >' localities. .<·. . . .• . . ·. . ··>...... from sea level . -.. . .. ·. -- .: ·. ·>. --· >... ;._:_:;:_:>:.:::::·:-... . -. .. -. ·. ,·.·-·. : ···::·::><~-><<- \\·>:·:::-: ...... oalat .. ·· ... ·.. ·.·····>:: : :::•:•: ·;•;·:••·••··· 1 · ,e.zg :::;:; ~ ::::;;~:;: ·::•·•·•·>::•:•••••·:• :::::·.· · ··.~···~ . · ; · ; · g ~·: ••·•·•·•·•·••··········· ·:;:::;·;~·:•:··.•::::;: 1 · ~553·······.·.··

i ···························••.·:...... •..·.·.································.··············· 221461a81...... 1,863 ...... · ·.... · !~;~!%abDaichopan .•·.·······.. ···•·.).<<. .. ..••. \.i. ····ii3,278~:~~~ i i > it ~:~ \ .. . Mizan ACKU········ 1 101 ····· ; <• ·•·• •.•• •·•·•.·. 100 ·.· ··· ·· .·.· ·· · .... ··>·····.·· 1 425 ·...... ···.··.· J ah1.dnakka· ··,· ·.······.·.·· .::>·...... •.. ·.·.•.• ·.•·.•. ••...•• •.·.. •.•. ·.••.•. •.·•·•.·.• .. ..·.• ·.·.•.•··.. ·.··•·.•.. ·.. ·.·.·...••..•. ·.·.···.••.•.•.•.•.•...•·.• ... ·•.:· 1:, .50 2....·······.·.•.••.•· •.•.• ... :....·.·.•.··.·.• ·..:.•.•.·.•·.•.• .. >••· .H:n.1 f)S ··>.· ··.·.>····•····<.: ••···•···•···· ••· ;;.;·:;.•;•••·• d.• :2so 8 1 ~ . 2 292 ·.:···~.:.~:.~·•· ;.:· •HUH:•:•:•>:.: .... ::.=u .. :.::10B :::~.: . :::·::.::_:·y·~ . ~•:.•• .>····· 1 850 · · · ·· ·· ··...... ·.· ·· · .· · · ·· .:.·.·.•···... : ...·... •.· ..•• ..• .. ·.•·.. ··.·.·.·.· .. ·.·.·.·.·.·.•·.. •.· .. ··2.',a · · 75. · • •• Shemalzai . ·• ··· ·· ? < • : 3,091 :· < t ~>·. ·• ••·•· · >••• :. < • : ~ ::.·· 296 <~ • · }:'::;:.:.: .....•..• TdfAt PROVINCE ···. ········>··············· 11.~~~ / •··•··········•··•··•···••·•·• ~ .~= I {(··········. ·. ..•....•...... •...•..•...... · ... - 194 -

OVERVIEW

The situation in Zabul remained relatively peaceful in a not very populated area, considered as one of the most neglected provinces in the whole of Afghanistan.

The provincial capital, Qalat, is still a busy commercial place for the area, on the main highway linking the South of Afghanistan (Kandahar) with the Northern provinces.

A UN mission, which took place in July 1989, monitored the delivery of food items (50 MT of wheat) to vulnerable groups in the Shamolzai district by the Afghan NGORAFA.

In March 1990, another UN mission visited the Maruf district (Kandahar province) and Ataghar district (Zabul province) to discover peaceful and tranquil areas.

SECTORAL ACTIVITIES

I) Agricutture

Approximately 87 per cent of the population lives in rural communities, consisting mainly of small independant farmers. The most important agricultural lands are located South of the main Zabul - Kandahar highway.

Major crops are: almonds, wheat, maize, barley, tobacco and alfalfa. During the last years, fungi and bacteria ACKUbadly affected the agricultural crops. Lack or misuse of fertilizers as well as lack of farm power are considered as the main problems faced by the farmers.

In Zabul and 13 other provinces, a development project has now become operational for the delivery of wheat seeds.

A programme for the protection of crops with delivery of herbicides is to be set­ up in the whole province as well as in the centre of Kandahar province.

A programme for the rehabilitation of 3,6 kms of canals is being implemented in the Daichopan district, under the responsibility of the NGO Heatth Unlimited.

FAO has provided 12,000 fruit trees (apple and stone fruit) to farmers mainly through the NGO Health Unlimited in Daichopan district. - 195-

II) Food aid

A food delivery operation, which took place a year ago to assist vulnerable groups, concluded on the need to set up food-for-work activities in several districts.

Ill) De-mining

Mine-fields, located around the capital city, Qalat, and around military positions, now abandonned (like in Darwazagai, in the Shinkai district, in Jaldak or Shahjoy districts) are well known to the local population.

No de-mining operation has yet taken place on a large scale, but Afghans from the area, have followed the de-mining training (mine clearance and mine awareness) courses set-up by UNOCA, at the Baleli camp- Quetta.

IV) Road repair

Roads are almost non-existent or in a bad condition. The main Zabul - Kandahar highway has been severely damaged during the war years, and no maintenance has taken place for more than a decade.

The NGO Save the Children (US) has undertaken repair of 140 kms of access roads on the Shinkai - Qalat road, in the Shemalzai district.

V) Health

Health infrastructure is very limited. The Peshawar-based Coordinating body of Medical Committees (CMC) has registered 7 Afghan BHC and 5 clinics, where health workers receive technicalACKU assistance and financial support. UNICEF is supporting an area-based social development project implemented by the NGO Health Unlimited (HU) to upgrade the health and living conditions of the local population.

VI) Returnees

A significant number of Afghans (49,000) originating from Zabul migrated to Pakistan during the years of armed conflicts.

A slow return of refugees in the province is reported, but not on a large scale, and movements of population are often monitored in both ways, as some refugees tend to cross the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, depending on the economic situation which prevails in either one side or the other of the province. - 196 -

VI I) Internally Displaced

One third of the whole population from the Qalat and Mizan areas have moved to the neighbouring mountainous parts of the province, particularly in the Daichopan and Arghandab districts.

With the slow return to normal peaceful conditions, the population has begun to come back to their villages of origin.

ACKU - 197-

ANNEXES

ACKU - 198 ~

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AAA Afghan Aid Association ACAF Afghan Cultural Assistance Foundation ACBAR Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Relief ACLU Afghan Construction and Logistics Unit ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency AFGHAN AID Afghanaid AFRANE Arnitie Franco-Afghane AHSAO Afghan Health & Social Assistance Organizat. AIG Afghan Interim Governement AIME Action Internationale Medicale Estudiante AIRO Afghan Infrastructure Rehabilitation Org. AKU Aga Khan University (Karachi) AMA Afghan Medical Aid AMI Aide Medicale Internationale AMI / MTA Aide Medicale Int.jMedical Training for Afg. APA Afghan Planning Agency APWO Afghan Public Welfare Organization ARC Austrian Relief Committee for Afghan Refugees ARCS Afghan Red Crescent Society ARE Afghanistan Reconstruction Consultants ARF Afghan Relief Foundation ARRO Afghan Relief and Rehabilitation Office (WFP) ASA Agricultural Survey Afghanistan ASF Architectes sans Frontiere ATC Afghan Technical Consultants .. AVI CEN Afghanistan Vaccination/Immunization Centre AWA AWA Construction BDAF Bundesverband Deutscher Afgh. Hilfsorganisat. BHC Basic Health Centre CADi Committee on Assistance to Disabled Afghans CAS comite Afghanistan Solidarite CDD Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases CID Council for International Devel. (Mercy Fund) CMC Co-ordination of Medical Committees DACl\AR Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees DCA Dutch CommitteeACKU for Afghanistan DCAR Dental Clinic for Afghan Refugees ElL Experiment in International Living (USA) EPI Extended Programme of Immunization E SAl~~ . Engineering Services for Afghan Refugees FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FM Freedom Medicine FRf Farah Reconstruction Foundation GA German Afghanistan Committee GAF German Afghanistan Foundation GIRJ Governement of the Islamic Republic of Iran GOA Government of Afghanistan (Kabul) GOP Government of Pakistan HC .l Human Concern International HCW Health Care Worker HE L ~> Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe 'HROC Human Resources Development Centre - 199-

LIST OF ACRONYMS acronyms 2

HTA Help the Afghans - The Netherlands HUL Health Unlimited IAHCAR Islamic Aid Health Centre for Afghan Refugees lAM International Assistance Mission ICRC International Committee for Red Cross IDG Inter Developmental Group IFAD International Funds for Agricultural Develop. IIRO International Islamic Relief Organization ILO International Labour Office IMC International Medical Corps INDOORS International Donors Organiz. of Relief Serv. INTERPLAST INTERPLAST (A German plastic surgeon group) IO International Organization IRC International Rescue Committee IRCS Iranian Red Crescent Society ISRA Islamic Relief Agency ITU International Telecommunication Union KAG Khorasan's Assistant Group LEPCO Leprosy Control LMO Literacy Movement Organization MA Muslim Aid MADERA Mission d'Aide au Dev. des Economies Rurales MAP Mine Awareness Programme MAT Mine Awareness Training MATS Medical Aid Training and Support MCH Mother and Child Health MCI Mercy Corps International MCPA Mine Clearance Planning Agency MCTP Mine Clearance Training Programme MDM Medecins du Monde MERCY FUND Mercy Fund MOH Ministry of Health, Iran MOl Ministry of Interior, Iran MSF Medecins sans Frontieres - France MSF-B/H Medecins sans Frontieres - Belgium/Holland MSH Management Sciences for Health MTA MedicalACKU Training for Afghans NCA Norwegian Committee for Afghanistan NGO Non-governmental Organization NRC Norwegian Refugee Council OHI Operation Handicap Internationale OPS UNDP Office for Project Services PHC Primary Health Care POI Programme of Instruction PRCS Pakistan Red Crescent Society PVC Paktika Veterinary Council RAFA Reconstruction Authority for Afghanistan RDW Rural Reconstruction Wardak Province RIFAH Rifah Foundation SA Solidarite Afghanistan SCA Swedish Committee for Afghanistan SCF-UK Save the Children Federation - UK - 200 .

LIST OF ACRONYMS acronym 3

SCF-US Save the Children Federation - USA SGAA Sandy Gall Afghanistan Appeal SMU Salam Mobile Unit SNI Shelter Now International SOS/MTA Solidarite Afg. BelgiumjMed. Training Afghans SWABAC Southern & Western Afgh. & Baluchistan Assoc. UNDP UN Development Programme UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific & Cultural Org. UNFDAC UN Funds for Drug Abuse Control UNHCR UN High Commissioner for Refugees UN ICEF UN Intern ational Children's Fund UN I LOG UN Logistics Operations USAID United States Agency for Inter. Development VITA Volunteers in Technical Assistance VSF Veterinaires Sans Frontieres WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WRC Welfare & Relief Committee WVI World Vision International

ACKU - 201 -

GLOSSARY (words in Dari)

abi irrigated agricultural land

alaqadari administrative unit (sub-district)

arhad a deep open surface well

band mountain pass

dasht dry plain with limited vegetation

deh village jerib land measurement equal to 0.2 hectares/0.5 acres joi open irrigation channel

killay village

koh mountain

kot moutain pass lalmi rain-fed agricultural land markaz centre,town rud river, riverACKU basin seer weight measurement equal to 7 kg/15.6 lbs tanzim Afghan resistance political party woleswali administrative unit (district) walayat administrative unit (province) -202-

REFERENCES

•

-"The Middle East and North Africa 1989", Europa Publications Ltd.

- UN Agencies documents (UNDP, FAO, UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF)

- UNHCR Report on conditions affecting the repatriation of Afghan Refugees

- Reports of "The Agricultural survey of Afghanistan ..

• UNIDATA information management system

•

Note: - The boundariesACKU shown on the maps in this report do not imply official endorsement by the United Nations"

&