Die Harfe Das Himmlische Inst

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Die Harfe Das Himmlische Inst 4 d i e h a r f e das himmlische instrument Das himmlische Instrument eine kurze Geschichte der harfe 109 von Nancy Thym und Wolfgang Meyering ie Musikwissenschaft ordnet die Instrumente üblicherweise nach der Art der D Tonerzeugung, was in den meisten Fällen bedeutet: dem Verhältnis zwischen dem, was der Mensch tut, und dem Ort, wo und wie das Instrument daraus hörbare Töne macht. Dies ist dann auch der Unterschied zwischen Harfe und Leier: Eine „Harfe ist ein zusammengesetztes Chordophon, dessen Saitenebene senkrecht im Verhältnis zur Decke des Schallkörpers verläuft. Die Längsachse des letzteren leitet die Schwin- gungen der Saiten weiter“, klärt uns das Musiklexikon Musik in Geschichte und Ge- genwart – kurz MMG – des Bärenreiter-Verlages auf. „Die Harfe besitzt also keinen Quersteg wie die Lauten-Instrumente – gewisse Sonderformen wie z.B. die afrika- nischen Harfen-Lauten ausgenommen. Je nach dem gegenseitigen Verhältnis der or- ganologisch wichtigsten Bestandteile Resonanzkörper und Saitenträger unterscheidet man mehrere Großformen, von denen die Bogen-, Winkel- und Rahmen-Harfen die Ausschnitt aus Hieronymus wichtigsten und allgemein anerkannten sind.“ Nachdem wir uns also in etwa vorstel- Boschs (1450–1516) Garten der Lüste, wo len können, wie eine Harfe auszusehen hat, wollen wir uns im Folgenden der Geschich- man das „himmlische“ Instrument höchst dialektisch in der „Musikantenhölle“ findet … te des Instruments, seinen wichtigsten Formen und Verbreitungsgebieten widmen. tff magie 2011 m a G i c h a r p s 4 d i e h a r f e das himmlische instrument Harfe und Kythera auf einer griechischen Vase, 5. Jh. v.Chr. „’luja sag i!“ – Das fällt mir bei dagegen spricht, ist, dass bei einem Jagdbogen sehr aufwendig verziert und wurden sowohl langten die In- Harfe immer zuerst ein. Die Ge- die Elastizität sehr wichtig ist; bei einer Bo- bei Hofe als auch in der Volksmusik der alten strumente über schichte vom Münchner im Himmel, genharfe muss die Konstruktion jedoch starr Ägypter verwendet. Persien und der mit der Harfe in der Hand auf seiner Wolke sein, damit sich die Saiten nicht ständig ver- Schon im Altertum verbreiteten sich die Indien nach Bir- sitzt und nicht etwa engelsgleiche Weisen von stimmen. Eine Bogenharfe sieht dennoch für Bogenharfen dann bis nach Rom und Grie- ma (bzw. Myan- sich gibt, sondern vor sich hingrummelt: „Ha- den Betrachter wie ein Jagdbogen aus, über chenland. Von Vasen und Wandgemälden aus mar, wie sich das ha-lä-lälu-u-uh – Himmi Herrgott – Erdäpfi – den man mehrere Sehnen gespannt hat und Athen kennt man die Bogenharfen ebenso Land heute Saggerament – Lu-uuu—iah – – ’luia sag I!“ an dessen Ende man einen Resonator (oder wie von Darstellungen aus Pompeji. Heute nennt). Der Na- Das, was Alois Hingerl, vormals Dienstmann Resonanzkörper) angebaut hat. findet man in verschiedenen Regionen Afri- me Saung Gauk lässt sich aus ähnlichen Be- Nummer 172 auf dem Münchener Hauptbahnhof, kas noch Bogenharfen, z.B. im Sudan oder zeichnungen ableiten, die für Bogenharfen in der Hand hält, ist eine Rahmen- oder Drei- in Uganda, wo eine Familie von Bogenharfen im Persischen und im Hindi gebraucht wer- ecksharfe und somit eine Vertreterin der drei Bogen- und Winkelharfen verschiedener Größen namens Adungu ge- den. In Myanmar wird das Instrument in der Hauptgruppen der Harfeninstrumente: der Bo- spielt wird. Die älteste literarische Erwähnung klassischen Musik eingesetzt und gilt dort genharfen, der Winkelharfen und eben der Rah- ogenharfen existierten schon vor mehr von Bogenharfen findet sich bei dem arabi- auch als Nationalinstrument. Auf der Saung 110 men- oder Dreiecksharfen. B als 3000 Jahren in Mesopotamien und schen Schriftsteller und Reisenden Ibn Gauk wurden z.B. Lieder am Königshof ge- 111 im alten Ägypten, wo man Abbildungen auf Battuta (1325–1354). spielt, und es gab Meistermusiker, die hoch Als Ursprung der Harfen werden von Reliefs und verschiedenen Gegenständen fin- Es ist durchaus denkbar, dass sich die in der Gunst der Könige standen. vielen die frühen Jagdbögen und die Mund- det. Wenn man diesen Darstellungen trauen Bogenharfen von Ägypten aus in Richtung Neben den Bogenharfen entwickelten bögen angesehen. Letztere sind eine Art ar- kann, gab es damals schon unterschiedliche Osten ausgebreitet haben, denn man findet sich in Ägypten schon sehr früh die Winkel- chaische Maultrommel, bei der der Mund- Typen und Größen von Bogenharfen. Die Belege für ihre Existenz auch in Syrien, in harfen. Sie unterscheiden sich von den Bo- raum als Resonator dient. Darüber, ob sich großen Instrumente wurden demnach meist Alt-Turkmenistan, in Vorderindien, Alt- genharfen dadurch, dass sie aus zwei Teilen die Bogenharfen tatsächlich aus den Jagd- von Männern gespielt, die kleinen, tragbaren Kambodscha, Alt-Java, Siam (Thailand) bestehen, die nahezu im rechten Winkel zu- bögen entwickelt haben, sind sich die Wissen- Harfen von Frauen und die mittelgroßen von sowie in Birma, wo bis heute die Bogenharfe einander angeordnet sind: dem Resonanz- schaftler allerdings uneins. Ein Umstand, der beiden. Zum Teil waren solche Instrumente Saung Gauk gespielt wird. Vermutlich ge- körper und dem Saitenhalter. Oft wird der 1 Ägypterinnen mit Doppeloboe, Laute und Bogenharfe rund um den Globus in aller auf einer Wandmalerei in Theben, 18. Dynastie, 14. Jh. v. Chr. Munde: der Mundbogen 2 Bogenharfe Saung aus Myanmar – 3 Bogenharfe der Mangbetu, Republik Kongo, mit üppigem Schnitzwerk tff magie 2011 m a G i c h a r p s 4 d i e h a r f e das himmlische instrument Clarsach/Cláirseach ie frühsten europäischen Ab- D bildungen einer aus drei Teilen (Klangkörper, Vorderstange, Hals) zusammengesetzten Rahmenharfe sind auf piktischen Steinkreuzen des achten bis elften Jahrhunderts in Die berühmteste Harfe Nordschottland zu sehen. Auch in – neben der von Engel Irland tauchen Harfendarstellungen Aloisius – dürfte die im elften Jahrhundert auf. Ab dem „Brian Boru Harp“ aus 15. Jahrhundert wurden sie allmäh- dem 15. Jh. in der Bibliothek des Dubliner lich als Clarsach bzw. Cláirseach be- Trinity College sein, zeichnet. Der Klangkörper einer 112 benannt nach dem Clarsach wurde aus einem ganzen 113 irischen Hochkönig, der Stück Holz (oft Weide oder Moor- 1014 in der Schlacht kiefer) geschnitzt und mit einem von Clontarf fiel. Sie schmückt die irische Deckel hinten verschlossen. Die Flagge, die irische Saiten waren aus Messing, was eine Euromünze und ganz besondere Spieltechnik erfor- – nicht zu verges- derte, denn sie wurden mit den 1 ägyptische Hakenharfe aus der 19. Dynastie (1292–1186 v. Chr.) sen – jeden Nägeln statt mit den Fingerkuppen 2 Hakenharfe der Dayaks, der Ureinwohner Borneos Guinnessbier- angerissen. Dies erzeugt einen re- 3 Harfenspielerin aus Chaldäa (Babylonien), ca. 2000 v. Chr. deckel … 4 Harfenspieler in Gabun, Westafrika sonanten, glockenähnlichen Klang; allerdings kann der lange Nachhall zu Dissonanzen führen. Um dies zu Saitenhalter am Ende des Resonanzkörpers Spielers. Dabei ist die Saitenordnung so wie vermeiden, müssen die Saiten, die oder Korpus einfach durch diesen hindurch- bei der modernen Harfe. nicht mehr klingen sollen, wieder mit gesteckt. Die Saiten verlaufen diagonal vom Einige Instrumente, die den frühen Win- den Fingerkuppen gestoppt oder ab- Resonanzkörper zum Saitenhalter. Winkel- kelharfen ähneln, sind bis heute im nördlichen gedämpft werden, während die konso- harfen wurden auch in Assyrien, Persien, im Afrika anzutreffen, so die Ardin im westafrika- nanten, also antiken Griechenland sowie in Asien gespielt. nischen Mauretanien, die dort von Frauen zur nicht dissonant Die Kogu ist eine frühe japanische Winkel- Gesangsbegleitung gespielt wird. klingenden Saiten harfe. Ebenso wie bei den Bogenharfen gibt Ob die Harfeninstrumente von Ägypten weiterschwingen. es Winkelharfen mit ganz wenigen Saiten bis über Griechenland oder auf anderem Wege Diese Spielweise hin zu Exemplaren mit weit über 20 Saiten. nach Mitteleuropa gelangten, ist bis heute erforderte eine jahre- Vermutlich wurden die Bogenharfen im alten nicht ganz geklärt. Auf jeden Fall sind die lange Ausbildung, und Ägypten von den Winkelharfen langsam ver- frühesten Zeugnisse für Harfen im mittleren die Harfenspieler wa- drängt. Zumindest findet man auf Darstel- und nördlichen Europa gegen Ende des ren sehr gefragt und lungen in späterer Zeit nahezu nur noch Ab- ersten Jahrtausends vor allem auf den Briti- hoch angesehen. Einer bildungen von Winkelharfen und kaum noch schen Inseln zu finden. Es handelt sich der bekanntesten Bogenharfen. Anders als bei der modernen dabei um Rahmenharfen, die auf den ersten irischen Harfner war Harfe wurde die Winkelharfe mit dem Klang- Blick eine Erfindung der Menschen im nord- der blinde Turlough O’Carolan (1670– körper nach oben gespielt, so dass der Korpus westlichen Europa zu sein scheinen, denn 1738). Von ihm sind diverse Kompositionen über den Kopf des Spielers hinausragte. typisch für die europäischen Harfen ist die erhalten, welche er reichen Gönnern widme- Das Instrument wurde vor die Brust gehalten, Konstruktion der Rahmen- oder Dreiecks- te, die sein Auskommen sicherten. Seine Mu- oder der Saitenträger lag auf dem Schoß des harfe. sik ist stark durch die kontinentale Barock- tff magie 2011 m a G i c h a r p s 4 d i e h a r f e das himmlische instrument 1/2 Edward Bunting (1773–1843) und die Erstausgabe seiner transkribierten Harfen-Tunes von 1792 3 Derek Bell, der Harfenspieler der Chieftains (1935–2002) war, wie etliche Harfenisten vor ihm, fast blind 4 die „Lamont Clarsach“, 15. Jh., aus dem Schottischen
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