Yao Ming, Globalization, and the Cultural Politics of Us-C
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Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 From "Ping-Pong Diplomacy" to "Hoop Diplomacy": Yao Ming, Globalization, and the Cultural Politics of U.S.-China Relations Pu Haozhou Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION FROM “PING-PONG DIPLOMACY” TO “HOOP DIPLOMACY”: YAO MING, GLOBALIZATION, AND THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS By PU HAOZHOU A Thesis submitted to the Department of Sport Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2012 Pu Haozhou defended this thesis on June 19, 2012. The members of the supervisory committee were: Michael Giardina Professor Directing Thesis Joshua Newman Committee Member Jeffrey James Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the thesis has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I’m deeply grateful to Dr. Michael Giardina, my thesis committee chair and advisor, for his advice, encouragement and insights throughout my work on the thesis. I particularly appreciate his endless inspiration on expanding my vision and understanding on the globalization of sports. Dr. Giardina is one of the most knowledgeable individuals I’ve ever seen and a passionate teacher, a prominent scholar and a true mentor. I also would like to thank the other members of my committee, Dr. Joshua Newman, for his incisive feedback and suggestions, and Dr. Jeffrey James, who brought me into our program and set the role model to me as a preeminent scholar. I would also like to thank Dr. Cecile Reynaud, who gave me precise advice on my program of study and shared our mutual interest on volleyball all the time. I’m honored to have been working in a group of talented and helpful people for the Lifetime Activities Program under coordinator Jordan Bass, who is always so helpful to us instructors. And with this experience, I’m able to make a lot of friends and quickly adapt to the life here. I am also extremely grateful to all the other faculty and staff members of our department. I have been really fortunate to study in a great program with great people. Thanks to all my classmates and friends here. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their longtime support and encouragement. I’m lucky to grow up in a family with a strong academic atmosphere and the significant impact from my father makes me hold on to my faith of following in his steps to pursue more academic achievements in the future. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... vi 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1 Focus and Purpose...................................................................................................................4 Potential Significance..............................................................................................................4 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................................................................................5 Introduction .............................................................................................................................5 Theories of Globalization........................................................................................................5 Defining Globalization...................................................................................................5 Economy ........................................................................................................................6 Neoliberalism.....................................................................................................6 Politics ...........................................................................................................................7 Nationalism........................................................................................................7 Culture ............................................................................................................................8 Americanization/Anti-Americanism..................................................................9 Globalization and Sports..............................................................................................11 Sports-media Context.......................................................................................11 Sport and International Relations.....................................................................12 Sports and Celebrity.....................................................................................................14 The Context......................................................................................................14 The Migration of Elite Athletes .......................................................................17 “Local” and “Global” Celebrities ....................................................................18 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................19 3. METHODS............................................................................................................................21 Introduction..................................................................................................................21 Data Source..................................................................................................................21 Sampling ......................................................................................................................22 Coding Procedure.........................................................................................................24 Physicality........................................................................................................26 Personality........................................................................................................27 Commercial Value ...........................................................................................29 Cultural Influence ............................................................................................30 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................31 4. BODY CULTURE, POLITICS IN CHINA, AND INTERNATIONAL YAO MING.........33 From Mao to Yao.........................................................................................................33 Training the Body for the Nation.................................................................................34 “Big game” in China....................................................................................................37 Transnational Yao Ming ..............................................................................................40 Asia’s Son ........................................................................................................40 Model Minority Myth ......................................................................................43 The Great China Hope.....................................................................................45 Giant “Soft Power” ..........................................................................................48 American Idol ..................................................................................................49 iv Transnational Pitchman ...............................................................................................53 5. LOVE AND HATE: U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY .......................64 One World, Shared Dream...........................................................................................64 From Ping-Pong Diplomacy to Hoop Diplomacy .......................................................68 Red Capitalist...............................................................................................................72 Forbidden City, the Olympics and Golden Arches......................................................75 6. CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................80 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................83 FOOTNOTES ................................................................................................................................99 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................104 v ABSTRACT The early retirement of iconic Chinese basketball player Yao Ming came as a shock to fans in both China and United States. The end of the “Ming Dynasty” in the NBA brought about a number of discussions on his contribution and impact to the two countries with his dramatic, if not groundbreaking, nine-year NBA career. His high-profile migration to the United States, under the banner of being selected the No. 1 draft pick, quickly made him perhaps the most recognizable Chinese face to the world. More importantly, he opened a door to bring the NBA to the world’s most