Poesie Di Cortigiane Tang Nel

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Poesie Di Cortigiane Tang Nel SAPIENZA UNIVERSITÀ DI ROMA ISTITUTO ITALIANO DI STUDI ORIENTALI (ISO) DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN CIVILTÀ , CULTURE E SOCIETÀ DELL ’A SIA E DELL ’A FRICA XXV CICLO POESIE DI CORTIGIANE TANG NEL “Q UAN TANGSHI ” 全唐詩 TRA REALTÀ STORICA E RAPPRESENTAZIONE LETTERARIA DOTTORANDO LOREDANA CESARINO 1304100 COORDINATORE DEL DOTTORATO TUTORE DEL DOTTORANDO PROF . CIRO LO MUZIO PROF .SSA FEDERICA CASALIN ANNO ACCADEMICO 2011/2012 INDICE INTRODUZIONE 1 CAPITOLO PRIMO: LE FONTI 9 1. Le fonti primarie 9 1.1. Il Quan Tangshi e le sue fonti primarie 9 1.2. Le altre fonti primarie utilizzate nella ricerca 12 2. Gli studi sull’attendibilità del Quan Tangshi 16 3. Gli studi sulle cortigiane Tang 17 3.1. Gli studi cinesi sulle cortigiane Tang 18 3.2. Gli studi occidentali sulle cortigiane Tang 21 CAPITOLO SECONDO: ASPETTI LESSICALI E CULTURALI 25 1. Storia dei termini ji 妓 e chang 娼 26 2. Storia del fenomeno dalle origini al VII secolo 29 3. Le donne Tang, le lettere e i letterati 32 4. Cortigiane Tang: tipologie e funzioni 37 i CAPITOLO TERZO: LA REALTÀ STORICA – 13 CASI CERTI 45 1. La poesia cortigiana degli ambienti ufficiali 46 1.1. Il topos della donna in pena: Chang Hao 常浩 47 1.2. Una donna talentosa di Shu: Zhang Yaotiao 張窈窕 57 1.3. Una tragica storia d’amore: Ouyang Zhan 歐陽詹 e la cortigiana di Taiyuan (Taiyuan ji 太原妓) 68 1.4. Continuare versi altrui: la cortigiana di Wuchang (Wuchang ji 武昌妓) 82 1.5. La bellezza e il talento: il caso di madama Liu 柳氏 87 2. La poesia cortigiana dei quartieri di piacere 101 2.1. Le poesie delle cortigiane del Quartiere Settentrionale di Chang’an 103 2.1.1. La poesia come merce di scambio: Yan Lingbin 顏令賓 105 2.1.2. Il desiderio di riscatto: Wang Funiang 王福娘 112 2.1.3. Travestirsi da letterato: Yang Lai’er 楊萊兒 124 2.1.4. La violenza fisica nel Quartiere Settentrionale: Chu’er 楚兒 131 2.1.5. La violenza verbale nel Quartiere Settentrionale: Wang Susu 王蘇蘇 137 2.2. Le poesie delle cortigiane di provincia 139 2.2.1. Invidiare gonne di mussola: Xu Yueying 徐月英 140 2.2.2. I versi frammentari della cortigiana Han Xiangke 韓襄客 145 3. Xue Tao 薛濤 tra realtà storica e rappresentazione letteraria 147 3.1. La vita 147 3.2. Le opere 150 3.3. Xue Tao tra realtà e rappresentazione 159 ii CAPITOLO QUARTO: LA RAPPRESENTAZIONE LETTERARIA – 8 CASI DI FALSE ATTRIBUZIONI 163 1. L’invenzione di identità poetiche 166 1.1. Scritte da lei o per lei? Il caso di Guan Panpan 關盼盼 167 1.2. “Aggiunta da un ficcanaso dell’epoca ”: la poesia di Cui Ziyun 崔紫雲 181 1.3. I versi frammentari della dama di corte dell’era Baoli (Baoli gongren 寶曆宫人) 186 2. Mere cantanti 187 2.1. Cancellata dal Registro delle Musicanti: Sheng Xiaocong 盛小叢 187 2.2. Una famosa cantante: Liu Caichun 劉采春 194 3. False attribuzioni 204 3.1. “Donata a Pei Siqian ”: la cortigiana di Pingkang (Pingkang ji 平康妓) 204 3.2. Raminga per Tanzhou: la ballerina di “zhezhi ” (Wu zhezhi nü 舞柘枝女) 209 4. Un caso limite 218 4.1. La dama di corte dell’imperatrice Wu (Wuhou gongren 武后宮人) 218 ANTOLOGIA POETICA 225 ABBREVIAZIONI 235 BIBLIOGRAFIA 237 iii INTRODUZIONE “Courtesan exists on the permeable cusp between reality and representation” Feldman Martha, Gordon Bonnie 1 In tutte le culture nelle quali sono apparse, le cortigiane sono sempre state considerate donne libere e colte, ed è così che sono state generalmente rappresentate in letteratura. A tale stereotipo non si sono sottratte le cortigiane del periodo Tang (618-907), le quali sono state descritte come artiste raffinate ed eleganti, nonché autrici di svariati componimenti poetici, già a partire dal periodo delle Cinque Dinastie (907-960). L’immagine della cortigiana Tang come artista dell’intrattenimento ludico e poetessa degna di nota è stata rafforzata nel periodo Song (960-1279), e consacrata definitivamente agli inizi del XVIII secolo con la redazione del Quan Tangshi 全唐詩 (“Poesie complete dei Tang ”, in seguito QTS), considerato il canone definitivo della poesia Tang fin dalla sua pubblicazione avvenuta nel 1707. Nei rotoli dedicati alla poesia femminile di questa antologia è possibile notare, infatti, una certa preponderanza 1 Feldman, Gordon (2006), 8. di testi attribuiti alle donne ai margini della società come cortigiane e monache taoiste 2, ovvero a quelle donne che, libere dalle limitazioni imposte dall’etica confuciana, avevano accesso – seppur solo in maniera parziale – alla cultura. Ridotta è, al confronto, la presenza di opere ascrivibili a donne appartenenti ad altre classi sociali, alle quali tale accesso era negato o fortemente limitato. Tale proporzione e il fatto stesso che le poesie delle cortigiane Tang siano state preservate nei secoli fino ad essere incluse nel QTS, ha senza dubbio contribuito a consolidare l’idea diffusa che queste donne fossero tutte poetesse eccelse. Tuttavia, tale idea va oggi riesaminata alla luce delle ricerche condotte in Cina a partire dagli anni ’80 del secolo scorso, dalle quali è emerso come il QTS, non solo contenga numerosi errori e varianti testuali, ma anche come la paternità di alcune opere ivi contenute e le informazioni biografiche relative ai singoli autori siano in più punti discutibili e, talvolta, addirittura errate 3. Questo fenomeno assume proporzioni importanti nei rotoli di poesia femminile presenti in detta antologia, in particolare in quelli che raccolgono opere di cortigiane, i quali sono attualmente considerati tra i meno attendibili di tutto il QTS. Per avere un’idea di quanto questi rotoli siano pregni di mistificazioni, basti notare che il QTS raccoglie in tutto i componimenti di 42 cortigiane. Di queste, però, solo 21 sono realmente vissute nel corso della dinastia Tang 4. Le restanti 21 sono, invece, personaggi letterari creati all’interno di narrazioni miscellanee in prosa e, dunque, mai realmente esistiti, ovvero donne vissute in periodi storici successivi in seguito considerate, a torto, donne Tang. Inoltre, delle 21 cortigiane realmente vissute nel corso della dinastia Tang, solo 13 sono le reali autrici delle poesie attribuite loro nella raccolta. Le altre 8 rappresentano, invece, dei casi di falsa attribuzione poetica: l’incrocio di dati storici e letterari ha infatti dimostrato come queste 8 cortigiane, pur essendo personaggi reali vissuti nel corso della dinastia oggetto di indagine, in realtà non siano le vere autrici delle poesie riportate a loro nome nelle fonti. Tali poesie sono, nella maggior parte dei casi, opere di autori di sesso maschile o canzoni anonime 2 Libere dai condizionamenti legati alla concezione cristiana del corpo e del peccato, le monache taoiste del periodo Tang erano, sotto molti aspetti, simili alle cortigiane e, al pari di queste, erano molto spesso ferrate nell’arte poetica. Inoltre, “ they could move, travel, and associate freely. Unlike a Buddhist nun, they were not prohibited from having intimate relations with males. Indeed, Taoist priestess were in great demand as sexual teachers and initiators. ” Rexroth, Chung Ling (1972), 145. Inoltre, diversamente dalle intrattenitrici di professione, esse godevano di una maggiore libertà personale visto che non appartenevano a nessun padrone e lo spazio che abitavano non era quello pubblico della corte, dei palazzi o dei bordelli. Al contrario, al pari delle ierodule greche o delle devadasi dell’India precoloniale, esse operavano nello spazio semiprivato e recluso dei templi, i quali divennero presto dei veri e propri centri di raduno dell’ élite colta, al pari dei salotti europei delle cortigiane più influenti quali Madame de Pompadour, Veronica Franco, Tullia D’Aragona o Gaspara Stampa. 3 Per una presentazione di tali ricerche si rimanda al paragrafo intitolato “ Gli studi sull’attendibilità del Quan Tangshi ” inserito nel Capitolo Primo alle pagine 16-17. 4 Tale computo si basa sulle informazioni contenute nell’articolo pubblicato da Chen Shangjun 陳尚君 nel 2010 intitolato “Tang nüshiren zhenbian ” 唐女詩人甄辯 (“Scernere e dibattere le poetesse Tang ”) e su quelle estratte dalle fonti primarie e secondarie utilizzate nella presente ricerca. 2 che, attraverso una serie di manipolazioni editoriali compiute sulle fonti originali già a partire dal X secolo, sono state – erroneamente e talvolta arbitrariamente – attribuite nei secoli a suddette cortigiane. Alla luce di questi dati, dunque, si può affermare che oltre il 60% del materiale relativo alle cortigiane Tang contenuto nel QTS non sia affidabile. Ciò sostiene e rafforza l’ipotesi alla base della presente ricerca secondo la quale l’immagine delle cortigiane Tang, trasmessa e canonizzata nei secoli dalle fonti cinesi, sia figlia delle pratiche editoriali messe in atto da autori ed editori di antologie poetiche vissuti a cavallo tra il X ed il XVIII secolo e, di conseguenza, in buona parte lontana dalla realtà storica. Tuttavia, attualmente non esiste ancora uno studio che raccolga in modo organico tutti questi dati e permetta di ridisegnare i confini di quel filone poetico che fa capo alle cortigiane Tang. Partendo da tale osservazione, la presente ricerca propone un’indagine sulle cortigiane Tang volta a ridimensionare la proporzione dei loro componimenti all’interno del canone poetico dell’epoca, separare la “ realtà storica ” (voci di cortigiane) dalla “ rappresentazione letteraria ” (voci maschili o anonime camuffate da voci di cortigiane) e ridefinire, così, l’immagine che di queste donne emerge dai rotoli dedicati alla poesia femminile presenti nel QTS. A tal fine, nella ricerca sono incluse solo le 21 cortigiane realmente vissute nel corso della dinastia Tang, le cui poesie sono tutte incluse nei rotoli n. 797, 800, 802 e 803 del QTS. Poiché, come anticipato, queste 21 cortigiane non sono tutte le reali autrici delle poesie riportate a loro nome nelle fonti, esse sono state divise in due gruppi. Al primo gruppo appartengono le 13 autrici che si è scelto di definire “ reali ” nel corso della ricerca, ovvero le cortigiane che hanno effettivamente scritto di proprio pugno le poesie loro attribuite nel QTS.
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