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Chettri, Mona (2013) Ethnic Politics in the Nepali Public Sphere: Three Casesfrom the Eastern Himalaya

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Chettri, Mona (2013) Ethnic Politics in the Nepali Public Sphere: Three Casesfrom the Eastern Himalaya Chettri, Mona (2013) Ethnic politics in the Nepali public sphere: three casesfrom the eastern Himalaya. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/18060 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Ethnic Politics in the Nepali Public Sphere: Three Cases from the Eastern Himalaya Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Mona Chettri Department of South Asia Faculty of Languages and Cultures School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 2013 Thesis Abstract Ethnic identity plays a fundamental role in the political processes, development strategies and functioning of the state in the Himalayan areas of Sikkim, Darjeeling and eastern Nepal, which are geographically contiguous but politically separate. The eastern Himalayan borderland is a geographical continuum interconnected by the history of migration from Nepal, colonisation, settlement and in recent times by the political upheaval on the basis of ethnicity. Each of these areas has experienced different facets of Nepali identity politics, a trans-border phenomenon which has not only had political repercussions on a regional level but also contributed to the history and identity formation of the entire region. The Nepali ethnic group is an ethno-linguistic category, a meta-identity which subsumes numerous ethnic groups under it. It is organized around the Hindu caste system and unified by the Nepali language. Controversial in its origins, this ethnic group is now undergoing an intense re- definition leading to a variation in the political articulation of ethnicity. Based on qualitative data gathered in Sikkim, Darjeeling and east Nepal the present research is a comparative analysis of the nexus between ethnicity and politics in South Asia. This thesis contests the narrow, parochial and limited frameworks that have been used to study the region and highlights the enactment of politics in an area of high geo-political importance which is located at the periphery of the nation-state of both Nepal and India. The thesis narrates, discusses and analyses how Nepalis in Sikkim, Darjeeling and east Nepal use their ethnicity as a political resource, albeit in very different ways. The variety in political outcomes within a single ethnic group reveals the complex nature of ethnicity and the symbiotic relationship between ethnicity and politics. The case of the Nepalis of the eastern Himalayas is a study of the processes and manifestations of ethnic politics, the various structures and institutions that facilitate identity based politics but most importantly, the resurgence of ethnic politics in rapidly globalizing countries of South Asia. Acknowledgments Writing this thesis required more than just the ability to analyse data and make coherent arguments. The most important element was to have faith in myself and my work. In the past three years I have learnt to believe in myself and it would not have been possible without the help of all those who believed in me even before I did myself. I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Michael Hutt for his continued guidance, encouragement, patience and support through all these years. Professor Hutt allowed me all the intellectual and creative space that I needed while writing this thesis but at the same time he was always there to bring my focus back to work. His knowledge and empathy with the Nepalis have been instrumental in shaping my work. I owe him my sincere gratitude. I would also like to thank Dr. Rochana Bajpai and Dr. Mandy Sadan, members of my supervisory committee for always being kind and generous with their suggestions and advice. My parents, Binod Chettri and Matilda Isaacs, two incredible people who encouraged me to dream and taught me to be brave. I am forever indebted to them for their love, support and all the sacrifices they made so that I could be here today. I love you both, thank you. In Sydney I would like to thank Dr. Henner Kampwerth, one of my favourite people in the world. Without Dr. Kampwerth’s love, generosity, fantastic German humour and theories of karma, doing my Ph.D would have remained a distant dream. I am grateful to Associate Professor Duncan McDuie- Ra for being the greatest friend, for inspiring me and helping make sense of the world. I would also like to thank Professor Marc Williams, my former supervisor at University of New South Wales, Sydney. My foray into research began with him and I still remember his advice when I was contemplating doing my Ph.D. He said ‘you have to be obsessed with your topic. Live, sleep, eat and dream it.’ I would like to believe that I have followed it through. Living in London has been an incredible experience, one that has been enriched by the presence of my wonderful friends. I would like to thank Rachel Smith, my flatmate and friend, whose love for crime channel, Indian curry and Sir Harry Flashman has kept me sane and sociable. I don’t know if I would be the same person without the ‘spoon-song’ games that we jointly invented. Dilfake Frank Conway has been the kindest, most generous and wonderful friend. I would like to thank him for the long, laborious hours that he spent reading my draft and for always being on my side. My friends How Wee Ng, Sangeeta Bhardwaj, Yang Fan, Feyzi Ismail and Daria Trentini have shared my dilemmas, anxieties, joys and all other dramas that can only befall a Ph.D student. I would like to thank them for bringing comfort, warmth and laughter in my life. I would also like to thank Premila van Ommen for making sure that I always looked the part of a fledgling academic, Priya Pradhan Joshi and her family in London and Kathmandu for being my family away from Gangtok. Prior to my fieldwork I had never been to Ilam, Nepal but it is now a place I call home. Sincere dhog (salutations) to Shankar Pradhan and his family who took me in and loved me as their own daughter. Many thanks to Rajesh uncle and Anjana aunty for all the affection and love. I never missed home for a day whilst living in Ilam. Research in Ilam would have been impossible had I not been welcomed and accepted by my friends there. Muri Muri Dhanyabad (many thanks) to Yam Limbu, Mohan Thebe, Kiran Sunwar, Gayatri Thegim and other members of the Kirat Yakthung Chumlung, Jashu didi, Hari dai, Indira didi and Dhan Maya didi for accepting a stranger amidst them and helping in all ways possible. Special thanks to my friend Phul Maya Jabegu for being supportive, enthusiastic and my constant companion in Ilam. In Panchthar I would like to thank my friend Niranti Tumbapo, someone I truly admire for her determination and skills of multi-tasking! I would also like to thank Rajendra Jabegu and his family in Panchthar for letting me accompany them to their village; Pushpa Thamsuhang Subba for giving me, an absolute stranger, shelter in his house on a rainy August night and all the respondents in Nepal for their time and patience. In Darjeeling I would like to thank Kumar Chettri for all his help and support. It is actually quite difficult to put in words how grateful I am for his help but I am sure he knows. I would also like to thank Neel Kamal Chettri for invigorating conversations that have really had an impact on my research. Members of the Dahal family in Mungpoo and the Khadga family in Banarhat were absolutely supportive and I thank them for it. I would like to thank Ranju Dahal especially for coming with me to the Duars. We had quite a lot of adventures there which I will cherish all my life. In Gangtok I would like to thank my family (Chettris’, Pradhans’, Karthaks’ and Issacs’) for their love and prayers; the late Johnson Isaacs, my maternal grandfather for his blessings and love. An educator himself, I am sure he would have approved of my path in life. Special thanks to my sister Tina Sharma for being a constant source of mirth and Umesh Chettri for his unconditional support. I would like to thank Kumar Subba and family for being gracious hosts in West Sikkim. My friends Naveen Chettri and Urvashi Panday (Pands) helped me with all the logistics in West Sikkim and I am greatly indebted to them for it. Thanks to Dr. Anna Balikci-Denjongpa who has always been supportive and enthusiastic about my work. I would also like to thank my dear friend Thupden Namgyal Bhutia for always being there for me, Sharan Lama for believing in my Ph.D dream when I was going through a very ambiguous phase in my life, my anna Kannamangalam Chakravarthi Lakshminarasimham for his unfliniching confidence in me and Raman Shrestha for reading my work and listening to my gripe about life. Sincere thanks also to my teachers at Tashi. Namgyal Academy, especially Mr.Robert Rai, my Nepali language teacher who gave me wonderful lessons on life, my friends from Lady Shri Ram College, Delhi with whom I shared the best and the worst of times.
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