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Ii A.C.-Viii D.C. DINÁMICAS DE ENFRENTAMIENTO, COLABORACIÓN Y RESOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS EN EL ENTORNO CIRCUMPIRENAICO OCCIDENTAL (II A.C.-VIII D.C.) Jokin Lanz Betelu Tesis doctoral dirigida por la Dr. Elena Torregaray Pagola Año 2017 (c)2017 JOKIN LANZ BETELU DINÁMICAS DE ENFRENTAMIENTO, COLABORACIÓN Y RESOLUCIÓN DE CONFLICTOS EN EL ENTORNO CIRCUMPIRENAICO OCCIDENTAL (II A.C.-VIII D.C.) ÍNDICE Introducción ...................................................................................................................... 7 Capítulo 1. Conflictos y soluciones en el territorio durante el periodo republicano ...... 24 1.-Introducción ............................................................................................................ 24 2.-Relaciones conflictivas ........................................................................................... 25 2.1.- Los episodios armados en el entorno pirenaico occidental durante los siglos II- I a.C. ........................................................................................................................ 25 2.2.-Una valoración de la gestión de los conflictos en el entorno pirenaico occidental en los siglos II-I a.C. .............................................................................. 38 3.-Alianzas en el contexto de la diplomacia de intervención...................................... 56 3.1. Alianzas entre los no-romanos ......................................................................... 57 3.2. Alianzas con romanos ...................................................................................... 62 4.-Conclusiones ........................................................................................................... 70 Capítulo 2. Las relaciones del territorio con la administración provincial e imperial: la importancia de la gestión ................................................................................................ 75 1.-Introducción ............................................................................................................ 75 2.-Análisis de las legationes ........................................................................................ 81 2.1. Las legationes enviadas al emperador .............................................................. 81 2.2. Los pactos de hospitalidad y de patronazgo ................................................... 104 2.3. El caso de Caius Mocconius Verus ................................................................ 110 3.- Conclusiones ........................................................................................................ 111 Chapter 3. Conflicts in the context of Late Antiquity .................................................. 117 1.- Conflict typology in the territory ......................................................................... 118 1.1–Raids – Punishing campaigns. ........................................................................ 118 1.2.- Preventive strikes and/or conquest operations .............................................. 135 1.3. –Usurpers and civil wars ................................................................................ 142 1.4. – Personal actions and consequences of the conflicts .................................... 156 2.- Conflict resolution in Late Antique Vasconia and Aquitaine.............................. 163 2.1. Military alliances ............................................................................................ 166 3 2.2. Taking and handling of captivi....................................................................... 173 2.3. The taking and management of obsides ......................................................... 203 2.4. Fugitives and exiles ........................................................................................ 216 3.- Summary .............................................................................................................. 233 Conclusiones ................................................................................................................. 241 List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... 252 Ancient sources cited in the text ................................................................................... 260 Referencias bibliográficas ............................................................................................ 276 Index ............................................................................................................................. 348 Appendices ................................................................................................................... 348 Appendix 1. Maps. .................................................................................................... 369 Appendix 2. Some inscriptions’ photos mentioned in the thesis .............................. 377 Appendix 3. The last milestones found in the western Pyrenees .............................. 382 Appendix 4. Lists ...................................................................................................... 384 4.1.-List of Roman western emperors (5th century A.D.) ...................................... 384 4.2.-List of Visigothic kings (5th-8th centuries A.D.) ............................................ 385 4.3..-List of Merovingian kings (6th-8th centuries) ................................................ 387 4.4.-Aquitaine under Merovingian kings: from Chlothar I to Dagobert I (558-638 A.D.) ...................................................................................................................... 389 4.5.-List of Carolingian rulers (until 840 A.D.) .................................................... 391 4.6.-List of al-Andalus’ rulers (from 712 to 852 A.D.) ......................................... 392 4.7.-List of Asturian kings (until 842 A.D.) .......................................................... 394 Appendix 5. Tables ................................................................................................... 395 5.1.-Conflicts in the republican period .................................................................. 395 5.2. Diplomacy during the imperial period ........................................................... 407 5.3.- Conflicts in 5th century A.D. ......................................................................... 409 5.4.-Conflicts in 6th and 7th centuries .................................................................... 413 5.5.-Conflicts from 8th century to 840 A.D. .......................................................... 426 5.6.-Princeps, duces and comites of the Western Pyrenaic area (from 580 to 840 A.D.) ...................................................................................................................... 445 Apéndice 6. El entorno pirenaico occidental desde la llegada de los musulmanes hasta la muerte de Ludovico Pío (711-840 d.C.) ............................................................... 450 4 Agradecimientos Me gustaría resaltar que esta tesis doctoral no ha sido únicamente el resultado de mi esfuerzo personal, sino de todos aquellos que directa o indirectamente me han ayudado a seguir adelante. Entre todos ellos cabe resaltar el inestimable apoyo de la Dr. Elena Torregaray Pagola desde el inicio de este trabajo, e incluso desde los años finales de la licenciatura. Su optimismo, sus consejos, su inagotable paciencia y su plena dedicación a la hora de resolver dudas e inconvenientes que han ido apareciendo a lo largo de estos años han sido fundamentales en el trayecto recorrido hasta ahora, ya que con todo ello me ha ayudado a desarrollarme no sólo como investigador sino también como persona. Estoy seguro de que por mucho que me esfuerce jamás podré compensar a la profesora Torregaray por todo lo que ha hecho por mí y por ello, le estaré eternamente agradecido. Aunque sea imposible mostrar mis agradecimientos a todo aquél o aquélla que ha aportado de una u otra forma su granito de arena a este proyecto, debo admitir que siempre estaré en deuda con el Dr. Greg Woolf por la estupenda acogida que me hizo en St. Andrews y por compartir conmigo diferentes opiniones que han sido vitales en el desarrollo de esta investigación. Asimismo, quisiera reconocer la ayuda prestada por el arqueólogo Joxean Mujika por mostrarme su entera disposición ante cualquier dificultad que pudiera hallar durante estos años, así como por haberme permitido participar en algunas campañas arqueológicas y por hacer posible mi consulta de los fondos del depósito del Museo Arqueológico BIBAT, donde conocí a Jaione Agirre y Paquita Sáenz de Urturi, unas personas increíblemente amables que no dudaron en guiarme y en ofrecerme todas las facilidades posibles dentro del museo. Entre el personal de la Universidad, merecen una especial mención Denis Álvarez y Amalia Emborujo que, ante mi inexperiencia como profesor, me aconsejaron y orientaron ayudándome todo lo posible durante el periodo que impartí docencia. Asimismo, agradezco a Isidora Emborujo, Pedro Redondo y Alex Martínez por sus ánimos e interés y a todos los miembros del departamento, incluidos los doctorandos y becarios de la Facultad, entre los cuales quiero resaltar al doctorando y amigo Zuhaitz Irañeta con quien he mantenido y espero mantener conversaciones interminables que en ocasiones han sido motivo de inspiración. Por último, pero no por ello menos importante, debo reconocer que esta tesis doctoral no hubiese sido posible sin el
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