Typification of Grewia Sapida Roxburgh Ex DC. Var. Campbellii Haines and the Status of “Grewia Campbellii G

Pleione 9(2): 507 - 511. 2015. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy

Typification of Grewia sapida Roxburgh ex DC. var. campbellii Haines and the status of “Grewia campbellii G. Watt” (Tiliaceae)

Debabrata Maity Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India E-mail: [email protected] [Received 30.10.2015; Revised 18.12.2015; Accepted 19.12.2015; Published 31.12.2015]

Abstract The status of the name “Grewia campbellii G. Watt” is discussed and the name G. sapida var. campbellii Haines is lectotypified. Key words: Grewia campbellii, G. sapida var. campbellii, lectotype, Tiliaceae.

INTRODUCTION The name Grewia campbellii G. Watt of Tiliaceae was used by Sir George Watt, the then Professor of Bengal Education Department. During the renovation of the Calcutta Univer- sity Herbarium (CUH), I came across three specimens of Grewia Linnaeus, viz. Herb G. Watt 8414 (two gatherings), Herb G. Watt 8493 (single gathering) and Herb G. Watt s.n. (single gathering). All specimens were identified and written on the herbarium sheets as Grewia campbellii Watt. The specimens were collected from Pukhuria of Manbhum district, Jharkhand and subsequently identified by Sir Watt in the year 1885. Later additional two specimens, viz. Campbell, s.n., acc. nos. 61282 & 61283, identified similarly as Grewia campbellii Watt, have been traced at CAL. These materials are the part of the “Flora of Chutianagpur (Chhotonagpur)/Flora of Manbhum” programme conducted by Rev. Dr. Andrew Campbell. The name is clearly written on herbarium sheets with “Santali name: Barsa pakol”. Andrew Campbell (1899) listed the name “Grewia Campbellii, Watt”; the preceding species name, however, was not recorded in any botanical index, e.g., The International Plant Name Index (2015). An extensive literature survey led to trace the species name in Campbell’s (1886, 1889) work. The name, however, lacked a description or diagnosis and was thus not validly published. More importantly, a full set the materials of Campbell’s project titled, “Flora of Chutianagpur (Chhotonagpur)” is deposited at the Calcutta University Herbarium (CUH). These materials were used by Henry Haselfoot Haines, the then British Forester, and Conservator of Forests of the then Bihar and Orissa and was the In–charge of Singhbhum forests, in his famous books “A Forest Flora of Chota Nagpur Including Gangpur and the Santal-Parganahs” (1910) and in “The Botany of Bihar and Orissa–An account of all the known indigenous plants of the province and of the most important or most 508 Lectotypification of Grewia sapida var. campbellii commonly cultivated exotic ones with maps and introduction” (1921, Part II, London edition). Keeping this fact in mind I started to search the name in these books and finally I locate them in both the publications of Haines (1910: 199 & 1921: 94). In his former publication Haines (1910) cited the name Grewia campbellii G. Watt as a synonym within his treatment of G. sapida Roxburgh ex DC. Notably, he mentioned the previous reference as “G. sapida Roxburgh Syn. G. Campbellii Watt (in Descriptive Catalogue). Barsa pakor. S”. Here descriptive catalogue refers to the book, “A Descriptive Catalogue of the Economic Products of Chutia Nagpur sent to the Colonial and Indian exhibition held in London in 1886” and ‘S’ refers to “Santali language”. For G. sapida, Haines (1910: 200) noted the phenotypic variability of the species and stated that “Like asiatica and elastica this species shows a series of forms from glabrescent (in C. N.) to white or white-tomentose (in the U. P.) or brown-tomentose (in the Sikkim Terai). The C. N. form (var. campbellii) has shoots with few stellate hairs. L. attaining 4// sometimes sub-lobate, very rarely acute, with scattered stellate hairs, nearly glabrous except on the nerves when old. Peduncles hispid, usually 3– 1 // 1 // 1 // // fid., pedicels ¼– /2 . Sepals about /3 . Pet. /6 usually 2–fid. Drupes ¼ .” [C.N.= Chhota Nagpur; U.P.= Uttar Pradesh; L.= leaves and pet= petals]. In his subsequent publication Haines (1921:94) maintained the same treatment, however, comparatively in brief form. This comprehensive literature survey throws light on the history and the fate of the two names stated above. The Melbourne Code (McNeill et al. 2012) is clearer on the application of Art. 36 (quoted here): “A name is not validly published (a) when it is not accepted by the author in the original publication; (b) when it is merely proposed in anticipation of the future acceptance of the taxon concerned, or of a particular circumscription, position, or rank of the taxon (so- called provisional name); (c) when it is merely cited as a synonym; or (d) by the mere mention of the subordinate taxa included in the taxon concerned.” Hence, regardless of whether or not there is descriptive material associated with a name that is not accepted by the author, e.g. a synonym, that name is not validly published. Haines’s citation of “Syn. G. Campbellii Watt (in Descriptive Catalogue)”, this is clearly not the name of a new taxon; it is simply Haines treating what he supposed was a species named by Watt as a synonym of G. sapida – so this appearance of “G. Campbellii” in print is not validly published under Art. 36.1. Therefore, Haines’ reference to “G. Campbellii” should be followed by “pro syn.” or else “nom. invalid” (Art. 36.1, Melbourne Code; McNeill et al. 2012). By contrast Watt, in Campbell’s “Descriptive Catalogue”, was intending to name a new species, but as the name lacked descriptive material it is appropriate to indicate that it is not validly published by writing “nom. nud.” – or “nom. invalid”. (Art. 38.1, Melbourne Code, McNeill et al. 2012). On the other hand, G. sapida Roxburgh ex DC. var. campbellii Haines is a validly published and legitimate name, but it does not have a basionym (only a legitimate name can be a basionym – Art. 6.10, Melbourne Code, McNeill et al. 2012) as so should be attributed simply to Haines. In other words, Grewia campbellii Watt cannot be a basionym of G. sapida var. campbellii as it was a invalid name. G. sapida is distributed in the deciduous and evergreen forests of Himalayas and NE states, from Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Sikkim to Assam and Tripura(Terai-Duars areas) along with other parts of India, viz. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (Long & Rae 1991; Daniel & Chandrabose 1993). Debabrata Maity 509

A B

C D

PLATE - I: Type specimens of G. sapida Roxburg ex DC. var. campbellii Haines at CUH: A. Lectotype (designated here); B. Isolectotype; C &D. Syntypes. 510 Lectotypification of Grewia sapida var. campbellii However, notably the names, Grewia campbellii Watt and G. sapida var. campbellii did not appear in subsequent Indian literature including Mooney (1950), Daniel & Chandrabose (1993), Banerjee (1997), Bhattacharya & Sarkar (1998), Paria & Chattopadhyay (2000), Singh et al. (2001) and Sharma & Sarkar (2002).

TAXONOMIC SUMMARY Grewia sapida Roxburgh [Hort. Bengal. 42. 1814, nom. nud., nom. inval.] ex DC., Prodr. 1: 512. 1824; Masters in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 387. 1874; Daniel & Chandrabose in Sharma & Sanjappa (eds.), Fl. India 3: 508.1993. Grewia pumila Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 227.1825. Grewia sapida Roxburgh,Fl. Indica (ed. 1832) 2: 590. 1832, isonym. G. sapida var. campbellii Haines, Forest Fl. Chota Nagpur: 200. 1910 & Bot. Bihar and Orissa (Part II): 94.1921. [PLATE - I] Lectotype (here designated): Jharkhand, Pukhuria (Manbhum), 1885, G. Watt 8414, acc. no. 1937 (CUH); isolectotype: Jharkhand, Pukhuria (Manbhum), 1885, G. Watt 8414, acc. no. 1936 (CUH). “Grewia campbellii” G. Watt in Campbell, Descr. Cat. Econ. Prod. Chutia Nagpur 30. 1886 & Santali-Eng. Diction. 45.1899; nom. nud., nom. inval.; G. Watt in Haines, Forest Fl. Chota Nagpur 199. 1910. pro syn.; G. Watt in Haines, Bot. Bihar and Orissa (Part II): 94. 1921. pro syn. Other specimens examined: Jharkhand, Pukhuria (Manbhum), 1885, G. Watt 8493, acc. no. 1938 (CUH); Jharkhand, Pukhuria (Manbhum), 1885, Watt, s.n., acc. no. 1939 (CUH); Manbhum, 1885, Campbell, s.n., acc. nos. 61282 & 61283 (CAL). Note: In his publication Haines (1910:iii–iv) mentioned that he had taken information of plants from Campbell’s “Descritive Catalogue” along with few other literature. He also stated that during his visit to the Botanical Survey of India herbarium (CAL) for a short period, he could examine the specimens, though not in detail due to scarcity of time. He also took assistance from Campbell. The specimens of Campbell’s “Flora of Chutianagpur” –housed at CUH were gifted by Botanical Survey of India. The specimens labeled and determined as Grewia campbellii Watt, both at CUH and CAL, therefore, might have seen by Haines during his visit to CAL before his both publications. Campbell (1886) in his “Descritive Catalogue” used the name Grewia campbellii Watt, a name no doubt based on these mentioned specimens. No doubt, Haines (1910, 1921) described Grewia campbellii Watt (a invalid name as discussed above) as Grewia sapida var. campbellii Haines. As he mentioned the use of direct reference of Campbell (1886) as well as stated the event of direct examination of specimens, these specimens are likely to constitute original material and are all syntypes. In this context, G. Watt 8493, acc. no. 1938 is selected and designated here as lectotype in accordance with Art. 9.2, 9.11 & 9.12 of ICN (McNeill et al. 2012). Dedication: The work is dedicated to Dr. Kanchi N. Gandhi (GH) and Dr. John McNeil (E). Acknowledgements: I am grateful to Dr. Kanchi N. Gandhi for providing helpful comments on the manuscript. I am thankful to Dr. John McNeil and Prof. G.G. Maiti for their help. I am also thankful to all faculty members, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta for their encouragements. I am grateful to Dr. V.P. Prasad, Scientist, Central National Herbarium (CAL) for giving permission to study the specimens and library. Author appreciates the Debabrata Maity 511 corrections and suggestions of the referees and Prof. A. P. Das, Executive Editor, ‘Pleione’, who contributed much to the improvement of this manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED Banerjee, R.N. 1997. Flora of West Bengal. Vol. 1. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. pp. 337 - 342. Bhattacharya, P.K. & Sarkar, K. 1998. Flora of West Champaran District, Bihar. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. Campbell, A. 1886. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Economic Products of Chutia Nagpur sent to the Colonial and Indian exhibition held in London. Calcutta. Campbell, A. 1899. A Santali-English Dictionary. Forgotten Books, London (Reprint, 2013). Daniel, P. & Chandrabose, M. 1993. Tiliaceae. In: Sharma, B.D. & Sanjappa, M. (eds.), Flora of India. Vol. 3. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. Pp. 477 – 524. Haines, H.H. 1910. A forest flora of Chotanagpur including Gangpur and the Santal Parganahs; A description of all indigenous trees, shrubs, and climbers, the principal economic herbs and most common cultivated trees and shrubs. Superintendent, Government Printing, Calcutta, India. Haines, H.H. 1921. The Botany of Bihar and Orissa – An account of all the known indigenous plants of the province and of the most important or most commonly cultivated exotic ones with maps and introduction. Part II. Govt. of Bihar and Orissa (London edition). International Plant Name Index. 2015. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org [accessed 1 June 2015]. Long, D.G. & Rae, S.J. 1991. Tiliaceae. In Grierson, A.J.C. & Long, D.G. (eds.), Flora of Bhutan. 2(1): 176. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawkaworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud’homme van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G. F.; Wiersema, J.H. & Turland, N.J. (eds.) 2012. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code). A.R.G. Gantner Verlag, Ruggell [Regnum Veg. vol. 146]. Mooney, H.F. 1950. Supplement to the Botany of Bihar and Orissa. Catholic Press, Ranchi. Paria, N.D. & Chattopadhyay, S.P. 2000. Flora of Hazaribagh District, Jharkhand. Vol. I. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. Sharma, T.K. & Sarkar, A.K. 2002. Grewia L. In: Singh, N.P. & Rao, P.S.N. (eds.), Flora of Palamau District, Jharkhand. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. Pp. 122 - 123. Singh, N.P.; Mudgal, V.; Khanna, K.K.; Srivastava, S.C.; Sahoo, A.K.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Aziz, N.; Das, M.; Bhattacharya, R.P. & Hajra, P.K. 2001. Flora of Bihar - Analysis. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.