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(2006): a Semiotic Film Analysis of a Discovery Atlas Documentary Images of China and the Chinese People in China Revealed (2006): A Semiotic Film Analysis of a Discovery Atlas Documentary Dissertation Zur Erlangung der Würde der Doktorin/des Doktors der Fachbereiche Sprache, Literatur, Medien & Europäische Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von SIJIA, LIU Aus Tianjin, P.R. China Hamburg, 2012 Hauptgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Rodenberg Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Johann Norbert Schmidt Datum der Disputation: 23.05.2012 Angenommen von der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Hamburg am : 27.03.2012 Veröffentlicht mit Genehmigung der Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Hamburg am: 21.06.2012 ABSTRACT This research paper investigates historical images of the Middle Kingdom in the West from the ancient Greek to the contemporary era. These images of China as viewed from a Western perspective have undergone a huge transformation over time, which to some extent reflects transitions in Western society itself. However, an analysis of historical resources shows that certain patterns recur consistently to form a complex construction of China. For instance, when we look at modern Western television documentaries on the topic of China, the frequently adopted patterns of the past centuries still remain. Indeed, technological developments in combining image and sound have intensified the role of these recurrent patterns more than words and paintings in terms of shaping perceptions. Due to the limited scope of this research, the dissertation will mainly concentrate on analyzing one representative documentary from the Discovery Channel, using the semiotic method of film analysis to draw out relevant patterns and themes. However, this research topic could be of great benefit to those with a real interest in understanding the full range of images and constructions used by the West to interpret the Middle Kingdom in terms of visual media representations, and the topic would therefore repay more extensive investigation in the future. Key words: Middle Kingdom, image, pattern, China-image model, film semiotics, signifier, signified, symbol, code, myth, montage, mise-en-scene, sequence, paradigmatic, narration, camera position, camera distance, sound, light, dubbing TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. - 4 - 1.1 Overview ................................................................................................. - 4 - 1.2 Research purpose .................................................................................. - 7 - 1.3 Literature review ..................................................................................... - 8 - 1.4 Research method ................................................................................. - 11 - 1.5 Dissertation structure ........................................................................... - 13 - CHAPTER 2 HISTORICAL IMAGES OF CHINA .................................................... - 14 - 2.1 Images in early times ........................................................................... - 14 - 2.2 Images in the Medieval Era (13th – 14th Century): Great Khan’s land ................................................................................................. - 18 - 2.3 Images in the Era of Exploration (15th – 16th Century): great empire ............................................................................................. - 22 - 2.4 Images in the Age of Enlightenment (17th – 18th Century): Chinoiserie & the land of Confucius ............................................... - 34 - 2.5 Images in the Age of Imperial Expansion (19th Century): the land of stagnation ................................................................................... - 40 - 2.6 Images at turn of the century (19th - 20th Century): the yellow peril ................................................................................................. - 47 - 2.7 Images after the birth of red China (October 1949 - present day): the red dragon ................................................................................ - 53 - 2.8 The construction of the China image model ........................................ - 68 - CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY: CHINA REVEALED .................................................. - 75 - 3.1 Discovery Atlas – China Revealed introduction ................................... - 77 - 3.2 Film storyline ......................................................................................... - 78 - 3.3 Characters ............................................................................................ - 79 - 3.4 Filming locations ................................................................................... - 80 - CHAPTER 4 FILM SEQUENCE .............................................................................. - 81 - 4.1 An analysis of the terms “Atlas” and “Revealed” ................................. - 81 - 4.2 Film sequence graphic ......................................................................... - 82 - 4.3 The American Dream ........................................................................... - 86 - 4.4 American values ................................................................................... - 92 - 4.5 America: the facts ................................................................................. - 96 - CHAPTER 5 FILM ANALYSIS .............................................................................. - 100 - 5.1 Exposition analysis ............................................................................. - 100 - 5.2 Country of antiquity – story of Mrs. Liao and her family .................... - 110 - 5.3 Country of transition – story of Sun Feng (SF) .................................. - 116 - 5.4 Country of antiquity & tradition – story of Xiao Cui (XC) ................... - 123 - 5.5 Country of tradition – story of Jin Yang (JY) ...................................... - 134 - ii 5.6 Country of antiquity and totalitarianism – story of Yang Fuxi (YF) .... - 142 - 5.7 Country of transition – story of Vincent Luo ....................................... - 148 - 5.8 Country of diversity – story of Huaihan (HH) ..................................... - 153 - 5. 9 Country of transition – story of Eliza ................................................. - 161 - 5.10 Country of transition – story of Zhou Lin (ZL) & Sun Feng’s wife .... - 165 - 5.11 Chinese New Year celebration ......................................................... - 169 - CHAPTER 6 OTHER FILMS .................................................................................. - 174 - 6.1 Other Western documentaries about China ...................................... - 174 - 6.2 China’s River- China’s Future (ZDF, 2002) ....................................... - 175 - 6.3 China Rises (CBC, 2006) ................................................................... - 180 - 6.4 China (BBC, 2006) ............................................................................. - 193 - Chapter 7 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... - 195 - REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 201 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 209 1.0 Images .................................................................................................... 209 2.0 Film narrations ........................................................................................ 219 3.0 China Revealed production team ........................................................... 237 4.0 Information about DVD release: ............................................................. 238 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .............................................................................................. 239 1.1 Einführung: ............................................................................................. 239 1.2 Forschungslage ...................................................................................... 245 1.3 Forschungsziel ....................................................................................... 249 1.4 Forschungsmethode ............................................................................... 250 1.5 Forschungsergebnisse: .......................................................................... 253 1.6 Dissertationsstruktur ............................................................................... 259 iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview The Western perception of the Middle Kingdom has changed along with Western historical development over the last two milleniums. In the early Roman and Greek times, the thriving silk trade over the Silk Route brought the presence of the “silk land” into Western knowledge. The Middle Kingdom was positioned as a remote, mysterious and wealthy land located in the oriental world far away from the West. In the Medieval Era, the writings of Marco Polo constructed the Middle Kingdom as a land of uncountable wealth with a wise beloved emperor. The Kingdom was so beautifully portrayed as an earthly paradise that many Europeans were not convinced of its existence. Attracted by this oriental fairy land and motivated by the huge profits generated by the silk trade, Western merchants flocked to the legendary kingdom. In the late fourteenth century, due to the rise of
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