Deep Sea Challenge: Innovative Partnerships in Ocean Observation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Deep Sea Challenge: Innovative Partnerships in Ocean Observation S. HRG. 113–268 DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON OCEANS, ATMOSPHERE, FISHERIES, AND COAST GUARD OF THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JUNE 11, 2013 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 87–852 PDF WASHINGTON : 2014 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:08 May 19, 2014 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\DOCS\87852.TXT JACKIE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER IV, West Virginia, Chairman BARBARA BOXER, California JOHN THUNE, South Dakota, Ranking BILL NELSON, Florida ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi MARIA CANTWELL, Washington ROY BLUNT, Missouri MARK PRYOR, Arkansas MARCO RUBIO, Florida CLAIRE MCCASKILL, Missouri KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota DEAN HELLER, Nevada MARK WARNER, Virginia DAN COATS, Indiana MARK BEGICH, Alaska TIM SCOTT, South Carolina RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut TED CRUZ, Texas BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii DEB FISCHER, Nebraska WILLIAM COWAN, Massachusetts RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin JEFF CHIESA, New Jersey ELLEN L. DONESKI, Staff Director JAMES REID, Deputy Staff Director JOHN WILLIAMS, General Counsel DAVID SCHWIETERT, Republican Staff Director NICK ROSSI, Republican Deputy Staff Director REBECCA SEIDEL, Republican General Counsel and Chief Investigator SUBCOMMITTEE ON OCEANS, ATMOSPHERE, FISHERIES, AND COAST GUARD MARK BEGICH, Alaska, Chairman MARCO RUBIO, Florida, Ranking Member BILL NELSON, Florida ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi MARIA CANTWELL, Washington KELLY AYOTTE, New Hampshire RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut DAN COATS, Indiana BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii TIM SCOTT, South Carolina WILLIAM COWAN, Massachusetts TED CRUZ, Texas (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:08 May 19, 2014 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\87852.TXT JACKIE C O N T E N T S Page Hearing held on June 11, 2013 ............................................................................... 1 Statement of Senator Begich .................................................................................. 1 Statement of Senator Wicker .................................................................................. 3 Statement of Senator Cantwell .............................................................................. 8 WITNESSES James Cameron, Explorer and Filmmaker ............................................................ 4 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 6 Dr. Susan K. Avery, President and Director, Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti- tution ..................................................................................................................... 9 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 11 Captain Edward Page, Board Chair, Alaska Ocean Observing System and Executive Director, Marine Exchange of Alaska ............................................... 19 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 21 Jan Newton, Ph.D., Executive Director, Northwest Association of Networked Ocean Observing Systems; Principal Oceanographer, University of Wash- ington Applied Physics Laboratory; and Affiliate Assistant Professor, Uni- versity of Washington School of Oceanography ................................................. 23 Prepared statement .......................................................................................... 26 APPENDIX Hon. John Thune, U.S. Senator from South Dakota, prepared statement ......... 41 Dr. Michael Heithaus, Associate Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, Florida International University, Aquarious Reef Base and Partnerships in Ocean Observations, prepared statement ...................................................................... 41 Written Testimony from Julie Thomas, President, The IOOS Association ........ 44 Letter dated June 18, 2013 from Jean Walat, Program Director, Port Town- send Marine Science Center ................................................................................ 47 Letter dated June 18, 2013 from Martha Kongsgaard, Leadership Council Chair, Puget Sound Partnership to Hon. Mark Begich and Hon. Marco Rubio ..................................................................................................................... 48 Response to written questions submitted by Hon. Amy Klobuchar to: Dr. Susan K. Avery .......................................................................................... 49 James Cameron ................................................................................................ 50 Response to written questions submitted by Hon. John Thune to: James Cameron ................................................................................................ 51 Dr. Susan K. Avery .......................................................................................... 55 Jan Newton, Ph.D. and Edward Page ............................................................ 59 (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:08 May 19, 2014 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\87852.TXT JACKIE VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:08 May 19, 2014 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 S:\GPO\DOCS\87852.TXT JACKIE DEEP SEA CHALLENGE: INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS IN OCEAN OBSERVATION TUESDAY, JUNE 11, 2013 U.S. SENATE, SUBCOMMITTEE ON OCEANS, ATMOSPHERE, FISHERIES, AND COAST GUARD, COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION, Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 3 p.m. in room SR–253, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. Mark Begich, pre- siding. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. MARK BEGICH, U.S. SENATOR FROM ALASKA Senator BEGICH. Thank you all for being here this afternoon. Ap- preciate it. This hearing will come to order. This is the Oceans Sub- committee hearing on ‘‘Deep Sea Challenge: Innovative Partner- ships in Ocean Observation.’’ So, again, thank you all very much for being here. I will make a few opening comments, I will turn to Senator Wick- er, and then we will start with the panel. But, again, we really ap- preciate you taking the time. I was joking just a minute ago that it was like, when I walked in, I saw the big line out there, I am glad I bought my advance movie ticket to be here today. [Laughter.] Senator BEGICH. Otherwise, I am not sure I would have got in. But I am glad I am here. Again, I want to thank the witnesses for being here, especially James Cameron. Film director James Cameron is most widely known for taking audiences truly out of this world in blockbuster hits like ‘‘Aliens’’ and ‘‘Avatar,’’ but it is his nonfiction endeavors here on Earth that may be actually most alien to us. Last year, in a partnership with the National Geographic Society and Rolex, Mr. Cameron under- took the most difficult ocean dive possible, descending to the Chal- lenger Deep in the Pacific Ocean’s Mariana Trench. The Challenger Deep is the deepest known part of the Earth’s oceans, more than 6.8 miles underwater. Mr. Cameron is the first person to have undertaken the dive alone and is one of the only three humans to ever reach that depth. By contrast, more than 500 people have traveled into outer space. (1) VerDate Nov 24 2008 07:08 May 19, 2014 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 S:\GPO\DOCS\87852.TXT JACKIE 2 It is astounding that, in many ways, we know more about the final frontier than about our own oceans. Ninety percent of the ocean floor remains uncharted, and recent estimates suggest that we have only identified 20 to 25 percent of the marine life in exist- ence. To further understanding of our oceans, Mr. Cameron recently donated the submersible system and science platform used in the dive, the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER, to the Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution. Woods Hole, which I have been to more than once, is an incred- ible facility. The President and Director, Susan Avery, is here today, as well, and I look forward to hearing about the institute’s plan to use the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER to support ocean science. But we cannot rely solely on the graciousness of individuals to advance science. And the need for greater ocean research and mon- itoring has never been clearer. Whether it is ocean acidification, sea level rise, warming water temperatures, or shifting fish popu- lations, our oceans are changing. This is something felt most acutely in the Arctic and in my state of Alaska, where the average temperature rises are rising twice as fast than anywhere else and the sea ice is thawing at unprece- dented rates. If we are to prepare for these changes, we have to better our un- derstanding of the oceans. In 2009, Congress enacted several pieces of legislation aimed at improving our oceans research and observ- ing capabilities. The Integrated Coastal and Ocean Observation System Act pro- vided for the development of an integrated system of coastal and ocean observations for the Nation’s coasts, oceans, and Great Lakes. Development of the Integrated Ocean Observing System is ongoing but is already providing for better access to the ocean data that
Recommended publications
  • Hyperbaric Physiology the Rouse Story Arrival at Recompression
    Hyperbaric Physiology The Rouse Story • Oct 12, 1992, off the New Jersey coast • father/son team of experienced divers • explore submarine wreck in 230 ft (70 m) • breathing compressed air • trapped in wreck & escaped with no time for decompression Chris and Chrissy Rouse Arrival at recompression Recompression efforts facility • Both divers directly ascend to dive boat • Recompression starts about 3 hrs after • Helicopter arrives at boat in 1 hr 27 min ascent • Bronx Municipal Hospital recompression facility – put on pure O2 and compressed to 60 ft – Chris (39 yrs) pronounced dead • extreme pain as circulation returned – compressed to 165 ft, then over 5.5 hrs – Chrissy (22 yrs) gradually ascended back to 30 ft., lost • coherent and talking consciousness • paralysis from chest down • no pain – back to 60 ft. Heart failure and death • blood sample contained foam • autopsy revealed that the heart contained only foam Medical Debriefing Gas Laws • Boyle’s Law • Doctors conclusions regarding their – P1V1 = P2V2 treatment • Dalton’s Law – nothing short of recompression to extreme – total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures depths - 300 to 400 ft • Henry’s Law – saturation treatment lasting several days – the amt of gas dissolved in liquid at any temp is – complete blood transfusion proportional to it’s partial pressure and solubility – deep helium recompression 1 Scuba tank ~ 64 cf of air Gas problems during diving Henry, 1 ATM=33 ft gas (10 m) dissovled = gas Pp & tissue • Rapture of the deep (Nitrogen narcosis) solubility • Oxygen
    [Show full text]
  • The Mississippi River Find
    The Journal of Diving History, Volume 23, Issue 1 (Number 82), 2015 Item Type monograph Publisher Historical Diving Society U.S.A. Download date 04/10/2021 06:15:15 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/32902 First Quarter 2015 • Volume 23 • Number 82 • 23 Quarter 2015 • Volume First Diving History The Journal of The Mississippi River Find Find River Mississippi The The Journal of Diving History First Quarter 2015, Volume 23, Number 82 THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER FIND This issue is dedicated to the memory of HDS Advisory Board member Lotte Hass 1928 - 2015 HISTORICAL DIVING SOCIETY USA A PUBLIC BENEFIT NONPROFIT CORPORATION PO BOX 2837, SANTA MARIA, CA 93457 USA TEL. 805-934-1660 FAX 805-934-3855 e-mail: [email protected] or on the web at www.hds.org PATRONS OF THE SOCIETY HDS USA BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ernie Brooks II Carl Roessler Dan Orr, Chairman James Forte, Director Leslie Leaney Lee Selisky Sid Macken, President Janice Raber, Director Bev Morgan Greg Platt, Treasurer Ryan Spence, Director Steve Struble, Secretary Ed Uditis, Director ADVISORY BOARD Dan Vasey, Director Bob Barth Jack Lavanchy Dr. George Bass Clement Lee Tim Beaver Dick Long WE ACKNOWLEDGE THE CONTINUED Dr. Peter B. Bennett Krov Menuhin SUPPORT OF THE FOLLOWING: Dick Bonin Daniel Mercier FOUNDING CORPORATIONS Ernest H. Brooks II Joseph MacInnis, M.D. Texas, Inc. Jim Caldwell J. Thomas Millington, M.D. Best Publishing Mid Atlantic Dive & Swim Svcs James Cameron Bev Morgan DESCO Midwest Scuba Jean-Michel Cousteau Phil Newsum Kirby Morgan Diving Systems NJScuba.net David Doubilet Phil Nuytten Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping the Ocean Floor Using the Hess Model Background Information Before World War II, Not Much Was Known About the Ocean Floor
    WLHS/Marine Biology/Oppelt Name ________________________ Mapping the Ocean Floor Using the Hess Model Background Information Before World War II, not much was known about the ocean floor. The development of sonar during the war made more detailed maps of the ocean floor possible. Harry Hammond Hess, a geologist from Princeton University, was the captain of the assault transport vessel Cape Johnson. While stationed in the Pacific Ocean during World War II, Hess used the echo location (sonar) capabilities of this ship to collect data about the ocean floor. He later used this data to construct map of the ocean floor. He later used this information to construct a map of the ocean floor that led him to develop the hypothesis of the sea floor spreading. Echo location works by sending a signal out, called a ping, from a ship. That sound bounces off the ocean floor and is reflected back to the ship. By timing how long it takes to hear the echo of the sound, scientists can determine how far it is to the bottom. To determine the distance to the ocean floor, the time of the echo and the speed of sound in ocean water (1500 meters per second) must be determined. For example, if a ship sends out a ping that is reflected back in 1.34 seconds, the ping took 0.67 seconds to go down and 0.67 seconds to reflect back (1.34 sec ÷ 2 = 0.67 sec). To find the distance from the ship to the ocean floor, multiply 0.67 by the speed of sound in ocean water (1500 m/s).
    [Show full text]
  • Scuba Diving History
    Scuba diving history Scuba history from a diving bell developed by Guglielmo de Loreno in 1535 up to John Bennett’s dive in the Philippines to amazing 308 meter in 2001 and much more… Humans have been diving since man was required to collect food from the sea. The need for air and protection under water was obvious. Let us find out how mankind conquered the sea in the quest to discover the beauty of the under water world. 1535 – A diving bell was developed by Guglielmo de Loreno. 1650 – Guericke developed the first air pump. 1667 – Robert Boyle observes the decompression sickness or “the bends”. After decompression of a snake he noticed gas bubbles in the eyes of a snake. 1691 – Another diving bell a weighted barrels, connected with an air pipe to the surface, was patented by Edmund Halley. 1715 – John Lethbridge built an underwater cylinder that was supplied via an air pipe from the surface with compressed air. To prevent the water from entering the cylinder, greased leather connections were integrated at the cylinder for the operators arms. 1776 – The first submarine was used for a military attack. 1826 – Charles Anthony and John Deane patented a helmet for fire fighters. This helmet was used for diving too. This first version was not fitted to the diving suit. The helmet was attached to the body of the diver with straps and air was supplied from the surfa 1837 – Augustus Siebe sealed the diving helmet of the Deane brothers’ to a watertight diving suit and became the standard for many dive expeditions.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Scuba Diving About 500 BC: (Informa on Originally From
    History of Scuba Diving nature", that would have taken advantage of this technique to sink ships and even commit murders. Some drawings, however, showed different kinds of snorkels and an air tank (to be carried on the breast) that presumably should have no external connecons. Other drawings showed a complete immersion kit, with a plunger suit which included a sort of About 500 BC: (Informaon originally from mask with a box for air. The project was so Herodotus): During a naval campaign the detailed that it included a urine collector, too. Greek Scyllis was taken aboard ship as prisoner by the Persian King Xerxes I. When Scyllis learned that Xerxes was to aack a Greek flolla, he seized a knife and jumped overboard. The Persians could not find him in the water and presumed he had drowned. Scyllis surfaced at night and made his way among all the ships in Xerxes's fleet, cung each ship loose from its moorings; he used a hollow reed as snorkel to remain unobserved. Then he swam nine miles (15 kilometers) to rejoin the Greeks off Cape Artemisium. 15th century: Leonardo da Vinci made the first known menon of air tanks in Italy: he 1772: Sieur Freminet tried to build a scuba wrote in his Atlanc Codex (Biblioteca device out of a barrel, but died from lack of Ambrosiana, Milan) that systems were used oxygen aer 20 minutes, as he merely at that me to arficially breathe under recycled the exhaled air untreated. water, but he did not explain them in detail due to what he described as "bad human 1776: David Brushnell invented the Turtle, first submarine to aack another ship.
    [Show full text]
  • 2007 MTS Overview of Manned Underwater Vehicle Activity
    P A P E R 2007 MTS Overview of Manned Underwater Vehicle Activity AUTHOR ABSTRACT William Kohnen There are approximately 100 active manned submersibles in operation around the world; Chair, MTS Manned Underwater in this overview we refer to all non-military manned underwater vehicles that are used for Vehicles Committee scientific, research, tourism, and commercial diving applications, as well as personal leisure SEAmagine Hydrospace Corporation craft. The Marine Technology Society committee on Manned Underwater Vehicles (MUV) maintains the only comprehensive database of active submersibles operating around the world and endeavors to continually bring together the international community of manned Introduction submersible operators, manufacturers and industry professionals. The database is maintained he year 2007 did not herald a great through contact with manufacturers, operators and owners through the Manned Submersible number of new manned submersible de- program held yearly at the Underwater Intervention conference. Tployments, although the industry has expe- The most comprehensive and detailed overview of this industry is given during the UI rienced significant momentum. Submersi- conference, and this article cannot cover all developments within the allocated space; there- bles continue to find new applications in fore our focus is on a compendium of activity provided from the most dynamic submersible tourism, science and research, commercial builders, operators and research organizations that contribute to the industry and who share and recreational work; the biggest progress their latest information through the MTS committee. This article presents a short overview coming from the least likely source, namely of submersible activity in 2007, including new submersible construction, operation and the leisure markets.
    [Show full text]
  • The Next Generation of Ocean Exploration. Kelly Walsh Repeats Father’S Historic Dive, 60 Years Later, on Father’S Day Weekend
    From father to son; the next generation of ocean exploration. Kelly Walsh repeats father’s historic dive, 60 years later, on Father’s Day weekend DSSV Pressure Drop. Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench 200miles SW of Guam. June 20th, 2020 – Kelly Walsh, 52, today completed a historic dive to approximately 10,925m in the Challenger Deep. The dive location was the Western Pool, the same area that was visited by Kelly’s father, Captain Don Walsh, USN (Ret), PhD, who was the pilot of the bathyscaph ‘Trieste’ during the first dive to the Challenger Deep in 1960. Mr. Walsh’s 12- hour dive, coordinated by EYOS Expeditions, was undertaken aboard the deep-sea vehicle Triton 36000/2 ‘Limiting Factor” piloted by the owner of the vehicle Victor Vescovo, a Dallas, Texas based businessman and explorer. The expedition to the Challenger Deep is a joint venture by Caladan Oceanic, Triton Submarines and EYOS Expeditions. Mr. Vescovo and his team made headlines last year by completing a circumnavigation of the globe that enabled Mr. Vescovo to become the first person to dive to the deepest point of each of the worlds five oceans. The dives by father and son connect a circle of exploration history that spans 60 years. “It was a hugely emotional journey for me,” said Kelly Walsh aboard DSSV Pressure Drop, the expedition’s mothership. “I have been immersed in the story of Dad’s dive since I was born-- people find it fascinating. It has taken 60 years but thanks to EYOS Expeditions and Victor Vescovo we have now taken this quantum leap forward in our ability to explore the deep ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Internships
    our world-underwater scholarship society ® our world-underwater www.owuscholarship.org scholarship society ® P.O. BOX 6157 Woodridge, Illinois 60517 44th Annual Awards Program 630-969-6690 voice April 21, 2018 – New York Yacht Club – New York e-mail [email protected] [email protected] Roberta A. Flanders Executive Administrator Graphic design by Rolex SA – Cover photo: Mae Dorricott – Thank you to all the iconographics contributors. © Rolex SA, Geneva, 2018 – All rights reserved. 1 3 Welcome It is my honor to welcome you to New York City and to the 44th anniversary celebration of the Our World-Underwater Scholarship Society®. It is a great pleasure for me as president of the Society to bring the “family” together each year to renew friendships, celebrate all of our interns and Rolex Scholars, and acknowledge the efforts of our volunteers. Once again, we celebrate a long history of extraordinary scholarship, volunteer service, organizational partnership, and corporate sponsorship, especially an amazing, uninterrupted partnership with Rolex, our founding corporate sponsor. This year is special. We bring three new Rolex Scholars and five new interns into our family resulting in an accumulative total of 100 Rolex Scholars and 102 interns since the inception of the Society, and all of this has been accomplished by our all-volunteer organization. Forty-four years of volunteers have been selfless in their efforts serving as directors, officers, committee members, coordinators, and technical advisors all motivated to support the Society’s mission “to promote educational activities associated with the underwater world.” “ A WHALE LIFTED HER HUGE, BEAUTIFUL HEAD None of this would have been possible without the incredible support by INTO MY WAITING ARMS AS the Society’s many organizational partners and corporate sponsors throughout I LEANT OVER THE SIDE the years.
    [Show full text]
  • REPRINT Hadal Manned Submersible
    REPRINT Hadal Manned Submersible Five Deeps Expedition Explores Deepest Point in Every Ocean By Dr. Alan J. Jamieson • John Ramsey • Patrick Lahey he very deepest parts of the world’s oceans are sel- Tdom explored. Four of our five oceans extend to depths exceeding 6,000 m, putting them beyond the reach of most commercially available technologies and certainly beyond all human-occupied vehicles currently in operation. Scientific interest in these ultradeep ecosystems has greatly increased over the last decade, but technological Deeps Expedition) Five (Credit: limitations have favored the use of simple static lander vehicles over remotely operated or human-occupied ex- ploratory vehicles. The Five Deeps Expedition (FDE) is changing all that. In 2015, Victor Vescovo, an American private-equity in- vestor and explorer and founder of Caladan Oceanic, approached Triton Submarines in Florida with a vision to design, engineer, build, test and support a full-ocean- depth-capable and independently accredited two-person manned submersible, which he intended to dive to the deepest point in each of the five oceans over the course of a year-long expedition. In a little over three years, this vision became reality. In December 2018, Vescovo performed his first solo dive in a two-person, full-ocean-depth submersible to 8,376 m in the Puerto Rico Trench, and the expedition is now more than halfway through its journey. The FDE is supported by an international team of scientists, engineers, filmmakers and operational crew (both ship and submersible). The DSV Limiting Factor (Triton 36,000/2) being By the end of 2019, the Five Deeps Expedition, sup- deployed for testing in the Bahamas in 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Dives of the Bathyscaph Trieste, 1958-1963: Transcriptions of Sixty-One Dictabelt Recordings in the Robert Sinclair Dietz Papers, 1905-1994
    Dives of the Bathyscaph Trieste, 1958-1963: Transcriptions of sixty-one dictabelt recordings in the Robert Sinclair Dietz Papers, 1905-1994 from Manuscript Collection MC28 Archives of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California 92093-0219: September 2000 This transcription was made possible with support from the U.S. Naval Undersea Museum 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................4 CASSETTE TAPE 1 (Dietz Dictabelts #1-5) .................................................................................6 #1-5: The Big Dive to 37,800. Piccard dictating, n.d. CASSETTE TAPE 2 (Dietz Dictabelts #6-10) ..............................................................................21 #6: Comments on the Big Dive by Dr. R. Dietz to complete Piccard's description, n.d. #7: On Big Dive, J.P. #2, 4 Mar., n.d. #8: Dive to 37,000 ft., #1, 14 Jan 60 #9-10: Tape just before Big Dive from NGD first part has pieces from Rex and Drew, Jan. 1960 CASSETTE TAPE 3 (Dietz Dictabelts #11-14) ............................................................................30 #11-14: Dietz, n.d. CASSETTE TAPE 4 (Dietz Dictabelts #15-18) ............................................................................39 #15-16: Dive #61 J. Piccard and Dr. A. Rechnitzer, depth of 18,000 ft., Piccard dictating, n.d. #17-18: Dive #64, 24,000 ft., Piccard, n.d. CASSETTE TAPE 5 (Dietz Dictabelts #19-22) ............................................................................48 #19-20: Dive Log, n.d. #21: Dr. Dietz on the bathysonde, n.d. #22: from J. Piccard, 14 July 1960 CASSETTE TAPE 6 (Dietz Dictabelts #23-25) ............................................................................57 #23-25: Italian Dive, Dietz, Mar 8, n.d. CASSETTE TAPE 7 (Dietz Dictabelts #26-29) ............................................................................64 #26-28: Italian Dive, Dietz, n.d.
    [Show full text]
  • Manned Submersibles, the Efficient Tools for Exploring Deep-Sea Creatures
    Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology Research Article Open Access Manned submersibles, the efficient tools for exploring deep-sea creatures Abstract Volume 3 Issue 2 - 2015 In this paper, the significant meaning for conducting deep sea creature research and the Xianpeng Shi current study status will be introduced and the great value for using manned submersibles Department of National Deep Sea Center, China to support such research will be researched, especially the applications carried out in hydrothermal vents, cold seep, mid-ocean ridge areas. Then, some results for China’s Correspondence: Xianpeng Shi, Department of National JIAOLONG manned submersible on implementing deep-sea creature investigation will be Deep Sea Center, 1# Weiyang Road, Aoshanwei Street, Jimo, presented. To better support the future underwater explorations, at the conclusion part, some Qingdao, 266237, China, Tel +86-532-67722125, suggestions will be brought forward to promote the development of China’s JIAOLONG Email manned submersible and its related technologies. Received: October 20, 2015 | Published: December 04, 2015 Keywords: Manned submersible, Deep-sea creature, Hydrothermal vent, Research, Efficient tools, Exploring, Deep sea, Earth’s environment, Underwater gliders, Vehicles, JIAOLONG manned Abbreviations: FAMOUS, French American Mid-Ocean and the body producing a special biologically active substance, such Undersea Study; HADES, Hadal Ecosystem Studies; CoML, as basophils, thermophilic, psychrophilic, pressure resisting, extreme Census of Marine
    [Show full text]
  • Altitude on Cartographic Materials and Its Correction According to New Measurement Techniques
    remote sensing Article Altitude on Cartographic Materials and Its Correction According to New Measurement Techniques Kamil Maciuk 1,* , Michał Apollo 2 , Joanna Mostowska 3 , Tomáš Lepeška 4 , Mojca Poklar 5 , Tomasz Noszczyk 6 , Pawel Kroh 7 , Artur Krawczyk 8 , Łukasz Borowski 9 and Polona Pavlovˇciˇc-Prešeren 10 1 Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland 2 Department of Tourism and Regional Studies, Institute of Geography, Pedagogical University of Cracow, ul. Podchor ˛azych˙ 2, 30-084 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmie´scie30, 00-927 Warszaw, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, ul. T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Humanities, University of Primorska, Titov trg 5, 6000 Koper, Slovenia; [email protected] 6 Department of Land Management and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 253 C, 30-198 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] 7 Faculty of Geography and Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, ul. Podchor ˛azych˙ 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] 8 Department of Mine Areas Protection, Geoinformatics and Mine Surveying, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza
    [Show full text]