DOCSLIB.ORG

The Gulf in 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Gulf in 2021 By Philip Loft 9 August 2021 The Gulf in 2021 Summary 1 Human rights 2 The UK’s Gulf Strategy Fund 3 UK-Gulf relations 4 Relations with the US 5 Regional relations 6 Soft power and the World Cup commonslibrary.parliament.uk Number CBP 9284 The Gulf in 2021 Contributing Authors Louisa Brooke-Holland (Defence and security) Image Credits Dust storm in Saudi Arabia by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0)/Image cropped Disclaimer The Commons Library does not intend the information in our research publications and briefings to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. We have published it to support the work of MPs. You should not rely upon it as legal or professional advice, or as a substitute for it. We do not accept any liability whatsoever for any errors, omissions or misstatements contained herein. You should consult a suitably qualified professional if you require specific advice or information. Read our briefing ‘Legal help: where to go and how to pay’ for further information about sources of legal advice and help. This information is provided subject to the conditions of the Open Parliament Licence. Feedback Every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in these publicly available briefings is correct at the time of publication. Readers should be aware however that briefings are not necessarily updated to reflect subsequent changes. If you have any comments on our briefings please email [email protected]. Please note that authors are not always able to engage in discussions with members of the public who express opinions about the content of our research, although we will carefully consider and correct any factual errors. You can read our feedback and complaints policy and our editorial policy at commonslibrary.parliament.uk. If you have general questions about the work of the House of Commons email [email protected]. 2 Commons Library Research Briefing, 9 August 2021 The Gulf in 2021 Contents 1 Human rights 7 1.1 Regional overview 7 1.2 Country overview 8 2 The UK’s Gulf Strategy Fund 12 2.1 Programme objectives and funding 12 2.2 Calls to suspend the fund 14 3 UK-Gulf relations 15 3.1 Trading relationship 15 3.2 Defence collaboration and arms sales 16 3.3 Sanctions for the murder of Jamal Khashoggi 17 3.4 COP 26 and climate change 18 4 Relations with the US 20 4.1 Change under Biden? 20 4.2 Continuing collaboration 20 5 Regional relations 22 5.1 Qatar crisis 22 5.2 Yemen 23 5.3 Israel 24 5.4 Iran 25 5.5 Oil production 27 6 Soft power and the World Cup 28 6.1 Progress since awarding Qatar the World Cup tournament 28 3 Commons Library Research Briefing, 9 August 2021 The Gulf in 2021 Summary The six Gulf states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Oman collectively form the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Both the UK and US have deep security and trading ties with the region and are active in patrols in the Gulf to protect shipping. UK support for the region through the Gulf Strategy Fund (GSF) has proved controversial, however. In 2021, the APPG on Democracy and Human Rights in the Gulf argued UK support lacks transparency and the GSF has compromised UK commitments to human rights—something the UK Government has denied. GCC members do not act as a monolithic bloc, having competing foreign and economic policies. Relations between Qatar and other GCC states have been strained since the crisis of 2017 that saw a blockade introduced against the country, but an agreement to normalise relations was reached in 2021. Gulf states have also taken different approaches towards recognising Israel. Collectively they seek containment of Iran. The paper also describes continuing human rights concerns in the Gulf and progress that Qatar has made in preparation for hosting the 2022 World Cup. UK relations: Trade, security, and human rights The UK has a close security and trading relationship with the GCC, and funds human rights, governance and trade programmes in the Gulf through the GSF. In 2021, the GCC and UK concluded a trade review, which said the two would seek to make a trading agreement. The region is currently the UK’s third-largest non-EU trading partner. Both the RAF and Royal Navy have bases in the region to protect shipping lanes and project power. The UK has also participated in joint exercises with Gulf states. Personnel from the GCC states have received training in the UK. The UK’s engagement with the GCC has drawn criticism because of the human rights record of Gulf countries. All six states are considered amongst the least free for press and religious freedom and retain the death penalty. All, except Bahrain, criminalise same-sex relationships, and LGBT+ people commonly face discrimination. In 2021, the APPG on Democracy and Human Rights in the Gulf argued the GSF has supported human rights violations in the region and that it lacks transparency. The APPG called for the GSF to be suspended. The UK Government has denied GSF work contributes to human rights abuses and states all programmes are subject to human rights assessments. 4 Commons Library Research Briefing, 9 August 2021 The Gulf in 2021 Changing relations with the US The Biden Administration has sought to reset relations with the region, placing US arms exports to the UAE and Saudi Arabia under review, and releasing intelligence linking Saudi Arabia, including the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, to the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. The US has shifted its focus to the Asia-Pacific and to threats from Russia and China. However, it maintains deep defence relationships with the Gulf states. In 2021, it participated in military exercises with the UAE and Saudi Arabia. Diplomatically, the US is seeking Gulf engagement to address the economic crisis and political instability in Lebanon, the conflict in Yemen, and on the Iran nuclear deal. Resolution to the Qatar crisis, 2017-2021 Relationships between the Gulf states have recovered since the crisis in Qatar in 2017, which had left the country isolated in the region. Gulf states had introduced a blockade against Qatar, citing its support for the Muslim Brotherhood (which some Gulf states see as a threat to stability) and maintenance of some diplomatic ties with Iran. An agreement to establish trade and other relations was reached in January. Regional relations: Iran, Israel and Yemen Talks between the US and Iran on re-establishing the 2015 nuclear deal have currently stalled, following the inauguration of the new Iranian President. The GCC continues to oppose any nuclear deal with Iran that does not also put limits on wider Iranian activity in region, such as its support for proxy groups (like Hezbollah in Lebanon). Iran opposes any widening of the deal. In the last year both the UAE and Bahrain have also recognised Israel, being the third and fourth Arab states, respectively, to do so. Saudi Arabia has also called for a ceasefire in Yemen, where it backs the Hadi Government against Iranian-backed Houthi rebels. Saudi Arabia has also drawn criticism for potential human rights abuses in the conflict. Attacks on merchant vessels Iran and Iranian-backed groups have long been suspected of carrying out attacks on tankers and merchant vessels in the Gulf. In 2021, the UK, US and others accused Iran of attacking a vessel in July, leading to two deaths. An attempted hijacking of another ship occurred in August, though no party has been blamed or claimed responsibility. The attacks are likely to increase pressure for any deal with Iran to include limits on its wider regional activity, such as backing for militia groups. 5 Commons Library Research Briefing, 9 August 2021 The Gulf in 2021 The Football World Cup in Qatar, 2022 Qatar is due to host the World Cup in November-December 2022. Significant concerns have been raised for the treatment of migrant workers in the country, and discrimination against LGBT+ people. In 2020, an estimated 95 percent of the Qatari workforce were migrant workers, numbering around 2 million. In 2020, the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights welcomed the steps by Qatar to improve migrants’ rights, which include allowing migrants to change jobs without their employer’s permission. Amnesty International has continued to urge Fifa, the world governing body for association football, to use its leverage to end the abuse of migrant workers. In 2020, the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association reported LGBT+ persons in Qatar continue to “face an extremely hostile context.” Although some footballers and national clubs have called for a boycott of the 2022 competition, no country federation has formally decided to do so. 6 Commons Library Research Briefing, 9 August 2021 The Gulf in 2021 1 Human rights 1.1 Regional overview The six Gulf states are considered amongst the least free countries in the world. The Cato Institute’s Human Freedom Index rates all below the average country rating of 6.93, while Reporters Without Borders places all in the bottom half of the least free countries for press freedom. Pew Research rank all as having “high” or “very high” government restrictions on religion, putting all Gulf states amongst the most restrictive fifth of countries in the world.1 Human rights in the Gulf: Global rankings and scores Bahrain Kuwait Oman Saudi Arabia Qatar UAE Global Freedom Score 12 37 23 7 25 17 2020 (out of 100) Human Freedom Index 6.18 6.39 6.03 5.29 6.07 6.17 2020 (out of 10) World Press Freedom 168th 105th 133th 170th 128th 131th Index 2020 (out of 180) Pew's Government Restrictions Index 2018 6.3 5.6 5.4 7.5 5.5 5.8 (out of 10) Note: Ratings and scores may be impacted by both state and non-state actors.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Terrorism Trap: the Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2019 The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror John Akins University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Akins, John, "The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2019. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5624 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by John Akins entitled "The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America's War on Terror." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Political Science. Krista Wiegand, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Brandon Prins, Gary Uzonyi, Candace White Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) The Terrorism Trap: The Hidden Impact of America’s War on Terror A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville John Harrison Akins August 2019 Copyright © 2019 by John Harrison Akins All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Ÿþm I C R O S O F T W O R
    Copernic Agent Search Results Search: Gulf of Aden war ship battle portal (All the words) Found: 1019 result(s) on _Full.Search Date: 7/23/2010 11:06:20 AM 1. Indian Frigate Sinks Pirate Ship in Gulf of Aden ... NEW DELHI, Nov. 19 -- An Indian navy frigate battled with and sank a vessel described as a pirate mother ship in the Gulf of Aden, one of the world's busiest and most ... http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/19/AR2008111900364.html 94% 2. Pirate Attack in the Gulf of Aden Michael Briant completed a circumnaviagion in Bambola reports on Pirates, Red Sea Anchorages lightning strikes, French Canal routes and all the fun of blue water ... http://www.michaelbriant.com/attacked.htm 93% 3. What is Happening in the Gulf of Aden? « Revolutionizing Awareness It has a Swirl Pattern just Like A Portal In ... those who have been in charge of making war ... French Ship Guepratte Provides a Presence in Gulf of Aden http://revolutionizingawareness.wordpress.com/2010/02/01/what-is-happening-in-the-gulf-of-aden/ 93% 4. Piracy in Somalia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... 11 May 2010, Somali pirates seized a Bulgarian-flagged ship in the Gulf of Aden. ... increased war insurance premium due to the high risk off the Gulf of Aden."[80] ... http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia 92% 5. Shippers urge naval blockade of Somali coast World news channel covers Asia-Pacific, Middle East, Europe, America and Africa. Chinadaily.com.cn is the largest English portal in China, providing news, business ..
    [Show full text]
  • Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention
    Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention Jeremy M. Sharp Specialist in Middle Eastern Affairs Updated April 23, 2020 Congressional Research Service 7-.... www.crs.gov R43960 SUMMARY R43960 Yemen: Civil War and Regional Intervention April 23, 2020 This report provides information on the ongoing crisis in Yemen. In 2014, the northern Yemeni- based Ansar Allah/Houthi movement (referred to in this report as “the Houthis”) took over the Jeremy M. Sharp capital, Sanaa (also commonly spelled Sana’a), and in early 2015, advanced southward from the Specialist in Middle capital to Aden on the Arabian Sea. In March 2015, after Yemeni President Abdu Rabbu Eastern Affairs Mansour Hadi, who had fled to Saudi Arabia, appealed for international intervention, Saudi [email protected] Arabia and a hastily assembled international coalition (referred to in this report as “the Saudi-led coalition”) launched a military offensive aimed at restoring Hadi's rule and evicting Houthi For a copy of the full report, fighters from the capital and other major cities. please call 7-.... or visit www.crs.gov. Since then, the conflict in Yemen has killed tens of thousands, caused significant humanitarian suffering, and has significantly damaged the country’s infrastructure. One U.S.- and European-funded organization, the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), estimated in October 2019 that more than 100,000 Yemenis have been killed since 2015. Despite multiple attempts by the United Nations (U.N.) to broker a cease-fire that would lead to a comprehensive settlement of the conflict, the parties themselves continue to hinder diplomatic progress.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iranian Drone Threat
    .’[-p;u65egyuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuiop[;’]\ The Iranian Drone Threat Updated: April 2021 0 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 History and Capabilities of Iran’s Combat Drone Program ........................................................................ 4 Mohajer .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Ababil .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Karrar .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Shahed-129 ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Saeqeh .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Yasir .................................................................................................................................................. 12 Recent Drone Developments ............................................................................................................. 13 Iran’s Malign Drone Usage ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A/HRC/45/CRP.7 29 September 2020
    1 0 A/HRC/45/CRP.7 29 September 2020 English Arabic and English only Human Rights Council Forty-fifth session 14 September–2 October 2020 Agenda item 2 Annual report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and reports of the Office of the High Commissioner and the Secretary-General Situation of human rights in Yemen, including violations and abuses since September 2014 Detailed findings of the Group of Eminent International and Regional Experts on Yemen* Summary Submitted as a supplement to A/HRC/45/6, this paper sets out the detailed findings of the Group of Eminent International and Regional Experts on Yemen mandated to investigate violations by parties to the conflict since September 2014. During this year, the Group of Eminent Experts prioritised for investigation violations occurring since mid-2019, while taking a longer temporal scope for some categories of violations not fully addressed during our previous reports. The Group of Eminent Experts found reasonable grounds to believe that the parties to the conflict in Yemen are responsible for pervasive and incessant international human rights law and international humanitarian law violations, many of which may amount to war crimes. The summary of these findings is included in A/HRC/45/6. In addition to highlighting the parties to the conflict responsible for violations, the Group of Eminent Experts identified, where possible, potential perpetrators of crimes that may have been committed. A list of names of such individuals has been submitted to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on a strictly confidential basis to assist with future accountability efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Missile War in Yemen (CSIS)
    JUNE 2020 The Missile War in Yemen AUTHORS Ian Williams Shaan Shaikh A Report of the CSIS Missile Defense Project JUNE 2020 The Missile War in Yemen AUTHORS Ian Williams Shaan Shaikh A Report of the CSIS Missile Defense Project About CSIS The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is a bipartisan, nonprofit policy research organization dedicated to advancing practical ideas to address the world’s greatest challenges. Thomas J. Pritzker was named chairman of the CSIS Board of Trustees in 2015, succeeding former U.S. Senator Sam Nunn (D-GA). Founded in 1962, CSIS is led by John J. Hamre, who has served as president and chief executive officer since 2000. CSIS’s purpose is to define the future of national security. We are guided by a distinct set of values—nonpartisanship, independent thought, innovative thinking, cross-disciplinary scholarship, integrity and professionalism, and talent development. CSIS’s values work in concert toward the goal of making real-world impact. CSIS scholars bring their policy expertise, judgment, and robust networks to their research, analysis, and recommendations. We organize conferences, publish, lecture, and make media appearances that aim to increase the knowledge, awareness, and salience of policy issues with relevant stakeholders and the interested public. CSIS has impact when our research helps to inform the decisionmaking of key policymakers and the thinking of key influencers. We work toward a vision of a safer and more prosperous world. CSIS is ranked the number one think tank in the United States by the University of Pennsylvania’s “Global Go To Think Tank Index.” CSIS does not take specific policy positions; accordingly, all views expressed herein should be understood to be solely those of the author(s).
    [Show full text]
  • Marib: a Yemeni Government Stronghold Increasingly Vulnerable to Houthi Advances
    MARIB: A YEMENI GOVERNMENT STRONGHOLD INCREASINGLY VULNERABLE TO HOUTHI ADVANCES By: Ali Al-Sakani Casey Coombs October 22, 2020 MARIB: A YEMENI GOVERNMENT STRONGHOLD INCREASINGLY VULNERABLE TO HOUTHI ADVANCES By: Ali Al-Sakani Casey Coombs October 22, 2020 COVER PHOTO: Armed tribesmen and Yemeni army forces keep watch at the frontline area of Al-Jadafer, Marib, near the border with Al-Jawf governorate, on September 6, 2020 // Sana’a Center photo by Ali Owidha The Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies is an independent think-tank that seeks to foster change through knowledge production with a focus on Yemen and the surrounding region. The Center’s publications and programs, offered in both Arabic and English, cover political, social, economic and security related developments, aiming to impact policy locally, regionally, and internationally. Oxford Research Group (ORG) is an independent organization that has been influential for nearly four decades in pioneering new, more strategic approaches to security and peacebuilding. Founded in 1982, ORG continues to pursue cutting-edge research and advocacy in the United Kingdom and abroad while managing innovative peacebuilding projects in several Middle Eastern countries. © COPYRIGHT SANA´A CENTER 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ......................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................... 6 Historical and Cultural Background ................................................ 9
    [Show full text]
  • View/Print Page As PDF
    MENU Policy Analysis / Fikra Forum The Battle of Marib: the Challenge of Ending a Stalemate War by Nabil Hetari Jul 9, 2021 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Nabil Hetari Nabil Hetari is a Yemeni writer and human rights activist. His research and work focuses on Yemen and Gulf politics. Hetari is a contributor to Fikra Forum. Brief Analysis Without an exerted international peace effort, the siege on Marib could destroy the possibility of a unified Yemen. ince February 6, 2021, Yemen’s Houthi rebels and the internationally recognized Hadi government, along with S local popular resistance forces, have been locked in a battle for the city of Marib. Despite months of violence, the battle has not yielded clear results on the ground, and the Houthis have neither retreated nor ceased direct attacks on the city. Continuous Houthi escalation in Marib, including attacks with ballistic missiles and drone strikes, has resulted in the killing and wounding tens of civilians, including children. As a result, the battle for Marib may have become the bloodiest in the past seven years of the Yemeni conflict. The reasons for such sustained, desperate combat are clear. For the Hadi government, the battle for Marib may be a matter of existential survival. For the Houthis, Marib represents a potentially critical strategic point if they want to negotiate favorable terms with foreign powers in the future and impose control over northern Yemen. The results of the battle for Marib could therefore dictate the end of the Yemeni conflict. Furthermore, a Houthi victory over Marib could mean added humanitarian catastrophe on top of the existing humanitarian crises throughout Yemen.
    [Show full text]
  • Yemen's Houthis and the Terrorist Designation System
    Yemen’s Houthis and the Terrorist Designation System Lucy van der Kroft i Yemen’s Houthis and the Terrorist Designation System Lucy van der Kroft Policy Brief June 2021 ii About ICCT The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) is an independent think and do tank providing multidisciplinary policy advice and practical, solution-oriented implementation support on prevention and the rule of law, two vital pillars of effective counter- terrorism. ICCT’s work focuses on themes at the intersection of countering violent extremism and criminal justice sector responses, as well as human rights-related aspects of counter-terrorism. The major project areas concern countering violent extremism, rule of law, foreign fighters, country and regional analysis, rehabilitation, civil society engagement and victims’ voices. Functioning as a nucleus within the international counter-terrorism network, ICCT connects experts, policymakers, civil society actors and practitioners from different fields by providing a platform for productive collaboration, practical analysis, and exchange of experiences and expertise, with the ultimate aim of identifying innovative and comprehensive approaches to preventing and countering terrorism. Licensing and Distribution ICCT publications are published in open access format and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives License, which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited,
    [Show full text]
  • Congress and the War in Yemen: Oversight and Legislation 2015-2020
    Congress and the War in Yemen: Oversight and Legislation 2015-2020 Updated June 19, 2020 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45046 Congress and the War in Yemen: Oversight and Legislation 2015-2019 Summary This CRS report provides an overview of the role Congress has played in shaping U.S. policy toward the conflict in Yemen, with summary tables providing information on various legislative proposals considered in the 114th, 115th, and 116th Congresses. These proposals have reflected a range of congressional perspectives and priorities, including the authorization of the activities of the U.S. Armed Forces related to the conflict; the extent of U.S. logistical, material, advisory, and intelligence support for the coalition led by Saudi Arabia; the approval, disapproval, or conditioning of U.S. arms sales to Saudi Arabia; the appropriation of funds for U.S. operations in support of the Saudi-led coalition; the conduct of the Saudi-led coalition’s air campaign and its adherence to international humanitarian law and the laws of armed conflict; the demand for greater humanitarian access to Yemen; the call for a wider government assessment of U.S. policy toward Yemen and U.S. support to parties to the conflict; the nature and extent of U.S.-Saudi counterterrorism and border security cooperation; and the role of Iran in supplying missile technology and other weapons to the forces of the Houthi movement. The 116th Congress may continue to debate U.S. support for the Saudi-led coalition and Saudi Arabia’s conduct of the war in Yemen, where fighting has continued since March 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Marib Urban Profile «A Precarious Model of Peaceful Co-Existence Under Threat»
    Marib Urban Profile «a precarious model of peaceful co-existence under threat» March 2021 3 DISCLAIMER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FUNDING The designations employed and the presentation of This document presents the Marib Urban Profile. It has This project was generously funded by the UN material in this publication do not imply the expression been prepared by UN-Habitat. Data collection and data Development Account (11th tranche). The project would of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat analysis has been conducted in end 2019-2020. Some not have been possible without the in-kind support from of the United Nations concerning the legal status of of the data related to population figures may be slightly the UN-Habitat Yemen Office. any county, territory, city or area or its authorities, or outdated at time of publication. concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries regarding its economic system or degree of development. This project was implemented under the supervision of: Ivan Thung, Regional Office for Arab States, UN-Habitat Copyright: © United Nations Human Settlements Programme, unless indicated otherwise. Lead authors: Cameron Middleton, Aseel Saria, Ivan United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN- Thung Habitat), www.unhabitat.org. Other contributors from UN-Habitat are Dr. Samira Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on Alshawesh, Elaf Raslan, Nathalie Garner. condition that the source is indicated. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations and its member states. For all images used in this report, we have tried to retrieve and acknowledge the original source.
    [Show full text]
  • Yemen : Dancing on the Heads of Snakes / Victoria Clark
    3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page i 1 2 3 4 YEMEN 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 31 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page ii 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 31 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 5/7/10 3:59 PM Page iii 1 2 3 4 5 6 YEMEN 7 DANCING ON THE HEADS OF SNAKES 8 9 VICTORIA CLARK 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS 31 NEW HAVEN AND LONDON 32 33 3107_FM_UK.qxp 1/23/12 2:12 PM Page iv 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Copyright © 2010 Victoria Clark 10 The right of Victoria Clark to be identified as author of this work has been asserted 1 by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. 2 All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright 3 Law and except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from 4 the publishers. 5 For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact: 6 U.S.
    [Show full text]