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Orthops Palus (Heteroptera, Miridae), Ravageur Du Manguier À La Réunion

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Orthops Palus (Heteroptera, Miridae), Ravageur Du Manguier À La Réunion UNIVERSITÉ DE LA RÉUNION Faculté des Sciences et Technologies Ecole Doctorale Sciences, Technologies et Santé (E.D.S.T.S-542) THÈSE Présentée à l’Université de La Réunion pour obtenir le DIPLÔME DE DOCTORAT Discipline : Biologie des populations et écologie UMR Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical CIRAD - Université de La Réunion Bioécologie et diversité génétique d'Orthops palus (Heteroptera, Miridae), ravageur du manguier à La Réunion par Morguen ATIAMA Soutenue publiquement le 31 mars 2016 à l'IUT de Saint-Pierre, devant le jury composé de : Bernard REYNAUD, Professeur, PVBMT, Université de La Réunion Président Anne-Marie CORTESERO, Professeur, IGEPP, Université de Rennes 1 Rapportrice Alain RATNADASS, Chercheur, HORTSYS, CIRAD Rapporteur Karen McCOY, Directrice de recherche, MiVEGEC, IRD Examinatrice Encadrement de thèse Jean-Philippe DEGUINE, Chercheur, PVBMT, CIRAD Directeur "Je n'ai pas d'obligation plus pressante que celle d'être passionnement curieux" Albert Einstein "To remain indifferent to the challenges we face is indefensible. If the goal is noble, whether or not it is realized within our lifetime is largely irrelevant. What we must do, therefore, is to strive, and persevere, and never give up." Daïla Lama Remerciements Mes premiers remerciements vont à ceux qui m’ont encadré jour après jour. Initialement trois, les péripéties de la vie, ne m’ont malheureusement pas permis d’avoir la chance de côtoyer Serge sur la dernière année de ma thèse. Je voulais lui rendre hommage et le remercier sincèrement de l’aide et de l’orientation qu’il a donnée à mes travaux. Je te remercie sincèrement Hélène ! J’ai énormément appris à tes côtés ! Reconnue pour ta rigueur, nos nombreuses digressions m’ont tant de fois ramené les pieds sur Terre quand le stress de la thèse faisait des siennes ! Merci pour la qualité de ton encadrement, aussi bien dans les conseils de génétique pure que dans l’aide aux réflexions plus écologiques. Je te remercie grandement, Jean-Philippe, pour ton encadrement et pour avoir fait ton maximum pour que ma thèse se réalise sans encombre. Je profite également pour te remercier des multiples années de travail réalisées ensemble et qui se concrétisent par la réalisation de cette thèse. Je remercie mes financeurs la Région Réunion ainsi que mon laboratoire d’accueil, le Cirad, qui ont toujours tout mis à ma disposition pour le bon déroulement de ma thèse. Je remercie de même tout le personnel de l’UMR PVBMT et du 3P pour leur accueil et de la station de Bassin-Plat pour avoir de nombreuses fois mis à disposition leur parcelle pour mes essais. Je remercie tous les membres de mes comités de thèse pour leurs conseils et orientations. Je remercie également les membres de mon jury d'avoir accepté d'être présents à ma soutenance. Je remercie l'ensemble des personnes qui ont collaboré de loin ou de près à la réalisation de mon travail : Thibault , Armand, Alain, Régis, Dominique, Maxime, Mickaël, Paul, Coline, Thomas, Sookar, Permalloo .Merci pour votre aide précieuse! Merci à l'ensemble des membres du projet BIOPHYTO qui m'ont permis de mener à bien mes expérimentations. Des remerciements spéciaux aux agriculteurs réunionnais et mauriciens qui ont toujours été conciliants et intéressés par les essais mis en place! Des remerciements spéciaux à Mr Boyer, Mr Maillot, Mr Puylaurent et Mr Paulet! Merci à mes collègues de la Chambre d'Agriculture et de la FDGDON, Didier, Luc et Bruno pour leur aide et un "merci" spécial à Eric pour son aide sur le terrain dans l'étude de cette tite "pinaise" et pour nous avoir fait découvrir les "plaisirs" du chemin du Théatre! Un grand merci aux collègues de l'Armeflhor: Chloé, Rachel, Baptiste, Jean-Seb, Julien….. Merci à vous les statisticiens du Cirad (Fred, Agathe, et Sandrine). Tout ce travail n'aurait pu être réalisé sans l'aide de cette incroyable équipe de techniciens dont l'aide technique mais aussi la bonne humeur et l'humour ont rythmé ces trois années! Merci à Moutou, Lulu, Antoine, Cédric, Éric, Gérard, Martial, Jim, Serge, Emmanuelle, Mumu. Je remercie les différents stagiaires qui m'ont aidé durant mes travaux: Sandro, Béatrix, Maéva, Mathieu, Yohan. A mon inestimable grande sœur Toulassi dont l’aide, les conseils et le soutien sont sans égal ! Ma grande sœur de toujours qui m’aura fait comprendre que la thèse n’est qu’une étape, un tremplin pour une vie professionnelle épanouie. Un grand merci à Maéva pour avoir toujours répondu à mes appels à l'aide face à l'univers du monde de l'analyse génétique! C'est trop gentil de ta part et j'espère ne pas t'avoir trop embêté ! Merci à toute la Team Agroécologie pour l'aide précieuse dans la finalisation du manuscrit! A toutes ces personnes qui même si elles n'ont pas été directement été impliquées dans la réalisation de mon travail, ont par leur sourire, et leur bonne humeur, fait de ces trois années des moments agréables: Micheline et Michel, Sylvain, Cynthia D., Océane, Iréné, Patrick, Magalie, Virginie, Josian, Stephanie J., Jean- Pierre, …. Merci à tous pour vos rigolades et bonne humeur: Cédric L., Nicolas, Hugo, Maud, Oriane, Abir, Sasa (courage ), Noura, Lucie, Yanis, Alice, Jeremy G., Jeremy H., Jeremy R., Arnaud, Lucille, Cynthia, Brice D., Brice T., Marie,Sophie, ….. Merci à mes amis ciradiens pour votre soutien : Tristan, Joëlle, Maéva, Rodolphe (#OM#), Stéphanie D., Dominique D., Auria, … Merci à mes amis pour leur soutien et nos déconnades : Livie, Christelle, Clément (#NY#DCPF©) & Laura, Yann, Jean-Gaël, Emmanuelle D., Priya, Célia, Anaïs, Michel, Taf, Vince, Joe, Damien, Chollet, Bruno, TiFab, Francis, Julie & Willy L., Sandrine, RamyeN,.. Les mots se tarissent quand au-delà du professionnalisme, il faut saluer "la grandeur d'âme" de certaines personnes. A ces personnes dont les gestes, les sourires, les paroles m’ont fait y croire toujours plus fort, toujours plus haut, quand les difficultés scientifiques et humaines se sont immiscées au travers de mon chemin. J’entends par ces personnes, Tristan, Joëlle, Moutou et David Teyssedre, qui au-delà d’être de formidables Amis, sont de « Grands Hommes et Femmes » que tout le monde rêverait d'avoir à leur côté! A mes sœurs, frère, neveux et nièces, beau-frère qui ont toujours été présents pour moi quoiqu’il arrive. Une petite pensée spéciale, à ma petite filleule, Mia, qui a vu le jour ce 22 octobre, et qui m’a tant libéré par ces sourires, ces gazouillements dans ces derniers mois de thèse, qui on le sait ne sont pas toujours faciles. A ma Mère et mon Père, à qui je dédie cette thèse! "Auteurs de l'auteur" (#), ils ont eu le mérite de me supporter, me soutenir et me "cajoler" durant ces trois années. A toi, dont l'importance est inestimable dans la réussite professionnelle et spirituelle de ma thèse! Je ne compte plus nos heures au téléphone, toi m'écoutant raconter les péripéties de cette petite punaise pour finir par t'endormir minionnement! "Les berceuses d'O. palus"! Tu sais toute l'affection que j'ai pour toi ma petite …….! Par ses quelques mots, je voulais te le témoigner et te remercier sincèrement de ta présence, de ton réconfort, de tes regards et souffles de courage ! Quand je viens à vous écrire, ces derniers mots, c’est que cette aventure touche à sa fin. Cette aventure qui a rythmé trois ans de ma vie. Qui a rythmé trois ans de ma vie à vos côtés ! Je vous en remercie du fond du cœur ! Table des matières Table des matières Abréviations et sigles ................................................................................................................ 3 Liste des figures et des planches .............................................................................................. 4 Liste des tables .......................................................................................................................... 7 Production scientifique et technique ...................................................................................... 9 Introduction générale ............................................................................................................. 11 Contexte et enjeux ................................................................................................................ 12 Cadre et modèles d’étude ..................................................................................................... 16 Problématique, objectifs scientifiques et questions de recherche ......................................... 40 Démarche scientifique .......................................................................................................... 42 Organisation du manuscrit .................................................................................................... 45 Chapitre I-Synthèse bibliographique-Les mirides et quelques cas d'étude en cultures fruitières tropicales ................................................................................................................ 62 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 63 Article en préparation: Mirids (Hemiptera: Miridae) of tropical fruit crops. A Review ...... 64 Chapitre II-Les mirides des vergers de manguiers à La Réunion ................................... 120 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 121 Résumé des études du chapitre ........................................................................................... 122 Article: Characterization
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